See PMID:15693950, PMID:12799354, PMID:20123131, PMID:21208450; Contact Alexander Diehl, addiehl@buffalo.edu, university at buffalo.
The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with.
definition
An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology.
editor note
Relates an annotation property to an obsolescence reason. The values of obsolescence reasons come from a list of predefined terms, instances of the class obsolescence reason specification.
has obsolescence reason
An IRI or similar locator for a request or discussion of an ontology term.
The 'tracker item' can associate a tracker with a specific ontology term.
term tracker item
A macro expansion tag applied to an object property (or possibly a data property) which can be used by a macro-expansion engine to generate more complex expressions from simpler ones
expand expression to
Ontology annotation property. Relates an ontology to a term that is a designated root term of the ontology. Display tools like OLS can use terms annotated with this property as the starting point for rendering the ontology class hierarchy. There can be more than one root.
has ontology root term
Use on obsolete terms, relating the term to another term that can be used as a substitute
Add as annotation triples in the granting ontology
term replaced by
Links an annotation property to a SPARQL CONSTRUCT query which is meant to provide semantics for a shortcut relation.
A synonym type for describing abbreviations or initalisms
A synonym type for describing pluralization synonyms
x never in taxon T if and only if T is a class, and x does not instantiate the class expression "in taxon some T". Note that this is a shortcut relation, and should be used as a hasValue restriction in OWL.
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX in_taxon: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002162> PREFIX never_in_taxon: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002161> CONSTRUCT { in_taxon: a owl:ObjectProperty . ?x owl:disjointWith [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty in_taxon: ; owl:someValuesFrom ?taxon ] . ?x rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty in_taxon: ; owl:someValuesFrom [ a owl:Class ; owl:complementOf ?taxon ] ] . } WHERE { ?x never_in_taxon: ?taxon . }
S present_in_taxon T if some instance of T has some S. This does not means that all instances of T have an S - it may only be certain life stages or sexes that have S
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX in_taxon: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002162> PREFIX present_in_taxon: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002175> CONSTRUCT { in_taxon: a owl:ObjectProperty . ?witness rdfs:label ?label . ?witness rdfs:subClassOf ?x . ?witness rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty in_taxon: ; owl:someValuesFrom ?taxon ] . } WHERE { ?x present_in_taxon: ?taxon . BIND(IRI(CONCAT( "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002175#", MD5(STR(?x)), "-", MD5(STR(?taxon)) )) as ?witness) BIND(CONCAT(STR(?x), " in taxon ", STR(?taxon)) AS ?label) }
The SPARQL expansion for this relation introduces new named classes into the ontology. For this reason it is likely that the expansion should only be performed during a QC pipeline; the expanded output should usually not be included in a published version of the ontology.
present in taxon
a subset of general classes related to blood and the immune system, primarily of hematopoietic origin
a subset of general classes related to specific cell types in the eye.
a subset of general classes of cell types in the cell ontology.
a subset of general classes related to specific cell types in the kidney
preferred term when talking about an instance of this class in Homo sapiens
a mis-spelling that is in common use and thus recorded
abstract upper-level terms not directly useful for analysis
An alternative label for a class or property which has a more general meaning than the preferred name/primary label.
has broad synonym
An annotation property that links an ontology entity or a statement to a prefixed identifier or URI.
An alternative label for a class or property which has the exact same meaning than the preferred name/primary label.
has exact synonym
An alternative label for a class or property which has a more specific meaning than the preferred name/primary label.
has narrow synonym
An alternative label for a class or property that has been used synonymously with the primary term name, but the usage is not strictly correct.
has related synonym
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
part of
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
has part
x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other.
preceded by
x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
precedes
b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
occurs in
[copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
contains process
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 exactly 0 ?Y
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 exactly 0 (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005886 and http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?Y)
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence.
Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing.
characteristic of
Inverse of characteristic_of
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
has characteristic
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates in
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
has participant
a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists.
This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020.
quality of
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
has quality
a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'.
derives from
a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops into'. To avoid making statements about a future that may not come to pass, it is often better to use the backward-looking 'derives from' rather than the forward-looking 'derives into'.
derives into
a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location
Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
location of
a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location
Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus
located in
This is redundant with the more specific 'independent and not spatial region' constraint. We leave in the redundant axiom for use with reasoners that do not use negation.
a relation between a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary) and a material entity, in which the boundary delimits the material entity
A 2D boundary may have holes and gaps, but it must be a single connected entity, not an aggregate of several disconnected parts.
Although the boundary is two-dimensional, it exists in three-dimensional space and thus has a 3D shape.
2D boundary of
a relation between a material entity and a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary), in which the boundary delimits the material entity
has 2D boundary
innervated_by
has synaptic terminal of
X outer_layer_of Y iff: . X :continuant that bearer_of some PATO:laminar . X part_of Y . exists Z :surface . X has_boundary Z . Z boundary_of Y has_boundary: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002002 boundary_of: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002000
A relationship that applies between a continuant and its outer, bounding layer. Examples include the relationship between a multicellular organism and its integument, between an animal cell and its plasma membrane, and between a membrane bound organelle and its outer/bounding membrane.
bounding layer of
A relationship between a process and a barrier, where the process occurs in a region spanning the barrier. For cellular processes the barrier is typically a membrane. Examples include transport across a membrane and membrane depolarization.
Primitive instance level timing relation between events
before or simultaneous with
x simultaneous with y iff ω(x) = ω(y) and ω(α ) = ω(α), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point and '=' indicates the same instance in time.
t1 simultaneous_with t2 iff:= t1 before_or_simultaneous_with t2 and not (t1 before t2)
simultaneous with
X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)
ends after
X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
immediately preceded by
X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
immediately precedes
Relation between a neuron and a material anatomical entity that its soma is part of.
<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some ( <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0043025> and <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some ?Y)
has soma location
relationship between a neuron and a neuron projection bundle (e.g.- tract or nerve bundle) that one or more of its projections travels through.
fasciculates with
Relation between a neuron and some structure its axon forms (chemical) synapses in.
<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some ( <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0030424> and <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some ( <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042734> and <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some ( <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045202> and <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some ?Y)))
axon synapses in
Relation between an anatomical structure (including cells) and a neuron that chemically synapses to it.
<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045211> that part_of some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045202> that has_part some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042734> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some Y?)))
synapsed by
Holds between a cell c and a protein complex or protein p if and only if that cell has as part a plasma_membrane[GO:0005886], and that plasma membrane has p as part.
<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005886> and <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some ?Y)
has plasma membrane part
Relation between a neuron and some structure (e.g.- a brain region) in which it receives (chemical) synaptic input.
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ( http://purl.org/obo/owl/GO#GO_0045211 and http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ( http://purl.org/obo/owl/GO#GO_0045202 and http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y))
has postsynaptic terminal in
<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042734> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045202> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some Y?)
has presynaptic terminal in
Relation between a neuron and an anatomical structure (including cells) that it chemically synapses to.
<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042734> that part_of some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045202> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045211> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some Y?)))
N1 synapsed_to some N2 Expands to: N1 SubclassOf ( has_part some ( ‘pre-synaptic membrane ; GO:0042734’ that part_of some ( ‘synapse ; GO:0045202’ that has_part some ( ‘post-synaptic membrane ; GO:0045211’ that part_of some N2))))
synapsed to
A general relation between a neuron and some structure in which it either chemically synapses to some target or in which it receives (chemical) synaptic input.
<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002131> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045202> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some Y?)
has synaptic terminal in
x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y)
overlaps
The relation between a neuron projection bundle and a neuron projection that is fasciculated with it.
has fasciculating neuron projection
Relation between a 'neuron projection bundle' and a region in which one or more of its component neuron projections either synapses to targets or receives synaptic input. T innervates some R Expands_to: T has_fasciculating_neuron_projection that synapse_in some R.
<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002132> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0043005> that (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002131> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045202> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some Y?)))
innervates
X continuous_with Y if and only if X and Y share a fiat boundary.
continuous with
two individual entities d1 and d2 stand in a shares_ancestor_with relation if and only if there exists some a such that d1 derived_by_descent_from a and d2 derived_by_descent_from a.
x only in taxon y if and only if x is in taxon y, and there is no other organism z such that y!=z a and x is in taxon z.
The original intent was to treat this as a macro that expands to 'in taxon' only ?Y - however, this is not necessary if we instead have supplemental axioms that state that each pair of sibling tax have a disjointness axiom using the 'in taxon' property - e.g. 'in taxon' some Eukaryota DisjointWith 'in taxon' some Eubacteria
x is in taxon y if an only if y is an organism, and the relationship between x and y is one of: part of (reflexive), developmentally preceded by, derives from, secreted by, expressed.
life cycle stage of
Connects a biological entity to its taxon of origin.
A is spatially_disjoint_from B if and only if they have no parts in common
There are two ways to encode this as a shortcut relation. The other possibility to use an annotation assertion between two classes, and expand this to a disjointness axiom.
a is connected to b if and only if a and b are discrete structure, and there exists some connecting structure c, such that c connects a and b
connected to
c connects a if and only if there exist some b such that a and b are similar parts of the same system, and c connects b, specifically, c connects a with b. When one structure connects two others it unites some aspect of the function or role they play within the system.
connects
a is attached to part of b if a is attached to b, or a is attached to some p, where p is part of b.
attached to part of
Relation between an arterial structure and another structure, where the arterial structure acts as a conduit channeling fluid, substance or energy.
Individual ontologies should provide their own constraints on this abstract relation. For example, in the realm of anatomy this should hold between an artery and an anatomical structure
supplies
Relation between an collecting structure and another structure, where the collecting structure acts as a conduit channeling fluid, substance or energy away from the other structure.
Individual ontologies should provide their own constraints on this abstract relation. For example, in the realm of anatomy this should hold between a vein and an anatomical structure
drains
w 'has component' p if w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type.
The definition of 'has component' is still under discussion. The challenge is in providing a definition that does not imply transitivity.
has component
x develops from y if and only if either (a) x directly develops from y or (b) there exists some z such that x directly develops from z and z develops from y
This is the transitive form of the develops from relation
develops from
develops into
x expressed in y if and only if there is a gene expression process (GO:0010467) that occurs in y, and one of the following holds: (i) x is a gene, and x is transcribed into a transcript as part of the gene expression process (ii) x is a transcript, and the transcription of x is part of the gene expression process (iii) x is a mature gene product such as a protein, and x was translated or otherwise processes from a transcript that was transcribed as part of this gene expression process
expressed in
Candidate definition: x directly_develops from y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participate in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p, and a substantial portion of the matter of x comes from y, and the start of x is coincident with or after the end of y.
directly develops from
directly develops into
p regulates q iff p is causally upstream of q, the execution of p is not constant and varies according to specific conditions, and p influences the rate or magnitude of execution of q due to an effect either on some enabler of q or some enabler of a part of q.
regulates
p negatively regulates q iff p regulates q, and p decreases the rate or magnitude of execution of q.
negatively regulates
p positively regulates q iff p regulates q, and p increases the rate or magnitude of execution of q.
positively regulates
A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process.
capable of
c stands in this relationship to p if and only if there exists some p' such that c is capable_of p', and p' is part_of p.
capable of part of
x surrounded_by y if and only if (1) x is adjacent to y and for every region r that is adjacent to x, r overlaps y (2) the shared boundary between x and y occupies the majority of the outermost boundary of x
surrounded by
x adjacent to y if and only if x and y share a boundary.
This relation acts as a join point with BSPO
adjacent to
surrounds
A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations.
temporally related to
starts
x starts with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: α(y) = α(x) ∧ ω(y) < ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
starts with
x develops from part of y if and only if there exists some z such that x develops from z and z is part of y
develops from part of
x develops_in y if x is located in y whilst x is developing
develops in
ends
x ends with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: α(y) > α(x) ∧ ω(y) = ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
ends with
x 'has starts location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'starts with' z and z 'occurs in' y
has start location
x 'has end location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'ends with' z and z 'occurs in' y
has end location
p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p.
has input
p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present in the same state at the beginning of p.
has output
b connecting-branch-of s iff b is connected to s, and there exists some tree-like structure t such that the mereological sum of b plus s is either the same as t or a branching-part-of t.
x has developmental contribution from y iff x has some part z such that z develops from y
has developmental contribution from
inverse of has developmental contribution from
developmentally contributes to
t1 induced_by t2 if there is a process of developmental induction (GO:0031128) with t1 and t2 as interacting participants. t2 causes t1 to change its fate from a precursor material anatomical entity type T to T', where T' develops_from T
developmentally induced by
Inverse of developmentally induced by
developmentally induces
Candidate definition: x developmentally related to y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participates in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p
This relation groups together various other developmental relations. It is fairly generic, encompassing induction, developmental contribution and direct and transitive develops from
developmentally preceded by
c acts upstream of p if and only if c enables some f that is involved in p' and p' occurs chronologically before p, is not part of p, and affects the execution of p. c is a material entity and f, p, p' are processes.
c acts upstream of or within p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of or within p. c is a material entity and p is an process.
x developmentally replaces y if and only if there is some developmental process that causes x to move or to cease to exist, and for the site that was occupied by x to become occupied by y, where y either comes into existence in this site or moves to this site from somewhere else
This relation is intended for cases such as when we have a bone element replacing its cartilage element precursor. Currently most AOs represent this using 'develops from'. We need to decide whether 'develops from' will be generic and encompass replacement, or whether we need a new name for a generic relation that encompasses replacement and development-via-cell-lineage
developmentally replaces
developmentally succeeded by
part of developmental precursor of
y expresses x if and only if there is a gene expression process (GO:0010467) that occurs in y, and one of the following holds: (i) x is a gene, and x is transcribed into a transcript as part of the gene expression process (ii) x is a transcript, and x was transcribed from a gene as part of the gene expression process (iii) x is a mature gene product (protein or RNA), and x was translated or otherwise processed from a transcript that was transcribed as part of the gene expression process.
expresses
p results in the developmental progression of s iff p is a developmental process and s is an anatomical entity and p causes s to undergo a change in state at some point along its natural developmental cycle (this cycle starts with its formation, through the mature structure, and ends with its loss).
This property and its subproperties are being used primarily for the definition of GO developmental processes. The property hierarchy mirrors the core GO hierarchy. In future we may be able to make do with a more minimal set of properties, but due to the way GO is currently structured we require highly specific relations to avoid incorrect entailments. To avoid this, the corresponding genus terms in GO should be declared mutually disjoint.
results in developmental progression of
p 'results in development of' c if and only if p is a developmental process and p results in the state of c changing from its initial state as a primordium or anlage through its mature state and to its final state.
results in development of
results in formation of anatomical entity
The relationship that links an entity with the process that results in the formation and shaping of that entity over time from an immature to a mature state.
results in morphogenesis of
The relationship that links an entity with a process that results in the progression of the entity over time that is independent of changes in it's shape and results in an end point state of that entity.
results in maturation of
p is causally upstream of, positive effect q iff p is casually upstream of q, and the execution of p is required for the execution of q.
holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x increases the frequency, rate or extent of y
p is causally upstream of, negative effect q iff p is casually upstream of q, and the execution of p decreases the execution of q.
q characteristic of part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w.
Because part_of is transitive, inheres in is a sub-relation of characteristic of part of
characteristic of part of
The relationship that links a specified entity with the process that results in an unspecified entity acquiring the features and characteristics of the specified entity
results in acquisition of features of
A relationship that holds via some environmental process
evolutionarily related to
A mereological relationship or a topological relationship
mereotopologically related to
A relationship that holds between entities participating in some developmental process (GO:0032502)
developmentally related to
A grouping relationship for any relationship directly involving a function, or that holds because of a function of one of the related entities.
functionally related to
this relation holds between c and p when c is part of some c', and c' is capable of p.
part of structure that is capable of
holds between two entities when some genome-level process such as gene expression is involved. This includes transcriptional, spliceosomal events. These relations can be used between either macromolecule entities (such as regions of nucleic acid) or between their abstract informational counterparts.
genomically related to
p regulates levels of c if p regulates some amount (PATO:0000070) of c
regulates levels of
regulated by
negatively regulated by
positively regulated by
A relationship that holds via some process of localization
related via localization to
This relationship holds between p and l when p is a transport or localization process in which the outcome is to move some cargo c from some initial location l to some destination.
has target start location
This relationship holds between p and l when p is a transport or localization process in which the outcome is to move some cargo c from a an initial location to some destination l.
has target end location
Holds between p and l when p is a transportation or localization process and the outcome of this process is to move c from one location to another, and the route taken by c follows a path that is aligned_with l
results in transport along
Holds between p and m when p is a transportation or localization process and the outcome of this process is to move c from one location to another, and the route taken by c follows a path that crosses m.
results in transport across
results in growth of
results in transport to from or in
is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection.
member of
has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item.
has member
input of
output of
formed as result of
has dendrite location
a is attached to b if and only if a and b are discrete objects or object parts, and there are physical connections between a and b such that a force pulling a will move b, or a force pulling b will move a
attached to
m has_muscle_origin s iff m is attached_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s does not move. The site of the origin tends to be more proximal and have greater mass than what the other end attaches to.
has muscle origin
We need to import uberon muscle to create a stricter domain constraint
m has_muscle_insertion s iff m is attaches_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s moves. Insertions are usually connections of muscle via tendon to bone.
has muscle insertion
We need to import uberon muscle into RO to use as a stricter domain constraint
A relationship that holds between two material entities in a system of connected structures, where the branching relationship holds based on properties of the connecting network.
in branching relationship with
x tributary_of y if and only if x a channel for the flow of a substance into y, where y is larger than x. If x and y are hydrographic features, then y is the main stem of a river, or a lake or bay, but not the sea or ocean. If x and y are anatomical, then y is a vein.
tributary of
x spatially_coextensive_with y if and inly if x and y have the same location
spatially coextensive with
x is a branching part of y if and only if x is part of y and x is connected directly or indirectly to the main stem of y
branching part of
x has developmental potential involving y iff x is capable of a developmental process with output y. y may be the successor of x, or may be a different structure in the vicinity (as for example in the case of developmental induction).
has developmental potential involving
x has potential to developmentrally contribute to y iff x developmentally contributes to y or x is capable of developmentally contributing to y
has potential to developmentally contribute to
x has potential to developmentally induce y iff x developmentally induces y or x is capable of developmentally inducing y
has potential to developmentally induce
x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y
This relation has a stronger meaning than merely indicating that X may develop into Y, in that the capability of developing into Y is always present, even if X does not always actually develop into Y. In particular, this means that if Y is restricted to a given taxon T, X is necessarily likewise restricted.
has potential to develop into
x has potential to directly develop into y iff x directly develops into y or x is capable of directly developing into y
has potential to directly develop into
causally downstream of
relation that links two events, processes, states, or objects such that one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly or wholly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly or wholly dependent on the cause.
This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative? The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types.
causally related to
p is causally upstream of q iff p is causally related to q, the end of p precedes the end of q, and p is not an occurrent part of q.
causally upstream of
p is 'causally upstream or within' q iff p is causally related to q, and the end of p precedes, or is coincident with, the end of q.
We would like to make this disjoint with 'preceded by', but this is prohibited in OWL2
inverse of causally upstream of or within
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' regulates some p
c involved in or regulates p if and only if either (i) c is involved in p or (ii) c is involved in regulation of p
OWL does not allow defining object properties via a Union
involved in or involved in regulation of
p contributes to morphology of w if and only if a change in the morphology of p entails a change in the morphology of w. Examples: every skull contributes to morphology of the head which it is a part of. Counter-example: nuclei do not generally contribute to the morphology of the cell they are part of, as they are buffered by cytoplasm.
x composed_primarily_of y if and only if more than half of the mass of x is made from y or units of the same type as y.
p has part that occurs in c if and only if there exists some p1, such that p has_part p1, and p1 occurs in c.
This is an exploratory relation. The label is taken from the FMA. It needs aligned with the neuron-specific relations such as has postsynaptic terminal in.
relation between physical entity and a process or stage
x existence starts during y if and only if the time point at which x starts is after or equivalent to the time point at which y starts and before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: x existence starts during y iff α(x) >= α(y) & α(x) <= ω(y).
x starts ends with y if and only if the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x existence starts with y iff α(x) = α(y).
x existence overlaps y if and only if either (a) the start of x is part of y or (b) the end of x is part of y. Formally: x existence starts and ends during y iff (α(x) >= α(y) & α(x) <= ω(y)) OR (ω(x) <= ω(y) & ω(x) >= α(y))
The relations here were created based on work originally by Fabian Neuhaus and David Osumi-Sutherland. The work has not yet been vetted and errors in definitions may have occurred during transcription.
x exists during y if and only if: 1) the time point at which x begins to exist is after or equal to the time point at which y begins and 2) the time point at which x ceases to exist is before or equal to the point at which y ends. Formally: x existence starts and ends during y iff α(x) >= α(y) & α(x) <= ω(y) & ω(x) <= ω(y) & ω(x) >= α(y)
x existence ends during y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends and after or equivalent to the point at which y starts. Formally: x existence ends during y iff ω(x) <= ω(y) and ω(x) >= α(y).
x existence ends with y if and only if the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: x existence ends with y iff ω(x) = ω(y).
x transformation of y if x is the immediate transformation of y, or is linked to y through a chain of transformation relationships
x immediate transformation of y iff x immediately succeeds y temporally at a time boundary t, and all of the matter present in x at t is present in y at t, and all the matter in y at t is present in x at t
x existence starts during or after y if and only if the time point at which x starts is after or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x existence starts during or after y iff α (x) >= α (y).
x existence ends during or before y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends.
A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process
p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one where the execution of p influences the execution of q. p may be upstream, downstream, part of, or a container of q.
A relation between a segment or subdivision of an organism and the maximal subdivision of material entities that provides structural support for that segment or subdivision.
This should be to a more restricted class, but not the Uberon class may be too restricted since it is a composition-based definition of skeleton rather than functional.
Holds between p and c when p is locomotion process and the outcome of this process is the change of location of c
A relation that holds between elements of a musculoskeletal system or its analogs.
m1 has_muscle_antagonist m2 iff m1 has_muscle_insertion s, m2 has_muscle_insection s, m1 acts in opposition to m2, and m2 is responsible for returning the structure to its initial position.
x is a conduit for y iff y overlaps through the lumen_of of x, and y has parts on either side of the lumen of x.
x lumen_of y iff x is the space or substance that is part of y and does not cross any of the inner membranes or boundaries of y that is maximal with respect to the volume of the convex hull.
s is luminal space of x iff s is lumen_of x and s is an immaterial entity
s 'has part structure that is capable of' p if and only if there exists some part x such that s 'has part' x and x 'capable of' p
p results in breakdown of c if and only if the execution of p leads to c no longer being present at the end of p
p results in organization of c iff p results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of c
A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity.
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect.
causal relation between material entity and a process
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a regulates p.
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a negatively regulates p.
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a positively regulates p.
a produces b if some process that occurs_in a has_output b, where a and b are material entities. Examples: hybridoma cell line produces monoclonal antibody reagent; chondroblast produces avascular GAG-rich matrix.
Note that this definition doesn't quite distinguish the output of a transformation process from a production process, which is related to the identity/granularity issue.
produces
a produced_by b iff some process that occurs_in b has_output a.
produced by
p 'has primary input ot output' c iff either (a) p 'has primary input' c or (b) p 'has primary output' c.
p has primary output c if (a) p has output c and (b) the goal of process is to modify, produce, or transform c.
p has primary input c if (a) p has input c and (b) the goal of process is to modify, consume, or transform c.
causally upstream of or within, negative effect
causally upstream of or within, positive effect
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the process is regulated by the small molecule continuant
has small molecule regulator
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the process is activated by the small molecule continuant
has small molecule activator
p acts on population of c iff c' is a collection, has members of type c, and p has participant c
acts on population of
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is a small molecule that regulates the process
is small molecule regulator of
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is a small molecule that activates the process
is small molecule activator of
results in fusion of
A relationship between a neuron and a region, where the neuron has a functionally relevant number of input and/or output synapses in that region.
has synaptic IO in region
Relation between a sensory neuron and some structure in which it receives sensory input via a sensory dendrite.
has sensory dendrite in
A relation that applies between a cell type and a set of markers that can be used to uniquely identify that cell type.
C has_characterizing_marker_set y iff: C is a cell type and y is a collection of genes or proteins whose expression is sufficient to distinguish cell type C from most or all other cell types.
q1 different_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) NOT =~ magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale.
q1 increased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) > magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale.
This relation is used to determine the 'directionality' of relative qualities such as 'increased strength', relative to the parent type, 'strength'.
q1 decreased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) < magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale.
This relation is used to determine the 'directionality' of relative qualities such as 'decreased strength', relative to the parent type, 'strength'.
s3 has_cross_section s3 if and only if : there exists some 2d plane that intersects the bearer of s3, and the impression of s3 upon that plane has shape quality s2.
Example: a spherical object has the quality of being spherical, and the spherical quality has_cross_section round.
A relation between a cell and molecule or complex such that every instance of the cell has a high number of instances of that molecule expressed on the cell surface.
A relation between a cell and molecule or complex such that every instance of the cell has a low number of instances of that molecule expressed on the cell surface.
X device utilizes material Y means X and Y are material entities, and X is capable of some process P that has input Y.
device utilizes material
x vessel supplies blood to y if and only if x is a vessel that supplies blood directly or indirectly to an anatomical structure y.
x vessel drains blood from y if and only if x is a vessel that drains blood directly or indirectly from an anatomical structure y.
p has anatomical participant c iff p has participant c, and c is an anatomical entity
results in changes to anatomical or cellular structure
OBSOLETE A relation between a cell and molecule or complex such that every instance of the cell has a high number of instances of that molecule expressed on the cell surface. For the formal definition, see Masci et al (PMID:19243617).
obsolete has_high_plasma_membrane_amount
OBSOLETE A relation between a cell and molecule or complex such that every instance of the cell has a low number of instances of that molecule expressed on the cell surface. For the formal definition, see Masci et al (PMID:19243617).
x anteriorly_connected_to y iff the anterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x posterior_to y.
x distally_connected_to y iff the distal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x proximal_to y.
X extends_fibers into Y iff there exists some neuron (N) and N has_soma_location X and N 'has synaptic IO in region' some Y
Relationship between a fluid and a material entity, where the fluid is the output of a realization of a filtration role that inheres in the material entity.
Relationship between a fluid and a filtration barrier, where the portion of fluid arises as a transformation of another portion of fluid on the other side of the barrier, with larger particles removed
a indirectly_supplies s iff a has a branch and the branch supplies or indirectly supplies s.
x posteriorly_connected_to y iff the posterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x anterior_to y.
x proximally_connected_to y iff the proximal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x distal_to y.
c site_of p if c is the bearer of a disposition that is realized by a process that has p as part.
placeholder relation. X = 'subdivision of A' and subdivision_of some B means that X is the mereological sum of A and B
NS forest marker set of alveolar adventitial fibroblast (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of alveolar type 1 fibroblast cell (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of alveolar macrophage (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of CCL3-positive alveolar macrophage (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of metallothionein-positive alveolar macrophage (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of cycling alveolar macrophage (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of pulmonary alveolar type 1 cell (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of pulmonary alveolar type 2 cell (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of cycling pulmonary alveolar type 2 cell (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of bronchial goblet cell (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of nasal mucosa goblet cell (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of lung interstitial macrophage (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of pulmonary ionocyte (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of multiciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of pulmonary neuroendocrine cell (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of pulmonary interstitial fibroblast (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of lung pericyte (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of airway submucosal gland collecting duct epithelial cell (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of mucus secreting cell of bronchus submucosal gland (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of serous secreting cell of bronchus submucosal gland (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of respiratory tract suprabasal cell (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of brush cell of tracheobronchial tree (Human Lung).
NS forest marker set of chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (Human Brain).
NS forest marker set of L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (Human Brain).
NS forest marker set of L4 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (Human Brain).
NS forest marker set of L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (Human Brain).
NS forest marker set of L5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (Human Brain).
NS forest marker set of L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron (Human Brain).
NS forest marker set of L6 corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (Human Brain).
NS forest marker set of L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (Human Brain).
NS forest marker set of L6 intratelencephalic projecting Car3 glutamatergic neuron (Human Brain).
NS forest marker set of L6b glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Human Brain).
NS forest marker set of lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron (Human Brain).
NS forest marker set of Lamp5 Lhx6 neuron (Human Brain).
NS forest marker set of PAX6 GABAergic cortical interneuron (Human Brain).
NS forest marker set of pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (Human Brain).
NS forest marker set of sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron (Human Brain).
NS forest marker set of sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (Human Brain).
NS forest marker set of sst chodl GABAergic cortical interneuron (Human Brain).
NS forest marker set of VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron (Human Brain).
A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane.
The definition of cell is intended to represent all cells, and thus a cell is defined as a material entity and not an anatomical structure, which implies that it is part of an organism (or the entirety of one).
A cultured cell that is freshly isolated from a organismal source, or derives in culture from such a cell prior to the culture being passaged.
Covers cells actively being cultured or stored in a quiescent state for future use.
OBSOLETE: A cell line cell that is expected to be capable of an unlimited number of divisions, and is thus able to support indefinite growth/propagation in vitro as part of a immortal cell line.
Obsoleted in July 2013 and replaced by the CLO 'immortal cell line cell' class, as a result of CLO-OBI-CL alignment efforts. Covers cells actively being cultured or stored in a quiescent state for future use.
OBSOLETE. A cell that is found in a natural setting, which includes multicellular organism cells 'in vivo' (i.e. part of an organism), and unicellular organisms 'in environment' (i.e. part of a natural environment).
OBSOLETE: A classification of cells by the organisms within which they are contained.
This term was made obsolete because there is no difference in meaning between it and 'cell', as any cell can be classified by its species. If you have used this term in annotation, please replace it with cell (CL:0000000), native cell (CL:0000003), or cell in vitro (CL:0001034) as appropriate.
Any fibroblast that is derived from the neural crest.
Any sensory receptor cell that is a(n) neuron and is capable of some detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception.
A cell found in the embryo before the formation of all the gem layers is complete.
Cell that is part of the migratory cranial neural crest population. Migratory cranial neural crest cells develop from premigratory cranial neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000079 from Plant Ontology instead. An elongated cell with approximately wedge-shaped ends, found in the vascular cambium, which gives rise to the elements of the axial system in the secondary vascular tissues.
A cell in vitro that is or has been maintained or propagated as part of a cell culture.
Note that this class was re-labeled to 'cultured cell' instead of 'cell line cell', as it intent was clarified to cover any cultured cells of multicellular and unicellular organisms. This includes cells actively being cultured, or cells that have been cultured but are stored in a quiescent state for future use. In having been cultured, cells must establish homeostasis and often replicate in a foreign environment. Accomodation of this stress initiates a selection of cells fit for such challenges, wherein necessary adaptive biochemical and.or genetic changes can occur. These changes can set them apart from the in vivo cells from which they derive, and such changes will typically accumulate and change over increasing time in culture.
Cell that is part of the migratory trunk neural crest population. Migratory trunk neural crest cells develop from premigratory trunk neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination.
This term was made obsolete because there is no difference in meaning between it and 'cell', as any cell can be classified. If you have used this term in annotation, please replace it with cell (CL:0000000), native cell (CL:0000003), or cell in vitro (CL:0001034) as appropriate.
A stem cell that is the precursor of gametes.
A germ cell that supports male gamete production. In some species, non-germ cells known as Sertoli cells also play a role in spermatogenesis.
Male germ cells are specialized cells that give rise to the male gametes and are therefore crucial for sexual reproduction in males. Through a complex process called spermatogenesis in the testes male germ cells undergo several stages of development, each with distinctive morphological and physiological characteristics, eventually differentiating into mature spermatozoa (sperm). Male germ cells are responsible for transferring genetic material from male to offspring as part of sexual reproduction. In the initial stage of their life cycle, they exist as spermatogonial stem cells, which multiply by mitotic division to self-renew and to produce daughter cells. The daughter cells then undergo meiotic division, a process that reduces the number of chromosomes in each cell by half, from diploid to haploid – the formation of spermatids. This is critical for maintaining genetic stability from generation to generation, as it ensures that when an egg and sperm cell unite during fertilization, the resulting offspring will have the correct number of chromosomes. The final phase of spermatogenesis is called spermiogenesis, during which spermatozoa - mature and motile sperm cells – are produced from round spermatids. The matured male germ cells or sperm cells are highly specialized, having a streamlined shape designed for efficient movement towards the female egg. A sperm cell is divided into three main parts, namely the head, midpiece, and tail. The head contains the genetic material, the midpiece contains mitochondria that provide energy, and the tail, termed as the flagellum, propels the sperm cell forward. Each of these parts play significant roles in fertilization. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A stem cell that is the precursor of male gametes.
A male germ cell that develops from spermatogonia. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to spermatids.
A male germ cell that develops from the haploid secondary spermatocytes. Without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to spermatozoa.
A mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid.
Sperm cells, also known as spermatozoa or male gametes, are highly specialized cells that are pivotal for sexual reproduction in animals. Produced in the male reproductive organs, specifically the testes, sperm cells play an important role in the process of fertilization, where they fuse with a female gamete or egg cell (ovum) to form a zygote, which marks the beginning of a new organism. Sperm cells hold several unique traits that set them apart from other body cells. Structurally, a sperm cell possesses two main structures: the head, containing the nucleus carrying the paternal genetic information, and the flagellum, which generates energy and grants the sperm cell mobility The process of fertilization occurs when one sperm cell successfully penetrates the egg, delivering its genetic information, and ultimately leading to the formation of a new individual combining both paternal and maternal genetic materials. Notably, while hundreds of millions of sperm cells may be released during ejaculation, only one has the opportunity to successfully fertilize the egg, underscoring the highly competitive nature of this biological process. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An euploid male germ cell of an early stage of spermatogenesis.
Female germ cell is a germ cell that supports female gamete production.
A stem cell that is the precursor of female gametes.
A female germ cell that has entered meiosis.
An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes.
A female gamete where meiosis has progressed to metaphase II and is able to participate in fertilization.
A germline cell that contributes to the development of the oocyte by transferring cytoplasm directly to oocyte.
A smooth muscle cell derived from the neural crest.
CNS neuron (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
Any neuron that develops from some migratory neural crest cell.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that develops form the neuroectoderm. Glioblast has the potential to differentiate into various types of glial cells, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
A cell that will develop into a neuron often after a migration phase.
A cell of a platelike structure, especially a thickened plate of ectoderm in the early embryo, from which a sense organ develops.
An exocrine cell characterized by loss of part of the cytoplasm during the process of secretion. The secreted substance is accumulated at the apical end and is either budded off through the plasma membrane producing secreted vesicles or dissolved in the cytoplasm that is lost during secretion.
A relatively undifferentiated cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
This term applies to metazoan. For plant stem cells, consider using PO:0004011 ‘initial cell’ or its parent PO:0004010 ‘meristematic cell’.
A stem cell that self-renews as well as give rise to a single mature cell type.
A stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system. Hematopoietic stem cells lack cell markers of effector cells (lin-negative). Lin-negative is defined by lacking one or more of the following cell surface markers: CD2, CD3 epsilon, CD4, CD5 ,CD8 alpha chain, CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD56, ly6G, ter119.
Markers differ between species, and two sets of markers have been described for mice. HSCs are reportedly CD34-positive, CD45-positive, CD48-negative, CD150-positive, CD133-positive, and CD244-negative.
A progenitor cell committed to the erythroid lineage.
A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring.
Originally this term had some plant germ line cell children.
A myeloid progenitor cell committed to the monocyte lineage. This cell is CD11b-positive, has basophilic cytoplasm, euchromatin, and the presence of a nucleolus.
Morphology: mononuclear cell, diameter 12-20 _M, non-granular, N/C ratio 3/1 - 4/1; markers: CD11b (shared with many other myeloid cells); location: Adult: bone marrow; fetal: liver, Yolk Sac; role or process: hematopoiesis, monocyte development; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid.
A fully differentiated eosinophil, a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin. Cells are also differentiated from other granulocytes by a small nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio (1:3). This cell type is CD49d-positive.
The status of eosinophils as true professional antigen presenting cells is unclear, despite their ability to present exogenous peptides and peptides processed from exogenous proteins (in certain studies) via MHC Class II and activate T cells. Per the equivalence axioms, 'eosinophil' is reasoned to be a subclass of 'professional antigen presenting cell', though the role of eosinophils as such in the body may be limited.
Eosinophils are CD125-positive (IL-5R), GM-CSFR-positive, IL-3R-positive, VLA4-positive. They can also express MHC Class I & II, CD4, CD9, CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD13, CD15, CD16, CD17, CD18, CD24, CD25,CD28, CD29, CD32, CD33, CD35, CD37, CD39, CD43, CD44, CD45, CD45RB, CD45RO, CD46, CD47, CD48, CD49d, CD49f, CD50, CD52, CD53, CD54, CD55, CD58, CD59, CD62L, CD63, CD65, CD66, CD69, CD71, CD76, CD80, CD81, CD82, CD86, CD87, CD88, CD89, CD92, CD95, CD97, CD98, CD99, CD100, CD101, CD116, CD117, CD119, CD120, CD123, CD124, CD125, CD131, CD137, CD139, CD148, CD149, CD151, CD153, CD156, CD162, CD161, CD162, CD165, CD174, CD182, CD183, CD191, CD192, CD193, CD196, CD213, IL9R, ad integrin, beta-7 integrin, FceRI, IL13Ra1, TGFbR, PAFR, LTB4R, C3aR, CystLT1R, CystLT2R, fMLPR, CRTH2 (PGD2 receptor), histamine 4R, IDO, KYN, PAR-2, Siglec-8, Siglec-10, LIR1, LIR2, LIR3, LIR7, TLR7, TLR8, and VLA-4. Eosinophils can also secrete CXCL1, eotaxin-1, GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-16, IL-18, IFN-gamma, LTC4, MIP-1alpha, NGF, PAF, RANTES, substance P, TGF-alpha, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, and VIP.
A myeloblast committed to the neutrophil lineage. This cell type is GATA-1 positive, C/EBPa-positive, AML-1-positive, c-myb-positive and has low expression of PU.1 transcription factor.
These cells are CD11b-negative, CD15-negative, CD16-negative, CD35-negative, CD49d-positive, CD68-positive, lactotransferrin-negative, and fMLP receptor-negative. They are found in the Band 3 fraction.
A fully differentiated basophil, a granular leukocyte with an irregularly shaped, pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm that contains coarse granules of variable size. Basophils contain vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin, which are released on appropriate stimulation.
Mature basophils are also capable of producing IL-3, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, IL-25, CCL22, tslp, vegf, and LTC4.
OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete).
Consider using term 'pro-T cell ; CL:0000827' or the term 'thymocyte ; CL:0000893' or one of its children instead.
Consider using term 'pro-B cell ; CL:0000826' or the term 'immature B cell ; CL:0000816 or one of its children instead.
An undifferentiated neural cell that originates from the neuroectoderm and has the capacity both to perpetually self-renew without differentiating and to generate multiple central nervous system neuronal and glial cell types.
A stem cell that can give rise to multiple lineages of cells.
A progenitor cell committed to myeloid lineage, including the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages.
colony forming unit granulocyte, erythrocyte, macrophage, and megakaryocyte
This cell type is intended to be compatible with any vertebrate common myeloid progenitor. For mammalian CMP known to be CD34-positive, please use the term 'common myeloid progenitor, CD34-positive' (CL_0001059).
A progenitor cell committed to the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages.
colony forming unit erythroid megakaryocyte
MEPs are reportedly CD19-negative, CD34-negative, CD45RA-negative, CD110-positive, CD117-positive, and SCA1-negative and reportedly express the transcription factors GATA-1 and NF-E2.
A oligopotent progenitor cell committed to the lymphoid lineage.
CLP are CD7-positive, CD10-positive, CD19-negative, CD34-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD79a-negative, CD127-positive, AA4.1-positive, RAG-negative, Sca-1-low, sIgM-negative, sIgD-negative, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, and pre-BCR-negative. Expression of transcription factors include E2A-positive, EBF-positive, Ikaros-negative, PU.1-negative, and Pax5-negative.
A stem cell from which all cells of the body can form.
A precursor cell with a limited number of potential fates.
define using PATO mulit-potent or oligopotent?
A cell that is commited to differentiating into a muscle cell. Embryonic myoblasts develop from the mesoderm. They undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes. Myoblasts also occur as transient populations of cells in muscles undergoing repair.
A connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. Flattened and irregular in outline with branching processes; appear fusiform or spindle-shaped.
These cells may be vimentin-positive, fibronectin-positive, fsp1-positive, MMP-1-positive, collagen I-positive, collagen III-positive, and alpha-SMA-negative.
Skeletogenic cell that is typically non-terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG rich matrix; is not buried in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, located adjacent to cartilage tissue (including within the perichondrium), and develops from prechondroblast (and thus prechondrogenic) cell.
Skeletogenic cell that produces enamel, overlies the odontogenic papilla, and arises from the differentiation of a preameloblast cell.
non-encoded relationship from VSAO produces VSAO:0000066
Skeletogenic cell that secretes dentine matrix, is derived from the odontogenic papilla, and develops from a preodontoblast cell.
legacy def: One of the cells forming the outer surface of dental pulp that produces tooth dentin.
Skeletogenic cell that produces cementum (a bony substance that covers the root of a tooth), is part of the odontogenic papilla, and develops from a precementoblast cell.
Legacy def: A cell of ectomesenchymal origin that aids in the formation the cementum layer on the roots of teeth.
Skeletogenic cell that secretes osteoid, is capable of producing mineralized (hydroxyapatite) matrix, is located adjacent to or within osteoid tissue, and arises from the transformation of a preosteoblast cell.
non-encoded relationships from VSAO - capable_of_producing VSAO:0000020
OBSOLETE: A classification of cells by their microscopic appearance.
This term was made obsolete because there is no difference in meaning between it and 'cell', as any cell can be classified by its microscopic appearance. If you have used this term in annotation, please replace it with cell (CL:0000000), native cell (CL:0000003), or cell in vitro (CL:0001034) as appropriate.
A cell that has a filiform extrusion of the cell surface.
A neuroepithelial glial cell, derived from a radial glial cell originating from the neuroectoderm, lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. This cell is characterized by the presence of cilia on its apical surface, which can be motile or non-motile.
A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina.
An epithelial cell that is part of a duct.
An endothelial cell that lines the vasculature.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000066 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell that constitutes the mesophyll of a hydathode and is located between the xylem endings and the epidermis. Proposed to be involved in the retrieval of solutes from the xylem sap.
A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
A flat, squamous-like epithelial cell of mesodermal origin. It forms the mesothelium, which lines the body's serous cavities including the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial spaces. This cell plays a crucial role in synthesizing and secreting lubricants, such as glycosaminoglycans and surfactants, which minimize friction between adjacent tissues during movement.
Mesothelial cells, which morphologically resemble squamous epithelial cells, express both epithelial markers (cytokeratins) and mesenchymal markers (vimentin), reflecting their mesodermal origin. They feature surface microvilli and apical-basal polarity. Under certain conditions, they can undergo mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. These cells also produce extracellular matrix proteins, maintain serosal homeostasis, and facilitate fluid transport.
Any squamous epithelial cell that is part of some periderm.
An epithelial cell, organized into multiple layers, with only the basal layer being in contact with the basement membrane.
A cell which moves among different tissues of the body, via blood, lymph, or other medium.
A cell found predominately in the blood.
A type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.
Obsoleted as there is no need for a term specific for vertebrates.
obsolete germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata)
Obsoleted as there is no need for a term specific for nematods and protostomes.
obsolete germ line stem cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
obsolete male germ line stem cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
obsolete female germ line stem cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
obsolete male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata)
obsolete female germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata)
A tissue-resident macrophage of the reticuloendothelial system found on the luminal surface of the hepatic sinusoids involved in erythrocyte clearance. Markers include F4/80+, CD11b-low, CD68-positive, sialoadhesin-positive, CD163/SRCR-positive. Irregular, with long processes including lamellipodia extending into the sinusoid lumen, have flattened nucleus with cytoplasm containing characteristic invaginations of the plasma membrane (vermiform bodies); lie within the sinusoid lumen attached to the endothelial surface; derived from the bone marrow, form a major part of the body's mononuclear phagocyte system.
Kupffer cells are tissue-resident macrophages located in the liver. They are an integral part of the mononuclear phagocyte system and are responsible for the phagocytosis of dead or dying cells, microbes, and other foreign substances. Kupffer cells account for approximately 80-90% of tissue-resident macrophages in the body. They are found within the lumen of liver sinusoids and interface with microbial populations and products. The primary role of Kupffer cells is to maintain homeostasis in the liver. They continuously filter and cleanse the blood that flows through the liver, removing pathogens, endotoxins, particulate matter, aged and dysfunctional red blood cells, and miscellaneous waste products. These cells also play an important role in maintaining iron homeostasis. During the process of phagocytosis, Kupffer cells recycle iron from degraded red blood cells, which is then utilized in the formation of new erythrocytes. Kupffer cells also play key roles in various immune responses and inflammatory processes. They secrete various types of cytokines and chemokines, which contribute to the activation and mobilization of other immune cells. They can also produce reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, which have microbicidal actions. Although their activity is essential for host defense, excessive or prolonged activation of Kupffer cells may contribute to hepatic injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Markers: Mouse: F4/80+, CD11b-low, CD68+, sialoadhesin+, CD163/SRCR+; role or process: immune, antigen-presentation, clearance of senescent erythrocytes, iron metabolism. Kupffer cells are also reportedly C3aR-positive, CD14-low, CD54-positive, CD88-positive, and CD284-positive. They are also capable of producing IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, nitric oxide, PGD2, PGE2, PGF2alpha, and TXA2.
A specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue, which typically differentiates from monocytes. This cell has the following markers: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5-positive, PU.1-positive, c-fos-positive, nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit-positive, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11A-positive and macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor-positive.
Osteoclasts, derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage, play a crucial role in bone remodeling through bone resorption. They are distinguished from other cells by their large size and their unique ability to secrete enzymes and acids that dissolve the calcium phosphate in bone. The formation of osteoclasts is influenced by two primary factors: macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and the ligand-activated receptor (RANKL) of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Osteoclasts also collaborate with osteoblasts, responsible for new bone formation, to maintain bone health and adapt bone structure. Their coordinated actions allow continuous remodeling while preserving overall bone strength and integrity. Imbalances in osteoclast activity can lead to pathological conditions. For example, excessive activity may contribute to diseases like osteoporosis, periprosthetic osteolysis, bone tumors, and Paget's disease. Other the other hand, osteoclast deficiency ca result in conditions like osteopetrosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Morphology: Highly vesicular; markers: Surface: RANK, cFMS (MCSF receptor); Secreted: cathepsin K and TRAP (tartate resistant acid phosphatase); transcription factors: PU.1, cFOS, MITF, NFkB (p52); role or process: tissue remodelling: bone resorption; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid.
Consider using 'osteoclast ; CL:0000092' instead.
A leukocyte with abundant granules in the cytoplasm.
A fully differentiated neutrophil, a granular leukocyte having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. They are produced in bone marrow at a rate of 5e10-10e10/day and have a half-life of 6-8 hours. Neutrophils are CD15-positive, CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD43-positive, CD181-positive, and CD182-positive.
Neutrophils are also capable of secreting GRO-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-1ra, IL-3, IL-12, IP-10, MIG, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, VEGF, and anti-microbial peptides. They can positively influence the chemotaxis of basophils, T-cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and other neutrophils. Neutrophils are also CD35-positive, CD64-positive, CD89-positive, CD184-positive, and fMLP receptor-positive Ly-6G-positive (mouse), TLR2-low, TLR4-low, and lineage-negative (CD2, CD3, CD5, CD9, CD19, CD36, CD49d, CD56, CD61, CD235a (glycophorin-A)).
A cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation. Progenitors leave bone marrow and mature in connective and mucosal tissue. Mature mast cells are found in all tissues, except the bloodstream. Their phenotype is CD117-high, CD123-negative, CD193-positive, CD200R3-positive, and FceRI-high. Stem-cell factor (KIT-ligand; SCF) is the main controlling signal of their survival and development.
Mast cells are generally integrin beta-7-negative and positive for TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR9, C3aR, C5aR, CR3, CR4, VEGF, FGF2, and renin. They can express MHC Class I and II on their surface. Activated murine mast cells (IgE+Antigen) were capable of expressing the following co-stimulatory molecules: CD95 (Fas), CD120b, CD137 (4-1BB), CD153 (CD30L), CD154 (CD40L), GITR, ICOSL, OX40L, PD-L1, and PD-L2. Note that there was some mouse strain variation. Mast cells have also been demonstrated to produce bFGF, CCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CCL11, CCL20, CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCL10, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-8, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-16, IL-25, IL-18, MIP-1, prostaglandin D2, SCF, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, TSLP, VEGF, and XCL1. They express the transcription factors Transcription factors AP-1, GATA1, MITF, Notch2, PIAS3, PU.1, and STAT5.
A specialized epithelial cell involved in sensory perception. Restricted to special sense organs of the olfactory, gustatory, and vestibulocochlear receptor systems; contain sensory cells surrounded by supportive, non-receptive cells.
The term "neuroepithelial cell" is used to describe both this cell type and neurecto-epithelial cell (CL:0000710).
Most generally any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions.
An efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes or inhibits movement.
Any neuron having a sensory function; an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses.
A neuron type that respond to multiple stimuli such as mechanical, thermal and chemical. This neuron type is responsible for integrating different types of sensory inputs, allowing organisms to respond appropriately to diverse environmental challenges.
A type of interneuron that has two neurites, usually an axon and a dendrite, extending from opposite poles of an ovoid cell body.
A neuron with three or more neurites, usually an axon and multiple dendrites.
Neuron with two neurites that are fused grossly when they protrude from the soma and bifurcate a short distance from the soma.
Neuron with one neurite that extends from the cell body.
A neuron whose cell body is within an autonomic ganglion.
A neuron that uses acetylcholine as a vesicular neurotransmitter.
A neuron that uses neuropeptides as transmitters.
OBSOLETE A neuron that is part of nerve found outside the central nervous system.
A neuron of the invertebrate central nervous system. This neuron innervates the central complex (CX) of an invertebrate brain and it forms columnar patterns with its dendrites. It is involved in navigation and spatial processing.
Columnar neurons have been widely studied in Diptera, locusts, honey bees and other insects. In the mammalian brain, a "columnar organisation" is referred to neurons of the neocortex, however these differ from columnar neurons which are found in the insects central nervous system.
A vertebrate phagocyte with a single nucleus.
Mononuclear phagocytes are immune cells that form a critical part of the body's innate immune system, the body's first line of defense against infections. Mononuclear phagocytes are characterized by the presence of a single, large nucleus. The ‘Mononuclear Phagocyte System’ nomenclature was introduced to distinguish mononuclear monocytes and macrophages from other cells with multiple nuclei. However, the cells within the mononuclear phagocyte system represent a highly heterogeneous group, all of which are able to perform highly efficient phagocytosis - engulfing and digesting microbes and cellular debris to fight infections and to maintain normal tissue homeostasis. In addition to phagocytosis, mononuclear phagocytes also secrete chemical compounds to recruit other immune cells to a site of infection. These cells produce different types of signaling molecules, including cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species, triggering a cascade of responses to ensure rapid and efficient containment and neutralization of invading pathogens. These cells are also involved in antigen presentation, a process essential for stimulating an adaptive immune response. They can process and present antigens to T cells, thereby linking the innate and adaptive immune responses. Mononuclear phagocytes play key roles in tissue repair and remodeling. After infection or injury, these cells help in the clearance of dead cells and debris, a crucial step in the initiation of tissue remodeling and the resolution of inflammation. Overall, mononuclear phagocytes are versatile cells that have tailored their functions to meet the unique challenges of different tissues within the body. They are pivotal in homeostasis, immunity, and inflammation, making them important aspects in a range of human diseases including infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An ectodermal cell that is part of the external ectoderm, forming the outermost layer of the developing embryo. It is characterized by its polarized nature, with distinct apical and basal surfaces (Ferrante Jr., Reinke, & Stanley, 1995). Surface ectodermal cell gives rise to the epidermis, hair follicles, nails, sensory organs, and specialized structures like the apical ectodermal ridge crucial for limb development (Skoufa et al., 2024).
Surface ectoderm cells give rise to external structures such as the epidermis, hair, nails, and sweat glands. They are critical during the early stages of embryonic development, where they delineate and create the organism's exterior body plan. Beyond forming the organism's physical exterior, surface ectodermal cells have other significant roles. For instance, these cells lead to the development of the anterior pituitary gland and the enamel of the teeth. They are also integral to the formation of the sensory organs, including the eyes and the ears. In the eyes, they form the cornea and lens epithelium. In the ears, they form the external ear canal and certain parts of the inner ear. Therefore, these cells are instrumental in the development of various sensory systems in an organism. Certain abnormalities or mutations in surface ectodermal cells could lead to medical conditions known as ectodermal dysplasias. These are a group of inherited disorders affecting the development or function of teeth, hair, nails, and sweat glands. Therefore, understanding the formation and function of surface ectodermal cells is also important in identifying and addressing certain genetic disorders and conditions. In summary, surface ectodermal cells are essential in embryonic development, contributing to the creation of the external physical appearance and the sensory organs of an organism. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal. In mammals, endothelial cell has vimentin filaments and is derived from the mesoderm.
From FMA: 9.07.2001: Endothelial cell has always been classified as a kind of epithelial cell, specifically a squamous cell but that is not true. First, endothelial cell can either be squamous or cuboidal (e.g. high-endothelial cell) and secondly, it has different embryological derivation (mesodermal) than a true epithelial cell (ectodermal and endodermal). The basis for present classification is the fact that it comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures (location-based) but a better structural basis for the differentia is the cytoskeleton of the cell. Endothelial cell has vimentin filaments while an epithelial cell has keratin filaments. [Onard].
Pioneer neurons establish a pathway in the developing central nervous system and then undergo programmed cell death once the adult axons, which follow them, have made connections with the target site. Thus, they are a transient cell type involved in axon guidance.
Basket cells are inhibitory GABAergic interneurons of the brain. In general, dendrites of basket cells are free branching and contain smooth spines. Axons are highly branched. The branched axonal arborizations give rise to basket-like structures that surround the soma of the target cell. Basket cells form axo-somatic synapses, meaning their synapses target somas of other cells.
Large intrinsic neuron located in the granule layer of the cerebellar cortex that extends its dendrites into the molecular layer where they receive contact from parallel fibers. The axon of the Golgi cell ramifies densely in the granule layer and enters into a complex arrangement with mossy fiber terminals and granule cell dendrites to form the cerebellar glomerulus. Llinas, Walton and Lang. In The Synaptic Organization of the Brain. 5th ed. 2004.
A neuron of the vertebrate central nervous system that is small in size. This general class includes small neurons in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex, cerebral cortex neurons that are not pyramidal cells and small neurons without axons found in the olfactory bulb.
An inhibitory neuron and the sole output neuron of the cerebellar cortex, the Purkinje cell's soma is located between the granular and molecular layers of the cerebellum. It is one of the largest neural cells in the mammalian brain, ranging from 50 to 80 micrometres in diameter. Purkinje cells have planar, fan-shaped dendrites that branch extensively with little overlap. This cell type receives synaptic input from parallel fibres, which modulate high-frequency spike activity known as "simple spikes," and climbing fibres, which modulate infrequent calcium spike activity known as "complex spikes". Purkinje cells are involved in motor coordination, particularly in correcting movements in progress.
Purkinje cells, named after the Czech anatomist Jan Evangelista Purkyně who discovered them, are unique inhibitory neurons in the cerebellar cortex. They are a critical part of the vertebrate nervous system as they provide the only signal output from the cortex to the cerebellar nuclei. They are one of the few types of neurons that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye. The most distinct hallmark of Purkinje cells is their elaborate dendritic arbor, which forms a broad and intricately branching structure resembling a tree. These numerous branches each receive excitatory synaptic inputs from more than 100,000 parallel fibers; in addition, a single climbing fiber makes hundreds of synapses to the soma and proximal dendrites. A single long axon forms an inhibitory projection to the cerebellar nuclei. Purkinje cells play key roles in the coordination of fine, voluntary motor movements and balance. As the sole output of all motor coordination in the cerebellar cortex, they serve as a central relay in the cerebro-cerebellar loop. Each Purkinje cell receives two types of synaptic input: one from parallel fibers (which are axons of granule cells), and the other from climbing fibers (originating from the inferior olivary nucleus). The Purkinje cells process and integrate these diverse kinds of input signals to generate output that controls timing and coordination of movements. Purkinje neurons show considerable synaptic plasticity. Throughout life, these cells continue to undergo long-term potentiation and depression at parallel fiber synapses, which cause long-lasting increase or decrease, respectively, of synaptic transmission and have been proposed as mechanisms for motor learning. Purkinje cells are also known to be implicated in a variety of diseases. Their progressive loss is a prime feature in certain types of ataxia, a collective term used to describe conditions characterized by loss of muscular control and coordination. Furthermore, a significant reduction in the density of Purkinje cells has been reported in conditions such as autism and Huntington’s disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Neurodegenerative disorders affecting Purkinje cells disrupt motor functions. Some of the neurodegenerative disorders that causes loss and degeration of Purkinje cells are Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) (Josef P Kapfhammer and Etsuko Shimobayashi 2023), Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) (Kevin C Kemp et al., 2016), Fetal alcohol syndrome (Laurent Servais et al., 2016), Dandy-Walker malformation (Alexander Atamian et al., 2024).
A neuron that has dendritic processes radiating from the cell body forming a star-like shape.
neuron associated cell (sensu Vertebrata)
This is a grouping class that is no longer needed or wanted.
obsolete glial cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons.
Glial cells, also known as neuroglia or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems that provide support and protection for neurons. They constitute approximately half of the total cells in the human brain and more than half in other parts of the nervous system. Glial cells perform several key functions including, but not limited to, maintaining homeostasis, forming the myelin sheath around the neuron axons, and providing support and nutrition to neurons. These different functions are performed by various glial cell types, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and other specialized types. Astrocytes, for example, are the most abundant glial cells and provide metabolic and nutrient support to neurons, help regulate the extracellular ion and neurotransmitter levels, and play a role in the formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier, contributing to the overall homeostasis and functioning of the nervous system. Additionally, astrocytes are involved in synaptic communication and participate in processes such as synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning. Oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system function to insulate neurons by producing a fatty substance known as myelin. The myelin sheath enhances the speed and efficiency of nerve impulse conduction along the axons. Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, protect neurons from pathogens and clear away dead neurons through phagocytosis, a process also known as cellular eating. They also contribute to the regulation of inflammation in response to signals of tissue damage or infection in the central nervous system by releasing cytokines and other signaling molecules that modulate the immune response. Despite their overarching function in the support and protection of neurons, glial cells have also been shown to play significant roles in the pathophysiology of many psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s Disease and multiple sclerosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Not all glial cells develop from glioblasts, with microglia developing from the mesoderm instead. See https://github.com/obophenotype/cell-ontology/issues/1571
A neuroglial cell of ectodermal origin, i.e., the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes considered together.
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from 'star' cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with 'end feet' which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood-brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and 'reactive astrocytes' (along with microglia) respond to injury.
Astrocytes are reportedly CD68-negative, CD121a-positive, CD184-positive, CD192-positive, CRF-positive, EGFR-positive, GFAP-positive, GLUT1-positive, MBP-negative, and NGFR-positive.
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system.
Oligodendrocytes are reportedly MDP-positive and CD4-negative.
A transcriptomically distinct central nervous system macrophage found in the parenchyma of the central nervous system. Marker include CD11b-positive, F4/80-positive, and CD68-positive.
Microglial cells, sometimes referred to as microglia, are a type of glial cell that primarily exist within the central nervous system (CNS), notably in the brain and the spinal cord. Classified among the resident immune cells, microglial cells represent about 10% of all cells found within the CNS. These cells are derived from progenitor cells in the yolk sac, which differentiates them from other types of glial cells (such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) that are derived from neuroectodermal cell lineages. The primary role of microglial cells is to act as the first and main active form of immune defense in the CNS. They express a vast repertoire of pattern recognition receptors, which allow them to sense and eliminate microbes invading the CNS parenchyma. They represent one of the macrophage populations of the CNS and are responsible for phagocytosis (engulfing and destroying cellular waste or pathogens) in the neural environment. Microglial cells are particularly responsive to pathogens and injuries and change their morphology in reaction to inflammation or insult: In the normal state they are characterized by a ramified shape with small processes; in response to stimuli, some microglia mature and change to an amoeboid shape. Beyond their macrophagic activity, they also perform synaptic pruning during brain development, eliminate unnecessarily produced neurons, and facilitate tissue regeneration and repair. they play integral roles in regulating neural development and supporting cell survival and are important for maintaining tissue homeostasis. While their protective role generally benefits the brain, their over-activation can occasionally lead to neuro-inflammatory diseases, underlining the importance of balanced microglial cell functions. They have been extensively studied for their association with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Unlike macroglial cells, microglial cells arise from hematopoietic stem cells in the yolk sac during early embryogenesis that populate the central nervous system. They derive from embryonic mesoderm and are not from neuroectoderm where glioblast develops from. Markers: Mouse: CD11b+, F4/80+, CD68+. They represent ~12% of the cells in the CNS, but they are not uniformly distributed within the CNS. A normal adult mouse brain has approximately 3.5x10e6 microglia. Microglia are also reportedly CD3-negative, CD4-positive, CD8-negative, CD11b-positive, CD11c-high, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD45-low, CD56-negative, CD163-negative, CD200R-positive, CD281-positive, CD282-positive, CD283-positive, CD284-positive, CD285-positive, CD286-positive, CD287-positive, CD288-positive, CD289-positive, Gr1-negative, nestin-positive, and PU.1-positive.
neuron associated cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
An endothelial cell that lines the blood and lymphatic vessels of the digestive tract. This cell forms the gut–vascular barrier (GVB) through tight junctions and crosstalk with pericytes and enteric glial cells, regulating the passage of nutrients and immune cells while restricting microbial translocation into the bloodstream.
Gut endothelial cells are a crucial component of the endothelium, a thin layer of single cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, including those in the digestive system or "gut". These cells plays an integral role in various physiological and metabolic functions, actively participating in nutrient absorption, host defense, and vascular homeostasis in the gut. The primary function of gut endothelial cells lies in their ability to control the passage of materials and the transit of white blood cells into and out of the bloodstream. They achieve this through the formation of a semi-permeable barrier, in which permeability is regulated by tight junctions; complex structures that bring the cells together, sealing the space between them. This ensures a controlled, selective passage of nutrients, ions, and water from the bloodstream into the gut and vice versa, helping maintain homeostasis and overall health. Gut endothelial cells also play a significant role in angiogenesis and serve as a critical regulator of the gut immune responses playing a modulative role in gut immune homeostasis and inflammatory responses. In addition, they generate nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator, which helps in maintaining vascular tonus, preventing platelet and leukocyte adhesion, and decreasing smooth muscle proliferation. These multi-faceted roles make gut endothelial cells indispensable for the normal functioning of the gut and overall health. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An hexagonal, flattened, mitochondria-rich endothelial cell that forms a monolayer on the posterior surface of the cornea (the corneal endothelium). Corneal endothelial cells are derived from the neural crest and are responsible for keeping the cornea transparent by maintaining the tissue in a semi-dry state through the action of their ionic pumps and tight junction barrier.
A connective tissue cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses. In humans, this cell type is CD73-positive, CD90-positive, CD105-positive, CD45-negative, CD34-negative, and MHCII-negative. They may further differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, myocytes, neurons, or chondroblasts in vitro. Originally described as residing in the bone marrow, this cell type is now known to reside in many, if not all, adult organs.
Many but not all mesenchymal cells derive from the mesoderm. MSCs are reportedly CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD5-negative, CD8-negative, CD11a-negative, CD11b-negative, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD29-positive, CD31-negative, CD34-negative, CD38-negative, CD40-negative, CD44-positive, CD45-negative, CD49-positive, CD54-positive, CD66b-negative, CD79a-negative, CD80-negative, CD102-positive, CD106-positive, CD117-positive, CD121a-positive, CD121b-positive, CD123-positive, CD124-positive, CD133-negative, CD146-positive, CD166-positive, CD271-positive, B220-negative, Gr1-negative, MHCI-positive, MHCII-negative, SSEA4-negative, sca1-positive, Ter119-negative, and glycophorin A-negative. Cultured MSCs are capable of producing stem cell factor, IL7, IL8, IL11, TGF-beta, cofilin, galectin-1, laminin-receptor 1, cyclophilin A, and MMP-2.
An inactive fibroblast; cytoplasm is sparse, endoplasmic reticulum is scanty with flattened nucleus. Term used by some histologists; when fibroblasts become relatively inactive in fiber formation. However, this cell has the potential for fibrogenesis in quiescent connective tissue of the adult, as well as during development, other histologists prefer to use the term fibroblast in all circumstances. These cells represent ~0.5% of peripheral blood leukocytes.
Cultured human fibrocytes are MHCI-positive, MHCII-positive, CD1a-negative, CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD10-negative, CD11b-positive, CD13-positive, CD14-negative, CD16-negative, CD18-positive, CD19-negative, CD25-negative, CD29-positive, CD32-positive, CD33-negative, CD34-positive, CD38-negative, CD40-positive, CD44-negative, CD45RO-positive, CD49a-positive, CD49b-positive, CD49c-negative, CD49d-negative, CD49e-positive, CD49f-negative, CD56-negative, CD58-positive, CD61-positive, CD64-positive, CD70-negative, CD71-positive, CD80-positive, CD83-negative, CD86-positive, CD103-negative, CD105-positive, CD181-positive, CD182-negative, CD183-positive, CD184-positive, CD185-negative, CD186-negative, CD191-positive, CD192-negative, CD193-positive, CD194-positive, CD195-positive, CD196-negative, CD197-positive, CD199-positive, desmin-negative, F4/80-positive, Gr1-positive, LSP-1-positive, MHCI-positive, MHCII-positive, alpha-SMA-negative, TCRab-negative, TCRgd-negative, and vimentin-positive. Fibrocytes are also capable of secreting angiogenin, bFGF, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL8, CXCL1, type I collagen, type III collagen, CTGF, fibronectin, GM-CSF, IL-1a, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, M-CSF, MMP-9, PDGF-A, TGF-alpha, TGF-beta1, TNF-alpha, and VEGF-A.
A fat-storing cell found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue of mammals. Fat is usually stored in the form of triglycerides.
A mature osteoblast that has become embedded in the bone matrix. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi.
VSAO relationship simplified OBO_REL:integral_part_of VSAO:0000118
Skeletogenic cell that is terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG-rich matrix, is embedded in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, and develops from a chondroblast cell.
Skeletogenic cell that secretes dentine matrix, is derived from odontogenic papilla. Embedded in dentine tissue, and is the transformation of a non-terminally differentiated odontoblast cell.
An osteocytelike cell with numerous processes, trapped in a lacuna in the cement of the tooth.
CHECK: wikipedia says that cementocytes no longer produce cementum, but the phenoscape def is: Skeletogenic cell that produces cementum, is part of the odontogenic papilla, and is a transformation of a cementoblast cell (no change to existing def).
A cell occurring in the peripheral part of the vitreous body of the eye that may be responsible for production of hyaluronic acid and collagen.
OBSOLETE: A classification of cells by their primary end goal or behavior.
This term was made obsolete because there is no difference in meaning between it and 'cell', as any cell can be classified by its function or behavior. If you have used this term in annotation, please replace it with cell (CL:0000000), native cell (CL:0000003), or cell in vitro (CL:0001034) as appropriate.
A cell capable of processing and presenting lipid and protein antigens to T cells in order to initiate an immune response.
Note change of name; nearly all somatic cells can present antigens to T cells via MHC Class I complexes leading to effector responses, but professional antigen presenting cells constitutively express MHC Class II as well as costimulatory molecules, and thus can initiate immune responses via T cells.
A pigment cell is a cell that contains pigment granules.
A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which gives a brown to black appearance.
Melanocytes are specialized cells prevalently found in the skin, but also present in the hair follicles, eyes, inner ear, bones, heart, and brain. Their primary function is the synthesis of melanin, a pigment responsible for coloration of skin, hair, and eyes. The presence and distribution of this pigment play a crucial role in the body's defense mechanism against harmful ultraviolet radiation. In addition to melanin production, melanocytes also engage in a variety of other biological functions. They play a fundamental role in the immune response, owing to their ability to present antigens to T cells. Furthermore, they contribute to the maintenance of the skin's homeostasis by regulating processes such as extracellular matrix remodeling and cytokine production. A balance in melanocyte function is pivotal, as dysfunctions often result in dermatological disorders. For instance, the loss of melanocytes or reduction in their function may lead to hypopigmentation conditions such as vitiligo, whereas an abnormal increase could result in hyperpigmentation disorders or melanoma, a dangerous type of skin cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An epithelial cell, located in a gland, that is specialised for the synthesis and secretion of specific biomolecules, such as hormones, or mucous.
A cell that specializes in controlled release of one or more substances.
A cell of an exocrine gland; i.e. a gland that discharges its secretion via a duct.
A cell that secretes glycosaminoglycans.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some protein secretion.
An epithelial cell of the stomach that is part of the fundic gastric gland. This cell is characterized by a basally located nucleus, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, and large apical secretory granules. It produces and secretes pepsinogen, the inactive precursor of the digestive enzyme pepsin.
OBSOLETE: A cell of the lymphoid series that can react with antigen to produce specific cell products called antibodies. Various cell subpopulations, often B cells, can be defined, based on the different classes of immunoglobulins that they synthesize.
Consider using 'B cell ; CL:0000236' or one of its children instead.
A cell that specializes in secretion of surfactant in the alveoli of the lung.
A non-mucous, epithelial secretory cell that is part of the tracheobronchial tree. A club cell has short microvilli but no cilia. A club cell is able to multiply and differentiate into ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium and it also protects the tracheobronchial epithelium.
A specialized, columnar, mucus secreting epithelial cell shaped like a flask or goblet. A narrow basal end contains the nucleus while the apical end is swollen by the accumulation of mucus laden secretory granules. Short microvilli project from the apical plasma membrane.
Goblet cells are specialized, simple columnar, secretory epithelial cells that are mostly found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts. The term "goblet" refers to their shape, which resembles a flask or goblet, specially at their apical end which is swollen due to the accumulation of secretory granules. The primary function of goblet cells is to to protect and lubricate the underlying tissues by secreting large quantities of mucin, a complex glycoprotein, which forms mucus when hydrated. In the respiratory tract, the mucus secreted by these cells traps dust, bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful particles in the inhaled air, preventing them from reaching the delicate tissues of the lungs. In the intestines, the goblet cells secrete mucus that acts as a protective barrier shielding the intestinal epithelium from dietary antigens, pathogens and prevents the intestinal epithelium from being eroded by the actions of the digestive enzymes and the abrasive action of passing food material. Goblet cells are capable of rapidly altering their secretory output in response to stimuli. For example, irritants like smoke or dust can trigger an increased rate of mucus production, as the body attempts to flush out the harmful particles. Conversely, in conditions such as chronic bronchitis and cystic fibrosis, overactive goblet cells can create a thick accumulation of mucus that obstructs the airways and fosters bacterial growth. Lastly, goblet cells are not static, rather, they undergo a dynamic process known as goblet cell metaplasia-differentiation, wherein non-goblet cells in response to chronic injury or inflammation, can differentiate into goblet cells leading to an accumulation of these cells in the tissue, known as goblet cell hyperplasia. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An epithelial cell of the stomach that is part of the fundic gastric gland. This cell is characterized by its pyramidal shape, abundant mitochondria, and a complex network of secretory canaliculi lined with microvilli. It secretes hydrochloric acid into the stomach lumen and produces intrinsic factor, essential for vitamin B12 absorption.
Parietal cells have dynamic, actin-supported microvilli that increase in number during active secretion, playing a crucial role in secreting hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. The structure and regulation of these microvilli are influenced by proteins such as ASAP3, which modulates Arf6 activity and actin assembly, thereby controlling microvilli formation and parietal cell function.
A cell of an endocrine gland, ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions.
An endocrine cell that is located in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract or in the pancreas.
Enteroendocrine cells are a specialized subset of cells located within the epithelial lining of both the small and large intestines, as well as the stomach and pancreas. Constituting less than 1% of the total population of intestinal cells, they are differentiated from a common intestinal cell progenitor, thus sharing lineage with absorptive and goblet cells of the intestines. The distinct characteristic feature of an enteroendocrine cell is its inherent capacity to synthesize and secrete a plethora of gut hormones such as serotonin, somatostatin, neurotensin, cholecystokinin, secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide, motilin, and glucagon-like peptide-1. Integrated within this complex network of signaling agents, these substances control various aspects of the digestive system. Each enteroendocrine cell has its unique combination of hormones to release, determined by its position along the intestinal tract. Intriguingly, these hormones not only modulate local gut function, including motility, absorption and secretion, but also potentiate distant actions on other systems such as endocrine, nervous and immune and play a role in the feeling of satiety. The release of these hormones from enteroendocrine cells is a highly regulated and dynamic process. The cells are equipped with sensory receptors localized on its luminal side that respond to various stimuli, including changes in nutrient composition, chemical or mechanical changes in the gut lumen, or even signals arising from commensal microbiota. This sensory input stimulates a signaling cascade within the cell, culminating in the release of specific hormones into the interstitial fluid. These hormones then make their way into the bloodstream, acting on their respective target receptors to mediate their duties. The multifunctional characteristics of enteroendocrine cells make them crucial for maintaining gut homeostasis and the overall physiological well being of the body. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A neuron that is capable of some hormone secretion in response to neuronal signals.
The neurosecretory cell is neither an ordinary neuron nor an endocrine cell, but a combination of both. Its neuronal features resemble those of ordinary neurons concerning both structure and function. The production of a visible secretory material marks the neurosecretory neuron as a gland cell, and the fact that extractable cellular products act in the manner of hormones places it in the realm of endocrine elements. The modern definition of neurosecretion has evolved to include the release of any neuronal secretory product from a neuron.
A cell that stores epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia of the sympathetic nervous system.
Chromaffin cells, also known as pheochromocytes, are neuroendocrine cells that are typically located in the adrenal medulla, the innermost part of the adrenal gland, which is situated on top of each kidney. Chromaffin cells are also found in small clusters, known as paraganglia, in various locations throughout the body, including the sympathetic nervous system. They derive their name from their ability to stain a brownish-black color upon exposure to chromic salts, a feature made possible due to their high content of granules rich in catecholamines and catecholamine-related neurotransmitters. The primary function of chromaffin cells is the synthesis and release of catecholamines, specifically epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). These neurotransmitters are vital stress hormones that, when released by the adrenal chromaffing cells into the bloodstream, prepare the body for the 'fight or flight' response. This response can enhance the body's performance in a dangerous situation by increasing heart rate, elevating blood sugar, and increasing blood flow to the muscles. The chromaffin cells in paraganglia are responsible for the local release of catecholamines and play a role in regulating blood pressure and other autonomic functions. In addition to their role in stress response, chromaffin cells also contribute to the body's immune response. They secrete several peptides including antimicrobial peptides, and the discovery of LPS and cytokine receptors on chromaffin cells suggests that the adrenal medulla may participate in some aspects of the immune response. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any secretory cell that is capable of some peptide hormone secretion.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some insulin secretion.
A cell that secretes insulin and is located towards the center of the islets of Langerhans.
Pancreatic beta cells are also reportedly CD284-positive. Upon activation, they upregulate their CD14 expression.
A type A enteroendocrine cell found in the periphery of the islets of Langerhans that secretes glucagon.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some somatostatin secretion.
A D cell located in the pancreas. Peripherally placed within the islets like type A cells; contains somatostatin.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some steroid hormone secretion.
A progesterone secreting cell in the corpus luteum. The large luteal cells develop from the granulosa cells. The small luteal cells develop from the theca cells.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some ecdysteroid secretion.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some testosterone secretion.
A Leydig cell is a testosterone-secreting cell in the interstitial area, between the seminiferous tubules, in the testis.
Leydig cells are a testosterone-secreting cell in the interstitial area in the testes of males. They are named after Franz Leydig, a German anatomist who discovered these cells in 1850. Uniquely situated within the soft connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules, Leydig cells form an integral part of the male reproductive system. They are usually polygonal cells characterized by well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, high lipid content and a large round nucleus. They are found across mammalian species, including humans. The primary function of Leydig cells is the production of androgens, the male sex hormones, the most notable of which is testosterone. Leydig cells synthesize testosterone from cholesterol through a series of enzymatic reactions. The production and release of testosterone are mainly regulated by the luteinizing hormone (LH) released by the anterior pituitary gland. In response to LH, Leydig cells convert cholesterol into testosterone, which then plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of primary and secondary male sexual characteristics. These include the formation and maturation of male reproductive organs, onset of spermatogenesis, and the presentation of male secondary sexual traits such as the deepening of the voice, growth of facial hair, development of muscles, and a broadening of shoulders. Apart from testosterone production, Leydig cells also secrete insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) that is essential for testicular descent during embryonic development in males. Dysregulation or loss of Leydig cells can lead to numerous conditions like testosterone deficiency, infertility, and certain forms of testicular cancer. Although not typical, Leydig cells can regenerate if they are damaged, ensuring the continuous production of testosterone and maintaining male reproductive health. They provide an excellent model to study cell differentiation and hormone regulation, thereby enhancing our understanding of reproductive biology and associated disorders. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Note that the Amphibian Anatomy Ontology (AA) has a class 'leydig cells' but this is unrelated
Any secretory cell that is capable of some progesterone secretion.
A steroid hormone secreting cell that secretes estradiol.
A cell whose primary function is intermediary metabolism.
Removing this grouping class, because the groupings are incomplete and too hard to maintain.
The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. Majority of cell population of liver, polygonal in shape, arranged in plates or trabeculae between sinusoids; may have single nucleus or binucleated.
Hepatocytes are the major cell type constituting 70-80% of the liver's cytoplasmic mass, playing crucial roles in maintaining the body's metabolic homeostasis. Dimensions of mature hepatocytes typically range from 20 to 30 μm in humans, but size may vary depending on their location within the liver lobule. Hepatocytes are characterized by high biosynthetic, enzymatic, and endocytic activity. They contain abundant mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, lysosomes, and a large nucleus that is often binucleate. The liver consists of three zones - the periportal Zone 1, midzone 2, and pericentral Zone 3 - which have differential nutrient and oxygen status, and damage susceptibility; hepatocytes in the different zones show signifcant functional heterogeneity ('hepatocyte functional zonation'). Hepatocytes are involved in a multitude of critical functions including the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, the synthesis of serum proteins (e.g., albumin, transferrin, and lipoproteins), the detoxification and excretion of endogenous and exogenous substances, the storage of vitamins and minerals, and the production and secretion of bile. Heterocytes demonstrate a remarkable regenerative capacity, which enables the liver to recover from injury and loss of tissue mass. Notably, hepatocytes perform biotransformation with both phase I and phase II enzymes, which modify drugs, xenobiotics, and various substances for elimination from the body. Phase I enzymes, such as cytochrome P450, catalyze both oxidative and reductive reactions of many xenobiotics; many of the products of phase I enzymes are substrates for the phase II enzymes, which catalyze conjugation reactions. Alterations in hepatocyte function have significant implications for overall human health and disease. Certain conditions, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer, can profoundly affect hepatocyte structure and function, thereby disrupting the liver's ability to perform its vital roles within the body. As the primary site for drug metabolism, changes in hepatocyte function can also impact the effectiveness and toxicity of pharmaceuticals. The regenerative ability of hepatocytes makes them valuable cells for liver regenerative medicine and bioartificial liver support systems, and their study has provided significant insights into liver biology and disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Hepatocytes are reportedly MHC Class I-positive and MHC Class II-positive.
A cell whose primary function is to shorten.
Contractile cells resembling smooth muscle cells that are present in glands, notably the mammary gland, and aid in secretion. This cell has long weaving dendritic processes containing myofilament.
An animal cell that has characteristics of both a fibroblast cell and a smooth muscle cell.
Myofibroblasts are alpha-SMA-positive, CD34-negative, CD45-negative. They are reportedly capable of secreting IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha.
A mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns.
A somatic cell located in skeletal muscle.
Skeletal muscle cells, or myocytes, are essential for the musculoskeletal system, featuring a striated appearance from tightly packed sarcomeres. These elongated, multi-nucleated cells convert ATP into mechanical energ and are key for voluntary movement and posture. They also are responsible for maintaining body temperature, storing nutrients, and stabilizing joints. Skeletal muscle cells organize themselves tightly into bundles to form muscle fibers. Embedded within each of these cells are thousands of myofibrils, which are made up of the contractile proteins, actin (the thin filament), and myosin (the thick filament). Contraction of a skeletal muscle cell occurs when these myofibrils shorten, a process driven by the sliding of actin and myosin filaments over each other in a mechanism famously known as the sliding filament theory. Additionally, skeletal muscle cells exhibit a high degree of plasticity, which allows for their adaptation in response to alterations in functional demands or damages. They have an innate regenerative capacity due to the presence of satellite cells—quiescent muscle stem cells that reside within the muscle fibers. Upon muscle injury, these satellite cells become activated, proliferate, and differentiate into new muscle cells, thereby contributing to the repair and growth of injured skeletal muscle. With this, skeletal muscle cells serve not only a pivotal biomechanical function but also possess a great capacity for self-healing and regeneration. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A muscle cell that develops tension more slowly than a fast-twitch fiber.
Slow muscle cells, as the name implies, are a type of muscle cell well known for their slow contractile speed. They are also referred to as type I, slow-twitch, or red muscles because of their high myoglobin content which gives them a dark, reddish appearance. These cells are predominantly found in the postural muscles of the body, such as those in the back and lower limbs. A defining characteristic of slow muscle cells is their significant resistance to fatigue. This is largely due to their efficient oxidative metabolism, which allows them to continuously contract over extended periods without succumbing to fatigue. This extraordinary endurance is facilitated by a high concentration of mitochondria, which enables the efficient use of oxygen for energy production, and capillaries, which supplies the necessary oxygen and nutrients. Additionally, these cells have an abundant supply of myoglobin, a protein that stores and transports oxygen within the muscle cell, further supporting their aerobic metabolism. The primary role of slow muscle cells in the human body is to provide sustained, low-intensity contractions over a prolonged period. They are responsible for maintaining posture and providing stability, rather than delivering short, powerful bursts of activity. They play a pivotal role in supporting various physical activities such as standing, walking, or any form of exercise that requires endurance over speed. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A muscle cell that can develop high tension rapidly. It is usually innervated by a single alpha neuron.
Fast muscle cells, also known as type II muscle fibers, are a particular type of muscle cell that specializes in conducting rapid, high-intensity contractions. These cells are primarily found within skeletal muscle groups that are directly involved in gross motor activities, such as running, jumping, or lifting heavy weights. The designation "fast" refers to their speed of contraction in response to neural stimuli, which is significantly quicker when compared to other muscle cell types such as slow-twitch or type I muscle fibers. The primary function of fast muscle cells revolves around their role in anaerobic metabolism, which provides the energy needed for short, forceful bursts of power. They contain a high concentration of glycolytic enzymes that facilitate this process, leading to a swift break down of glucose to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy currency in biological systems. On the downside, the byproduct of this very rapid, anaerobic metabolic process is lactic acid, which can build up and cause muscle fatigue. Fast muscle cells can be further classified into two subtypes based on their metabolic characteristics: type IIa and type IIb/x. Type IIa cells, also known as fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers, possess a good oxygen supply and can function in both anaerobic and aerobic conditions, exhibiting moderate resistance to fatigue. On the other hand, type IIb/x cells, also known as fast glycolytic fibers, primarily rely on anaerobic metabolism and tire out a lot quicker. Both these subtypes can adapt to changing demands due to exercise and conditioning, highlighting the plasticity that is a key characteristic of these versatile muscle cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They develop from specialized myoblasts (smooth muscle myoblast).
Smooth muscle cells are a specialized type of muscle cells that are primarily found within the walls of hollow organs such as the intestine, stomach, bladder, uterus, and blood vessels. These cells are an essential component of the autonomic nervous system controling involuntary movements within the body. Smooth muscle cells play a vital role in many physiological processes due to their unique functionality. They can contract and relax in a slow, sustained, and controlled manner to help modulate the size and shape of the lumens of the organs they surround. For example, in the digestive system, coordinated contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle cells propels food along the gastrointestinal tract - a process known as peristalsis. In the blood vessels, the smooth muscle cells, by contracting or relaxing, either constrict or dilate the vessels, which in turn, help regulate blood flow and pressure. On a cellular level, smooth muscle cells possess a single, centrally located nucleus and contain an arranged network of actin and myosin filaments, which are the proteins responsible for muscle contraction. Unlike their counterparts in skeletal or cardiac muscles, these cells lack specific contact points for these filaments, hence the lack of visible striations. Furthermore, the contraction of smooth muscle cells is regulated by hormones and neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine, adding an additional layer of complex regulation to these highly specialized cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A striated muscle cell of an arthropod heart that participates in heart contraction.
A muscle cell that is involved in the mechanism of insect flight. This encompasses both, cells that power flight and cells that control flight.
A cell that is capable of detection of a stimulus involved in sensory perception.
The peripheral receptor for pain. Includes receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. All mammalian nociceptors are free nerve endings.
Editor note: request detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain; add develops_from relationship
A cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.
Any neuron that is capable of some detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch.
A mechanoreceptor cell of the auditory or vestibular system that is sensitive to auditory stimuli. The accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system.
In mammals these cells are located in the organ of Corti.
Any neuronal receptor cell that is capable of some detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of gravity.
A cellular receptor which mediates the sense of temperature. Thermoreceptor cells in vertebrates are mostly located under the skin. In mammals there are separate types of thermoreceptors for cold and for warmth and pain receptor cells which detect cold or heat extreme enough to cause pain.
A cell specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
Any neuron that is capable of some detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell.
A specialized cell involved in gustatory sensory perception.
A cell specialized in detecting light stimuli that are involved in visual perception.
A cell whose function is determined by the generation or the reception of an electric signal.
OBSOLETE. A cell that takes up and metabolizes substances.
It has no child terms. Consider using 'gut absorptive cell'.
OBSOLETE. A cell within an epithelial cell sheet whose main function is to act as an internal or external covering for a tissue or an organism.
OBSOLETE. A cell whose primary function is to prevent the transport of stuff across compartments.
A supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete androgen binding protein. Their tight junctions with the spermatogonia and spermatocytes provide a blood-testis barrier.
obsoleted because the term is not needed
A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system which forms the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons.
A cell that moves by its own activities.
This term was made obsolete because there is no difference in meaning between it and 'cell', as any cell in a multicellular organiam, apart from a zygote, can potentially be classified by its lineage. If you have used this term in annotation, please replace it with cell (CL:0000000), native cell (CL:0000003), or cell in vitro (CL:0001034) as appropriate.
A cell of the outer of the three germ layers of the embryo.
A cell of the middle germ layer of the embryo.
Mesodermal cells are pluripotent and the most abundant in the human body. They contribute to the development of several structures such as the skeletal muscles, bones, heart and blood vessels, kidneys, gonads, connective tissues, and certain layers of the skin. Hence, the mesoderm is often regarded as an active and diverse layer due to its role in forming many bodily structures. In embryonic development, these cells are instrumental, contributing to the body's structures through a carefully coordinated sequence of morphogenetic movements. This process forms the complex multicellular architecture of tissues and organs from a simple ball of cells. Without the function of mesodermal cells, the body's integral structures and systems would cease to form correctly, leading to developmental disorders such as axial mesodermal dysplasia complex (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo.
OBSOLETE: A classification of cells by the number of their nuclei.
This term was made obsolete because there is no difference in meaning between it and 'cell', as any cell can be classified by its nuclear number (note that this term was previously used as a parent class of enucleate cell). If you have used this term in annotation, please replace it with cell (CL:0000000), native cell (CL:0000003), or cell in vitro (CL:0001034) as appropriate.
Any cell that has characteristic some binucleate.
Refers to an activated mature lymphocyte phenotype rather than a distinct cell type; consider using 'lymphocyte ; CL:0000542' or one of its children instead.
Refers to an activated mature T lymphocyte phenotype rather than a distinct cell type; consider using 'T cell ; CL:0000084' or one of its children instead.
Refers to an activated mature B lymphocyte phenotype rather than a distinct cell type; consider using 'B cell ; CL:0000236' or one of its children instead.
A red blood cell. In mammals, mature erythrocytes are biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen.
A non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation.
Platelets are reportedly CCR1-positive, CCR2-negative, CCR3-positive, CCR4-positive, CCR5-negative, CCR6-negative, CCR7-negative, CCR8-negative, CCR9-negative, CCR10-negative, CD16-positive, CD23-positive, CD32-positive, CD40-positive, CD41-positive CD42-positive, CD61-positive, CD62P-positive, CD64-positive, CD89-positive, CD102-positive, CD147-positive (activated platelets), CD154-positive (activated platelets), CD162-positive, CD209, CD282-positive, CD284-positive, CD289-positive, CD181-negative, CD182-negative, CD183-negative, CD184-positive, CLEC2-positive, GPVI-positive, JAMC-positive, PAR1-positive, PAR2-negative, PAR3-positive, PAR4-positive, TSP1-positive, and TXA2R-positive. Platelets can reportedly produce CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, CCL17, CD40L, CXCL1, CXCL4, CXCL4L1, CXCL5, CXCL7, CXCL8, CXCL12, EGF, factor V, factor VII, factor XI, factor XIII, bFGF, histamine, IGF-1, IL-1beta, PAI-1, PDGF, plasminogen, protein S, serotonin, TGF-beta, TFPI, VEGF, and vWF.
Any cell capable of ingesting particulate matter via phagocytosis.
A mononuclear phagocyte present in variety of tissues, typically differentiated from monocytes, capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells.
Morphology: Diameter 30_M-80 _M, abundant cytoplasm, low N/C ratio, eccentric nucleus. Irregular shape with pseudopods, highly adhesive. Contain vacuoles and phagosomes, may contain azurophilic granules; markers: Mouse & Human: CD68, in most cases CD11b. Mouse: in most cases F4/80+; role or process: immune, antigen presentation, & tissue remodelling; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid.
A lymphocyte of B lineage that is capable of B cell mediated immunity.
non keratinizing barrier epithelial cell
An epithelial cell characterized by the presence of a brush border on its apical surface, which increases the surface area for absorption.
All brush border cells are columnar-cuboidal. The formal logical definition of this term asserts this. Brush border epithelial cells are predominantly found lining the small intestine and the proximal tubules of the kidneys.
A stratified epithelial cell that is part of squamous epithelium, characterized by multiple layers of cells. The basal layer is directly attached to the basement membrane and the apical layer consists of flattened squamous cells. This provides a protective barrier, commonly found in areas subject to abrasion, such as the skin, oral cavity, and esophagus.
A stratified epithelial cell that is part of cuboidal epithelium, characterized by multiple layers of cuboidal cells forming the apical layer. This provides a protective lining for ducts in large glands, such as sweat glands.
A modified epidermal cell located in the stratum basale. They are found mostly in areas where sensory perception is acute. Merkel cells are closely associated with an expanded terminal bulb of an afferent myelinated nerve fiber.
A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
A cell characteristically found lining hollow organs that are subject to great mechanical change due to contraction and distention; originally thought to represent a transition between stratified squamous and columnar epithelium.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000353 from Plant Ontology instead. Cell in exodermis or endodermis that remains thin walled when the associated cells develop thick secondary walls. Has casparian strip in endodermis.
Type of neuron that is a primary mechanosensory cell, with peripheral neurites innervating the skin with free nerve endings.
Obsolete. Use PO:0020047 from Plant Ontology instead. A diploid (2n) cell that undergoes meiosis and forms four haploid (1n) microspores; also called microspore mother cell and, in seed plants, pollen mother cell.
Obsolete. Use PO:0020019 from Plant Ontology instead. A haploid (1n) spore developing into a female gametophyte in heterosporous plants.
Obsolete. Use PO:0020048 from Plant Ontology instead. A haploid (1n) spore developing into a male gametophyte in heterosporous plants; the uninucleate pollen grain in seed plants.
Obsolete. Use PO:0020094 from Plant Ontology instead. The female gamete of plants.
Any cell that in taxon some Eumycetozoa.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000355 from Plant Ontology instead. A fiber like tracheid in the secondary xylem; commonly thick walled, with pointed ends and bordered pits that have lenticular to slit like apertures.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000373 from Plant Ontology instead. Cell containing mucilages or gums or similar carbohydrate material characterized by the property of swelling in water.
Obsoleted becuase this term has an overly general name, no definition, and by it's classification appears to refer to a very specific cell type in dictystelium. If needed, the term should be in DDANAT - probably as a subclass of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/DDANAT_0000002
Obsolete. Use PO:0000351 from Plant Ontology instead. An epidermal cell that divides to produce the guard cells.
obsolete vegetative cell (sensu Mycetozoa)
Obsolete. Use PO:0000400 from Plant Ontology instead. A cambial cell on the phloem side of the cambial zone that is the source of one or more cells arising by periclinal divisions and differentiating into phloem elements with or without additional divisions in various planes.
Obsolete. Use PO:0004011 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell constituting an active locus of meristematic activity in a tissue composed of somewhat older, differentiating cells.
Obsolete. Consult Plant Ontology instead. The cell in the phloem tissue concerned with mainly longitudinal conduction of food materials. Classified into sieve cell and sieve tube member.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000284 from Plant Ontology instead. An epidermal cell associated with a stoma and at least morphologically distinguishable from the epidermal cells composing the groundmass of the tissue.
OBSOLETE, use term from Plant Ontology. A cell localized in the vascular cambium or phellogen. Its periclinal division can contribute cells either to the outside or to the inside of the axis; in vascular cambium, classified into fusiform initials (source of axial cells of xylem and phloem) and ray initials (source of the ray cells).
Obsolete. Use PO:0000077 from Plant Ontology instead. Cell variable in form and size, being more or less thick, often lignified, secondary walls. Belongs to the category of subcells and may or may not be devoid of protoplast at maturity.
OBSOLETE: Initial population of prestalk cells that activate the ecmA promoter at the mound stage and that presumably further differentiate into pstA and pstO cells.
This cell type does not exist in Dictyostelium. it has been long deleted in their anatomy ontology.
Obsolete. Use PO:0020090 from Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETED, use term from Plant Ontology. A cell containing the two polar nuclei which, after double fertilization, will develop into the endosperm.
Obsolete. Use PO:0020097 from Plant Ontology instead. The cell that will give rise to the generative nuclei which will participate in fertilization.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000282 from Plant Ontology instead. An outgrowth from the epidermis. Trichomes vary in size and complexity and include hairs, scales, and other structures and may be glandular. In Arabidopsis, patterning of trichome development is not random but does not appear to be lineage-based like stomata.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000071 from Plant Ontology instead. A specialized parenchyma cell associated with a sieve-tube member in angiosperm phloem and arising from the same mother cell as the sieve-tube member.
A cell of a filament of a fungal mycelium.
Any photoreceptor cell that is part of some eye.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000191 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell in the micropylar end of the embryo sac associated with the egg in the egg apparatus of angiosperms. Plays a vital role in fertilization.
obsolete chemotactic amoeboid cell (sensu Mycetozoa)
Obsolete. Use PO:0000274 from Plant Ontology instead. A fiber of the xylem tissue, Two types are recognized in the secondary xylem: fiber tracheids and libriform fibers.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000293 from Plant Ontology instead. One of a pair of cells flanking the stomatal pore and causing the opening and closing of the pore by changes in turgor.
A cell whose primary function is to provide structural support, to provide strength and physical integrity to the organism.
Obsolete. Consult Plant Ontology instead. A type of sieve element that has relatively undifferentiated sieve areas (with narrow pores), rather uniform in structure on all walls; that is, there are no sieve plates. Typical of gymnosperms and lower vascular plants.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
Obsolete. Use PO:0020099 from Plant Ontology instead. Cell type formed after the first mitotic division of the microgametophye, The nucleus of this cell migrates to the tip of the pollen tube after germination and disintegrates when the pollen tube penetrates the nucellus.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000115 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell that surrounds a trichome and provides support for the trichome.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000273 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell composing the xylem.
OBSOLETED. Commonly used for a cell in root epidermis that gives rise to a root hair. The daughter cell produced by the asymmetric division of a root epidermal cell that gives rise to a root hair.
Obsoleted. Use trichoblast from the plant ontology (PO:0000262).
A mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
Gametes are reproductive cells essential for sexual reproduction in eukaryotic organisms, including humans, animals, and many plants. These cells are haploid, containing half the genome or only one set of chromosomes, which is a contrast to the diploid state (two sets of chromosomes) found in most cells in a multicellular organism. This reduction in genetic material is crucial since it allows for the re-establishment of the diploid number of chromosomes when two gametes merge to form a diploid zygote during fertilization. There are two major types of gametes in animals: sperm cells in males and egg (or ova) in females. These gametes contribute equally to the genetic makeup of the offspring but are morphologically and functionally distinct. Sperm cells (or spermatozoa) are characterized by their motility, small size, and large quantities; they are produced continuously in vast numbers through a process called spermatogenesis in the male gonads or testes. Female gametes are much larger, fewer in numbers, and are not motile; they undergo a development process known as oogenesis, which takes place within the ovaries. The egg also contributes most of the cytoplasm and organelles (including mitochondria) to the zygote that are required for initial cell division stages after fertilization. Gametes have a primary role in sexual reproduction and genetic variation, which aids in evolution. The formation of gametes involves a special type of cell division called meiosis that introduces genetic diversity via the process of recombination and independent assortment. Following the fusion of male and female gametes, the combination of paternal and maternal genetic material in the zygote allows for genetic recombination, which is a fundamental source of genetic variation and, thus, evolution. Therefore, gametes not only are critical to the inception of new individuals but also contribute to species survival and evolution. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A primordial germ cell of insects. Such cells form at the posterior pole of the early embryo.
Not a differentiation state per se; consider using 'B cell ; CL:0000236' or one of its children instead.
Not a differentiation state per se, and IgG isotypes vary by species; consider using 'B cell ; CL:0000236' or one of its children instead.
Not a differentiation state per se, and IgA isotypes vary by species. Consider using 'B cell ; CL:0000236' or one of its children instead.
An epithelial cell found in the trachea.
This class is for the vertebrate tracheal structure. For the analagous insect cell type, see 'respiratory tube epithelial cell'
An epidermal cell which synthesizes keratin and undergoes a characteristic change as it moves upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.
Keratinocytes are reportedly CDw210a-negative, CDw210b-positive, CD281-positive, CD282-positive, CD285-positive, IL22Ra1-positive, Human keratinocytes are reportedly capable of secreting BD-2, BD-3, hCAP-18, CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL8, elafin, MMP-3, NGAL, PDGF-A, S100A7, S100A8, and S100A9. Transcription factors: STAT3-positive.
Columnar glandular cell with irregular nucleus, copious granular endoplasmic reticulum and supranuclear granules. Secretes a watery fluid containing proteins known as serous fluid.
A cell secreting tears, the fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands. This fluid moistens the conjunctiva and cornea.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000082 from Plant Ontology instead. A meristemic ray cell in the vascular cambium that gives rise to ray cells of the secondary xylem and secondary phloem.
An epithelial cell that is part of a sebaceous gland. This cell produces and secretes sebum, an oily, lipid-rich substance, through holocrine secretion where the entire cell ruptures to release its contents.
A cell secreting sweat, the fluid excreted by the sweat glands of mammals. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products.
Any cell that is capable of some mucus secretion.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000431 from Plant Ontology instead. A diploid (2n) cell that undergoes meiosis and produces four haploid (1n) megaspores; also called megaspore mother cell.
An epithelial cell that lines the peripheral gas exchange region of the lungs of air-breathing vertebrates.
A cell that is specialised to accumulate a particular substance(s).
see: https://github.com/obophenotype/cell-ontology/issues/161
Any cell that is capable of some oxygen transport.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000075 from Plant Ontology instead. An elongated living cell with unevenly thickened nonlignified primary walls.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000301 from Plant Ontology instead. A tracheary element of the xylem that has no perforations, as contrasted with a vessel member. May occur in primary and in secondary xylem. May have any kind of secondary wall thickening found in tracheary elements.
OBSOLETE, use term from Plant Ontology. A cell formed after asymmetric division of root epidermal cell that does not give rise to a root hair.
A cell derived from the specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonic neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms masses of cells that migrate out from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube to spread throughout the body.
A mesenchymal cell in embryonic development found in a contracting mass and that gives rise to osteoprogenitors.
A cell found within the adrenal medulla that secrete biogenic amine hormones upon stimulation.
medullary chromaffin cell of adrenal gland
A neural precursor of the central nervous system.
neuroblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
An early neural cell developing from the early ependymal cell of the neural tube.
A precursor of the central nervous system that gives rise to glial cells only.
glioblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
pigment cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
Any animal cell containing pigment granules.
A pigment cell that is capable of detecting light stimulus that is involved in visual perception.
obsolete non-visual cell (sensu Vertebrata)
A mesenchymal cell that is part of a small mass of condensed mesenchyme in the enamel organ; it differentiates into the dentin and dental pulp.
A specialized mesenchymal cell that resides in the dermal papilla located at the bottom of hair follicles. This cell plays a pivotal roles in hair formation, growth, and cycling.
A structural cell that is part of optic choroid.
Any cell that is part of some extraembryonic structure.
Any extraembryonic cell that is part of some amnioserosa.
An extraembryonic cell that develops from a trophectodermal cell. This cell is found in the outer layer of the blastocyst and can invade other structures in the uterus once the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall. A trophoblast cell is involved in the implantation of the embryo into the uterine wall, placental formation, remodelling of maternal vasculature in the uterus, nutrient and gas exchange, hormone production, and immune modulation to support fetal development.
Trophoblast cells, originating from the blastocyst's outer layer, are highly specialized and pivotal for embryo development. Their crucial roles include facilitating implantation and contributing to the formation of the placenta, an essential organ for fetal nutrition, gas exchange, and waste removal during pregnancy. These cells play a crucial role in implantation by adhering to the uterus lining. Post-implantation, some trophoblast cells differentiate, forming syncytiotrophoblasts. These multi-nucleated cells absorb nutrients, release waste, and secrete hormones, including human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), sustaining pregnancy. Trophoblast cells also play a crucial role in immune tolerance, preventing the maternal immune system from treating the fetus as foreign. This balance is vital for a healthy pregnancy. Dysfunctional trophoblast cells may lead to complications like miscarriages or preeclampsia, emphasizing their importance in both embryology and reproductive medicine. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell of the outer layer of a blastula that gives rise to the ectoderm after gastrulation.
An undifferentiated cell produced by early cleavages of the fertilized egg (zygote).
A multifate stem cell found in skeletal muscle than can differentiate into many different cell types, including muscle. Distinct cell type from satellite cell.
Multi-potency demonstrated ex vivo. At the time of writing, it is unclear whether the endogenous population differentiates into multiple cell types in vivo.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of a sphincter. A sphincter is a typically circular muscle that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning.
Smooth muscle cells, as a broader category, are non-striated, involuntary muscle cells that usually exhibit contractions and dilation to facilitate numerous physiological functions. Sphincter associated smooth muscle cells are a specific type of smooth muscle cell that are primarily associated with the functioning of various anatomical sphincters in the human body. The traits that distinguishes sphincter associated smooth muscle cells from other smooth muscle cells are their location and specialized function in sphincter mechanisms. Sphincter associated smooth muscle cells play a pivotal role in regulating the opening and closure of the bodily sphincters. These sphincters can be found at multiple locations within the body including the gastrointestinal tract (namely the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and rectum), the urinary tract, and the circulatory system. Upon receiving signals from the autonomous nervous system, these cells contract or relax to modulate the aperture of sphincters, thus controlling the movement of substances through them. Due to their precise and vital functional role, any dysfunction or dysregulation in these cells can lead to serious medical conditions, such as gastroesophageal reflux or urinary incontinence. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A smooth muscle cell associated with the vasculature.
Vascular associated smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are specialized cells that constitute a major component of the blood vessel wall in the circulatory system. They derive their name from the predominantly smooth appearance under microscopic examination, as opposed to the striated appearance of cardiac and skeletal muscles. A principal function of VSMCs is to regulate vascular tone, which directly dictates blood pressure and blood flow distribution across various body parts. This is achieved through coordinated contraction and relaxation of the muscles in response to a variety of extracellular signals. When a blood vessel is exposed to stimuli like pressure or injury, VSMCs contract, resulting in vasoconstriction and ultimately, an increase in blood pressure. Conversely, in response to vasodilators, these cells relax, leading to vasodilation and a consequent decrease in blood pressure. VSMCs are also involved in vascular remodeling, a process where blood vessels adapt their structure to long-term changes in hemodynamic conditions or disease states. In diseases like atherosclerosis and hypertension, an aberrant proliferative and synthetic phenotype of VSMCs contributes to the formation of plaques, leading to vessel hardening or even occlusion. Recent research has further implicated these cells in immune responses, recognizing their function in leukocyte recruitment and inflammation, factors that are largely instrumental in vascular pathologies. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell of the early embryo at the developmental stage in which the blastomeres, resulting from repeated mitotic divisions of the fertilized ovum (zygote), form a compact cell mass.
A cell of the embryo in the early stage following the blastula, characterized by morphogenetic cell movements, cell differentiation, and the formation of the three germ layers.
An epithelial cell of the integument (the outer layer of an organism).
Obsolete. Use PO:0000081 from Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETE, use term from the Plant Ontology. A secondary vascular cell that develops from the fusiform cambial initials and oriented with their longest diameter parallel with the main axis of stem or root. These cells make up the axial system, also known as vertical or longitudinal system.
Obsolete. Consult Plant Ontology. A cell that develops from the ray initial and composes all rays (panels of tissue variable in height and width, formed by the ray initials in the vascular cambium and extending radially in the secondary xylem and secondary phloem) in the secondary vascular tissues.
Diploid cell produced by the fusion of sperm cell nucleus and egg cell.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000084 from Plant Ontology instead. Male gamete, part of male germ unit.
obsolete sperm cell (sensu Viridiplantae)
Obsolete. Use PO:0000352 from Plant Ontology instead. Cell containing glucosinolates ('mustard oil glucosides') and myrosinases, enzymes hydrolyzing the glucosinolates. Occurs in eleven dicotyledon families, the two largest of which are the Brassicaceae and Euphorbiaceae.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000078 from Plant Ontology instead. Parenchyma cell with the wall ingrowth (or invaginations) that increase the surface of the plasmalemma. Appears to be specialized for short-distance transfer of solutes.
The cell protoplasm after removal of the cell wall.
An epidermal cell that is part of a cell cluster organ of the insect integument (such as a sensillum) and that secretes a cuticular specialization that forms a socket around the base of a cuticular specialization produced by a trichogen cell.
A progenitor cell found in the larval epidermis of insects and that gives rise to the adult abdominal epidermis.
An epidermal cell that is part of a cell cluster organ of the insect integument (such as a sensillum) and that secretes a cuticular specialization, often in the form of a hair, bristle, peg or scale. The base of this specialization is often surrounded by a socket produced by a closely associated tormogen cell.
support cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
supporting cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
The support cell that makes the thecogen dendritic cap - a cuticle-like matrix around the tip of the eo-dendrite and which encloses the soma of the eo-neuron.
'neuroendocrine cell' (which has exact synonym "neurosecretory cell") and 'neurosecretory neuron' may all refer to the same cell type.
A cell that is part of a scolopidium and surrounds the dendrite of a scolopidial neuron.
prohemocyte (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
A blood cell of the circulatory system of arthropods.
An elongated fibrocyte that is part of a tendon. The cytoplasm is stretched between the collagen fibres of the tendon. They have a central cell nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. Tendon cells have a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and they are responsible for synthesis and turnover of tendon fibres and ground substance.
blood cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
Obsoleted as podocytes are not a distinct cell type from plasmatocytes.
A hemocyte that synthesizes and secretes melanins as part of the antimicrobial immune response. It is characterized morphologically by crystal inclusions of phenoloxidases in its cytoplasm, hence its name.
A cell whose function is determined by its response to an electric signal.
A phagocytic hemocyte, responsible for the engulfment of small particles, microbes, and apoptotic tissue debris. It may also secretes antimicrobial peptides and contribute to the production and secretion of proteins of the hemolymph.
A hemocyte found in immuno-stimulated larvae.
Any interneuron that has its soma located in some ganglion.
Obsoleted as this is actually the same thing as prohemocytes.
Obsolete. Consult Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETED, not defined prior to obsoletion.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000332 from Plant Ontology instead. An epidermal cell with a characteristic convoluted anticlinal cell wall that gives a jigsaw like appearance to the lamina.
Obsoleted as plasmatocytes are the macrophages (phagocytic cells) of Diptera.
OBSOLETE. An interneuron that has its cell body in a central nervous system.
Interneurons are commonly described as being only found in the central nervous system. However, in CL we define 'interneuron' more broadly as any neuron that is neither a motor neuron nor a sensory neuron, regardless of its location, so we need this term to refer strictly to interneurons of the central nervous system.
A cell that initiates an electrical signal and passes that signal to another cell.
Obsoleted as the term seems completely unused in the literature.
A cell that anchors the cell body of a scolopidial neuron to the integument.
Any male germ cell that has characteristic some haploid and is capable of some fertilization.
The male gamete, also known as a sperm cell, is a highly specialized cell type critical to sexual reproduction. Sperm are produced during a process called spermatogenesis within the male reproductive organ, specifically the testes. They are haploid cells, carrying the genetic material from the male parent, and fuse with the ovum, the female gamete, to form a diploid zygote during fertilization, thereby initiating gestation and the development of a new organism. The male gamete is distinguished by its morphology, notably its elongated shape which is geared towards locomotion. One of the primary characteristics of a male gamete is its flagellum, or tail, which propels the cell towards the female gamete. It additionally contains an elongated head region housing the nucleus, where the genetic material is stored. The anterior section of the head, the acrosome, releases enzymes essential for penetrating the protective layers of the ovum during the fertilization process. The function of male gametes does not cease upon fertilization. In addition to delivering the paternal set of chromosomes, fusion of the sperm cell with the ovum causes an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ which then activates the female egg cell to undergo the so-called cortical reaction during which the egg’s zona pellucida is changed so fusion with additional sperm is prevented. The Ca2+ signal also initiates the development of the zygote and eventual formation of an embryo. Male gametes also contribute towards forming the placenta, which supplies nutrients and removes waste products during gestation. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Obsoleted as this refers to the same cell type as 'scolopale cell'.
An epithelial cell of the hypodermis of Caenorhabditis.
This term was originally added to CL for parity with the Worm anatomy ontology, which is dedicated to C elegans. It is not clear if it makes sense to try and generalize the concept and include in CL, and this term may be obsoleted in future. Note there is no similarity to the hypodermis in vertebrates.
A cell that contains more than two haploid sets of chromosomes.
A cell whose nucleus contains a single haploid genome.
OBSOLETE: A classification of cells by the number of haploid genome equivalents of their nucleus or nuclei.
This term was made obsolete because there is no difference in meaning between it and 'cell', as any cell with chromosomes can be classified by its ploidy. If you have used this term in annotation, please replace it with cell (CL:0000000), native cell (CL:0000003), eukaryotic cell (CL:0000255) or cell in vitro (CL:0001034) as appropriate.
A cell whose nucleus has two haploid genomes.
An epithelial cell found in C. elegans that firmly hold the outer body wall and the lips to the inner cylinder of the pharynx in a manner that keeps these organs from breaking apart, while still giving each organ freedom of movement during feeding.
An epithelial fate stem cell found in flatworms.
An epithelial cell that forms a syncytium, which is a multinucleated cell resulting from the fusion of multiple cells.
A free floating cell, including amebocytes and eleocytes, in the coelom of certain animals, especially annelids.
A cell whose primary function is to cause growth by stimulating cell division in its immediate cellular environment.
A cell involved in the elimination of metabolic and foreign toxins, and in maintaining the ionic, acid-base and water balance of biological fluids.
Forms the terminal part of the cuticle-lined excretory duct of C. elegans.
This is a cell used in tissue engineering and is out of scope for CL.
A scaffolding cell type found in C. elegans, this cell plays a supportive role to the muscle arms. May also have an endocrine role.
A columnar epithelial cell that is part of an insect imaginal disc.
This term does not encompass all the cell types that may be found in an epithelial disc (such as the peripodial or adepithelial cells), only the cells that form the disc epithelium proper.
A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains cartenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or xanthosomes. This gives an appearance ranging from a golden yellow to orange and red.
A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. The cell contains flat light-reflecting platelets, probably of guanine, in stacks called reflecting platelets or iridisomes. The color-generating components produce a silver, gold, or iridescent color.
A fibroblast that synthesizes collagen and uses it to produce reticular fibers, thus providing structural support. Reticular cells are found in many organs, including the spleen, lymph nodes and kidneys. Subtypes of reticular cells include epithelial, mesenchymal, and fibroblastic reticular cells. Fibroblastic reticular cells are involved in directing B cells and T cells to specific regions within a tissue, whereas epithelial and mesenchymal reticular cells are associated with certain areas of the brain.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000244 from Plant Ontology instead. In monosporic and bisporic megasporogenesis: the megaspore(s) that will undergo megagametogenesis.
A secretory cell that discharges its product without loss of cytoplasm.
A rounded cell that is usually situated next to sinusoids; secretes follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
follicle stimulating hormone secreting cell
A peptide hormone secreting cell pituitary that produces luteinizing hormone.
A peptide hormone cell that secretes prolactin.
A cell of the intermediate pituitary that produces melanocyte stimulating hormone.
melanocyte stimulating hormone secreting cell
A stem cell that gives rise to the follicle cells that surround the oocyte in female arthropods.
A cell with extensive dendritic processes found in the B cell areas (primary follicles and germinal centers) of lymphoid tissue. They are unrelated to the dendritic cell associated with T cells. Follicular dendritic cells have Fc receptors and C3b receptors, but unlike other dendritic cells, they do not process or present antigen in a way that allows recognition by T cells. Instead, they hold antigen in the form of immune complexes on their surfaces for long periods and can present antigen to B cells during an immune response.
Due to its unique lineage and distinct function, this is not a type of dendritic cell; CL:0000451.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some calcitonin secretion.
A muscle cell in which the fibers are organised into sarcomeres but in which adjacent myofibrils are offset from each other, producing an oblique banding pattern.
Examples include the somatic muscles of nemotodes and cephalopods.
An epithelial cell of the parathyroid gland that is arranged in wide, irregular interconnecting columns; responsible for the synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone.
An adipocyte with light coloration and few mitochondria. It contains a scant ring of cytoplasm surrounding a single large lipid droplet or vacuole.
A cell from the thermogenic form of adipose tissue found in many species, particularly in newborns and hibernating mammals, but also in lesser amounts in adults of other mammals including humans. Brown fat is capable of rapid liberation of energy and seems to be important in the maintenance of body temperature immediately after birth and upon waking from hibernation.
A cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. These cells are lineage negative (CD3-negative, CD19-negative, CD34-negative, and CD56-negative).
Langerhans cell is a conventional dendritic cell that has plasma membrane part CD207. A Langerhans cell is a stellate dendritic cell of myeloid origin, that appears clear on light microscopy and has a dark-staining, indented nucleus and characteristic inclusions (Birbeck granules) in the cytoplasm; Langerhans cells are found principally in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, but they also occur in other stratified epithelia and have been identified in the lung, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000021 )(PMID:19243617). These cells are also CD1a-high, CD14-negative, CD207-positive (langerin), CD324-positive (E-cadherin), and DCIR-positive. They reside in the epidermis.
A cell capable of producing epinephrine. Epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme, which is expressed in the adrenal glands, androgenic neurons, and in other cell types.
Obsolete. Use PO:0004531 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell characterized by conspicuous and rather stable accumulation of starch.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some mineralocorticoid secretion.
A cell type that secretes 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin).
A cell capable of producting norepiniphrine. Norepiniphrine is a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. In addition, epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some glucocorticoid secretion.
A cell of mesodermal origin that is closely associated with the epithelium of an imaginal disc. It is a precursor of some of the insect's adult muscles.
An epidermal cell that secretes chitinous cuticle from its apical side.
While insect epidermis is generally columnar/cuboidal, there are certainly well studied cases where it is not (e.g.- Rhodnius prolixus when starved). So it would be safer to add this as a differentium for particular species where this is known. -DSJ.
An epidermal progenitor cell that arises from neuroectoderm and in turn gives rise to the epidermal sheath of ventral and cephalic regions.
A precursor of the cells that form the dorsal vessel of arthropods.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that produces adrenocorticotropin, or corticotropin.
adrenocorticotrophic hormone secreting cell
adrenocorticotropic hormone secreting cell
A precursor of the central nervous system that gives rise to both neurons and glial cells.
neuroglioblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
A neural progenitor cell that is the daughter of a neuroblast (sensu arthopoda). The progeny of ganglion mother cells develop into neurons, glia and (occasionally) epithelial cells.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000076 from Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETE, use term from Plant Ontology. Parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts; a component of leaf mesophyll and other green parenchyma tissue.
OBSOLETE: A cell whose primary function is to protect the organism.
Unsustainable functional grouping term of dubious utility.
An insect renal cell that filters hemolymph and is found with other pericardial nephrocytes in two rows flanking the dorsal vessel.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000245 from Plant Ontology instead. In monosporic and bisporic megasporogenesis: the megaspore(s) that do not participate in megagametogenesis.
A basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin. This cell type is elongated, polygonal and lie in clusters towards the adenohypophyseal center.
thyroid stimulating hormone secreting cell
A somatic epithelial cell of the insect egg chamber.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes oxytocin stimulating hormone
oxytocin stimulating hormone secreting cell
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes vasopressin stimulating hormone
vasopressin stimulating hormone secreting cell
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes secretin stimulating hormone
secretin stimulating hormone secreting cell
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes cholecystokin stimulating hormone.
cholecystokin stimulating hormone secreting cell
An endocrine cell that secretes juvenile hormone.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes bombesin stimulating hormone.
bombesin stimulating hormone secreting cell
Mast cell subtype whose granules contain both the serine proteases tryptase and chymase. These cells are primarily found in connective tissue, such as the peritoneal cavity, skin, and intestinal submucosa. Their development is T-cell independent.
They are CD88-positive. The cytoplasmic granules contain high levels of histamine and heparin (mouse) or major neutral proteases, tryptase, chymase, carboxypeptidase A, and cathepsin G (humans). Reportedly, they cannot produce leukotrienes (LTC4) and IL-4. They are reportedly very heterogeneous depending upon location and can convert to the MC(T) phenotype.
Mast cell subtype that contains only the serine protease trypase in its granules. These cells are primarily found in mucosal tissue, such as intestinal mucosa and alveoli. They depend upon T-cells for development of phenotype.
They are CD88-negative. The cytoplasmic granules contain low levels of histamine and high levels of chondroitin sulfate (mouse) or major neutral proteases and tryptase (humans). Additionally, they can produce leukotrienes (LTC4), IL-5, IL-6, and low levels of IL-4. They are reportedly very heterogeneous depending upon location and can convert to the MC(T) phenotype.
A large binucleate cell that forms a 'garland' around the anterior end of the proventriculus (cardia) at its junction with the esophagus in both adults and larvae flies. Each cell is surrounded by a basement membrane and there are numerous micro-invaginations (lacunae) extending from the surface into the cytoplasm. At the mouth of each lacuna is a doubled filament forming a specialised filtration system (diaphragm). The filtrate is endocytosed from the lacunae.
A secretory cell of ectodermal origin. This cell may have important functions in fatty acid and hydrocarbon metabolism and is metabolically linked to the fat body and tracheae. This cell is exclusive of arthropods.
Oenocytes are highly variable in size, shape, cluster formation and anatomical location. In adults, oenocytes tend to be smaller but more numerous than in larvae. While oenocytes have been found in arachnids and crustaceans, they have been most abundantly described in insects.
A photoreceptor cell that detects visible light.
OBSOLETE: A cell responsible for spontaneous cytotoxicity of a variety of tumor cells without prior immunization. These natural killer cells are found in non-immune humans and experimental animals and are thought by some to be the same as killer cells (killing by antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity), but they can also kill in the absence of antibody.
This term had an incorrect definition and was overly broad. Consider using 'cytotoxic T cell ; CL:0000910' (in most cases) or another lymphocyte cell type if cytotoxicity is shown to be part of the cell's phenotype in a particular experimental situation.
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that cooperates with other lymphocytes via direct contact or cytokine release to initiate a variety of immune functions.
OBSOLETE: Subpopulation of CD4+ cells which induce CD8+ suppressor T cells to suppress antibody production by B cells. They also stimulate other cellular immune responses.
This term was defined too narrowly; consider using the term 'regulatory T cell ; CL:0000815' instead.
A photoreceptor cell that detects ultraviolet light.
A photoreceptor cell that is sensitive to blue light.
A photoreceptor cell that is sensitive to green light.
A photoreceptor cell that is sensitive to red light.
An interneuron (also called relay neuron, association neuron or local circuit neuron) is a multipolar neuron which connects afferent neurons and efferent neurons in neural pathways. Like motor neurons, interneuron cell bodies are always located in the central nervous system (CNS).
A connective tissue cell of an organ found in the loose connective tissue.
An epithelial somatic cell associated with a maturing oocyte.
A supporting cell for the developing female gamete in the ovary of mammals. They develop from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the mammalian oocyte in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the ovum in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors.
Granulosa cells are a type of somatic cell most commonly known for their crucial role within the ovarian follicles of female mammalian species. Named for their grainy appearance, they are situated in the follicular epithelium, lining the inner part of the follicle and directly surrounding the oocyte. These cells stand as an integral part of the ovarian structure and function. One of the primary roles of granulosa cells is to aid in the production and secretion of sex hormones, particularly estrogen. They achieve this by working in tandem with theca cells, which stay attached to the external layer of the follicle. Theca cells produce androstenedione (a type of androgen) which granulosa cells then convert into estradiol, a form of estrogen, with the help of the enzyme aromatase. Moreover, granulosa cells participate in luteinization, transforming into luteal granulosa cells as a response to the luteinizing hormone during ovulation. This allows the formation of the corpus luteum, responsible for the secretion of progesterone necessary to maintain pregnancy. Granulosa cells also play a significant role in follicular development and oocyte maturation, involving close communication with the contained oocyte. They support the oocyte through the provision of nutrients and growth factors, control its meiotic cycle and ensure it is appropriately oriented and instructed for impending ovulation. Furthermore, granulosa cells contribute to the formation of the zona pellucida and the follicular fluid, providing an optimal environment for the oocyte's growth and maturation. These cells, thus, perform multiple vital roles, underscoring their importance in fertility and reproductive health. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas. They secrete somatostatin in both an endocrine and paracrine manner. Somatostatin inhibits gastrin, cholecystokinin, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic enzymes, and gastric hydrochloric acid. A variety of substances which inhibit gastric acid secretion (vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, beta-adrenergic agonists, and gastric inhibitory peptide) are thought to act by releasing somatostatin.
Type D enteroendocrine cells, also known as D or delta cells, are specialized hormone-releasing cells found in the pancreas and also scattered throughout the lining of the gastrointestinal tract in mammals, notably within the stomach and the upper part of the small intestine known as the duodenum. The primary role of D cells is to produce and secrete somatostatin, a potent paracrine inhibitor. In the gastrointestinal tract, somatostatin slows down digestion. It reduces gastric acid secretion and slows down the rate of gastric emptying, thereby prolonging and controling the digestive p. Functionally, these effects are aimed at sustaining nutrient absorption to optimize energy extraction from consumed food. In the pancreas, D cells maintain a vital role in endocrine regulation. D cells in the pancreatic islands secrete somatostatin to inhibit the release of both insulin and glucagon from type A cells and B cells, glucoregulatory hormones that control blood sugar levels. Hence, D cells contribute considerably to the homeostasis of the body's metabolic processes. It is also noteworthy that dysfunctional D cells or irregular somatostatin signaling has been associated with certain pathologies such as neuroendocrine tumors and gastric ulcers. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A specialized stromal cell that forms the theca layer outside the basal lamina lining the ovarian follicle, appearing during the secondary follicle stage.
A enteroendocrine cell part of the glands of the gastric mucosa. They produce histamine and peptides such as chromogranins. This cell type respond to gastrin by releasing histamine which acts as a paracrine stimulator of the release of hydrochloric acid from the gastric parietal cells.
Consider enterochromaffin cell (CL:0002065). For several years this cell type was "enterochromaffin cell" despite a MESH dbxref and a free text definition that clearly meant enterochromaffin-like cell.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes substance P.
An endorphine cell that secretes enkephalin.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes endorphin.
An endocrine cell found in the stomach and duodenum and is responsible for the secretion of gastrin and enkephalin. Most abundant in pyloric antrum, pyramidal in form with a narrow apex bearing long microvilli.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes gastrin.
An epithelial cell found in the basal part of the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn) including the appendix. Paneth cells synthesize and secrete lysozyme and cryptdins. Numerous in the deeper parts of the intestinal crypts, particularly in the duodenum, rich in zinc, contain large acidophilic granules, with irregular apical microvilli and prominent membrane-bound vacuoles containing matrix.
Paneth cells are specialized epithelial cells that are primarily located at the bottom of the crypts of Lieberkühn in the small intestine, where they play a pivotal role in maintaining gut homeostasis. They have also been found in smaller numbers in the colonic crypts and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Paneth cells are characterized by large acidophilic granules, which take up most of the cytoplasmic volume, causing the nucleus to be pushed toward the base of the cell. Paneth cells function as a part of the innate immune system. The large granules inside the cells are filled with antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins and lysozymes. Upon bacterial intrusion or cellular signaling indicating a potential infection, Paneth cells release the granules containing the antimicrobial substances into the crypt lumen, effectively serving as the first line of defense against bacterial invasion within the gastrointestinal tract. In essence, Paneth cells serve as guardians, protecting the intestinal stem cells from harmful pathogens that may disturb the gut ecosystem. In addition to their primary role in immunity, Paneth cells are also crucial for supporting the stem cell niche in the intestinal crypts. They are located adjacent to Lgr5+ stem cells and secrete various growth factors such as EGF, TGF-alpha, Wnt3, and Notch ligand Dll4. These factors regulate the self-renewal and differentiation of these stem cells, which continuously replenish the intestinal epithelium. Consequently, any abnormality or dysfunction in Paneth cells could lead to a disturbance in gut homeostasis, possibly resulting in various illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen binding protein.
The term paracrine describes a role of a secreted hormone. There are a vast number of cell types that could fit this description, however it is difficult to know every case where a secreted hormone has paracrine effects.
A precursor cell destined to differentiate into cardiac muscle cell.
A precursor cell destined to differentiate into smooth muscle myocytes.
A precursor to the smooth muscle cell, the smooth muscle myoblast, is integral to various body systems, including the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems. Smooth muscle myoblasts arise from the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, a process tightly regulated by specific genetic factors and environmental signals. Their role extends to myogenesis, particularly in the formation of muscular tissue, especially during embryonic development. Smooth muscle myoblasts possess distinctive cellular characteristics. In contrast to skeletal muscle myoblasts, they do not fuse to create multinucleated fibers. Instead, they differentiate into individual, uninucleated smooth muscle cells. This differentiation unfolds in two distinct phases: proliferation, marked by rapid division to increase cell numbers, and differentiation, involving structural and functional transformation into mature smooth muscle cells. This intricate process is intricately mediated by various signaling molecules and transcription factors. Functionally, smooth muscle myoblasts and the mature muscle cells they generate play pivotal roles in various physiological processes. Smooth muscle cells orchestrate involuntary muscle responses and are integral to body systems that regulate blood flow, propel food along the digestive tract, and control airflow in the respiratory tract. These diverse functions underscore the significance of smooth muscle myoblasts in the body's growth, maintenance, and overall function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A myoblast that differentiates into skeletal muscle fibers.
A non-neuronal cell that surrounds the neuronal cell bodies of the ganglia.
perineuronal satellite oligodendroglial cell
A type of foam cell derived from a macrophage containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherolosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
A phagocyte in vertebrates that is able to phagocytosis.
A phagocyte from organisms in the Nematoda or Protostomia clades.
phagocyte (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
OBSOLETE: The reproductive structure of bacteria, fungi and cryptograms.
A cell from the inner layer of the trophoblast of the early mammalian embryo that gives rise to the outer surface and villi of the chorion. Mononuclear crytoblasts fuse to give rise to a multinuclear cytotrophoblast.
A cell, usually of bacteria or yeast, which has partially lost its cell wall.
A cell from the outer syncytial layer of the trophoblast of an early mammalian embryo, directly associated with the maternal blood supply. It secretes hCG in order to maintain progesterone secretion and sustain a pregnancy.
A neuron which conveys sensory information centrally from the periphery.
A neuron which sends impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.
A nerve cell where transmission is mediated by nitric oxide.
A neuron that develops during the early segmentation stages in teleosts, before the neural tube is formed.
A primary neuron (sensu Teleostei) that has a sensory function.
primary sensory neuron (sensu Teleostei)
A primary motor neuron with its soma in the caudal region of a spinal cord. The axon of this motoneuron exit the spinal cord from one single point and innervates the lateral surface of ventral axial muscles
A primary neuron (sensu Teleostei) that has a motor function.
A primary neuron (sensu Teleostei) that is neither a sensory neuron or a motor neuron.
A neuron of teleosts that develops later than a primary neuron, typically during the larval stages.
A secondary neuron (sensu Teleostei) that has a motor function.
secondary motor neuron (sensu Teleostei)
Obsolete. Use PO:0020093 from Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETE, use term from plant ontology. A cell located at the chalazal end of the mature embryo sac in angiosperms.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000349 from Plant Ontology instead. A relatively unspecialized cell that will give rise to specialized cell types of the epidermis.
OBSOLETE: A cell in a tissue that markedly differs in form, size, or contents from other cells in the same tissue.
The basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.
These cells are also reportedly CD4-negative and CD200-positive. They are also capable of producing CD40L and IFN-gamma.
A cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a pigment cell.
Derived from UBERON:0002342 neural crest.
A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.
Editors note: consider adding taxon constraint to vertebrata (PMID:18025161)
Obsolete. Use PO:0000289 from Plant Ontology instead. One of the series of cellular components of a sieve tube. It shows a more or less pronounced differentiation between sieve plates (wide pores) and lateral sieve areas (narrow pores). Also sieve tube element and the obsolete sieve tube segment.
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive, CXCR3-positive, CCR6-negative, and is capable of producing interferon-gamma.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'Th1 CD4+ T cell', but its logical definition includes additional known characteristics of T-helper 1 T cells.
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, and is capable of producing interleukin-4.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'non-Th1/Th17 CD4+ T cell' (see CL:0001051), but includes the additional necessary and sufficient conditions to allow classification as a T-helper 2 T cell.
An immature, nucleated erythrocyte occupying the stage of erythropoeisis that follows formation of erythroid progenitor cells. This cell is CD71-positive, has both a nucleus and a nucleolus, and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.
OBSOLETE. A native cell that is part of some Metazoa.
A nucleated immature erythrocyte, having cytoplasm generally similar to that of the earlier proerythroblast but sometimes even more basophilic, and usually regular in outline. The nucleus is still relatively large, but the chromatin strands are thicker and more deeply staining, giving a coarser appearance; the nucleoli have disappeared. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.
A nucleated, immature erythrocyte in which the nucleus occupies a relatively smaller part of the cell than in its precursor, the basophilic erythroblast. The cytoplasm is beginning to acquire hemoglobin and thus is no longer a purely basophilic, but takes on acidophilic aspects, which becomes progressively more marked as the cell matures. The chromatin of the nucleus is arranged in coarse, deeply staining clumps. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.
The final stage of the nucleated, immature erythrocyte, before nuclear loss. Typically the cytoplasm is described as acidophilic, but it still shows a faint polychromatic tint. The nucleus is small and initially may still have coarse, clumped chromatin, as in its precursor, the polychromatophilic erythroblast, but ultimately it becomes pyknotic, and appears as a deeply staining, blue-black, homogeneous structureless mass. The nucleus is often eccentric and sometimes lobulated.
The earliest cytologically identifiable precursor in the thrombocytic series. This cell is capable of endomitosis and lacks expression of hematopoieitic lineage markers (lin-negative).
Lineage negative is described here as CD2-negative, CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD5-negative, CD8a-negative, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD20-negative, CD56-negative, Ly6g-negative, and Ter119-negative.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes gastrin stimulating hormone.
gastrin stimulating hormone secreting cell
A large hematopoietic cell (50 to 100 micron) with a lobated nucleus. Once mature, this cell undergoes multiple rounds of endomitosis and cytoplasmic restructuring to allow platelet formation and release.
Megakaryocytes are reportedly CD181-positive and CD182-positive.
A hematopoietic progenitor cell that is committed to the granulocyte and monocyte lineages. These cells are CD123-positive, and do not express Gata1 or Gata2 but do express C/EBPa, and Pu.1.
Granulocyte monocyte progenitor cells (GMP cells), originating from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, are a critical intermediate in myeloid cell development. Positioned at a key differentiation juncture, these cells exhibit bidirectional potential, giving rise to both granulocyte and monocyte lineages. Their primary role is to generate mature granulocytes and monocytes, essential components of the body's innate immunity and inflammatory responses. Granulocytes, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, contribute to the first line of defense against infections by migrating to the infection site and phagocytosing pathogens. Monocytes can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells, playing diverse roles in immune responses. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
colony forming unit granulocyte macrophage
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000042)(PMID:19243617). GMPs are reportedly CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD34-positive, CD38-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD110-negative, CD117-positive, CD123-positive, and SCA1-negative.
An immature erythrocyte that changes the protein composition of its plasma membrane by exosome formation and extrusion. The types of protein removed differ between species though removal of the transferrin receptor is apparent in mammals and birds.
A precursor in the monocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between the monoblast and monocyte. This cell is CD11b-positive and has fine azurophil granules.
Morphology: Mononuclear cell, diameter 14-18 _M, fine azurophilic granules; markers: CD11b (shared with many other myeloid cells); location: Adult: bone marrow; Fetal: Liver, Yolk Sac; role or process: hematopoiesis, monocyte development; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid.
A late neutrophilic metamyelocyte in which the nucleus is indented to more than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin but in no area being condensed to a single filament. The nucleus is in the form of a curved or coiled band, not having acquired the typical multilobar shape of the mature neutrophil. These cells are fMLP receptor-positive, CD11b-positive, CD35-negative, and CD49d-negative.
Interneuron of the vertebrate retina. They integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the retinal ganglion cells, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer. They lack large axons.
A rounded, inactive form that certain bacteria assume under conditions of extreme temperature, dryness, or lack of food. The bacterium develops a waterproof cell wall that protects it from being dried out or damaged.
A promyelocyte committed to the neutrophil lineage. This cell type is GATA-1-positive, C/EBPa-positive, AML-1-positive, MPO-positive, has low expression of PU.1 transcription factor and lacks lactotransferrin expression.
These cells are CD11b-negative, CD15-positive, CD16-negative, CD49d-positive, CD68-positive, CD35-negative, and fMLP receptor-negative. They are found in the Band 3 fraction.
A cell found in fat bodies whose primary function is intermediary metabolism.
A mesenchymal stem cell capable of developing into blood vessel endothelium.
These cells are reportedly CD31-positive, CD34-positive, CD144-positive, CD309-positive, and TAL1-positive.
A cell that originates in the neural crest, that has certain cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics and is found scattered throughout the body; types include melanocytes, the cells of the chromaffin system, and cells in the hypothalamus, hypophysis, thyroid, parathyroids, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas. This cell type concentrates the amino acid precursors of certain amines and decarboxylate them, forming amines that function as regulators and neurotransmitters. This cell type produces substances such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, enkephalin, somatostatin, neurotensin, and substance P, the actions of which may affect contiguous cells, nearby groups of cells, or distant cells, thus functioning as local or systemic hormones. The name is an acronym for amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cell.
amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cell
A mesenchymal cell found in the developing heart and that develops into some part of the heart. These cells derive from intra- and extra-cardiac sources, including the endocardium, epicardium, neural crest, and second heart field.
A neuroepithelial cells that occurs singly or in small groups, close to the outer follicular borders but within the follicular basement membrane of the thyroid. Expresses a form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) on their surface. Secretes calcitonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine.
A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains uric acid or other purine crystals deposited in stacks called leucosomes. The crystals reflect light and this gives a white appearance under white light.
One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision.
A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains pteridine and/or carotenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or erythrosomes. This gives an orange to red appearance.
Myeloid mononuclear recirculating leukocyte that can act as a precursor of tissue macrophages, osteoclasts and some populations of tissue dendritic cells.
Morphology: Mononuclear cell, diameter, 14 to 20 _M, N/C ratio 2:1-1:1. Nucleus may appear in variety of shapes: round, kidney, lobulated, or convoluted. Fine azurophilic granules present; markers: CD11b (shared with other myeloid cells), human: CD14, mouse: F4/80-mid,GR1-low; location: Blood, but can be recruited into tissues; role or process: immune & tissue remodelling; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid.
A subtype of enteroendocrine cells found in the gastrointestinal mucosa, particularly in the glands of pyloric antrum; duodenum; and ileum. These cell type secretes serotonin and some neurotransmitters including enkephalins and substance P. Their secretory granules stain readily with silver (argentaffin stain).
Type EC enteroendocrine cells, also known as enterochromaffin cells, are a vital hormone-secreting cell type found in the gastrointestinal tract. These cells are named after their location in the intestines (“entero”) and because they are stainable by chromium salts (“chromaffin”). The primary function of type EC enteroendocrine cells is to act as chemosensors and lies in their capacity to produce and secrete serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a significant role in modulating motility, secretion, vasodilation, perception of pain, and appetite in the gastrointestinal system. However, its function is not limited to the gastrointestinal tract; once secreted, serotonin is distributed via the bloodstream and contributes to regulating mood, appetite, and sleep in the brain. Via specific chemosensory receptors type EC enteroendocrine cells are able to respond to various environmental, metabolic, and homeostatic stimuli and transduce information from the gut to the nervous system: Food intake, particularly the ingestion of fats and carbohydrates, prompts these cells to produce and release serotonin; the mechanical stimulus of food in the lumen can also trigger release. The distribution, function, and responsiveness of type EC cells reveal them as a crucial link between the intestinal environment, the nervous system, and the regulation of numerous bodily functions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell in vitro that has undergone physical changes as a consequence of a deliberate and specific experimental procedure.
This class has been re-labeled to imply reference only to in vitro experimentally modified cells, similarly, the definition has been slightly updated to reflect this. 'experimentally modified cell' refers only to cells in vitro, and not modified in vivo/in environment cells. There is currently no class representing unmodified in vitro cells (other than the parent 'cell in vitro'), or a class representing modified native cells. More granular subclassing of experimentally modified cell can be found in ReO. MHB 1.12.12
A follicle cell that migrates from the anterior pole of the insect egg chamber to the anterior of the oocyte where they participate in the formation of the micropyle.
A neutrophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a promyelocyte and a metamyelocyte; in this stage, production of primary granules is complete and neutrophil-specific granules has started. No nucleolus is present. This cell type is CD13-positive, CD16-negative, integrin alpha-M-positive, CD15-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive, C/EBP-a-positive, C/EBPe-positive, PU.1-positive, lactotransferrin-positive, myeloperoxidase-positive and NGAL-positive.
These cells are also CD15-positive, CD35-negative, CD49d-positive, and fMLP receptor-negative. They are found in the Band 2 fraction.
A macrophage resident in the peritoneum under non-inflammatory conditions. Markers include F4/80-high, CD11b-high, CD68-positive, SIGNR1-positive, CD115-high, MHC-II-negative, and Dectin-1-positive.
Markers: Mouse: F4/80-high, CD11b-high, CD68+, SIGNR1+, Dectin-1+.
A neutrophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a myelocyte and the band form neutrophil. The protein synthesis seen in earlier stages decreases or stops; the nucleus becomes indented where the indentation is smaller than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin; chromatin becomes coarse and clumped; specific granules predominate while primary granules are rare; and the cytoplasm becomes amphophilic like that of a mature granulocyte. This cell type is integrin alpha-M-positive, CD13-negative, CD15-positive, CD16-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive, fMLP receptor-negative and has expression of C/EBP-a, C/EBP-e, PU.1 transcription factor, lactotransferrin, myeloperoxidase and neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin.
These cells are also CD35-negative, CD49d-positive, and fMLP receptor-negative. They are found in the Band 2 fraction.
A tissue-resident macrophage found in the alveoli of the lungs. Ingests small inhaled particles resulting in degradation and presentation of the antigen to immunocompetent cells. Markers include F4/80-positive, CD11b-/low, CD11c-positive, CD68-positive, sialoadhesin-positive, dectin-1-positive, MR-positive, CX3CR1-negative.
Alveolar macrophages are unique tissue-resident macrophages found in the lungs, specifically in the air sacs or alveoli where gas exchange occurs. They are characterized by specific surface markers including: F4/80-positive, CD11b-/low, CD11c-positive, CD68-positive, sialoadhesin-positive, dectin-1-positive, MR-positive, CX3CR1-negative. These specialized immune cells form a crucial part of the body's defense mechanism, playing important roles in pulmonary health and homeostasis. They are the first line of defense in the pulmonary immune response, acting as scavengers that patrol the alveoli and engulf foreign particles like bacteria, dust, and other debris that enter the lungs through inhalation. The primary function of these alveolar macrophages is phagocytosis, whereby they consume and digest foreign substances, dead cells, and other particulates. In the lung, alveolar macrophages are also responsible for clearing surfactant. Additionally, alveolar macrophages also play an integral role in initiating the immune response, as they secrete several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that recruit other immune cells to the site of infection or inflammation. Beyond their role in host defense, alveolar macrophages contribute to tissue remodeling and wound repair in the lungs, aiding in maintaining lung integrity. They also regulate local inflammation and control the immune response to prevent excessive inflammation that may be harmful. However, an imbalance in the function of alveolar macrophages can contribute to various lung diseases. Abnormal alveolar macrophage activation has been implicated in chronic inflammatory diseases such as emphysema, asthma, and fibrosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Markers: Mouse: F4/80mid, CD11b-/low, CD11c+, CD68+, sialoadhesin+, dectin-1+, MR+, CX3CR1-.
The marker set MSR1, FABP4 can identify the Human cell type alveolar macrophage in the Lung with a confidence of 0.80 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
An epithelial cell that has its apical plasma membrane folded into microvilli to provide ample surface for the absorption of nutrients from the intestinal lumen.
OBSOLETE: A class of lymphocytes characterized by the lack of surface markers specific for either T or B cells.
This term is rather archaic; consider using 'natural killer cell ; CL:0000623', 'pro-B cell ; CL:0000826', 'pro-T cell ; CL:0000827', or other appropriate lymphocyte-related term depending on the context.
The reproductive cell in multicellular organisms.
A thermoreceptor cell that detects reduced temperatures.
A specialized osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of cementum.
A bulbous cell that is medially placed in one row in the organ of Corti. In contrast to the outer hair cells, the inner hair cells are fewer in number, have fewer sensory hairs, and are less differentiated.
A progesterone secreting cell in the corpus luteum that develops from theca cells.
A thermoreceptor cell that detects increased temperatures.
A large, progesterone secreting cell in the corpus luteum that develops from the granulosa cells.
A steroid hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen.
An elongated, spindle-shaped, cell that is located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of a muscle fiber. These cells are mostly quiescent, but upon activation they divide to produce cells that generate new muscle fibers.
Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs) are a type of adult stem cell that nestles on the outer surface of the myofiber, positioned between the sarcolemma (plasma membrane of the muscle cell) and peripheral basement membrane. The primary function of SMSCs lies in their capacity to facilitate the growth and repair of damaged skeletal muscle. Upon muscle injury or trauma, these normally quiescent cells activate, proliferate, and differentiate into myoblasts. These myoblasts subsequently mature and fuse to form myotubes, which ultimately help in the repair and rebuilding of muscle fibers. This response is an integral part of the skeletal muscle's ability to recover from injury and adapt to enhanced or changing physical demands, thereby maintaining and improving muscle function. Furthermore, SMSCs also contribute to hypertrophic muscle growth due to resistance exercise and endurance training, with the notable feature of their multi-nucleated nature resulting from the fusion of differentiated myoblasts. The additional nuclei support enhanced protein synthesis, thus allowing the muscle fibers to grow and strengthen in response to exercise. In aging and in diseases, the number or functionality of these cells can decrease, leading to impaired muscle regeneration and progressive muscle weakness. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Skeletal muscle satellite cells are not traditionally referred to as myoblasts. They are a heterogeneous population whose division, following activiation, contributes to the formation of skeletal muscle fibers and to maintenance of the skeletal muscle statelite cell population.
A spore formed following meiosis. Sometimes following meiosis, prospores may undergo one or more rounds of mitosis before they are fully mature.
The smaller of two types of asexual spores formed by some fungi. An ovoid to pear-shaped asexual spore that contains very little cytoplasm and organelles, is uninucleate, and forms in vegetative hypae within a mycelium. Micronidia are extruded from the hyphal cell wall.
Pyramidal neurons have a pyramid-shaped soma with a single axon, a large apical dendrite and multiple basal dendrites. The apex and an apical dendrite typically point toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their region. Pyramidal neurons are found in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala.
An asexual, nonmotile spore formed by higher fungi; conidia are usually made from the side or tip of specialized sporogenous cells and do not form by progressive cleavage of the cytoplasm.
A fungal cell with two or more genetically distinct nuclei.
A mechanoreceptor in the organ of Corti. In mammals the outer hair cells are arranged in three rows which are further from the modiolus than the single row of inner hair cells. The motile properties of the outer hair cells may contribute actively to tuning the sensitivity and frequency selectivity of the cochlea.
A receptor in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which is sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls.
A fungal cell with two genetically distinct haploid nuclei.
One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision.
A spore formed following mitosis or mitoses.
The larger of two types of asexual spores formed by some fungi; usually round or oblong.
A thick walled spore that stores and protects one or more nuclei following sexual reproduction in an Ascomycete.
A thick walled, sexual, resting spore formed by Zygomycetes; sometimes refers to the spore and the multi-layered cell wall that encloses the spore, the zygosporangium.
A mechanoreceptor located in the acoustic maculae and the semicircular canals that mediates the sense of balance, movement, and head position. The vestibular hair cells are connected to accessory structures in such a way that movements of the head displace their stereocilia. This influences the membrane potential of the cells which relay information about movements via the vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain stem.
This term was obsoleted as it is redundant with PO:0009002 in the cell ontology (PO)
Any granulocytopoietic cell that has part some transcription factor PU.1 and has part some CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha and has part some erythroid transcription factor and lacks plasma membrane part some CD19 molecule and lacks plasma membrane part some CD4 molecule and lacks plasma membrane part some integrin alpha-M and lacks plasma membrane part some CD3 epsilon and lacks plasma membrane part some neural cell adhesion molecule 1 and lacks plasma membrane part some CD2 molecule and lacks plasma membrane part some T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain and lacks plasma membrane part some membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 and lacks plasma membrane part some T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 and lacks plasma membrane part some CD14 molecule and lacks plasma membrane part some lymphocyte antigen 6G and lacks plasma membrane part some lymphocyte antigen 76 (mouse) and has plasma membrane part some CD34 molecule and has plasma membrane part some ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1 and has plasma membrane part some interleukin-3 receptor class 2 alpha chain and has plasma membrane part some interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha and has plasma membrane part some mast/stem cell growth factor receptor and is capable of some eosinophil differentiation.
These cells are CD34-positive, CD45RA-negative, CD71-negative, and lineage-negative (CD2, CD3 epsilon, CD4, CD5, CD8a, CD14, CD19, CD20, integrin alpha-M, NCAM-1, SCA-1, Ly6G, Ly76).
A eosinophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a promyelocyte and a metamyelocyte;in this stage, production of primary granules is complete and eosinophil-specific granules has started. No nucleolus is present. These cells are integrin alpha-M-positive, CD13-positive, CD15-positive, CD16-negative, CD24-positive, and CD33-positive.
A progenitor cell committed to the basophil lineage. This cell lacks hematopoietic lineage markers (lin-negative) and is CD34-positive, T1/ST2-low, CD117-negative, and FceRIa-high. This cell also expresses Gata-1, Gata-2 and C/EBPa.
BaP are also CD13-low and integrin beta-7-low. They are lin-negative (CD2, CD3e, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD20, ly6g, ly76, and NCAM-1). They also lack expression of mast cell protease 1 (MCP-1) and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (mitf).
A basophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a promyelocyte and a metamyelocyte; in this stage, production of primary granules is complete and basophil-specific granules has started. No nucleolus is present. Markers are being integrin alpha-M-positive, fucosyltransferase FUT4-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive, aminopeptidase N-positive.
A thick walled spore containing one or more haploid nuclei produced by sexual reproduction in an Basidiomycete; formed externally on extrusions of the basidium.
OBSOLETE: A walled spore produced in a sporangium.
A neuron that uses GABA as a vesicular neurotransmitter
OBSOLETE: A sporangiospore that is motile, having flagella.
A myoblast that is committed to a myotube-specific program of differentiation but not yet fused. It undergoes very limited additional proliferation. After fusion, it will take on a muscle identity specified by a `muscle founder cell` (CL:0008006).
A secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape shaped clusters known as acini (singular acinus).
Acinar cells are specialized exocrine gland cells that secrete specific enzymes and fluids to aid in digestion. Found primarily in the pancreas and salivary glands, the term acinar is derived from the Latin word 'acinus' which means 'grape'; this is because acinar cells are arranged in a grape-like cluster around small ducts, formulating an acinus structure. In the salivary glands, acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes as well as other substances such as mucus and water. These secretions service the initial stages of the digestive process, preparing the consumed food for onward digestion in the stomach and intestines by lubricating and partially breaking it down. In the pancreas, acinar cells are responsible for synthesizing and secreting a significant amount of digestive enzymes, such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and amylase. These enzymes are stored in zymogen granules inside the acinar cells until they are dispatched into the small intestine. Once within the small intestine, they break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into substances that can be absorbed. This is vital to the effective and efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients from the food we consume. Acinar cells have high protein synthesis rates and are susceptible to accumulation of misfolded proteins; the subsequential induction of ER stress is thought to be involved in the development of pancreatitis, a serious inflammatory disease of the exocrine pancreas. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A lymphocyte that can spontaneously kill a variety of target cells without prior antigenic activation via germline encoded activation receptors and also regulate immune responses via cytokine release and direct contact with other cells.
A mature alpha-beta T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor and the CD4 coreceptor.
A T cell expressing an alpha-beta T cell receptor and the CD8 coreceptor.
A granule cell that has a soma located in an olfactory bulb granule cell layer. An olfactory granule cell is an interneuron that lacks an axon, makes reciprocal dendro-dendritic synapses with mitral cells and tufted cells and is involved in the fine spatio-temporal tuning of the responses of these principal olfactory bulb neurons to odors.
Granule cells are the most abundant neuronal population in the olfactory bulb and are continuously renewed throughout life.
A cell involved in transporting nutrients, minerals, water, gases and other chemicals between cells for a variety of purposes including conveying nutrition to other tissues, removing waste products from the tissues, conveying gases for respiration, distributing heat and repelling invasion of foreign substances.
A cell that can perform photosynthesis, in which carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water, using light as the energy source.
see PMID:21177950, The making of a photosynthetic animal.
A cell that is specialized to store a particular substance(s), which is(are) later released from the store for a particular purpose.
A cell whose primary function is to support other cell types.
Cells forming a framework supporting the organ of Corti. Specific cells are those of Claudius, Deiters and Hensen.
A cell that is found in the perisinusoidal space of the liver that is capable of multiple roles including storage of retinol, presentation of antigen to T cells (including CD1d-restricted NKT cells), and upon activation, production of extracellular matrix components that can contribute to liver fibrosis. This activated state has a myofibroblast-like phenotype, though it's not clear in the literature if this is terminally differentiated. This cell type comprises approximately 8-15% of total cells in the liver.
Hepatic stellate cells are CD271-positive, desmin-positive, DDR-2-positive, GFAP-positive, synamin-positive, synaptophysin-positive, vimentin-positive, They are capable of producing angiotensin II, fibronectin, laminin, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-11, TGF-beta1, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, type I collagen, type III collagen, type IV collagen, and type VI collagen.
A tall supporting cell that is arranged in rows adjacent to the last row of outer phalangeal cells. This cell type constitutes the outer border of the organ of Corti.
external limiting cell of organ of Corti
A cuboidal cell which along with Boettcher's cells form the floor of the external spiral sulcus, external to the organ of Corti.
The outer phalangeal cells of the organ of Corti. This cell holds the base of the hair cell in a cup-shaped depression.
Astrocyte-like radial glial cell that extends vertically throughout the retina, with the nucleus are usually in the middle of the inner nuclear layer.
A cell that stains readily in the anterior pituitary gland.
chromophil cell of anterior pituitary gland
An acidophilic chromophil cell that of the anterior pituitary gland.
acidophil cell of pars anterior of adenohypophysis
acidophil of pars anterior of adenohypophysis
acidophil of pars distalis of adenohypophysis
acidophil cell of pars distalis of adenohypophysis
A basophilic chromophil cell that of the anterior pituitary gland.
basophil cell of anterior lobe of hypophysis
basophil cell of pars distalis of adenohypophysis
An agranular supporting cell of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) that is characterized by a star-like morphology and ability to form follicles. Folliculostellate cells communicate with each other and with endocrine cells via gap junctions.
Folliculostellate cells are a heterogeneous group of cells rather than a single cell type, with different morphology and gene expression profiles. Due to this heterogeneity, it is unclear if different properties that have been attributed to folliculostellate cells (pluripotent, proliferative, phagocytic) are common in all folliculostellate cells or limited to particular subsets.
Type of radial astrocyte in the cerebellar cortex that have their cell bodies in the Purkinje cell layer and processes that extend into the molecular layer, terminating with bulbous endfeet at the pial surface. Bergmann glia express high densities of glutamate transporters that limit diffusion of the neurotransmitter glutamate during its release from synaptic terminals. Besides their role in early development of the cerebellum, Bergmann glia are also required for the pruning or addition of synapses.
A glial cell of astrocytic lineage with long processes running parallel to adjacent axons in the proximal infundibulum of the neurohypophysis. These processes form a three-dimensional network among the axons of the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells and are connected by gap junctions which provide for their metabolic coupling. This cell type constitutes most of the nonexcitable tissue in the neurohypophsis; function may include possibly acting as an intermediate in the modulation of oxytocin and vasopressin release. This cell type is highly variable in size and shape and commonly contain lipid droplets and deposits of lipochrome pigment.
Undifferentiated; mitotic stem cell for other epithelial cell types; rounded or elliptical with little cytoplasm and few organelles; contain cytokeratin intermediate filament.
A phagocytic syncytial cell formed by the fusion of macrophages, occurs in chronic inflammatory responses to persistent microorganism such as M.tuberculosis, component of granulomas. Sometimes used to refer to megakaryocytes.
Role or process: Chronic infection, granulomatous inflammation. Consider also megakaryocyte (CL:0000556) as sometimes multinucleated giant cell is used to refer to this.
A smooth muscle cell that synthesizes, stores, and secretes the enzyme renin. This cell type are located in the wall of the afferent arteriole at the entrance to the glomerulus. While having a different origin than other kidney smooth muscle cells, this cell type expresses smooth muscle actin upon maturation.
A cell with delicate radiating processes known as desmosomes that form intercellular bridges between other cells of this type. This cell type forms the stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer). A function of this cell is to generate keratin.
A cell type that encapsulates the capillaries and venules in the kidney. This cell secretes mesangial matrix that provides the structural support for the capillaries.
Do all of these cells really develop from some mesenchymal stem cell?
OBSOLETE. A mucus-secreting cell, with numerous apical secretory vesicles containing mucins; nucleus are basally displaced; numerous at the neck of mucus secreting glands
This cell type produces and secretes melatonin and forms the pineal parenchyma. Extending from each cell body, which has a spherical, oval or lobulated mucleus, are one or more tortuous basophilic processes, containing parallel microtubules known as synaptic ribbons. These processes end in expanded terminal buds near capillaries or less, frequently, ependymal cells of the pineal recess. The terminal buds contain granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and electron-dense cored vesicles, which store monoamines and polypeptide hormones, release of which appears to require sympathetic innervation.
A specialized kidney epithelial cell, contained within a glomerulus, that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other podocytes.
Podocytes are highly specialized, terminally differentiated glomerular visceral epithelial cells that wrap around the capillaries in the kidneys. They play an essential role in kidney function, particularly in the filtration selectivity of the glomerulus. Each podocyte is characterized by a unique architecture with a large cell body, ‘major processes’ extending outwardly from the cell body and ‘foot processes’, also known as pedicels, which surround. the glomerular capillary loops Podocytes represent the last barrier of the glomerular filtration membrane in the kidney. This barrier prevents the leakage of plasma proteins from the blood into the urine, hence maintaining protein homeostasis in the body. The foot processes of the podocytes interdigitate with those from neighboring cells. The cell-cell junctions between the foot processes, the slit-diaphragms, are thought to create a molecular sensor of renal filtration that prevents the passage of macromolecules while allowing water and small solutes to pass. Podocytes also contribute to the glomerular basement membrane by secreting collagen and maintain glomerular endothelial cell fenestration by secreting VEGFA. They have been shown to play a role in inducing cytoskeletal regulation, cell adhesion, and inflammatory response, consistent with their essential function in the kidney. The importance of podocytes is further emphasized by the effects of their damage or loss. Abnormalities in podocytes often result in severe kidney diseases (podocytopathies), including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and minimal change disease (MCD). Injury to the podocytes can result in "effacement" or flattening of foot processes, leading to increased permeability of the filtration barrier and proteinuria (an excess of serum protein in urine) which is a common symptom of kidney diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epithelial cell of visceral layer of glomerular capsule
A primary oocyte is an oocyte that has not completed female meosis I.
A secondary oocyte is an oocyte that has not completed meiosis II.
A diploid cell that has derived from a spermatogonium and can subsequently begin meiosis and divide into two haploid secondary spermatocytes.
One of the two haploid cells into which a primary spermatocyte divides, and which in turn gives origin to spermatids.
An epithelial cell that secretes cuticle.
An extracellular matrix secreting cell that secretes eggshell.
An extracellular matrix secreting cell that secretes glycocalyx.
An endothelial cell that has small pores, or fenestrations, which allow for the efficient exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues.
Fenestrated cells are specialized epithelial cells that are characterized by a distinctive structural feature, fenestrations or tiny pores, which allow an exchange of substances such as fluids, nutrients, and waste between blood vessels and the surrounding tissue environments. These cells are present in various types of epithelial tissues in the human body, including the intestinal tract, endocrine glands, and certain parts of the renal system. There are multiple types of endothelial cell fenestrations. The most common type is found in systemic capillaries of the endocrine tissue (e.g., pancreatic islets), gastrointestinal mucosa, and renal peritubular capillaries. Here, the fenestrated cells have fenestrations in their peripheral cytoplasm with a unique thin and permeable diaphragm that provides a high degree of selectivity, blocking the passage of larger molecules while allowing the free movement of smaller ones. In contrast, other types of fenestrations, such as the discontinuous epithelium of the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, do not have diaphragms. Characteristically, fenestrated cells play a vital role in the filtering process of body systems. They are a key part of the glomeruli in the kidneys where blood is filtered under high pressure. The fenestrations present in the endothelial cells lining the capillaries of the glomerulus allow the free passage of water and small solute molecules towards the Bowman's capsule, leaving behind larger proteins and cells in the blood, thereby aiding in the filtration and waste removal process. In the endocrine system, fenestrated cells in glandular capillaries allow the prompt release of hormones into the bloodstream. These cells have tightly clustered fenestrations which increase the surface area available for passive diffusion, improving the efficiency of hormone secretion. In villi of the small intestine, these cells increase absorption efficiency, permitting the exchange of water, electrolytes, and nutrients. Overall, fenestrated cells contribute immensely to important physiological processes of filtration, absorption, and secretion, primarily connecting our body's circulation system with the surrounding tissues and organs. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An extracellular matrix secreting cell that secretes collagen.
OBSOLETE: The cell characteristic of an organ, as distinguished from associated connective or supporting tissues.
OBSOLETE: Term was made obsolete to avoid confusion with plant parenchymal cell. Cell type has a similar but slightly different meaning in botany (plants): see PO:0000074.
An elongated, contractile cell found wrapped about precapillary arterioles outside the basement membrane. Pericytes are present in capillaries where proper adventitia and muscle layer are missing (thus distingushing this cell type from adventitial cells). They are relatively undifferentiated and may become fibroblasts, macrophages, or smooth muscle cells.
Pericytes are CD10-positive, CD13-positive, CD31-negative, CD45-negative, CD106-positive, CD117-negative, CD140-positive, CD144-negative, CD146-positive, CD271-positive, CD325-positive, NG2-positive, RGS5-positive, SMA-positive, and desmin-positive. A subpopulation is CD248-positive. They are also capable of producing angiopoietin 1, CXCL12, TGF-beta, and VEGF-A.
A primordial germ cell is a diploid germ cell precursors that transiently exist in the embryo before they enter into close association with the somatic cells of the gonad and become irreversibly committed as germ cells.
A follicle cell that migrates from the dorso-anterior part of the oocyte associated follicular epithelium, in between the nurse cells and the oocyte, and participates in the formation of the operculum.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000290 from Plant Ontology instead. A water conducting cell, tracheid or vessel member.
An intrinsic neuron of the mushroom body of arthropods and annelids. They have tightly packed, cytoplasm-poor cell bodies.
A follicle cell that is part of the stalk connecting adjacent egg chambers.
A mature sexual reproductive cell of the female germline.
Cell of the intestinal epithelium with a brush border made up of many parallel packed microvilli; associated with absorption, particularly of macromolecules.
A neuron with soma location in the central nervous system that project its axon to the contralateral side of a central nervous system. This neuron can have its soma in the spinal cord, in the hemisphere of the brain, in the retina or in the ventral nerve cord of invertebrates.
Historically, commissural neurons, particularly in the spinal cord, have been used as a model to understand axon guidance during development.
A neuron that is capable of some neurotansmission by glutamate secretion.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that is capable of developing into a muscle cell.
A cell present in the developing CNS. Functions as both a precursor cell and as a scaffold to support neuronal migration.
Unlike that of mammals, the brain of adult teleost fish exhibits an intense and widespread neurogenic activity as a result of the persistence of radial glial cells acting as neural progenitors throughout life.
An absorptive cell of the gut epithelium that endocytoses microorganisms and intact macromolecules from the gut lumen and transports them to the subepithelial space where they are presented to antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.
M cells, or microfold cells, of the gut are specialized epithelial cells found in the lining of the gut, specifically in the follicle-associated epithelium of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, where they function as sentries against toxins and pathogens. M cells are characterized by apical microfolds (hence their alternate name) which express unique adhesion molecules that enable them to sample the luminal macromolecules. Other morphological features that distinguish M cells from other intestinal mucosal cells include sparse microvilli and a reduced thickness of the glycocalyx, which permits adhesion while not hindering the transport of molecules. They also have unique intraepithelial invaginations on the basolateral side which are filled with macrophages and other immune cells that can process the engulfed macromolecules quickly. These morphological characteristics enable M cells to serve a dual role in immune responses. They initiate the immune response by transporting antigens (such as toxic or pathogenic substances) across the epithelial layer to lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells in the underlying lymphoid tissue. This specialized transport process is called 'transcytosis.' They also have specialized molecules like glycoprotein-2 for bacterial uptake. Simultaneously, M cells help maintain immune tolerance to food antigens and commensal bacteria, preventing unnecessary reactions to non-pathogenic substances and hypersensitivity conditions. While these functions are crucial for well-being, M cell dysfunction can lead to serious conditions like Crohn's disease and other inflammatory bowel diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
M cell
Should double check and see if M cells are particular to a specific region.
A cell that transports hormones from neurosecretory cells. This nerve cell is characterized by bipolar shape and endfeet that contact a basal lamina around blood vessels, and/or the pia mater or vitreous body of the eye and additionally contact the ventricular surface or sub-retinal space.
Obsolete. Use PO:0004010 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell synthesizing protoplasm and producing new cells by division and with only a primary cell wall.
A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell that secretes cerebrospinal fluid.
A fibroblast-like cell that provides support at neuromuscular junctions in vertebrates and are localized outside the synaptic basal lamina.
A cell with both myofibrils and secretory granules.
Any interneuron that has characteristic some stellate morphology.
A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system inside the basal lamina of the neuromuscular junction providing chemical and physical support to the synapse.
An interneuron that has spider-like appearance with a small round soma, a large number (7-10) of short, smooth, or slightly beaded primary dendrites that give rise to only a few secondary branches, and a branched axon that establishes a dense axonal mesh with thin shafts.
A neuron of the human embryonic marginal zone which display, as a salient feature, radial ascending processes that contact the pial surface, and a horizontal axon plexus located in the deep marginal zone. One feature of these cells in mammals is that they express the Reelin gene.
While previously called 'pioneer neurons' of the marginal zone, Cajal-Retzius cells are differentiated from pioneer neurons (which are Reln-negative) by their Reln-immunoreactivity.
A cell that stores and secretes pancreatic polypeptide hormone.
PP cells, also known as pancreatic polypeptide cells (and previously called F cells or gamma cells), are enteroendocrine cells predominantly found in the islets of Langerhans in the head of the pancreas. They are one of the four main endocrine cell types present in the pancreatic islets, along with type A, B and D cells. PP cells are notable for their production of pancreatic polypeptide, an anorexigenic hormone that modulates food intake and energy homeostasis. By secreting pancreatic polypeptide, PP cells play a significant role in the management of both digestive and appetite regulation. Upon ingestion of food, there is a significant increase in the secretion of pancreatic polypeptide, which then reduces biliary secretion and helps slow down the movement of food through the digestive tract. This allows more time for digestion to take place and nutrients to be absorbed, promoting the efficient use of dietary intake. The pancreatic polypeptide further reduces appetite by interacting with the hypothalamus, the area of the brain responsible for control of hunger. Given their important role in digestion, malfunction or damage to PP cells can lead to a disturbance in the digestive process and contribute to some disease conditions. For example, an overproduction of pancreatic polypeptide can result in conditions such as pancreatic tumors and diabetes. Conversely, an under secretion might contribute to obesity due to impaired dietary control. Furthermore, PP cells may also play a role in the body's energy balance, suggesting their implication in conditions related to energy metabolism. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A type of glomus or chief cell, is sensitive to hypoxia and produce catecholamines.
A neuron that releases dopamine as a neurotransmitter.
Cell that provides some or all mechanical, nutritional and phagocytic support to their neighbors.
A specialized endothelial cell that senses extracellular signals and guides the directed growth of blood vessels.
A specialized ependymal cell that is part of the choroid plexus epithelium, responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by selectively filtering and modifying blood plasma components before secreting it into the brain and spinal cord. This cell is characterized by a brush border on its apical surface, which enhances the secretion of CSF.
A choroid plexus epithelial cell possesses non-motile 9+0 cilia. While these cilia can exhibit transient motility during development, they generally do not contribute significantly to the directional flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Instead, they are primarily involved in sensory functions.
Stromal cell that forms the internal covering of the vertebrate brain and produces ECM for this and the choroid plexus.
Epithelial cells derived from neural plate and neural crest.
The term "neuroepithelial cell" is used to describe both this cell type and sensory epithelial cell (CL:0000098).
Cumulus cell is a specialized granulosa cell that surrounds and nourishes the oocyte. This cell-type surrounds the fully-grown oocyte to form a cumulus-oocyte complex (abbr. COC). The terms cumulus oophorus cells, cumulus granulosa cells, cumulus oophorous granulosa cells, granulosa-cumulus cells are used to make a distinction between this cell and the other functionally different subpopulation of granulosa cells at the wall of the Graafian follicle.
Any epidermal cell that is part of some stratum granulosum of epidermis.
A crystal cell that derives from the embryonic head mesoderm.
A crystal cell that derives from the larval lymph gland.
OBSOLETE. A subset of motor neurons that innervates intrafusal muscle fibers and has small diameter axons.
A cell of an ommatidium that secretes lens materials.
Not to be confused with the Semper cells of the Semper organ found in gastropods.
posterior cone cell (sensu Endopterygota)
anterior cone cell (sensu Endopterygota)
equatorial cone cell (sensu Endopterygota)
A stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.
A differentiated cell that functions as a site of nitrogen fixation under aerobic conditions.
Any cell that is capable of some nitrogen fixation.
An asexual 1-celled spore (primarily for perennation, not dissemination). Originates endogenously and singly within part of a pre-existing cell by the contraction of the protoplast. Possesses an inner secondary and often thickened hyaline or brown wall, usually impregnated with hydrophobic material.
Considering obsoleting as sometimes used to refer to protozoans too. But reference indicates term was intended for fungus.
Obsoleted as this level of precision is deemed unnecessary for CL. Consider using either the more general CL:0001658 or, if you need to refer to primary pigment cells specifically, a term from a taxon-specific ontology such as FBbt:00004231.
Obsoleted as this level of precision is deemed unnecessary for CL. Consider using either the more general CL:0001658 or, if you need to refer to secondary pigment cells specifically, a term from a taxon-specific ontology such as FBbt:00004232.
Obsoleted as this level of precision is deemed unnecessary for CL. Consider using either the more general CL:0001658 or, if you need to refer to tertiary pigment cells specifically, a term from a taxon-specific ontology such as FBbt:00004233.
A cell at the front of a migrating epithelial sheet.
A cell of a layer of transitional epithelium in the wall of the proximal urethra, bladder, ureter or renal pelvis, external to the lamina propria.
Urothelial cells are a unique type of epithelial cell found lining the urinary tract system. They form the urothelium, a specialized, multi-layered epithelium that lines major portions of the urinary tract, including the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and the proximal part of the urethra. The distinct characteristic of urothelial cells is their ability to stretch and contract depending on the volume of liquid they contain - a feature that facilitates the essential role they play in maintaining the functionality and integrity of the urinary system. The primary function of urothelial cells is to provide an impermeable barrier to urine, preventing the toxic components present in the urine from seeping back into the body's bloodstream. The urothelium consists of a superficial umbrella cell layer, 1–2 layers of intermediate cells, and a basal cell layer. The umbrella layer is composed of large, mostly binucleated cells that are covered in an asymmetrical unit membrane, the uroplakin plaques. These plaques function to seal the apical membrane of the bladder from the toxic and highly variable contents of urine. The lipid bilayer structure of uroplakin plaques has an exceptionally high concentration of uroplakins that contribute to the barrier function of the urothelium. Beyond their mechanical function, urothelial cells also play a role in sensing and signaling changes in the urinary system. They express a number of sensor molecules or respond to thermal, mechanical and chemical stimuli and can release chemical mediators. This allows them to act as sensory transducers because they detect changes in the filling state of the bladder and transmit this information to the nervous system. Moreover, these versatile cells contribute to the defense mechanism against urinary tract pathogens. They respond to bacterial infections by releasing chemical messengers, cytokines and chemokines, to attract immune cells, and also can engulf pathogens via endocytosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
urinary tract transitional epithelial cell
A plasmatocyte that derives from the larval lymph gland.
Obsoleted as this is the same thing as 'embryonic plasmatocyte'.
A hemocyte that derives from the larval lymph gland.
Obsoleted as this term probably resulted from a confusion. Hemocytes are either derived from the embryonic head mesoderm ("embryonic hemocytes") or from the larval lymph gland ("lymph gland hemocytes"), not from an "embryonic gland".
Muscle cell which has as its direct parts myofilaments organized into sarcomeres.
An achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.
The set of neurons that receives neural inputs via bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells. The axons of these cells make up the optic nerve.
A motor neuron that is located in the cervical region of the spinal cord and selectively innervates the sternocleidmastoid or trapezius muscle. Unlike other motor neurons, they extend axons dorsally along lateral margins of the spinal cord.
A round chondrocyte that first differentiates in the late embryonic growth plate of bone.
Chondrocyte that is terminally differentiated, produces type X collagen, is large in size, and often associated with the replacement of cartilage by bone (endochondral ossification).
is hypertrophic pathological or normal? and can it be described using a pato term?
A columnar chondrocyte that differentiates in the late embryonic growth plate of bone. Columnar chondrocytes vigorously proliferate and form columns in the growth plate.
A neuron that laterally connects other neurons in the inner nuclear layer of the retina.
Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. In mammals, the contractile fiber resembles those of skeletal muscle but are only one third as large in diameter, are richer in sarcoplasm, and contain centrally located instead of peripheral nuclei.
Cardiac muscle cells, also known as cardiomyocytes or cardiac myocytes, are specialized cells that form the heart tissue. These cells are elongated, branched, and contain a single centrally located nucleus. Their anatomy is composed primarily of densely packed myofibrils, which are protein structures that consist of sarcomeres - the fundamental units of muscle contraction. Cardiac muscle cells are united at their ends through specialized junctions known as intercalated discs, which allow the heart to contract in a unified, powerful and rhythmic way. Functionally, cardiac muscle cells are responsible for the heart's consistent pumping action that circulates blood throughout the body. Unlike most cells in the body, cardiac muscle cells spontaneously depolarize and generate action potentials without external stimulation. This unique trait stems from the presence of ion channels in the cells' membrane that allow a cyclic flow of ions across the membrane, which create the electrical impulses necessary for heart contraction. The spread of these electrical signals from one cardiac muscle cell to another - facilitated by the interconnected network made by the intercalated disks - results in a synchronized contraction of the heart muscle. Unlike skeletal muscle cells which can tire and need rest, cardiac muscle cells have to work ceaselessly throughout the entire lifespan, without the opportunity for rest, to ensure continuous circulation of blood. This is made possible through the high volume of mitochondria and a constant supply of oxygen from coronary circulation. In conclusion, cardiac muscle cells, through their unique structure and vital functionality, play a pivotal role in sustaining life by providing the means for blood to reach every cell in the body. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
This class encompasses the muscle cells responsible for heart* contraction in both vertebrates and arthropods. The ultrastucture of a wide range of arthropod heart cells has been examined including spiders, horseshoe crabs, crustaceans (see Sherman, 1973 and refs therein) and insects (see Lehmacher et al (2012) and refs therein). According to these refs, the cells participating in heart contraction in all cases are transversely striated. Insects hearts additionally contain ostial cells, also transversely striated muscle cells, but which do not participate in heart contraction.
A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains blue pigment of unknown chemical composition in fibrous organelles termed cyanosomes. This gives a blue appearance.
A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner plexiform layer.
A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. These cells depolarize in response to light stimulation of their corresponding photoreceptors.
A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. These cells depolarize in response to light to dark transition.
A bipolar neuron found in the retina that is synapsed by rod photoreceptor cells but not by cone photoreceptor cells. These neurons depolarize in response to light.
A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptor cells and neurons in the inner plexiform layer.
An OFF-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. The cell body of these cells is in the middle of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic tree is stout and the axon terminates in sublamina 1. The axonal terminal is wide and has only a few varicosities.
An OFF-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic tree is not well filled and the dendrites are more delicate than in type 1 cells. The axon terminal is bushier and exhibits a dense plexus of varicosities in the inner part of sublamina 1 (Ghosh et al., 2004). It can be differentiated from other retinal bipolar neurons by its expression of marker genes: Neto1, Lhx3 and Irx-6 (Shekhar, 2016).
An OFF-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic tree is delicate and the dendritic tips appear small when compared with type 1 cells. The axon terminal is stratified and restricted to sublamina 2 of the inner plexiform layer.
An OFF-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. The cell has a diffuse axon terminal with varicosities in sublaminae 1 and 2 of the inner plexiform layer.
An ON-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The axon terminal is restricted to sublamina 3 of the inner plexiform layer. It is narrowly stratified and branched. The dendritic tree has many delicate branches.
An ON-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The cell has a loose, delicate axon terminal that opens in sublamina 3 of the inner plexiform layer and descends into sublamina 4.
An ON-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The axon terminal is narrowly stratified and are found just below a calretinin-expressing band in sublamina 4 of the inner plexiform layer.
An ON-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. This cell has the widest dendritic field and the widest axon terminal of all retinal bipolar cells. The axon terminal is delicate and stratified through sublaminae 4 and 5 of the inner plexiform layer.
An ON-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic tree is wide and the dendritic convergence indicates cone selectivity. The axon terminal is sparsely branched and terminates in sublamina 5 of the inner plexiform layer.
A nucleated blood cell involved in coagulation, typically seen in birds and other non-mammalian vertebrates.
Note that this is a non-mammalian cell type. Use platelet ; CL:0000233 for thrombocytes (platelets) in mammals.
A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage.
A immature or mature cell in the lineage leading to and including erythrocytes.
Note that in FMA erythropoietic cells are types of nucleated erythrocytes and thus don't include erythrocytes.
A nucleated precursor of an erythrocyte that lacks hematopoietic lineage markers.
A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, or mast cell lineage.
Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has an irregularly shaped, pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm that contains coarse, bluish-black granules of variable size. Basophils contain vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin, which are released on appropriate stimulation. A basophil is CD123-positive, CD193-positive, CD203c-positive, and FceRIa-positive.
Matures in the bone marrow and account for <1% of leukocytes in the peripheral blood, spleen, and bone marrow. Basophils are described as being CD11a-positive, CD11b-positive, CD13-positive, CD15-positive, CD18-positive, CD21-positive, CD25-positive, CD29-positive, CD35-positive, CD40-positive, CD40L-positive, CD44-positive, CD45R-negative, CD46-positive, CD49a-positive, CD49b-positive, CD49d-positive, CD55-positive, CD59-positive, CD62L-positive, CD63-positive, CD69-positive, CD90-negative, CD116-positive, CD117-negative, CD124-positive, CD125-positive, CD131-positive, CD161-positive, CD184-positive, CD191-positive, CD192-positive, CD197-positive, CD200R3-positive, CD218-positive, CD282-positive, CD284-positive, CD289-positive, CD290-positive, CD294-positive, natural killer cell receptor 2B4-positive, smad1-positive, CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD7-negative, CD8-negative, CD14-negative, CD15-negative, CD16-negative, CD19-negative, CD20-negative, CD34-negative, CD36-negative, CD45R-negative, CD56-negative, CD57-negative, CD235a-negative, and GR1-negative. Transcription factors- GATA1-positive, PU.1-positive.
Any of the immature forms of a basophil, in which basophilic specific granules are present but other phenotypic features of the mature form may be lacking.
A basophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a basophilic myelocyte and a band form basophil. The nucleus becomes indented where the indentation is smaller than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin; chromatin becomes coarse and clumped; specific granules predominate while primary granules are rare. Markers are CD11b-positive, CD15-positive, CD16-positive, CD24-positive, CD33-positive, and CD13-positive.
A late basophilic metamyelocyte in which the nucleus is in the form of a curved or coiled band, not having acquired the typical multilobar shape of the mature basophil.
Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin. Eosinophils are CD9-positive, CD191-positive, and CD193-positive.
Eosinophils are also CD14-negative, CD32-positive, CD44-positive, CD48-positive, CD69-positive, CD192-negative, MBP1-positive, MBP2-positive, TLR2-negative, TLR4-negative, and lineage-negative (B220, CD2, CD14, CD19, CD56, CD71, CD117, CD123, CD235a (glycophorin A), and TER119). The cytokines IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF are involved in their development and differentiation. Usually considered CD16-negative, CD16 is observed on eosinophilic metamyelocyte.
Any of the immature forms of an eosinophil, in which eosinophilic specific granules are present but other phenotypic features of the mature form may be lacking.
A eosinophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a eosinophilic myelocyte and a band form eosinophil. The nucleus becomes indented where the indentation is smaller than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin; chromatin becomes coarse and clumped; specific granules predominate while primary granules are rare. Markers are integrin alpha-M-positive, fucosyltransferase FUT4-positive, low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive and aminopeptidase N-negative.
A late eosinophilic metamyelocyte in which the nucleus is in the form of a curved or coiled band, not having acquired the typical multilobar shape of the mature eosinophil.
Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.
Any of the immature forms of a neutrophil in which neutrophilic specific granules are present but other phenotypic features of the mature form may be lacking.
A tissue-resident macrophage of the renal glomerular mesangium involved in the disposal and degradation of filtration residues, presentation of antigen to T cells and in tissue remodeling.
A specialized mononuclear osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of bone, precursor of multinuclear osteoclasts.
Morphology: mononuclear, highly vesicular.
A specialized multinuclear osteoclast, forming a syncytium through the fusion of mononuclear precursor cells, associated with the absorption and removal of bone.
Morphology: multinucleated, highly vesicular.
A specialized multinuclear osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of cementum.
Morphology: multinucleated, highly vesicular; location: roots of deciduous (milk) teeth.
A specialized mononuclear osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of cementum.
Morphology: Mononuclear, highly vesicular; location: roots of deciduous (milk) teeth.
A dendritic cell of the myeloid lineage.
These cells are CD1a-negative, CD1b-positive, CD11a-positive, CD11c-positive, CD13-positive, CD14-negative, CD20-negative, CD21-negative, CD33-positive, CD40-negative, CD50-positive, CD54-positive, CD58-positive, CD68-negative, CD80-negative, CD83-negative, CD85j-positive, CD86-positive, CD89-negative, CD95-positive, CD120a-negative, CD120b-positive, CD123-negative, CD178-negative, CD206-negative, CD207-negative, CD209-negative, and TNF-alpha-negative. Upon TLR stimulation, they are capable of producing high levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, CXCL8 (IL-8).
A phagocyte formed by the fusion of mononuclear phagocytes.
A dendritic cell type of distinct morphology, localization, and surface marker expression (CD123-positive) from other dendritic cell types and associated with early stage immune responses, particularly the release of physiologically abundant amounts of type I interferons in response to infection.
A B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow. Initially, these cells are IgM-positive and IgD-positive, and they can be activated by antigen.
Mature B cells are also reportedly CD10-negative, CD19-positive, CD22-positive, CD34-negative, CD48-positive, CD79a-positive, CD84-positive, CD127-negative, CD352-positive, RAG-negative, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, and pre-BCR-negative. Transcription factors expressed: Pax5-positive.
A terminally differentiated, post-mitotic, antibody secreting cell of the B cell lineage with the phenotype CD138-positive, surface immunonoglobulin-negative, and MHC Class II-negative. Plasma cells are oval or round with extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, and a round nucleus having a characteristic cartwheel heterochromatin pattern and are devoted to producing large amounts of immunoglobulin.
Plasma cells develop in the spleen and migrate to the bone marrow. Plasma cells are also reportedly CD5-negative, CD10-negative, CD19-positive, CD20-negative, CD21-negative, CD22-negative, CD23-negative, CD24-negative, CD25-negative, CD27-positive, CD34-negative, CD38-positive, CD40-positive, CD43-positive, CD45-positive, CD48-positive, CD53-low, CD80-negative, CD81-positive, CD86-positive, CD95-positive, CD196-negative, CD229-positive, CD270-positive, CD352-positive, CD361-positive, and IgD-negative. Transcription factors: BLIMP1-positive, IRF4-positive, PAX5-negative, SpiB-negative, Ets1-negative, and XBP1-positive.
A memory B cell is a mature B cell that is long-lived, readily activated upon re-encounter of its antigenic determinant, and has been selected for expression of higher affinity immunoglobulin. This cell type has the phenotype CD19-positive, CD20-positive, MHC Class II-positive, and CD138-negative.
Memory B-cells are also reportedly CD5-negative, CD10-negative, CD21-positive, CD22-positive, CD23-negative, CD24-positive, CD25-positive, CD27-positive, CD34-negative, CD38-negative, CD40-positive, CD43-negative, CD44-positive, CD45-positive, CD53-positive, CD80-negative, CD81-negative, CD86-positive, and CD196/CCR6-positive.
A naive B cell is a mature B cell that has the phenotype surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, CD20-positive, CD27-negative and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'naive B cell'. Per DSD: Naive B cells are also reportedly CD10-negative, CD19-positive, CD20-positive, CD21-positive, CD22-positive, CD25-negative, CD27-negative, CD34-negative, CD40-positive, CD43-negative, CD45-positive, CD48-positive, CD53-positive, CD80-negative, CD81-positive, CD84-positive, CD86-negative, CD95-negative, CD138-negative, CD150-positive, CD184/CXCR4-positive, CD185/CXCR5-positive, CD196/CCR6-positive, CD200-positive, CD229-positive, CD243-positive, CD289-positive, CD290-positive, CD352-positive, MHCII/HLA-DR-positive, cadherin 9-positive, and sIgH-positive, Transcription factors: Pax5-positive, ETS1-positive, FOXO1A-positive, KLF4-positive, KLF9-positive, MiTF-positive, OBF1-positive, PLZF-positive, and SpiB-positive.
A T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex.
An alpha-beta T cell that has an immature phenotype and has not completed T cell selection.
A alpha-beta T cell that has a mature phenotype.
A CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta T cell that regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release.
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'Treg'. The inclusion of CD127lo in the logical definition is compatible with both human and mouse T cells of this subtype.
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that is found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that is capable of killing target cells in an antigen specific manner with the phenotype perforin-positive and granzyme B-positive.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
Note that while T cells of this subset are loosely referred to 'cytotoxic T cells,' as many other T cell types, including CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cells and gamma-delta T cells exhibit cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
A alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Intraepithelial T cells often have distinct developmental pathways and activation requirements.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell
A mature alpha-beta T cell of the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Intraepithelial T cells often have distinct developmental pathways and activation requirements.
A T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex.
Note that gamma-delta T cells have both thymic and extrathymic differentiation pathways.
A gamma-delta T cell that has an immature phenotype.
A gamma-delta T cell that has a mature phenotype. These cells can be found in tissues and circulation where they express unique TCR repertoire depending on their location.
A mature gamma-delta T cell that is found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells participate in mucosal immune responses.
gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
A gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that has the phenotype CD8-alpha alpha-positive.
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-cell
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell
A gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that has the phenotype CD4-negative and CD8-negative.
CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-cell
CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD4-negative CD8-negative gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell
A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-positive, CD44-negative, CD25-negative, and pre-TCR-positive.
Note that this type of thymocyte has passed the beta-selection checkpoint and is rapidly proliferating and rearranging the T cell receptor alpha chain and expressing the CD8 coreceptor. This stage comes between the DN4 and DP stages.
A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-positive, and CD25-positive.
Note that this type of thymocyte is at the earliest stage of T cell receptor rearrangement of the beta, gamma, and delta T cell receptor chains. Also, there is growing evidence that molecular markers characterizing double negative thymocytes are different across species, especially in mouse versus human thymus. If in doubt, please consider using CL:0002489 'double negative thymocyte'.
A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-negative, and CD25-positive and expressing the T cell receptor beta-chain in complex with the pre-T cell receptor alpha chain.
There is growing evidence that molecular markers characterizing double negative thymocytes are different across species, especially in mouse versus human thymus. If in doubt, please consider using CL:0002489 'double negative thymocyte'.
A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-negative, CD25-negative, and pre-TCR-positive.
Note that this type of thymocyte has passed the beta-selection checkpoint and is rapidly proliferating and beginning to rearrange the T cell receptor alpha chain. There is growing evidence that molecular markers characterizing double negative thymocytes are different across species, especially in mouse versus human thymus. If in doubt, please consider using CL:0002489 'double negative thymocyte'.
A thymocyte expressing the alpha-beta T cell receptor complex as well as both the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors.
double-positive, alpha-beta immature T lymphocyte
Thymocytes of this stage are undergoing positive and negative selection.
An immature alpha-beta T cell that is located in the thymus and is CD4-positive and CD8-negative.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta immature T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta immature T-cell
CD4-positive, alpha-beta immature T-lymphocyte
An immature alpha-beta T cell that is located in the thymus and is CD8-positive and CD4-negative.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta immature T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta immature T-cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta immature T-lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta immature T cell
A long-lived, antigen-experienced T cell that has acquired a memory phenotype including distinct surface markers and the ability to differentiate into an effector T cell upon antigen reexposure.
A mature alpha-beta T cell of a distinct lineage that bears natural killer markers and a T cell receptor specific for a limited set of ligands. NK T cells have activation and regulatory roles particularly early in an immune response.
A T cell which regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release.
This cell type may express FoxP3 and CD25 and secretes IL-10 and TGF-beta.
An immature B cell is a B cell that has the phenotype surface IgM-positive and surface IgD-negative, and have not undergone class immunoglobulin class switching or peripheral encounter with antigen and activation.
Immature B cells are also reportedly CD5-positive, CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD20-positive, CD21-positive, CD22-positive, CD24-positive, CD25-negative, CD27-negative, CD34-negative, CD38-positive, CD40-positive, CD43-negative, CD45-positive, CD48-positive, CD53-positive, CD79a-positive, CD80-negative, CD81-positive, CD86-negative, CD95-negative, CD127-negative, CD138-negative, CD185-positive, CD196-positive, MHCII/HLA-DR-positive, RAG-positive, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, and preBCR-negative. Transcription factors expressed: Pax5-positive.
A precursor B cell is a B cell with the phenotype CD10-positive.
An immature B cell of an intermediate stage between the pre-B cell stage and the mature naive stage with the phenotype surface IgM-positive and CD19-positive, and are subject to the process of B cell selection. A transitional B cell migrates from the bone marrow into the peripheral circulation, and then to the spleen.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'transitional B cell'.
A B cell of distinct lineage and surface marker expression. B-1 B cells are thought to be the primary source of natural IgM immunoglobulin, that is, IgM produced in large quantities without prior antigenic stimulation and generally reactive against various microorganisms, as well as the source of T-independent IgA immunoglobulin in the mucosal areas. These cells are CD43-positive.
There are small numbers of B-1 cells found in the lymph nodes and spleen, while larger numbers can be found in the peritoneal and pleural cavities. B-1 B cells are reportedly CD11b-positive, CD20-positive, CD21-positive, CD27-positive, CD44-positive, CD45RB-positive, CD48-positive, CD70-negative, CD150-positive, CD244-negative, CD352-positive, sIgM-positive, and sIgD-low.
A B-1 B cell that has the phenotype CD5-positive.
A B-1 B cell that has the phenotype CD5-negative, but having other phenotypic attributes of a B-1 B cell.
A conventional B cell subject to antigenic stimulation and dependent on T cell help and with a distinct surface marker expression pattern from B-1 B cells. These cells are CD43-negative.
B-2 B cells are reportedly CD48-positive, CD244-negative, and CD352-positive.
A natural killer cell that is developmentally immature and expresses natural killer cell receptors (NKR).
In mouse the NKR are Ly49 molecules and in human these cells express KIR molecules.
A natural killer cell that is developmentally mature and expresses a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors that recognize MHC class I and other stress related molecules.
A lymphoid progenitor cell that is committed to the natural killer cell lineage, expressing CD122 (IL-15) receptor, but lacking many of the phenotypic characteristics of later stages of natural killer cell development such as expression of NK activating and inhibitory molecules. In human this cell has the phenotype CD34-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD10-positive, CD117-negative, and CD161 negative.
Most markers only described for human pro NK cells.
A progenitor cell of the B cell lineage, with some lineage specific activity such as early stages of recombination of B cell receptor genes, but not yet fully committed to the B cell lineage until the expression of PAX5 occurs.
Human pro-B cells are reportedly CD10-positive, CD22-positive, CD34-positive, CD38-positive, CD45-low, CD48-positive, CD79a-positive, CD127-positive, CD184-positive, RAG-positive, TdT-positive, Vpre-B-positive, pre-BCR-negative, IgD-negative, and IgM-negative. Transcription factors expressed: Pax5-positive, EBF-positive, E2A-negative, Ikaros-negative, and PU.1-negative.
A lymphoid progenitor cell of the T cell lineage, with some lineage specific marker expression, but not yet fully committed to the T cell lineage.
A progenitor cell of the thrombocyte, a nucleated blood cell involved in coagulation typically seen in birds and other non-mammalian vertebrates.
Note that this is a non-mammalian cell type.
A myeloblast committed to the basophil lineage.
A promyelocyte committed to the basophil lineage.
A progenitor cell of the mast cell lineage. Markers for this cell are FceRIa-low, CD117-positive, CD9-positive, T1/ST2-positive, SCA1-negative, and lineage-negative.
MCP are CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD34-positive, CD45-positive, integrin beta-7-positive, and lin-negative (CD2, CD3e, CD4, CD5, CD8a, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD27, integrin alpha-M, ly6c, ly6g, NCAM-1, and ter119). These cells also express the transcription factors GATA-1, GATA-2, and MITF, but not C/EBPa.
A myeloblast committed to the eosinophil lineage.
A promyelocyte committed to the eosinophil lineage.
A progenitor cell of the neutrophil lineage.
The most primitive precursor in the granulocytic series, having fine, evenly distributed chromatin, several nucleoli, a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ration (5:1-7:1), and a nongranular basophilic cytoplasm. They reside in the bone marrow.
A precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a myeloblast and myelocyte, that has distinct nucleoli, a nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio of 5:1 to 3:1, and containing a few primary cytoplasmic granules. Markers for this cell are fucosyltransferase FUT4-positive, CD33-positive, integrin alpha-M-negative, low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-negative, and CD24-negative.
A hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell is multipotent, but not capable of long-term self-renewal. These cells are characterized as lacking lineage cell surface markers and being CD34-positive in both mice and humans.
hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell
A progenitor cell restricted to the lymphoid lineage.
Note that this is a class of cell types, not an identified single cell type.
lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell
A progenitor cell restricted to the myeloid lineage.
myeloid lineage restricted progenitor cell
An immature cell of the conventional dendritic cell lineage, characterized by high levels of antigen uptake via endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis, and typically found resident in the tissues. Markers for this cell are CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHC-II-low.
A mature cell of the conventional dendritic cell lineage, characterized by a high capacity for antigen presentation and typically found in a lymph node.
A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form.
A resting mature B cell that has the phenotype IgM-positive, IgD-positive, CD23-positive and CD21-positive, and found in the B cell follicles of the white pulp of the spleen or the corticol areas of the peripheral lymph nodes. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-negative, CD43-negative, and CD5-negative.
Follicular B cells are also reportedly CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD229-positive, and CD352-positive.
A rapidly cycling mature B cell that has distinct phenotypic characteristics and is involved in T-dependent immune responses and located typically in the germinal centers of lymph nodes. This cell type expresses Ly77 after activation.
Germinal center B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD20-positive, CD38-positive, CD44-low, CD45-positive, CD48-positive, CD95-positive, CD352-positive, and HLA-DR-positive. Transcription factors: BCL6-positive, Ets1-positive, IRF8-positive, MTA3-positive, OBF1-positive, PAX5-positive, SpiB-positive, and STAT3-positive.
A mature B cell that is located in the marginal zone of the spleen with the phenotype CD23-negative and CD21-positive and expressing a B cell receptor usually reactive to bacterial cell wall components or senescent self components such as oxidized-LDL. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, IgM-high, AA4-negative, CD35-high.
MZ B cells are reportedly CD1-positive (mice), CD20-positive, CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD150-positive, CD229-positive, and CD352-positive.
An epithelial cell of the vestibular sensory organ that is characterized by intense enzymatic activities and numerous basal membrane infoldings.
An olfactory receptor cell in which the apical ending of the dendrite is a pronounced ciliated olfactory knob.
An olfactory receptor cell in which the apical ending of the dendrite is a knob that bears numerous microvilli.
An olfactory receptor cell with short cilia growing in an invagination bordered by microvilli.
A neuron that releases serotonin as a neurotransmitter.
Neuromast mantle cell is a non-sensory cell. Neuromast mantle cells surround the neuromast support cells and neuromast hair cells, separating the neuromast from the epidermis, and secrete cupula in which the ciliary bundles of all the hair cells are embedded.
Neuromast support cell is a non-sensory cell of the neuromast that extend between the sensory hair cells from the basement membrane to the apical surface; neuromast support cells are surrounded by neuromast mantle cells.
Olfactory epithelial support cell is a columnar cell that extends from the epithelial free margin to the basement membrane of the olfactory epithelium. This cell type has a large, vertically, elongate, euchromatic nucleus, along with other nuclei, forms a layer superficial to the cell body of the receptor cell; sends long somewhat irregular microvilli into the mucus layer; at the base, with expanded end-feet containing numerous lamellated dense bodies resembling lipofuscin of neurons.
sustentaculocyte of olfactory epithelium
Interneuromast cell is a neuroectodermal cell deposited by the migrating lateral line primordium between the neuromasts. Interneuromast cells proliferate and migrate to form additional neuromasts.
Hair cell is a mechanoreceptor cell that is sensitive to movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system.
Neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface.
A skeletal muscle myoblast that differentiates into slow muscle fibers.
A skeletal muscle myoblast that differentiates into fast muscle fibers.
A monocyte that responds rapidly to microbial stimuli by secreting cytokines and antimicrobial factors and which is characterized by high expression of CCR2 in both rodents and humans, negative for the lineage markers CD3, CD19, and CD20, and of larger size than non-classical monocytes.
Classical monocytes are a subtype of monocytes that are characterized by high CD14 but no CD16 expression. Emerging from the bone marrow and entering the bloodstream, these cells play central roles in immune responses and regulation of inflammation. CD14-positive CD16-negative monocytes form the majority of circulating monocytes in the body, typically contributing to around 80-90% of the total monocyte pool. The primary function of the classical monocytes is to serve in the frontline of host defense against infections. They are primed to migrate to sites of infection, and they express pattern recognition receptors that help them identify and phagocytose pathogens, leading to their destruction. Classical monocytes also contribute to inflammation by producing several pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukins and tumor necrosis factors. In response to specific signals from tissues under pathological conditions, such as infection or injury, classical monocytes can leave the bloodstream and migrate towards the affected sites. Following their arrival, these cells differentiate into diverse cell types including macrophages and dendritic cells to combat specific pathogens or injury. Dysregulated monocyte activity can lead to the development of many human diseases including inflammation, infection, tissue injury, and various autoimmune diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Markers: CCR2+CXCCR1<low> (human, mouse, rat).
A macrophage which develops from an inflammatory monocyte and is recruited into the tissues in response to injury and infection as part of an inflammatory response. Markers include CD11b-positive, CD68-positive, and F4/80-positive.
Markers: CD11b+, CD68+; Mouse: F4/80+; role or process: immune, inflammation (inflammatory response).
A macrophage that suppresses immune responses.
An elicited macrophage that is recruited into the tissues in response to injury and infection as part of an inflammatory response, expresses high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS and NO, and shows potent microbicidal activity.
Inflammatory macrophages, also sometimes referred to as M1 or classically activated macrophages, play an important role in the inflammatory response. The M1/M2 classification is based upon macrophage polarization rather than macrophage location and refers to macrophage activation towards either a more inflammatory or more resolving phenotype, respectively, although the functional diversity of macrophages is more nuanced than such a dichotomy suggests. Inflammatory macrophages are derived from monocytes recruited to a site of infection or injury. M1 macrophages are classically activated, typically by IFN-γ or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Upon sensing signs of inflammation, they quickly respond by increasing their pro-inflammatory activity. They achieve this by producing a range of signaling molecules, such as nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and numerous cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1, -6 and -12. The release of these potent molecules helps to recruit other immune cells to the site, killing off pathogenic organisms and facilitation inflammation. At the same time, M1 macrophages can also present antigens to T cells, thereby helping to induce an adaptive immune response. Over time, these macrophages may transition in phenotype and function to help resolve the inflammation and promote tissue repair. Despite the beneficial role of inflammatory macrophages in dealing with pathogens, chronic activation of these cells can lead to harmful effects. Over time, continuous production of pro-inflammatory molecules can cause damage to tissues and organs. This is seen in certain chronic inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity, asthma, and various autoimmune disorders. In such situations, the normally protective function of inflammatory macrophages is not properly controlled, which can contribute to disease pathology. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Markers: Express: TNFa, IL1b, IL6, iNOS, NADPH-oxidase; produce: reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide; role or process: immune, inflammation (inflammatory response).
A macrophage constitutively resident in a particular tissue under non-inflammatory conditions, and capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells.
A gut-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage found in lamina propria of the gut.
gastrointestinal system (lamina propria) macrophage
macrophage of gastrointestinal system (lamina propria)
macrophage of gastrointestinal tract (lamina propria)
gastrointestinal tract (lamina propria) macrophage
A tissue-resident macrophage resident found in the thymus, involved in the clearance of apoptotic thymocytes.
Role or process: immune, clearance of apoptotic thymocytes, antigen-presentation.
A tissue-resident macrophage found in a secondary lymphoid organ.
A secondary lymphoid organ macrophage found in a lymph node. This cell is CD169-high.
A gut-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage found in tonsils.
A gut-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage found in the Peyer's patches.
A secondary lymphoid organ macrophage found in the spleen.
Role or process: immune, clearance of apoptotic and senescent cells.
A splenic macrophage found in the marginal zone of the spleen, involved in recognition and clearance of particulate material from the splenic circulation. Markers include F4/80-negative, MARCO-positive, SR-A-positive, SIGN-R1-positive, and Dectin2-positive.
Markers: Mouse: F4/80-, MARCO+, SR-A+, SIGN-R1+, Dectin2+.
A splenic macrophage found in the areas surrounding the white pulp of the spleen, adjacent to the marginal sinus. Markers include F4/80-negative, Dectin2-low, sialoadhesin-positive.
Markers: Mouse: F4/80-, Dectin2-low, sialoadhesin+.
A splenic macrophage found in the red-pulp of the spleen, and involved in immune responses to blood-borne pathogens and in the clearance of senescent erythrocytes. Markers include F4/80-positive, CD68-positive, MR-positive, Dectin2-positive, macrosialin-positive, and sialoadhesin-low.
Markers: Mouse: F4/80+, CD68+, MR+, Dectin2+, macrosialin+, sialoadhesin-low; role or process: immune, clearance of senescent erythrocytes.
A type of monocyte characterized by low expression of CCR2, low responsiveness to monocyte chemoattractant CCL2/MCP1, low phagocytic activity, and decrease size relative to classical monocytes, but increased co-stimulatory activity. May also play a role in tissue repair.
Markers: CCR2-CX3CCR1+ (human, mouse, rat); human: CD16+, CCR5+, CD32/FcgRII-high, MHCII+, CD86+; mouse: CD62L-Ly6C-.
A splenic macrophage found in the white pulp of the spleen. Markers include F4/80-negative, CD68-positive, and macrosialin-positive.
Markers: Mouse: F4/80-, CD68+, macrosialin+.
A splenic white pulp macrophage found in and around the germinal centers of the white pulp of the spleen that participates in phagocytosis of apoptotic B cells from the germinal centers. A marker for a cell of this type is Mertk-positive.
A tissue-resident macrophage found in the central nervous system.
Central Nervous System (CNS) macrophages represent an integral part of the brain's innate immune system. These immune cells play crucial roles in maintenance and regulation, homeostasis, and disease response, thereby helping in the overall cognitive functioning of an organism. There are different macrophage populations in the CNS, often classified into microglial cells, which reside in the parenchyma, and non-parenchymal macrophages at the interface between the brain and the periphery, including the perivascular spaces, the choroid plexus, and the meninges. CNS macrophages are derived from erythromyeloid progenitors in the yolk sac. CNS macrophages have distinct morphologies: Meningeal and perivascular macrophages have a more elongated shape than microglia, which are characterized by a small cell body with fine processes; in contrast, choroid plexus macrophages typically have a stellate shape. Microglia are the most abundant abundant mononuclear phagocytes and have been shown to play a number of physiological roles, including proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions, synaptic pruning and remodeling, and apoptotic cell removal through phagocytosis. Non-parenchymal CAMs primarily support the barrier function against external antigens. Meningeal macrophages have been shown to respond to peripheral microbial challenges and to protect the brain against fatal viral infection. CNS macrophages are also involved in the initiation and progression of many neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease as well as multiple sclerosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A border associated macrophage that is part of a meninx. This macrophage type is elongated and amoeboid spindle-shaped with limited mobility. This macrophage is highly phagocytic, expresses scavenger receptors, has dynamic protrusions and extends its processes during inflammation.
A border associated macrophage found at the interface between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. This central nervous system macrophage has a star-like shaped body and expresses scavenger receptors.
A border associated macrophage that is adjacent to a small blood vessel of a brain. A perivascular macrophage expresses the markers CD14, CD16 and CD163. In homeostatic conditions, this central nervous system macrophage has a non-motile cell body with extending and retracting projections through the blood vessel wall.
A thymic macrophage found in the thymic medulla.
A thymic macrophage found in the thymic cortex.
A tissue-resident macrophage found in the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue.
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage
A mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage found in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues of the gut.
gut-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage
A mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage found in the nasal and bronchial mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues.
nasal and broncial associated lymphoid tissue macrophage
A lymph node macrophage found in the subcapsular sinus of lymph nodes that participates in sensing, clearance, and antigen presentation of lymph-borne particulate antigens. This macrophage is capable of activating invaraint NKT cells and is CD169-positive.
A lymph node macrophage found in the cortex of lymph nodes, in particular in and around the germinal centers, and that participates in phagocytosis of apoptotic B cells from the germinal centers.
An immature myeloid leukocyte of heterogeneous phenotype found particularly in cancer and sepsis patients that is capable of suppressing activity of T cells in ex vivo assays. This cell type is CD45-positive, CD11b-positive.
Markers: Mouse: CD11b+GR1+CD31+; Human: CD34+ CD33+CD15-CD13+. (According to some reports in humans these cells are iNOS+ARG1+IL13+IFNg+); location: In cancerous tissue; in the blood and lymphoid organs in sepsis.
An elicited macrophage characterized by low production of pro-inflammatory and Th1 polarizing cytokines and high expression of arginase-1, and associated with tissue remodelling.
Alternatively activated macrophages, also referred to as M2 macrophages, are immune cells originating from monocytes. The M1/M2 classification is based upon macrophage polarization rather than macrophage location and refers to macrophage activation towards either a more inflammatory or more resolving phenotype, respectively, although the functional diversity of macrophages is more nuanced than such a dichotomy suggests. M2 macrophages cells are differentiated from their precursors generally in response to Th2 cytokines, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interleukin-13 (IL-13). Tissue-resident macrophages are also sometimes said to have an “M2-like” phenotype. M2 macrophages play key roles in immunoregulation and disease resolution. Functionally, alternatively activated macrophages are essential in wound healing and tissue repair and remodeling, largely due to their potent anti-inflammatory actions and their ability to promote angiogenesis. They achieve these functions by the production of specific growth factors and signaling proteins including Arg1, Ym1/2, Fizz1, and TGF-β. Additionally, they provide defense against specific categories of pathogens, particularly parasites, through specific communication with Th2 cells. However, dysfunction of M2 macrophages can be harmful. Alternatively activated macrophages have been associated with several pathological conditions such as asthma, fibrosis, and tumor progression. This is due to their capacity to inhibit inflammatory responses, promote unneeded wound healing processes, and support tumour growth and spreading. Furthermore, complex roles have been observed in metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases, showing the diverse functional spectrum of these cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherolosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
A type of foam cell derived from a smooth muscle cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherolosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
An immature T cell located in the thymus.
A pro-T cell that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-positive, and CD25-negative.
An antigen inexperienced CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD127-positive and CD62L-positive. This cell type develops in the thymus. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high, and CD44-low.
naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
These cells have not been exposed to antigen following thymic T-cell selection; found in blood and secondary lymphoid organs. This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'naive CD4+ T cell', but includes additional markers known to be expressed on naive CD4+ T cells.
naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A recently activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, and CD25-positive.
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has differentiated into a memory T cell.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte
Mature T cell not yet exposed to antigen with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD45RA-positive, and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high and CD44-low.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype RORgamma-t-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-positive, and capable of producing IL-17.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'Th17 CD4+ T cell', but its logical definition includes additional known characteristics of T-helper 17 T cells.
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has not experienced activation via antigen contact and has the phenotype CD45RA-positive, CCR7-positive and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high and CD44-low.
naive thymus-dervied CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
naive thymus-dervied CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
naive thymus-dervied CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell traffics in secondary lymphoid organs and blood. This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'naive CD8+ T cell', but includes additional markers known to be expressed on naive CD8+ T cells.
naive thymus-derived CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
CD4-positive alpha-beta T cell with regulatory function that produces IL-10.
These cells are reportedly induced by IL-10 and are capable of producing IFN-gamma, IL-5, IL-10, and TGF-beta.)
CD4-positive alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD25-positive, CTLA-4-positive, and FoxP3-positive with regulatory function.
CD4-positive alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype FoxP3-positive, CD25-positive, CD62L-positive, and CTLA-4 positive with regulatory function.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD127-positive, CD45RA-negative, CD45RO-positive, and CD25-negative.
central CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell
central CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte
central CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell
central CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte
central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'central memory CD4+ T cell', but includes additional markers known to be expressed on central memory CD4+ T cells.
central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell with the phenotype CCR7-negative, CD127-positive, CD45RA-negative, CD45RO-positive, and CD25-negative.
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte
effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'effector memory CD4+ T cell', but includes additional markers known to be expressed on effector memory CD4+ T cells.
effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, CD25-positive, and CCR7-negative.
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD127-positive, CD45RA-negative, CD45RO-positive, and CD25-negative.
central CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell
central CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte
central CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell
central CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte
central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'central memory CD8+ T cell', but includes additional markers known to be expressed on central memory CD8+ T cells.
central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, and CD25-positive, that secretes cytokines.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T-cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T-lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has differentiated into a memory T cell.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte
A mature T cell that differentiated and acquired cytotoxic function with the phenotype perforin-positive and granzyme-B positive.
A differentiated T cell with ability to traffic to peripheral tissues and is capable of mounting a specific immune response.
A effector T cell that provides help in the form of secreted cytokines to other immune cells.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell with the phenotype CCR7-negative, CD127-positive, CD45RA-negative, CD45RO-positive, and CD25-negative.
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte
effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'effector memory CD8+ T cell', but includes additional markers known to be expressed on effector memory CD8+ T cells.
effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
An immature alpha-beta T-cell that express Egr2. These cells give rise to T cells expressing NK markers.
An alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell with the phenotype CD8-alpha-alpha-positive located in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells have a memory phenotype of CD2-negative and CD5-negative.
CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell
CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell
A mature gamma-delta T cell located in the epidermis that regulates wound healing.
In mice, DETC have an invariant T cell receptor.
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta positive T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive, eomesodermin-positive, CXCR3-positive, CCR6-negative, and is capable of producing interferon-gamma.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'Tc1 CD8+ T cell', but its logical definition includes additional known characteristics of Tc1 T cells.
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta positive T cell expressing GATA-3 and secreting IL-4.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'non-Tc1/Tc17 CD8+ T cell' (see CL:0001052), but includes the additional necessary and sufficient conditions to allow classification as a Tc2 T cell.
A CD8-positive alpha beta-positive T cell with the phenotype FoxP3-positive and having suppressor function.
CD8-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD8-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
CD8-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta positive regulatory T cell with the phenotype CD28-negative and FoxP3-positive.
CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
An alpha-beta T cell expressing NK cell markers that is CD1d restricted and expresses specific V-alpha chains. NK T cells of this type recognize the glycolipid alpha-galactosylceramide in the context of CD1d.
In mouse the canonical TCR is V-alpha-14, and in humans it is V-alpha 24.
An alpha-beta T cell expressing NK call markers that is CD1d restricted and expresses a diverse TCR repertoire. Type II NKT cells do not become activated by alpha-galactosylceramide when presented by CD1d.
A type I NK T cell that has the phenotype CD4-positive.
A type I NK T cell that has the phenotype CD4-negative and CD8-negative.
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T lymphocyte
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-cell
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-lymphocyte
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NKT cell
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell
A type I NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma and IL-4, and has the phenotype CD4-positive, CD69-positive, and downregulated NK markers.
activated CD4-positive type I NK T lymphocyte
activated CD4-positive type I NK T-lymphocyte
A mature NK T cell that secretes interferon-gamma and enhances type 1 immune responses.
CD4-positive type I NK T cell secreting IFN-gamma
CD4-positive type I NK T lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-positive type I NK T-cell secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-positive type I NK T-lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-positive type I NKT cell secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-positive type I NK T cell secreting interferon-gamma
A mature NK T cell that predominantly secretes type 2 cytokines such as interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 and enhances type 2 immune responses.
CD4-positive type I NK T cell secreting IL-4
CD4-positive type I NK T lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
CD4-positive type I NK T-cell secreting interleukin-4
CD4-positive type I NK T-lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
CD4-positive type I NKT cell secreting interleukin-4
CD4-positive type I NK T cell secreting interleukin-4
A type I NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, and has phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD69-positive, and downregulated NK markers.
activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T lymphocyte
activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-cell
activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-lymphocyte
activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NKT cell
activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell
A mature NK T cell that secretes interferon-gamma and enhances Th1 immune responses.
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell secreting IFN-gamma
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-cell secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NKT cell secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell secreting interferon-gamma
A mature NK T cell that secretes interleukin-4 and enhances Th2 immune responses.
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell secreting IL-4
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-cell secreting interleukin-4
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NKT cell secreting interleukin-4
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell secreting interleukin-4
A type II NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, and has the phenotype CD69-positive and downregulated NK markers.
A type II NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma, and has the phenotype CD69-positive and downregulated NK markers.
type II NK T lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
type II NK T-cell secreting interferon-gamma
type II NK T-lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
type II NKT cell secreting interferon-gamma
type II NK T cell secreting interferon-gamma
A type II NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interleukin-4, and has the phenotype CD69-positive and downregulated NK markers.
type II NK T lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
type II NK T-cell secreting interleukin-4
type II NK T-lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
type II NKT cell secreting interleukin-4
type II NK T cell secreting interleukin-4
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has cytotoxic function.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-cell
CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell
A CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell that is found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract.
CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell
CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell
A lymphoid progenitor cell that is found in bone marrow, gives rise to B cells, T cells, natural killer cells and dendritic cells, and has the phenotype Lin-negative, Kit-positive, Sca-1-positive, FLT3-positive, CD34-positive, CD150 negative, and GlyA-negative.
Markers are associated with mouse cells. ELP transcription factors include E2A-positive, Ikaros-positive, EBF-negative, Pax5-negative, PU.1-negative.
Cell committed to natural killer cell lineage that has the phenotype CD122-positive, CD34-positive, and CD117-positive. This cell type lacks expression of natural killer receptor proteins.
These cells are also reportedly CD7-low, CD10-negative, CD45RA-positive, alpha-4-beta-7 integrin-high.
NK cell that has the phenotype CD56-bright, CD16-negative, and CD84-positive with the function to secrete interferon-gamma but is not cytotoxic.
CD56-bright cytokine secreting natural killer cell
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'CD16-CD56bright NK cell'. Markers are associated with human cell types.
CD16-negative, CD56-bright natural killer cell, human
A mature natural killer cell that has the phenotype CD56-low, CD16-positive and which is capable of cytotoxicity and cytokine production.
CD16-positive, CD56-low natural killer cell
CD16-positive, CD56-positive natural killer cell
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'CD16+CD56+ NK cell'. Markers are associated with human cell types.
CD16-positive, CD56-dim natural killer cell, human
An alpha-beta T cell that is found in the lamina propria of mucosal tissues and is restricted by the MR-1 molecule.
A dendritic cell arising in thymus that has the phenotype CD11c-positive, CD11b-negative, and CD45RA-negative.
In the mouse this cell expresses CD8-alpha-alpha.
A plasmacytoid dendritic cell developing in the thymus with phenotype CD11c-negative or low, CD45RA-positive, CD11b-negative, and CD123-positive.
A Be cell that facilitates development of T-helper 1 (Th1) phenotype in CD4-positive T cells, and secretes high levels of interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma.
Be1 cells are also reportedly capable of secreting IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12. They are also reportedly CD11b-negative and B220-positive.
A Be cell that facilitates development of T-helper 2 (Th2) phenotype T cells, and secretes high levels of interleukin-2, interleukin-10, interleukin-4, and interleukin-6.
Be2 cells are also reportedly capable of secreting IL-13 and TNF. They are also reportedly CD11b-negative and B220-positive.
A lymphocyte of B lineage with the commitment to express an immunoglobulin complex.
Types of B lineage lymphocytes include B cells and antibody secreting cells (plasmablasts and plasma cells). Lymphocytes of B cell lineage can be distinguished from those of T cell lineage by their lack of CD3e (as part of the T cell receptor complex).
A lymphocyte of B lineage that is devoted to secreting large amounts of immunoglobulin.
A long lived plasma cell that secretes IgE.
A class switched memory B cell that expresses IgE on the cell surface.
A plasmablast that secretes IgD, and which occur in a small proportion of B cells in the adult.
A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgE.
An preBRC-positive large pre-B-II cell is a large pre-B-II cell that is pre-B cell receptor-positive, composed of surrogate light chain protein (SL), which is composed of VpreB , Lambda 5/14.1, in complex with immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (IgHmu) on the cell surface.
A pre-BCR-negative large pre-B-II cell is a large pre-B-II cell that is pre-B cell receptor-negative, composed of surrogate light chain protein (SL), which is composed of VpreB and Lambda 5/14.1, in complex with immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (IgHmu), on the cell surface, and lack a DNA rearrangement of immunoglobulin light chain genes.
A small pre-B-II cell is a pre-B-II cell that is Rag1-positive, Rag2-positive, pre-BCR-negative, and BCR-negative, is not proliferating, and carries a DNA rearrangement of one or more immunoglobulin light chain genes.
Small pre-B-II cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD34-negative, CD79a-positive, CD127-negative, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, sIgM-negative, and sIgD-negative. Transcription factors: PU.1-positive, Ikaros-positive, E2A-positive, and PAX5-positive.
A pre-B-II cell is a precursor B cell that expresses immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (IgHmu+), and lack expression of CD34, TdT, immunoglobulin kappa light chain and immunoglobulin lambda light chain.
pre-B-II cell are also reportedly CD19-positive, CD22-positive, CD38-positive, CD45-positive, and CD48-positive.
A pre-B-I cell is a precursor B cell that expresses CD34 and surrogate immunoglobulin light chain (VpreB , Lambda 5 (mouse)/14.1 (human)) on the cell surface, and TdT, Rag1,and Rag2 intracellularly. Cell type carries a D-JH DNA rearrangement, and lacks expression of immunglobulin heavy chain protein.
Human pre-B-I cells are reportedly CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD22-positive, CD38-positive, CD45-low, CD79a-positive, CD127-negative, pre-BCR-negative, IgM-negative, IgD-negative, and Tdt-positive. Transcription factors expressed: Pax5-positive.
A large pre-B-II cell is a pre-B-II cell that is proliferating and is Rag1-negative and Rag2-negative.
Large pre-B-II cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD34-negative, CD79a-positive, CD127-negative, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-positive, pre-BCR-positive, sIgM-negative, and sIgD-negative. Transcription factors: PU.1-positive, Ikaros-positive, E2A-positive, and PAX5-positive.
A transitional stage B cell that migrates from the bone marrow into the peripheral circulation, and finally to the spleen. This cell type has the phenotype surface IgM-positive, surface IgD-negative, CD21-negative, CD23-negative, and CD62L-negative, and CD93-positive. This cell type has also been described as IgM-high, CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-positive, and CD23-negative.
T1 B cells are also reportedly CD10-negative/positive??, CD20-positive, CD24-positive, CD38-positive, CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD150-positive, CD244-negative, and CD352-positive.
A transitional stage B cell that has the phenotype surface IgM-positive, surface IgD-postive, CD21-positive, CD23-positive, CD62L-negative, CD93-positive and is located in the splenic B follicles. This cell type has also been described as IgM-high, CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-positive, and CD23-positive.
T2 B cells are also reportedly CD20-positive, CD24-positive, CD38-positive, CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD150-positive, CD244-negative, and CD352-positive.
A transitional stage B cell that expresses surface IgM and IgD, and CD62L. This cell type appears to be an anergic B cell that does not proliferate upon BCR signaling, is found in the spleen and lymph nodes, and has the phenotype surface IgM-positive, surface IgD-positive, CD21-positive, CD23-positive, CD62L-positive, and CD93-positive. This cell type has also been described as IgM-low, CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-positive, and CD23-positive (i.e. this cell-type is distinguished from T2 cells by surface expression of IgM).
A follicular B cell that is IgD-positive, CD23-negative, and CD38-negative. This naive cell type is activated in the extrafollicular areas through interaction with interdigitating dendritic cells and antigen-specific CD4-positive T cells.
These cells are also reportedly CD10-negative, CD39-positive, CD44-positive, CD71-negative, CD77-negative, IgM-positive, IgG-negative, IgA-negative, and IgE-negative.
A follicular B cell that is IgD-positive and CD23-positive and CD38-positive. This naive cell type is activated in the extrafollicular areas via interaction with dendritic cells and antigen specific T cells.
These cells are also CD10-negative, CD39-positive, CD44-positive, CD71-negative, CD77-negative, IgM-positive, IgG-negative, IgA-negative, and IgE-negative.
A germinal center B cell that develops from a Bm3 B cell. This cell has the phenotype IgM-negative, IgD-positive, and CD38-positive.
A germinal center B cell that founds a germinal center, and has the phenotype IgD-positive, CD38-positive, and CD23-negative.
Bm2' B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD39-negative, CD44-negative, CD71-positive, CD77-negative, IgM-positive, IgG-negative, IgA-negative, and IgE-negative.
A germinal center B cell that is rapidly dividing and has the phenotype IgD-negative, CD38-positive, and CD77-positive. Somatic hypermutation of the immunoglobulin V gene region can occur during proliferation of this cell type.
Bm3 B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD23-negative, CD39-negative, CD44-negative, CD71-positive, and CD77-positive.
A germinal center B cell that has the phenotype CD77-negative, IgD-negative, and CD38-positive. These cells have undergone somatic mutation of the B cell receptor.
Bm4 B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD23-negative, CD39-negative, CD44-positive, and CD71-positive.
A memory B cell arising in the germinal center that is IgD-negative and has undergone somatic mutation of the variable region of the immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes.
Bm5 B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD23-negative, CD38-negative, CD39-positive, CD44-positive, CD71-positive, and CD77-negative.
A mature B cell that produces cytokines that can influence CD4 T cell differentiation.
A mature B cell that has the phenotype CD1d-positive and expresses interleukin-10. This cell type has been associated with suppression of chronic inflammatory responses and T cell responses.
Regulatory B cells reportedly represent 1-2% of the spleen and 7-8% of the peritoneal B220-positive cells in mice. They are also found in the bone marrow, lymph node, and blood of mice. These cells are also reportedly capable of secreting IL-10 and are reportedly CD5-positive, CD21-positive, CD24-positive, CD93-negative, B220-positive, IgM-positive, and IgD-positive.
An unswitched memory B cell is a memory B cell that has the phenotype IgM-positive, IgD-positive, CD27-positive, CD138-negative, IgG-negative, IgE-negative, and IgA-negative.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'IgD+ memory B cell'. Per DSD: Unswitched memory B cells are also reportedly CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD229-positive, and CD352-positive.
An IgM memory B cell is an unswitched memory B cell with the phenotype IgM-positive and IgD-negative.
IgM memory B cells are also reportedly CD1c-positive, CD95-positive, CD80-positive, CD84-positive, CD86-positive, CD150-negative, CD229-positive, CD289-positive, and CD290-positive. Transcription factors: Notch2-positive, PAX5-positive, SpiB-positive, Ets1-positive, and OBF1-positive.
A class switched memory B cell is a memory B cell that has undergone Ig class switching and therefore is IgM-negative on the cell surface. These cells are CD27-positive and have either IgG, IgE, or IgA on the cell surface.
Per DSD: Class switched memory B cells are also reportedly CD48-positive, CD229-positive, and CD352-positive.
A class switched memory B cell that expresses IgA.
IgA memory B cell are also reportedly RORalpha-positive.
A fully differentiated plasma cell that lives for years, as opposed to months, secretes immunoglobulin, and has the phenotype weakly CD19-positive, CD20-negative, CD38-negative, strongly CD138-positive, MHC Class II-negative, surface immunoglobulin-negative, IgD-negative, and strongly CXCR4-positive. The majority of these cells of this type reside in the bone marrow.
A fully differentiated plasma cell that lives for months.
A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgA. These cells may be found in the bone marrow as well as in the mucosal immune system.
A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgG.
A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgM.
An IgG memory B cell is a class switched memory B cell that is class switched and expresses IgG on the cell surface.
An activated mature (naive or memory) B cell that is secreting immunoglobulin, typified by being CD27-positive, CD38-positive, CD138-negative.
CD27-positive, CD38-positive, CD20-negative B cell
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'plasmablast'. Plasmablasts are also reportedly CD48-positive, CD63-positive, CD229-positive, CD270-positive, CD319-positive, CD352-positive, CD361-positive, and IgD-negative.
A memory B cell with the phenotype IgD-negative and CD27-negative.
A fully differentiated plasma cell that secretes IgG.
A fully differentiated plasma cell that secretes IgM.
A fully differentiated plasma cell that secretes IgA.
CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a leukocyte that is CD11c-low, CD45R-positive, GR1-positive and CD11b-negative.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000001)(PMID:19243617). These cells are CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD285-positive (TLR5), CD286-positive (TLR6), and CD288-positive (TLR8).
Conventional dendritic cell is a dendritic cell that is CD11c-high.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000003)(PMID:19243617) These cells are also CD20-negative, MHCII-positive.
CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a leukocyte is CD11c-negative, CD45RA-positive, CD85g-positive(ILT7), CD123-positive, CD303-positive.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000004)(PMID:19243617). These cells are CD281-positive (TLR1), CD286-positive (TLR6), and CD290-positive (TLR10).
CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell
Immature CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell that is CD80-low and CD86-low.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000006)(PMID:19243617).
immature CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell
Mature CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell that is CD83-high and is CD80-positive, CD86-positive, and MHCII-positive.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000007)(PMID:19243617).
mature CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell
Immature CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell is CD80-negative, CD86-low and MHCII-low.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000008)(PMID:19243617).
immature CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell
CD71-positive common myeloid precursor OR CD7-negative lymphoid precursor OR CD7-positive lymphoid
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:1100000)(PMID:19243617).
CD34-positive, CD38-positive common myeloid progenitor OR CD34-positive, CD38-positive common lymphoid progenitor
Mature CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000009)(PMID:19243617).
mature CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell
Immature CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell is a CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000010)(PMID:19243617).
immature CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell
CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-negative, CD4-negative CD8-alpha-negative and is CD205-positive. This cell is able to cross- present antigen to CD8-alpha-positive T cells.
These markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000011)(PMID:19243617).
CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell
CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-positive, CD4-positive and is CD205-negative and CD8-alpha-negative.
Defined as having a disposition to secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines. These markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000012)(PMID:19243617).
CD4-positive CD11b-positive dendritic cell
CD8-alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-negative, CD4-negative and is CD205-positive and CD8-alpha-positive.
Cells are defined as having a disposition to secreting inflammatory cytokines. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000013)(PMID:19243617).
CD8-alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell
Immature CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
These markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000014)(PMID:19243617).
immature CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell
Mature CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive.
These markers are associated with mouse cells. Defined as having a disposition to secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000015)(PMID:19243617).
mature CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell
Mature CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell is a CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000016)(PMID:19243617).
mature CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell
Immature CD8-alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a CD8-alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000017)(PMID:19243617).
immature CD8-alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell
Mature CD8-alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a CD8-alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000018)(PMID:19243617).
mature CD8-alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell
Dermal dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-positive, CD205-positive and CD8 alpha-negative.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000019)(PMID:19243617). These cells are also CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD283-positive (TLR3), CD284-positive (TLR4), CD285-positive (TLR5), CD288-positive (TLR8), and CD289-positive (TLR9).
Interstitial dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-positive, CD1a-positive, CD206-positive, CD209-positive, and CD36-positive.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000020)(PMID:19243617). These cells are also CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD283-positive (TLR3), CD284-positive (TLR4), CD286-positive (TLR6), CD288-positive (TLR8), and CD290-positive (TLR10).
A hematopoietic stem cell that has plasma membrane part Kit-positive, SCA-1-positive, CD150-positive and CD34-negative.
Cell markers are associated with mouse hematopoietic stem cell. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000043)(PMID:19243617).
Kit and Sca1-positive hematopoietic stem cell
Immature dermal dendritic cell is a dermal dendritic cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000022)(PMID:19243617).
Mature dermal dendritic cell is a dermal dendritic cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000023)(PMID:19243617).
Immature interstitial dendritic cell is a interstitial dendritic cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000024)(PMID:19243617).
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:1110000)(PMID:19243617).
CD7-negative lymphoid progenitor OR granulocyte monocyte progenitor
Mature interstitial dendritic cell is a interstitial dendritic cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000025)(PMID:19243617).
CD1a-positive Langerhans cell is a Langerhans_cell that is CD1a-positive and CD324-positive.
These markers are associated with human cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000026)(PMID:19243617). These cells are also CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD284-positive (TLR4), CD286-positive (TLR6), CD287-positive (TLR7), and CD290-positive (TLR10). When activated, these cells are capable of producing IL-6, IL-8, and IL-15.
CD8-alpha-low Langerhans cell is a Langerhans cell that is CD205-high and is CD8-alpha-low.
These markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000027)(PMID:19243617). They are also CD205-high, CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD283-positive (TLR3), CD285-positive (TLR5), CD286-positive (TLR6), and CD289-positive (TLR9).
Immature CD1a-positive Langerhans cell is a CD1a-positive Langerhans cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000028)(PMID:19243617).
Mature CD1a-positive Langerhans cell is a CD1a-positive Langerhans cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000029)(PMID:19243617). When activated, these cells produce IL-6, IL-8, and IL-15.
Immature CD8-alpha-low Langerhans cell is a CD8-alpha-low Langerhans cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
These markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000030)(PMID:19243617).
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:1111000)(PMID:19243617).
CD115-positive monocyte OR common dendritic progenitor
Mature CD8-alpha-low Langerhans cell is a CD8-alpha-low Langerhans cell that that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive.
These markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000031)(PMID:19243617).
A common lymphoid progenitor that is CD10-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD34-positive and CD38-positive.
CD10-positive common lymphocyte precursor
CD10-positive common lymphocyte progenitor
These markers are associated with human common lymphoid progenitors. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000032)(PMID:19243617).
CD34-positive, CD38-positive common lymphoid progenitor
CD115-positive monocyte is a monocyte that is CD115-positive and CD11b-positive.
These markers are associated with human cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000033)(PMID:19243617).
A common myeloid progenitor that is Kit-positive and CD34-positive, Il7ra-negative, and is SCA1-low and Fcgr2-low and Fcgr3-low.
Markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000034)(PMID:19243617).
Kit-positive, CD34-positive common myeloid progenitor
CD133-positive hematopoietic stem cell is a hematopoietic stem cell that is CD34-positive, CD90-positive, and CD133-positive.
Cell markers are associated with human hematopoietic stem cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000035)(PMID:19243617).
CD34-positive, CD38-negative hematopoietic stem cell
A common lymphoid progenitor that is Kit-low, FLT3-positive, IL7ralpha-positive, and SCA1-low.
CD217-positive common lymphocyte precursor
CD217-positive common lymphocyte progenitor
CD217-positive common lymphoid precursor
Markers are associated with mouse cells.
Kit-positive, Sca1-positive common lymphoid progenitor
A common myeloid progenitor that is CD34-positive, CD38-positive, IL3ra-low, CD10-negative, CD7-negative, CD45RA-negative, and IL-5Ralpha-negative.
Markers are associated with human cell type. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000038)(PMID:19243617).
CD34-positive, CD38-positive common myeloid progenitor
CD7-negative lymphoid progenitor cell is a lymphoid progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD7-negative and CD45RA-negative.
These markers are associated with human cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000039)(PMID:19243617).
CD7-positive lymphoid progenitor cell is a lymphoid progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD7-positive and is CD45RA-negative.
These markers are associated with human cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000040)(PMID:19243617).
Common dendritic precursor is a hematopoietic progenitor cell that is CD117-low, CD135-positive, CD115-positive and lacks plasma membrane parts for hematopoietic lineage markers.
Surface markers are for mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000041) CDP are reportedly CD2-negative, CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD5-negative, CD8a-negative, CD11c-positive, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD20-negative, CD56-negative, B220-negative, Ly6g-negative, MHCII-positive, and Ter119-negative. (PMID:19243617).
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:1111100)(PMID:19243617).
CD117-positive common myeloid progenitor OR CD217-positive common lymphoid progenitor
An excitatory granule cell with a soma located in the granular layer of cerebellar cortex. A mature cerebellar granule cell has short dendrites with a characteristic claw-like appearance and a long axon that ascends to the molecular layer where it bifurcates (except in non-teleost fish, where it does not bifurcate) and extends mediolaterally to form parallel fibers.
It has been noted in at least some mammalian species that granule cells are the most numerous cell type in the cerebellum and in the brain, with at least 99% of all cerebellar neurons being granule cells.
Granule cell that is part of the cerebral cortex.
Granule cell with a soma found in the hippocampus.
A cell that is maintained or propagated in a controlled artificial environment for use in an investigation.
'In vitro', translating literally to 'in glass', typically refers to a controlled, often sterile, laboratory setting where cells or other specimens are placed by some agent for the purpose of studying or manipulating them as part of some research investigation. 'In vitro' is intended to contrast with 'native',which refers to cells or other biological entities that are found in a natural setting. It describes unicellular organisms removed from a natural environement and multicellular organism cells removed from an organism, or cells derived in culture from such displaced cells.
Bone cells, also known as osteocytes, form the building blocks of the skeletal system. They represent the most common type of bone cell, making up approximately 95% of the total bone cell population in mature adult bone tissue. Osteocytes are a stellate shape with numerous long, slender dendritic processes. The formation of bone is a complex process involving the action of osteoclasts - cells that break down and reabsorb old bone, followed by osteoblasts that rebuild the bone. Osteocytes serve as coordinators for these two types of bone cells to ensure a balance in the bone remodeling process, contributing to maintaining both bone strength and mineral homeostasis. The primary functions of osteocytes involve the creation, maintenance, and repair of bone tissue. They ensure that bone remodeling is performed by forming a network within the bone and communicating with other cells to help them respond to mechanical strain and damage. A remarkable aspect of osteocytes is their ability to perceive mechanical forces, translating them into biochemical signals that regulate bone remodeling and adaptation. Defects in osteocyte function, aside from other bone cells, have been associated with several bone disorders such as osteoporosis, renal osteodystrophy, and skeletal manifestations of diabetes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Osteoblast that is terminally differentiated, located adjacent to acellular or cellular bone tissue within periosteum, and is capable of mineralizing the matrix.
Osteoblast that is non-terminally differentiated and located in cellular bone tissue or under the periosteum in acellular bone.
non-terminally differentiated osteoblast
A CD8-positive alpha-beta-positive T cell with the phenotype CXCR3-positive and having suppressor function. They are capable of producing IL-10, suppressing proliferation, and suppressing IFN-gamma production.
CD8-positive, CXCR3-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, CXCR3-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD8-positive, CXCR3-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
These cells may be the human equivalent of murine CD8-positive, CD122-positive alpha-beta regulatory T cell. They are also found in the CD45RA-negative and CD62L-positive fraction.
CD8-positive, CXCR3-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that produces IL-22.
TH22 cells are also reportedly CCR4-positive, CCR6-positive, CCR10-positive, CXCR3-negative. TH22 cells are reportedly capable of secreting IL-13.
A recently activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype HLA-DRA-positive, CD38-positive, CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, and CD25-positive.
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte, human
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell, human
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte, human
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'activated CD4+ T cell', but includes via logical inference from its parent additional markers known to be expressed on activated CD4+ T cells. The inclusion of HLA-DRA in the definition restricts this definition to human activated CD4+ T cells, as activated mouse T cells do not express MHC class II.
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell, human
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CCR7-negative, CD45RA-positive.
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'effector CD4+ T cell'. The functional characteristics of this cell type currently undefined in CL, which affects its proper placement within the hierarchy.
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A naive regulatory T cell with the phenotype CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CD127lo, CCR4-positive, and CD45RO-negative.
naive CCR4-positive regulatory T lymphocyte
naive CCR4-positive regulatory T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'naive CCR4+ Treg'. The definition is valid for human; its applicability for mouse and other species is unknown.
A memory regulatory T cell with phenotype CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CD127lo, CCR4-positive, and CD45RO-positive.
memory CCR4-positive regulatory T lymphocyte
memory CCR4-positive regulatory T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'memory CCR4+ Treg'. The definition is valid for human; its applicability for mouse and other species is unknown.
A CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell with the additional phenotype CCR4-positive.
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'CCR4+ Treg'. The definition is valid for human; its applicability for mouse and other species is unknown.
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
A CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta T regulatory cell with the phenotype HLA-DRA-positive, indicating recent activation.
activated CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
activated CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
activated CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'activated CCR4+ Treg'. The inclusion of HLA-DRA in the definition restricts this definition to human activated CD4+ T cells, as activated mouse T cells do not express MHC class II.
activated CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell, human
A recently activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype HLA-DRA-positive, CD38-positive, CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, CCR7-negative, and CD25-positive.
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte, human
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell, human
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte, human
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'activated CD8+ T cell', but includes via logical inference from its parent additional markers known to be expressed on activated CD8+ T cells. The inclusion of HLA-DRA in the definition restricts this definition to human activated CD8+ T cells, as activated mouse T cells do not express MHC class II.
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, human
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CCR7-negative, CD45RA-positive.
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'effector CD8+ T cell'. The functional characteristics of this cell type currently undefined in CL, which affects its proper placement within the hierarchy.
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative.
CD4-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T-cell
CD4-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'non-Th1/Th17 CD4+ T cell'. Cells of this phenotype may include T-helper 2 T cells and some naive CD4+ T cells.
CD4-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative.
CD8-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T-cell
CD8-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'non-Tc1/Tc17 CD8+ T cell'. Cells of this phenotype may include Tc2 T cells and some naive CD8+ T cells.
CD8-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T cell
A memory B cell that lacks expression of surface IgD.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'IgD- memory B cell'. The majority of these cells are class-switched, though some are IgM-positive.
A monocyte that expresses CD14 and is negative for the lineage markers CD3, CD19, and CD20.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'monocyte'. Note that while CD14 is considered a reliable marker for human monocytes, it is only expressed on approximately 85% of mouse monocytes.
An intermediate monocyte that is CD14-positive and with low amounts of CD16.
Definition is valid for human intermediate monocytes.
A dendritic cell with the phenotype HLA-DRA-positive.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'dendritic cell'. The inclusion of HLA-DRA in the definition restricts this definition to human dendritic cells.
A myeloid dendritic cell with the phenotype HLA-DRA-positive.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'myeloid dendritic cell'. The inclusion of HLA-DRA in the definition restricts this definition to human myeloid dendritic cells.
A plasmacytoid dendritic cell with the phenotype HLA-DRA-positive, CD123-positive, and CD11c-negative.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'plasmacytoid dendritic cell'. The inclusion of HLA-DRA in the definition restricts this definition to human plasmacytoid dendritic cells.
A progenitor cell committed to myeloid lineage, including the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages. These cells are CD34-positive, and express Gata1, Gata2, C/EBPa, and Pu.1.
CMP are reportedly CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD38-positive, CD45RA-negative, CD110-negative, CD117-positive, CD123-positive, and SCA1-negative.
common myeloid progenitor, CD34-positive
A hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell that has the ability to differentiate into limited cell types but lacks lineage cell markers and self renewal capabilities. Cell lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.
hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell, lineage-negative
A cell found in an organism or derived from an organism exhibiting a phenotype that deviates from the expected phenotype of any native cell type of that organism. Abnormal cells are typically found in disease states or disease models.
A CD8-positive, alpha beta memory T cell with the phenotype CD45RA-positive, CD45RO-negative, and CCR7-negative.
This cell type is seen in human but not found in the mouse.
effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated
An abnormal cell exhibiting dysregulation of cell proliferation or programmed cell death and capable of forming a neoplasm, an aggregate of cells in the form of a tumor mass or an excess number of abnormal cells (liquid tumor) within an organism.
A neoplastic cell that is capable of entering a surrounding tissue
A lymphocyte that lacks characteristic T cell, B cell, myeloid cell, and dendritic cell markers, that functions as part of the innate immune response to produce cytokines and other effector responses.
A progenitor cell committed to the erythroid lineage. This cell is ter119-positive but lacks expression of other hematopoietic lineage markers (lin-negative).
An innate lymphoid cell that is capable of producing the type 1 cytokine IFN-gamma, but not Th2 or Th17 cell-associated cytokines.
A group 1 innate lymphoid cell that is non-cytotoxic.
An innate lymphoid cell that is capable of producing T-helper 2-cell associated cytokines upon stimulation.
An adipocyte that is beige in color, thermogenic, and which differentiates in white fat tissue from a Myf5-negative progenitor.
An innate lymphoid cell that constituitively expresses RORgt and is capable of expressing IL17A and/or IL-22.
An innate lymphoid cell in the human with the phenotype CD34-negative, CD117-positive, and a precusor to NK cells, ILC2 cells, and ILC3 cells.
CD34-negative, CD117-positive innate lymphoid cell precusor
CD34-negative, CD117-positive innate lymphoid cell, human
An innate lymphoid cell in the human with the phenotype CD34-negative, CD56-positive, CD117-positive.Thie cell type may include precusors to NK cells and ILC3 cells.
CD34-negative, CD56-positive, CD117-positive ILC
CD34-negative, CD56-positive, CD117-positive ILCP
CD34-negative, CD56-positive, CD117-positive innate lymphoid cell precursor
CD34-negative, CD56-positive, CD117-positive innate lymphoid cell, human
An innate lymphoid cell precursor in the human with the phenotype CD34-positive, CD56-positive, CD117-positive.Thie cell type may include precusors to NK cells and ILC3 cells.
CD34-positive, CD56-positive, CD117-positive CILP
CD34-positive, CD56-positive, CD117-positive common innate lymphoid precursor, human
An innate lymphoid cell in the human with the phenotype KLRG1-positive that is a precusor for ILC2 cells.
KLRG1-positive innate lymphoid cell, human
An innate lymphoid cell in the human with the phenotype NKp46-positive that is a precusor for NK cells and ILC3 cells.
NKp46-positive innate lymphoid cell, human
An ILC1 cell in the human with the phenotype CD56-negative, IL-7Ralpha-positive, T-bet-positive.
A group 3 innate lymphoid cell in the human with the phenotype IL-7Ralpha-positive.
A group 3 innate lymphoid cell in the human with the phenotype IL-7Ralpha-positive, and NKp44-positive.
NKp44-positive group 3 innate lymphoid cell, human
A group 3 innate lymphoid cell in the human with the phenotype IL-7Ralpha-positive, and NKp44-negative.
NKp44-negative group 3 innate lymphoid cell, human
A group 2 innate lymphoid cell in the human with the phenotype CD25-positive, CD127-positive, CD161-positive, and GATA-3-positive.
An innate lyphoid cell with an immature phenotype.
A CD4-positive, alpha beta memory T cell with the phenotype CD45RA-positive, CD45RO-negative, and CCR7-negative.
effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated
A lymphocyte of B lineage that is CD19-positive.
CD86-positive, CD20-negative plasmablast
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with memory phenotype indicated by being CD45RO and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD44-high, and CD122-high.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte, CD45RO-positive
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell, CD45RO-positive
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte, CD45RO-positive
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive
CD4-positive, alpha-beta long-lived T cell with the phenotype CD45RO-positive and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD44-high, and CD122-high.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte, CD45RO-positive
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell, CD45RO-positive
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte, CD45RO-positive
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive
visual pigment cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
An erythroid progenitor cell is Kit-positive, Ly6A-negative, CD41-negative, CD127-negative, and CD123-negative. This cell type is also described as being lin-negative, Kit-positive, CD150-negative, CD41-negative, CD105-positive, and FcgR-negative.
c- Kit-positive erythroid progenitor cell
A granulocyte monocyte progenitor is CD34-positive, CD38-positive, IL-3receptor-alpha-positive and is CD45RA-negative.
Markers are for human cells. According to different research groups, CD45RA is present or absent on this cell population.
CD34-positive, CD38-positive granulocyte monocyte progenitor
A granulocyte monocyte progenitor that is Kit-positive, CD34-positive, Fc-gamma receptor II/II-positive, and is Sca-1-negative, Il7ra-negative, Cxc3r1-negative, and CD90-negative.
Kit-positive granulocyte monocyte progenitor
An erythroid progenitor cell that is CD34-positive and is GlyA-negative.
Cell markers associated with human cells.
CD34-positive, GlyA-negative erythroid progenitor cell
A proerythoblast that is CD34-negative and GlyA-negative.
Cell surface markers are associated with human cells.
CD34-negative, GlyA-negative proerythroblast
A megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell is CD34-positive, CD38-positive and is IL3-receptor alpha-negative and CD45RA-negative.
Markers are associated with human cell type.
CD34-positive, CD38-positive megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell
A megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell that is Kit-positive and is Sca1-negative, CD34-negative, CD90-negative, IL7r-alpha-negative and Fcgr II/III-low.
Kit-positive, CD34-negative megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell
A lineage marker-negative, CD34-positive, IL5r-alpha-positive, and Sca1-negative eosinophil progenitor cell.
Kit-low, CD34-positive eosinophil progenitor cell
A lineage marker-negative, CD34-positive, CD38-positive, IL3r-alpha-positive, IL5r-alpha-positive, and CD45RA-negative eosinophil progenitor cell.
Markers are associated with human cells.
CD34-positive, CD38-positive eosinophil progenitor cell
A progenitor cell that can give rise to plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells, and to monocytes and macrophages.
A lin-negative, MHC-II-negative, CD11c-positive, FLT3-positive cell with intermediate expression of SIRP-alpha.
A progenitor cell that can give rise to plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells, and to monocytes and macrophages. Marker for this cell is Kit-high, CD115-positive, CD135-positive, Cx3cr1-positive, and is Il7ra-negative.
Kit-positive macrophage dendritic cell progenitor
A proerythoblast that is Kit-low, Lyg76-positive, and CD71-positive.
A basophilic erythroblast that is GlyA-positive.
A basophilic erythroblast that is Lyg 76-high and is Kit-negative.
Cell surface markers are associated with mouse cells.
Kit-negative, Ly-76 high basophilic erythroblast
A polychromatophilic erythroblast that is Lyg 76-high and is Kit-negative.
late basophilic and polychromatophilic erythroblast
Kit-negative, Ly-76 high polychromatophilic erythroblast
A polychromatiic erythroblast that is Gly-A-positive and CD71-low.
CD71-low, GlyA-positive polychromatic erythroblast
An orthochromatophilic erythroblast that is ter119-high, CD71-low, and Kit-negative.
Cell surface markers associated with mouse cells.
Kit-negative, Ly-76 high orthochromatophilic erythroblasts
An erythroblast that is GlyA-positive and CD71-negative.
CD71-negative, GlyA-positive orthochromatic erythroblast
A reticulocyte that is Ly76-high and is Kit-negative.
An enucleate erythrocyte that is GlyA-positive.
Marker is associated with human cell types.
An enucleate erythrocyte that is Lyg-76-high.
Marker is associated with mouse cell types.
A megakaroycotye progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD41-positive and CD42-positive on the cell surface.
CD34-positive, CD41-positive, CD42-positive megakaryocyte progenitor cell
A megakaryocyte progenitor cell that is Kit-positive, CD41-positive, CD9-positive, Sca-1-negative, IL7ralpha-negative, CD150-negative, and Fcgamma receptor II/III-low.
Kit-positive megakaryocyte progenitor cell
A megakaryocyte progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD41-positive, and CD42-negative.
Markers are commonly associated with human cells.
CD34-positive, CD41-positive, CD42-negative megakaryocyte progenitor cell
A megakaryocyte progenitor cell that is CD34-negative, CD41-positive and CD42-positive.
CD34-negative, CD41-positive, CD42-positive megakaryocyte cell
A megakaryocyte cell with is CD9-positive and CD41-positive.
Markers are commonly associated with mouse cells.
CD9-positive, CD41-positive megakaryocyte cell
A cell type that can give rise to basophil and mast cells. This cell is CD34-positive, CD117-positive, CD125-positive, FceRIa-negative, and T1/ST2-negative, and expresses Gata-1, Gata-2, C/EBPa
There may be an intermediate cell type. These cells also CD13-positive, CD16-positive, CD32-positive, and integrin beta 7-positive. Transcription factors: GATA1-positive, MCP-1-positive, mitf-positive, PU.1-positive, and CEBP/a-low.
A lineage-negative, Kit-positive, CD45-positive mast cell progenitor that is Fc-epsilon RIalpha-low.
Fc-epsilon RIalpha-low mast cell progenitor
A lineage negative, Sca1-negative basophil progenitor cell that is Fc epsilon RIalpha-high.
Fc-epsilon RIalpha-high basophil progenitor cell
A hematopoietic progenitor cell that is capable of developing into only one lineage of hematopoietic cells.
hematopoietic lineage restricted progenitor cell
A hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell that has the ability to differentiate into limited cell types but lacks lineage cell markers and self renewal capabilities.
This cell type is intended to be compatible with any vertebrate hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell. For mammalian hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cells known to be lineage-negative, please use the term 'hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell' (CL_0001060).
hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell
A hematopoietic stem cell capable of rapid replenishment of myeloerythroid progenitors and limited self renewal capability. This cell is Kit-positive, Sca1-positive, CD34-positive, CD150-positive, and is Flt3-negative.
Markers are associated with mouse cells. These cells are also reportedly CD11b-low and CD90-low.
A hematopoietic stem cell with long term self renewal capability. This cell is Kit-positive, Sca1-positive, CD150-positive, CD90-low, CD34-negative and Flt3-negative.
A hematopoietic progenitor that has restricted self-renewal capability. Cell is Kit-positive, Ly6-positive, CD150-negative and Flt3-negative.
Slamf1-negative multipotent progenitor cell
A hematopoietic progenitor that has some limited self-renewal capability. Cells are lin-negative, Kit-positive, CD34-positive, and Slamf1-positive.
Slamf1-positive multipotent progenitor cell
Intraepithelial T cells with a memory phenotype of CD2-positive, CD5-positive, and CD44-positive.
CD2-positive, CD5-positive, CD44-positive alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell
A CD4-positive, CXCR5-positive, CCR7-negative alpha-beta T cell located in follicles of secondary lymph nodes that is BCL6-high, ICOS-high and PD1-high, and stimulates follicular B cells to undergo class-switching and antibody production.
A CD24-high, CD4-low, CD8-low, CD44-negative, NK1.1-negative NK T cell.
A CD24-low, CD44-negative, NK1.1-negative NK T cell.
NKT.44-NK1.1-.Th was assigned as an exact synonym based on sorting strategy displayed at immgene.org.
A CD24-low, CD44-positive, DX5-low, NK1.1-negative NK T cell.
A CD24-low, CD44-positive, DX5-high, NK1.1-negative NK T cell.
A hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD38-negative, CD45RA-negative, and CD90-negative.
Cell markers are associated with human hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cells.
CD34-positive, CD38-negative multipotent progenitor cell
A basophil mast progenitor cell that is Beta-7 integrin-high, Kit-positive FcRgammaII/III-positive and Sca1-negative.
Kit-positive, integrin beta7-high basophil mast progenitor cell
A pro-B cell that is CD45R/B220-positive, CD43-positive, HSA-low, BP-1-negative and Ly6c-negative. This cell type is also described as being lin-negative, AA4-positive, Kit-positive, IL7Ra-positive and CD45R-positive.
A pro-B cell that is CD22-positive, CD34-positive, CD38-positive and TdT-positive (has TdT activity). Pre-BCR is expressed on the cell surface. Cell is CD19-negative, CD20-negative, complement receptor type 2-negative and CD10-low. D-to-J recombination of the heavy chain occurs at this stage.
Markers are commonly associated with human cells. These cells are also reportedly CD21-negative. Transcription factors: PU.1-positive, Ikaros-positive, E2A-positive, and PAX5-positive.
A precursor B cell that is CD45RA-positive, CD43-positive, CD24-positive and BP-1-negative.
Markers are commonly associated with mouse cells. These cells are also reportedly RAG1-positive and RAG2-positive.
A pre-B cell precursor is CD19-low, CD22-positive , CD34-positive, CD38-positive.
Late pro-B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD20-negative, CD21-negative, and TdT-positive. Transcription factors: PU.1-positive, Ikaros-positive, E2A-positive, and PAX5-positive.
A precursor B cell that is CD45R-positive, CD43-positive, CD24-positive, and BP-positive. Intracellularly expression of surrogate light chain, Rag1 and Rag2, TdT, occurs while there is no expression of mu heavy chain.
A pre-BCR-positive precursor B cell that is CD24-high, CD25-positive, CD43-positive, CD45R-positive and BP-positive.
A pre-BCR positive B cell that is CD38-high.
A pre-B cell that is pre-BCR-negative, and the kappa- and lambda- light immunoglobulin light chain-negative, CD43-low, and is BP-1-positive, CD45R-positive and CD25-positive. This cell type is also described as being AA4-positive, IgM-negative, CD19-positive, CD43-low/negative, and HSA-positive.
Fraction D precursor B cells are also reportedly CD24-positive and sIgD-negative.
A small pre-B cell that is CD22-positive and CD38-low.
Markers are associated with human cell. RAG expression maybe diminishing.
CD22-positive, CD38-low small pre-B cell
An immature B cell that is IgM-positive, CD45R-positive, CD43-low, CD25-negative, and CD127-negative. This cell type has also been described as being AA4-positive, IgM-positive, CD19-positive, CD43-low/negative, and HSA-positive.
Markers associated with mouse cells. These cells are also reportedly sIgD-negative.
An immature B cell that is CD38-negative, CD10-low, CD21-low, and CD22-high.
A mature B cell subset originally defined as having being CD45R-positive, IgM-positive, IgD-positive and CD43-negative. Subsequent research demonstrated being CD21-positive and CD23-negative and CD93 negative.
A classical monocyte that is CD14-positive, CD16-negative, CD64-positive, CD163-positive.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'CD16- monocyte'. The markers used in the definition are associated with human monocytes.
CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte
A resident monocyte that is Gr-1 low, CD43-positive, and CX3CR1-positive.
Markers are associated with mice. The Gr epitope is used to describe this cell type is found on both Ly6c and Ly6g. However, its the Ly6c that is considered the specific marker, and thus used in the cross-product. Also, this cell-type is sometimes described as being Gr1-negative.
A conventional thymic dendritic cell that is CD8-alpha-positive.
CD8alpha-alpha-positive thymic conventional dendritic cell
CD8-alpha-positive thymic conventional dendritic cell
A melanin-containing macrophage that obtains the pigment by phagocytosis of melanosomes.
A T-helper cell that is characterized by secreting interleukin 9 and responding to helminth infections. This cell-type can derives from Th2 cells in the presence of TGF-beta and IL-4. Th2 cytokine production is surpressed.
A squamous pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell that is flattened and branched. A pulmonary alveolar type 1 cell covers more than 98% of the alveolar surface. This large cell has thin (50-100 nm) cytoplasmic extensions to form the air-blood barrier essential for normal gas exchange.
The marker set AGER can identify the Human cell type pulmonary alveolar type 1 cell in the Lung with a confidence of 0.85 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell that modulates the fluid surrounding the alveolar epithelium by secreting and recycling surfactants. This cell type also contributes to tissue repair and can differentiate after injury into a pulmonary alveolar type 1 cell. This cuboidal cell is thicker than squamous alveolar cells, have a rounded apical surface that projects above the level of surrounding epithelium. The free surface is covered by short microvilli.
The marker set SFTPA1 can identify the Human cell type pulmonary alveolar type 2 cell in the Lung with a confidence of 0.95 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A secretory cell found in pancreatic acini that secretes digestive enzymes and mucins. This cell is a typical zymogenic cell, have a basal nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm consisting of regular arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum with mitochondria and dense secretory granules.
Pancreatic acinar cells are the functional units of the exocrine pancreas. These cells are structurally arranged in small clusters - or acini - with a small central lumen, and their primary function is to produce and secrete enzymes that facilitate digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats within the small intestine. Some of the most important digestive enzymes synthesized by the pancreatic acinar cells include amylase, which digests carbohydrates, lipase, which breaks down fats, and several proteases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin which are vital for the digestion of proteins. Importantly, these enzymes are produced as proenzymes or zymogens to avoid autolysis, or the breakdown of the pancreas itself. The release of these enzymes by the pancreatic acinar cells is strictly regulated by hormones and neurochemicals. Cholecystokinin (CCK) released from the enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum cause the release of these enzymes. Moreover, acinar cells also respond to another hormone, secretin, by releasing bicarbonate-rich fluid which helps to neutralize the gastric acid in the duodenum. Dysregulation in the function of pancreatic acinar cells can lead to severe health issues, including pancreatitis, which is characterized by inflammatory damage to the organ due to the premature activation of digestive enzymes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A neuroendocrine cell found in the epithelium of the lungs and respiratory tract. This cell type is rounded or elliptical in shape, situated mainly in the basal part of the epithelium; regulates bronchial secretion, smooth muscle contraction, lobular growth, ciliary activity and chemoreception. Cell has an electron-lucent cytoplasm, contains numerous dense-cored vesicles with a clear halo between the core and the limiting membrane.
An enteroendocrine cell that produces glucagon.
Type A enteroendocrine cells, also known as alpha cells or A cells, are a species of endocrine cells primarily located in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans; they have also been identified within the lining of the stomach. Functionally, these cells are pivotal in glucose metabolism and homeostasis, accounting for about 20% of the total population of cells in the pancreatic islets. The primary role of type A enteroendocrine cells involves the synthesis, storage, and secretion of the peptide hormone glucagon, which is critical in energy regulation throughout the body. In response to a decrease in blood glucose levels, the pancreatic A cells are stimulated to secrete glucagon into the bloodstream. Glucagon acts on its target cells, mainly in the liver, to stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis processes, thereby increasing blood glucose levels back to normal. In this way, pancreatic A cells play an integral role in maintaining glucose homeostasis and preventing hypoglycemia. Pancreatic A cells also participate in the local regulation of islet activities as glucagon acts through glucagon receptors on A, B and D type cells within the islets. Recent studies have also shown that Pancreatic A cells play a role in the generation and regeneration of B type cells. Following beta cell injuries pancreatic A cells increase in numbers and produce Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which increases the proliferation and cytoprotection of beta cells. In response to extreme injury of B type cells pancreatic A cells can transform (transdifferentiate) into functioning B type cells. Until recently, glucagon has been considered a pancreas-specific hormone; however, extrapancreatic glucagon has been reported in patients who had undergone complete, and glucagon-positive cells been identified in the human stomach, indicating that Type A enteroendocrine cells are not restricted to the pancreas. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Specialized cardiac myocyte that is subendocardially interspersed with the regular cardiac muscle cell. They are uninucleate cylindrical cells, associated end-to-end in long rows, continue from the node to the atrioventricular bundle; relatively short compared to ordinary myocytes but are nearly twice their diameter.
Mostly cylindrical, resemble Type 1 in their contents and the presence of a kinocilium and stereocilium apically; much greater variation in size, some almost span the entire thickness of the sensory epithelium, while others are smaller than Type 1; receive multiple efferent nerve boutons around their bases as well as afferent endings, which are small expansions rather than chalices.
Bottle-shaped with narrow neck; broad, rounded basal portion where nucleus is located; stereocilia and a single kinocilium is present apically; receive nerve bouton at their base from an afferent cup-shaped (chalice or calyx) nerve ending.
Columnar cell which populate the epithelium of large intestine and absorb water. This cell is the most numerous of the epithelial cell types in the large intestine; bear apical microvilli, contain secretory granules in their apical cytoplasm; secretion appears to be largely mucins, but is also rich in antibodies of the IgA type.
enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine
A specialized cardiac myocyte in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. The cell is slender and fusiform confined to the nodal center, circumferentially arranged around the nodal artery.
Specialized cardiac myocyte which is in the internodal tract and atrioventricular node. The cell is more slender than ordinary atrial myocytes and has more myofibrils than nodal myocytes.
The myoendocrine cellis a specialized myocyte localized mainly in the right and left atrial appendages, and also scattered within other areas of the atria and along the conductive system in the ventricular septum. The most conspicuous feature distinguishing myoendocrine cells from other atrial myoctyes is the presence of membane-bounded secretory granules (these granules contain precursor of cardiodilatins or atrial natriuretic polypeptides).
A rare type of columnar epithelial cell that is part of the tracheobronchial epithelium. This cell is characterized by a distinctive tuft of apical microvilli, which extends into the cytoplasm, and a pear-shaped morphology, broad at the base and tapering to a narrow apex. It plays vital roles in chemosensation, producing cytokines like IL-25, and enhancing mucociliary clearance through acetylcholine release to support mucus movement and airway defense.
The marker set POU2F3, HOMER3, MYB can identify the Human cell type brush cell of tracheobronchial tree in the Lung with a confidence of 0.56 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
An epithelial cell derived from endoderm.
An epithelial cell derived from ectoderm.
Epithelial cell derived from mesoderm or mesenchyme.
Epithelial cell found in the ducts of the pancreas. This cell type contributes to the high luminal pH.
A cubodial epithelial cell that is continuous with the lining of intercalated ducts that drain the acinus. This cell type secretes a high pH solution to aid in activation of zymogens, and can differentiate into endocrine and exocrine pancreatic cell types.
This cell resembles a glia cell, express the glial marker S100 and act as a supporting cell to type I cell. This cell is located in a small cluster of type I and type II cells near the fork of the carotid artery.
A chromaffin cell of the adrenal medulla that produces epinephrine.
adrenal secreting cell of the adrenal medulla
epiniphrine secreting cell of the adrenal medulla
A chromaffin cell of the adrenal medulla that produces norepinephrine.
A Boettcher cell is a polyhedral cells on the basilar membrane of the cochlea, and is located beneath Claudius cells. A Boettcher cell is considered a supporting cell for the organ of Corti, and is present only in the lower turn of the cochlea. These cells interweave with each other, and project microvilli into the intercellular space. Because of their structural specialization, a Boettcher cell is believed to play a significant role in the function of the cochlea. They demonstrate high levels of calmodulin, and may be involved in mediating Ca(2+) regulation and ion transport.
A specialized elongated ventricular ependymal cell with one or more processes that extend into the brain parenchyma or associated blood vessels where they contact blood vessel endothelial cells and/or neurons. These cells are found in the ventricles and circumventricular organs of the brain. They are involved in hormonal regulation, gatekeeping molecules between the bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid, metabolic sensing, and regulating food intake.
This class includes cells that are sometimes referred to as tanycyte-like cells, located in circumventricular organs (Langlet et al., 2023) as well as tanycytes located in the ventricles.
A cardiac myocyte that is an excitable cells in the myocardium, specifically in the conducting system of heart.
This is a cell found in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and serves as a pacemaker that triggers gut contraction. ICCs mediate inputs from the enteric nervous system to smooth muscle cells and are thought to be the cells from which gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) arise.
Some argue this cell type is of mesenchymal origin.
A group 2 innate lymphoid cell in the mouse capable of secreting IL-13 in response to a helminth infection. This cell is lineage-negative, ICOS-positive, IL1RL1-positive, IL7Ralpha-positive, and IL17Br-positive.
One of two small cells formed by the first and second meiotic division of oocytes.
A small cell formed by the first meiotic division of oocytes.
A cell found in the bone marrow. This can include fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells.
MH consider whether bone marrow cells are bone cells in the structural sense vs. being part of bone organ sense.
A small cell formed by the second meiotic division of oocytes. In mammals, the second polar body may fail to form unless the ovum has been penetrated by a sperm cell.
A cell that makes up the loose connective tissue of the ovary.
A cell in the hilum of the ovary that produces androgens.
A specialised myocyte that lies between the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node and is involved in the conduction of electrical signals.
A cell of the adrenal cortex. Cell types include those that synthesize and secrete chemical derivatives (steroids) of cholesterol.
A cardiac myocyte that is connected to other cardiac myocytes by transverse intercalated discs (GO:0014704) at a regular interval.
Cardiac myocytes, also known as cardiac muscle cells, form the majority of the cardiac tissue and are responsible for the contractile function of the heart. These myocytes are columnar-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei, and they exhibit visibly striated cytoplasm due to the organized array of myofibrils, which are composed of filaments of actin and myosin. Cardiac myocytes connect with each other through specialized structures called intercalated discs, facilitating electrical and mechanical continuity and enabling synchronous contraction of the heart. They also possess a high number of mitochondria to meet their high energy demand for continuous heartbeat action. Cardiac myocytes are capable of automaticity, meaning they have the unique ability to spontaneously and rhythmically generate their electrical impulses, a characteristic led by pacemaker cells. The electrical signals initiated and propagated in these cells are responsible for heartbeats. They also respond to the electrical signals transmitted by the autonomic nervous system and chemical signals like hormones. Thus, cardiac myocytes not only participate in maintaining the heart’s function but also play a role in modulating heart rate and strength of contraction in response to the body's changing needs. Consequently, malfunction of these cells leads to serious cardiac diseases such as heart failure and arrhythmias. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A small, polyhedral, cell found in rounded groups or curved columns with deeply staining nuclei, scanty basophilic cytoplasm and a few lipid droplets. This cell in the zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids.
epithelial cell of zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland
A regular cardiac myocyte of the interventricular region of the heart.
regular interventricular cardiac myocyte
A CD38-positive naive B cell is a mature B cell that has the phenotype CD38-positive, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
A CD38-negative naive B cell is a mature B cell that has the phenotype CD38-negative, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
An IgG-positive double negative memory B cell is a double negative memory B cell with the phenotype IgG-positive, IgD-negative, and CD27-negative.
IgG+ double negative memory B lymphocyte
IgG+ double negative memory B-lymphocyte
IgG-positive double negative memory B lymphocyte
IgG-positive double negative memory B-cell
IgG-positive double negative memory B-lymphocyte
IgG-positive double negative memory B cell
An IgG-negative double negative memory B cell is a double negative memory B cell with the phenotype IgG-negative, IgD-negative, and CD27-negative.
IgG- double negative memory B lymphocyte
IgG- double negative memory B-lymphocyte
IgG-negative double negative memory B lymphocyte
IgG-negative double negative memory B-cell
IgG-negative double negative memory B-lymphocyte
IgG-negative double negative memory B cell
A CD38-positive IgG memory B cell is a class switched memory B cell that expresses IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-positive and IgG-positive.
An IgD-positive CD38-positive IgG memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-positive class switched memory B cell that has class switched and expresses IgD on the cell surface with the phenotype IgD-positive, CD38-positive, and IgG-positive.
IgD-positive CD38-positive IgG memory B cell
An IgD-negative CD38-positive IgG memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-positive that has class switched and lacks expression of IgD on the cell surface with the phenotype IgD-negative, CD38-positive, and IgG-positive.
IgD-negative CD38-positive IgG memory B cell
A CD38-negative IgG memory B cell is a IgG-positive class switched memory B cell that has class switched and expresses IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-negative, IgD-negative, and IgG-positive.
A B220-positive CD38-positive naive B cell is a CD38-positive naive B cell that has the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-positive, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
B220-positive CD38-positive naive B lymphocyte
B220-positive CD38-positive naive B-cell
B220-positive CD38-positive naive B-lymphocyte
B220-positive CD38-positive naive B cell
A B220-low CD38-positive naive B cell is a CD38-positive naive B cell that has the phenotype B220-low, CD38-positive, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
An CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell is an unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype CD38-negative, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
CD38-negative unswitched memory B lymphocyte
CD38-negative unswitched memory B-lymphocyte
A B220-positive CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-negative, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
B220-positive CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell
A B220-low CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-low, CD38-negative, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
B220-low CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell
A CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell is an unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype CD38-positive, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
CD38-positive unswitched memory B lymphocyte
CD38-positive unswitched memory B-lymphocyte
A B220-positive CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-positive, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
B220-positive CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell
A B220-low CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-low, CD38-positive, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
B220-low CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell
A class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface.
IgG-negative class switched memory B lymphocyte
IgG-negative class switched memory B-cell
IgG-negative class switched memory B-lymphocyte
IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A CD38-negative IgG-negative memory B cell is a IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-negative and IgG-negative.
CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A CD38-positive IgG-negative memory B cell is an IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-positive and IgG-negative.
CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
An CD24-positive CD38-negative IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD24-positive, CD38-negative, and IgG-negative.
CD24-positive CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A CD24-negative CD38-negative IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD24-negative, CD38-negative, and IgG-negative.
CD24-negative CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A B220-positive CD38-positive IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-positive, and IgG-negative.
B220-positive CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A B220-low CD38-positive IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype B220-low, CD38-positive, and IgG-positive.
B220-low CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A circulating gamma-delta T cell that is CD27-positive and capable of producing IFN-gamma.
A circulating gamma-delta T cell that expresses RORgamma(t), is CD27-negative and is capable of IL-17 secretion.
A CD25-positive, CD27-positive immature gamma-delta T cell found in the thymus that has an immature phenotype (i.e. CD24-high, CD25-high, CD62L-high, CD44-high, CD2-low, CD5-low).
CD25-positive, CD27-positive immature gamma-delta T cell
A T cell with a receptor of limited diversity that is capable of immediate effector functions upon stimulation.
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype CXCR3-negative, CCR6-positive, CCR5-high, CD45RA-negative, and capable of producing IL-17 and some IFNg.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'Tc17 CD8+ T cell', but its logical definition includes additional known characteristics of Tc17 T cells. Found in the CD27-positive, CD28-positive or CD27-negative, CD28-positive fractions with the phenotype CCR4-negative and CCR7-negative (this sentence not part of definition).
Regular cardiac myocyte of a cardiac atrium.
Regular atrial cardiac myocytes, also known as atrial myocytes, are specialized muscle cells found in the atria – the upper chambers of the heart. They contract and relax during the heart's cycle, modulating the pumping of blood through the atria and into the ventricles. Additionally, endowed with inherent rhythmic electrical activity, atrial myocytes contribute significantly to the initiation and propagation of the heart’s electrical impulses. A distinguishing feature that separates atrial myocytes from other cardiac myocytes is their ability to synthesize and secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in response to atrial stretch or dilatation. ANP acts as a potent vasodilator and diuretic, helping to maintain blood pressure and volume homeostasis. The phenomena of atrial stretch or distension, which triggers ANP release, is often in response to excess blood volume entering the heart, providing a mechanism at the cellular level which actively regulates systemic cardiovascular balance. Like all cardiac myocytes, atrial myocytes are embedded in a dense network of connective tissue that provides structural support. These cells are characterized by a single, centrally located nucleus, and overall, have a rod-like appearance with branching ends that connect with adjacent cells to form a continuous, synchronized ensemble. Their cytoplasm is abundant with mitochondria, reflecting the high energy demand associated with constant contraction and relaxation. At the ultrastructural level, atrial myocytes display striations due to the regular arrangement of actin and myosin proteins, which facilitate the contraction process essential for the heart's pump function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cardiac myocyte of the interatrial region of the heart.
Regular cardiac myocyte of a cardiac ventricle.
regular cardiac muscle cell of ventricle
regular ventricular cardiac muscle fiber
Epidermal cells that do not contain keratin. Cell type is usually associated with moist epidermal tissues.
A cell in the zona fasciculata that produce glucocorticoids, e.g cortisol.
A cell in the zona reticularis that produce sex hormones.
A endothelial cell of a lymphatic vessel. The border of the oak leaf-shaped endothelial cell of initial lymphatics are joined by specialized buttons. The discontinuous feature of buttons distinguishes them from zippers in collecting lymphatics, but both types of junctions are composed of proteins typical of adherens junctions and tight junctions found in the endothelium of blood vessels. Buttons seal the sides of flaps of the oak leaf-shaped endothelial cell, leaving open the tips of flaps as routes for fluid entry without disassembly and reformation of intercellular junctions.
Endothelial cells of lymphatic vessels are specialized type of cells that form the interior lining of the lymphatic system, which primarily comprises the lymph vessels and nodes. These cells play a critical role in creating a barrier between the lymphatic system and the surrounding tissues. They are structurally different from the endothelial cells of the blood vessels due to the presence of anchoring filaments and lack of a continuous basement membrane, and have a unique phenotype marked by the expression of various cell-specific markers such as Prox-1, VEGFR-3, and LYVE-1. A significant function of these endothelial cells is to maintain the fluid balance within the body. They facilitate the uptake of excess interstitial fluid that collects in the body tissues, and ensure its transport back into the bloodstream via the lymphatic vessels. These cells also enable the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system, and their subsequent transport in the form of chyle, a milky fluid, to the blood. Furthermore, endothelial cells of lymphatic vessels play a pivotal role in the body's immune response. They enable the passage of lymphocytes, that are crucial for the body's defense mechanism, from the tissues into the lymph where these cells are activated to fight against foreign bodies and infections. Also, they regulate inflammation reactions by controlling the migration of inflammatory cells, and are thus involved in pathological conditions with an inflammatory component. Lastly, these cells have been noted for their involvement in various disease states related to tissue edema, metastasis, and tumor growth, thus highlighting their importance in both health and disease states. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An endothelial cell of the vascular tree, which includes blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.
Endothelial cells of the vascular tree, commonly referred to as vascular endothelial cells, line the entire circulatory system, from the heart to the smallest capillaries. These cells have a unique, flattened shape, and are tightly bound together, forming a thin layer known as the endothelium. The endothelium is responsible for maintaining the interior surface of blood vessels, and plays a critical role in ensuring the smooth flow of blood. Vascular endothelial cells act as a semi-permeable membrane, controlling the passage of materials and the transit of white blood cells into and out of the bloodstream. These cells are also involved in blood coagulation. When a blood vessel is damaged, endothelial cells promote clotting to prevent excessive bleeding and facilitate wound healing. Other functions include regulation of blood pressure and blood volume by releasing vasodilators and vasoconstrictors to either widen or constrict blood vessels, accordingly. Furthermore, the endothelial cells are crucial in the formation of new blood vessels, a process known as angiogenesis. This is particularly important in wound healing and the growth of new tissues during development or after injury. In the context of diseases such as cancer, angiogenesis helps facilitate tumor growth by providing nutrients and oxygen. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cubodial endothelial cell of vascular tree
These cells are reportedly CD31-positive, CD34-positive, CD144-positive, TAL1-positive.
An acinar cell that is part of a skin sebaceous gland. This cell produces and secretes sebum into hair follicles.
A parathyroid chief cell that is actively secreting hormone. Have large Golgi complexes with numerous vesicles and small membrane-bound granules; secretory granules are rare, cytoplasmic glycogen sparse, much of the cytoplasm being occupied by flat sacs of granular endoplasmic reticulum in parallel arrays; in normal humans, inactive chief cells outnumber active chief cells in a ratio of 3-5:1
A cell pyramidal in shape, with their broad ends facing and forming the greater extent of the lining of the main lumen. Secretes glycoproteins associated with mucus.
A chief cell that is smaller than light chief cells and has a smaller and darker nucleus and a finely granular cytoplasm with many granules.
An endothelial cell found in capillaries.
A multi-ciliated epithelial cell located in the trachea and bronchi, characterized by a columnar shape and motile cilia on its apical surface. These cilia facilitate mucociliary clearance by moving mucus and trapped particles toward the pharynx.
Ciliated columnar cells of the tracheobronchial tree compose the inner lining of the tracheobronchial tree, the system of airways consisting of trachea, bronchi and bronchioles that allow passage of air into the lungs, where gas exchange occurs. A defining feature of these endo-epithelial cells are the tiny hair-like structures covering their surface, known as cilia. The nucleus is located at the base of the cell, and the area above it is rich in mitochondria and well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, both crucial for the energy-intensive process of cilia operation. The primary function of these ciliated cells is to keep the respiratory tract clean via mucociliary clearance or the respiratory escalator. These cells create a two-layered 'coat': The lower "sol" layer is watery where the cilia can beat in coordinated waves, and the upper "gel" layer is thick and sticky, trapping inhaled particles, such as dust, bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful substances. This rhythmical beating of the cilia then moves the mucus and trapped particles upwards and out of the respiratory tract, which is then either coughed out or swallowed. Damage or dysfunction of these ciliated cells, as seen in diseases such as primary ciliary dyskinesia, cystic fibrosis, or chronic bronchitis, may lead to reduced or ineffective mucociliary clearance and an increased susceptibility to respiratory infections. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
ciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree
The marker set C1orf194, MS4A8 can identify the Human cell type ciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree in the Lung with a confidence of 0.86 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
These cells possess numerous cilia on their surface, typically ranging from 200 to 300 per cell. The cilia vary in length, measuring between 6 to 7 μm in the upper airways (trachea) and becoming shorter, around 4 μm, in the smaller airways (terminal bronchioles). These cells form a two-layered 'coat' in the airway: the lower 'sol' layer is watery, allowing the cilia to beat in coordinated waves, while the upper 'gel' layer is thick and sticky, trapping inhaled particles.
multiciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree
A sweat producing cell of eccrine sweat glands. Pyramidal in shape, with its base resting on the basal lamina or myoepitheliocytes, and its microvillus-covered apical plasma membrane line up the intercellular canaliculi. Cell is not stained by hematoxylin or eosin.
A chief cell of parathyroid glands that does not stain with hematoxylin or eosin. This cell is larger, has a larger nucleus and fewer secretory granules than dark chief cells.
An epithelial cell of the uterus. This cell has a mesodermal origin.
Epithelioid macrophage is an activated macrophage that resembles an epithelial cell with finely granular, pale eosinophilic cytoplasm and central, ovoid nucleus (oval or elongate). This cell type is able to merge into one another to form aggregates. The presence of such aggregates may characterize some pathologic conditions, mainly granulomatous inflammation.
A promyelocyte that is considerably smaller, with more condensed chromatin, and nucleoli are no longer conspicuous.
A simple columnar epithelial cell located in the endocervix.
The dead keratin-filled squamous cell of the stratum corneum. This cell type lacks a nucleus.
A promyelocyte with a nucleus that is indented and contains more marginated heterochromatin compared to its precursor cell (myeloblast); cytoplasm is deeply basophilic and contains numerous mitochondria and meandering cysternae of endoplasmic reticulum; largest of the granulocyte lineages.
A crenated erythrocyte with 30+ crenations, bumps or spurs that are the result of damage due to age or disease.
A cell type that makes up the highly vascular membrane lining the marrow cavity of long bones.
Endosteal cells, also known as osteogenic cells, are a specialized type of cell that resides in the endosteum of the bone marrow cavity. The endosteum is a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones. This specific location assigns endosteal cells critical roles in the bone maintenance and regeneration process as they actively participate in bone remodeling, a process that involves both the formation and resorption of bone tissue. Endosteal cells function by regulating the activity of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are cells that deposit new bone, and osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption, a process important for the maintenance, repair, and remodelling of bones. When new bone tissue is required, such as in instances of bone fractures or increased mechanical stress, endosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts to facilitate the bone formation process. Conversely, when bone resorption is necessary, these cells are known to release signals that lead to the recruitment and activation of osteoclasts. In addition to this, endosteal cells play a significant role in hematopoiesis, which is the formation of blood cellular components. They function in this process by providing a niche for hematopoietic stem cells, serving to support their maintenance and differentiation. Understanding the functionality of endosteal cells is important in the field of regenerative medicine and stem cell therapy, especially in diseases affecting bone remodeling and hematopoiesis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Epithelial cell found on the external side of the tympanic membrane
external epithelial cell of tympanic membrane
Epithelial cells derived from general body ectoderm and ectoderm placodes.
A cell type found in the basal epithelial layer on the external side of the tympanic membrane. Cell type is flattened with intracellular spaces of variable dimensions.
basal external epithelial cell of tympanic membrane
A cell type found on the superficial layer of the external side of the tympanic membrane. This cell-type lacks a nucleus.
superficial external epithelial cell of tympanic membrane
An extremely flattened cell type found on the inner side of the tympanic membrane. The surface of this cell type carries sparse pleomorphic microvilli that are more common near the junctional zones.
internal epithelial cell of tympanic membrane
A rod-shpaed cell that forms a single row adjacent to and supporting the inner hair cells.
A rod-shaped cell found in 3 or 4 rows that lie adjacent to and support the outer hair cells.
A supporting cell that is attached to the basement membrane and forms rows that support the hair cells.
An epithelial cell that remains from the disintegration of the epithelial root sheath involved in the development of teeth.
A specialized cell involved in sensory perception of smell.
A border cell is a slender columnar cell on the medial portion of the basilar membrane.
An epithelial cell located on the basal lamina of the olfactory epithelium.
A keratinized cell located in the hard palate or gingiva.
A rounded or elliptical epithelial cell, with pale-staining open face nucleus and pale cytoplasm rich in free ribosomes and clusters of centrioles; form a distinct basal zone spaced slightly from the basal surface of the epithelium.
A long, spindle-shaped supporting cells arranged in parallel rows that secretes components of the tectorial membrane and potassium ions into the endolymph.
A cell that is a specialized type of pericyte providing structural support for the capillary loops of kidney. A flat, elongated cell with extensive fine cytoplasmic processes found outside the kidney glomerulus near the macula densa and bound laterally by afferent and efferent arterioles. Being phagocytic, this cell participates in the continuous turnover of the basal lamina by removing its outer portion containing residues of filtration, while the lamina is renewed on its inner surface by the endothelial cells.
A cell within the primary follicle of the ovary.
A cell of a secondary follicile within the ovary.
A supporting cell of the anterior pituitary gland involved in trophic and catabolic processes; expresses a broad spectrum of cytokeratins indicative of their epithelial nature.
folliculostellate cell of pars anterior of adenohypophysis
folliculostellate cell of pars distalis of adenohypophysis
An epithelial cell found in the lining of the stomach.
A simple columnar cell that populates the entire luminal surface including the gastric pits. This cell types secrete mucus to form a thick protective, lubricant layer over the gastric wall.
An epithelial cell of the stomach. This cell produces mucous.
A columnar epithelial mucous secreting cell located in the neck of the gastric glands. These cells have numerous apical secretory vesicles containing mucins and a basally displaced nucleus. The mucous they secrete is distinct histochemically from that of the surface mucous cells of stomach.
OBSOLETE. A simple columnar cell that populates the entire luminal surface including the gastric pits. This cell types secrete mucus to form a thick protective, lubricant layer over the gastric wall.
obsolete surface mucosal cell of stomach
A stomach epithelial cell that is olumnar in form with a few short apical microvilli; relatively undifferentiated mitotic cell from which other types of gland are derived; few in number, situated in the isthmus region of the gland and base of the gastric pit.
A flat or angular epithelial cell with condensed nuclei and darkly staining cytoplasm containing numerous intermediate filaments inserted into desmosomes contacting surrounding supporting cells; lie in contact with the basal lamina of olfactory epithelium.
basal proper cell of olfactory epithelium
A basally situated, mitotically active, columnar-shaped keratinocyte attached to the basement membrane.
An endothelial cell that is part of the glomerulus of the kidney. This cell is flattened, highly fenestrated, and plays a vital role in the formation of glomerular ultrafiltrate.
Glomerular endothelial cells have 60-80 nm fenestrations typically lacking diaphragms in adults but present during embryonic development. Some studies found diaphragms in 2-6% of mature rat glomerular capillaries. Their presence may depend on fixation techniques, developmental stage, or dynamic cell changes. Additionally, these cells help maintain the structural integrity of glomerular capillaries through interactions with the basement membrane and podocytes.
A keratinocyte of the epidermis that is characterized by containing granules of keratohyalin and lamellar granules.
A flat keratinocyte immediately below the cornified layer.
A cell involved in the formation of a granulocyte.
A eosinophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a myelocyte and a band form cell. The nucleus becomes indented where the indentation is smaller than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin; chromatin becomes coarse and clumped; specific granules predominate while primary granules are rare.
A cell type that is the first of the maturation stages of the granulocytic leukocytes normally found in the bone marrow. Granules are seen in the cytoplasm. The nuclear material of the myelocyte is denser than that of the myeloblast but lacks a definable membrane. The cell is flat and contains increasing numbers of granules as maturation progresses.
A cell involved in the formation of a monocyte (monopoiesis).
A stem cell that can give rise to the cells of the liver. The term usually refers to the self-renewing pool of hepatocyte precursors in the adult liver (differently from 'hepatoblast', often used for fetal precursors of hepatocytes).
A transient hepatic stem cell observed after liver injury with a high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio that can differentiate into mature hepatocytes and bile duct cells. Arises from more than one tissue.
Liver progenitor cells have been variously named in rodent and human studies as oval cells, hepatic progenitor cells, liver stem cells, ductular reactions, or atypical ductular cells. They were first described as oval cells in rats due to their large nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio and oval-shaped nuclei. On the difference between 'hepatic liver stem cells' (HLSC) and 'oval cells': "... unlike a well-known hepatic progenitor cell population, known as oval cells in rodents, HLSCs do not express CK-7, CK-19, c-kit, CD133 and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) (Gaudio et al., 2009)".
A parathyroid chief cell that is not actively secreting hormone. Contains small Golgi complexes with only a few grouped vesicles and membrane-bound secretory granules; glycogen and many lipofuscin granules abound but sacs of granular endoplasmic reticulum are rare and dispersed. In normal humans, inactive chief cells out number active chief cells in a ratio of 3-5:1.
A large epithelial cell with an extremely acidophilic and granular cytoplasm, containing vast numbers of mitochondria; such cells may undergo neoplastic transformation. From the Greek word onkos meaning swelling, this cell type is found in parathyroid, salivary and thyroid glands.
An oncocyte located in the parathyroid gland.
A renal intercalated cell that secretes base and reabsorbs acid in the distal segments of the kidney tubule to maintain acid/base balance.
An epithelial cell of the tracheobronchial tree.
epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree
A tuft cell that is part of the epithelium of large intestine.
brush cell of epithelium proper of large intestine
tuft cell of epithelium of large intestine
Brush cells are a distinct cell type from brush border cell-types.
An epithelial cell found in various organs, including the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, characterized by a tuft of 120-140 blunt microvilli on its apical surface. This cell exhibits diverse functions depending on its location, which includes chemosensation, initiation of immune responses, contribution to mucociliary clearance, and defense against parasites.
Brush cells, also referred to as tuft cells or multivesicular cells, are a specialized type of epithelial cell mainly noted for their characteristic 'brush border' composed of microvilli. These cells reside in the epithelial lining of tissue organs such as the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and the bile ducts. The name derives from their distinct appearance under the microscope, which resembles a brush due to the dense layer of microvilli protruding into the lumen. A key function of brush cells is chemosensation: They express a variety of signaling molecules and receptors that enable them to detect specific chemical stimuli in the environment and act as sensory transducers. Many of these receptors are responsive to luminal content, which makes brush cells vital for regulating and coordinating appropriate physiological responses to changes in these substances. Recent research has also elucidated an important role for these cells in immunity. Intestinal brush cells have been found to be the source of a cytokine called interleukin-25, which can initiate type 2 immune responses during parasitic infections. This immune function, along with the chemosensing abilities, signifies that brush cells could serve crucial roles in health and disease, although much research is still required to fully elucidate their myriad roles in physiology and pathology. Overall, brush cells are a versatile cell type, whose distinct morphology and functional capabilities allow them to perform a unique set of functions within the body. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A brush cell found in the epithelium of lobular bronchiole.
A brush cell of the epithelium in the terminal bronchiole.
Brush cell of the epithelium in the trachea.
A brush cell found in the epithelium of bronchus.
An epithelial cell present in the trachea and bronchi; columnar in shape; generally lack cilia; immature forms of ciliated or secretory cells which have been formed from stem cells.
undifferentiated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree
A slow muscle cell that contains high levels of myoglobin and oxygen storing proteins giving the cell a red appearance.
A slow muscle cell that has large amounts of myoglobin, stores energy as triglycerides, generates ATP by the oxidative method and is resistant to fatigue.
A fast muscle fiber cell that stores energy in the form of glycogen and creatine phosphate.
A muscle cell with low content of myoglobin and other oxygen storing proteins. This muscle cell has a white appearance.
A type II muscle cell that contains large amounts of myoglobin, has many mitochondria and very many blood capillaries. Type II A cells are red, have a very high capacity for generating ATP by oxidative metabolic processes, split ATP at a very rapid rate, have a fast contraction velocity and are resistant to fatigue.
fatigue resistant fast twitch muscle cell
A type II muscle cell that contains a low content of myoglobin, relatively few mitochondria, relatively few blood capillaries and large amounts of glycogen. Type II B fibres are white, geared to generate ATP by anaerobic metabolic processes, not able to supply skeletal muscle fibres continuously with sufficient ATP, fatigue easily, split ATP at a fast rate and have a fast contraction velocity.
An intermediate muscle cell that has characteristics of both fast and slow muscle cells.
A trophoblast that leaves the placenta and invades the endometrium and myometrium. This cell type is crucial in increasing blood flow to the fetus.
A double negative thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain that has as part a Vgamma3 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4-negative, CD8-negative and CD24-positive. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus with highest numbers occurring at E17-E18.
NOTE: currently variable immune gene segments are not represented in the OBO Foundry. Cross-product definitions were not made as a result. Also, there are three different nomenclatures for the variable gamma segments.
immature dendritic epithelial T cell precursor
A trophoblast found at the junction of the placenta. This cell type makes a unique fibronectin-trophouteronectin junction that helps mediate attachment of the placenta to the uterus. This cell type is also found junction of the chorion layer of the external membranes and the decidua.
A cell located between the pinealocytes.
A squamous cell that has keratin in the esophagus.
A cell comprising the transparent, biconvex body separating the posterior chamber and vitreous body, and constituting part of the refracting mechanism of the mammalian eye.
A cell of the transparent layer of simple cuboidal epithelium over the anterior surface of the lens; transform into lens fiber(s).
The anterior lens cells, also known as lens epithelial cells, are an integral part of the eye's structure and play a critical role in the organ's physiological functioning. They are situated in the anterior portion of the lens, precisely in the lens capsule, and stretch over the lens' frontal surface. The primary function of anterior lens cells is to facilitate eye accommodation by controlling the shape and thickness of the eye lens. The cells are involved in continuous proliferation, migration, and differentiation into lens fiber cells, helping to maintain lens growth and transparency. Anterior lens cells have a prolonged life span and reveal an extraordinary ability to function indefinitely, a characteristic that is critical for maintaining lens transparency. Damage or disturbance to the anterior lens cells can give rise to lens opacity, eventually leading to cataracts, which is a common cause of vision loss. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell of the cuboidal epithelium that covers the lens. The cells of the lens epithelium regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens. As ions, nutrients, and liquid enter the lens from the aqueous humor, Na+/K+ ATPase pumps in the lens epithelial cells pump ions out of the lens to maintain appropriate lens osmolarity and volume, with equatorially positioned lens epithelium cells contributing most to this current. The activity of the Na+/K+ ATPases keeps water and current flowing through the lens from the poles and exiting through the equatorial regions. The cells of the lens epithelium also serve as the progenitors for new lens fibers. It constantly lays down fibers in the embryo, fetus, infant, and adult, and continues to lay down fibers for lifelong growth.
A lens fiber cell that develops from primary lens fiber; located towards the center of lens; cell organelles are normally degraded or in the process of being degraded.
Secondary lens fibers are a specialized type of elongated cells located within the structure of the eye's lens. They play an essential role in vision by enabling light transmission and focus on the retina, which allows for clear, distinct vision. These cells are characterized by their lack of nuclei and organelles, their orderly alignment, and their high protein content, particularly crystallins. Lens fibers are differentiated from equatorial epithelial cells of the lens in a process that involves cell elongation, denucleation and tight packing, which serve to reduce light scattering occurrences in the eye. This differentiation accelerates substantially after birth in comparison to during embryogenesis and continues throughout life, contributing to the growth of the eye lens. Secondary lens fibers are specifically those cells that are newly differentiated and cover the old lens fiber core. This process also leads to the removal of light-obstructing cellular components, mainly nuclei and organelles, making these fibers transparent and ideal for their function. The fibers carry out their primary function of light refraction via a high concentration of specialized proteins known as crystallins, which form a gradient of refractive index together with the cytoplasm. This index manipulation facilitates precise light focus onto the retina. Secondary lens fibers also contribute to the lens's shape and biomechanical properties through intercellular interactions, particularly at the sutures where the ends of the fibers meet. Any disruption to secondary lens fibers can lead to vision problems, including cataracts, which is the clouding of the lens resulting from the aggregation of crystallin proteins. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A secondary lens fiber cell that lacks a nucleus.
A secondary fiber cell that contains a nucleus.
An elongating cell that rapidly obliterates the lumen of the lens vesicle. Subsequently, differentiation of this cell type at the lens equator leads to the formation of secondary fiber cells that come to overlie the primary fibers.
A chief cell that is bigger than dark chief cells and has a larger and lighter nucleus and a cytoplasm with few granules.
An epithelial cell of the prostatic acinus.
A cell of the basal layer of the epithelium in the prostatic acinus.
basal epithelial cell of prostatic acinus
A cell of the luminal layer of the epithelium in the prostatic acinus.
A cell that constitutes the basal layer of epithelium in the prostatic duct.
A cell that constitutes the luminal layer of epithelium of prostatic duct.
luminal epithelial cell of prostatic duct
A primordial germ cell that is destined to become a male germ cell.
A primordial cell from which an oocyte (ovum) ultimately is developed.
A fibroblasts found in interstitial spaces in the pulmonary tract. Greater numbers of these cells are found in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
The marker set DPT, APOD can identify the Human cell type pulmonary interstitial fibroblast in the Lung with a confidence of 0.58 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A circular smooth muscle cell of the iris, innervated by the ciliary nerves (parasympathetic), and acting to contract the pupil. This muscle cell derives from neuroectoderm. This smooth muscle cell results from transformation of epithelial cells to smooth muscle cells.
The smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil is a specialized cell type typically found within the eye, more specifically within the sphincter muscle of the iris. These cells can constrict and dilate in response to light signals, tightly regulating the amount of light reaching the retina. Contraction narrows the pupil in bright conditions (pupillary constriction), protecting the retina from excessive light. In low light, relaxation allows dilation (pupillary dilation), enhancing visual perception in dim conditions. These cells are also innervated by parasympathetic fibers from the oculomotor nerve. Light signals to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus stimulate the release of acetylcholine, contracting the cells. On the contrary, sympathetic stimulation induces relaxation. This precise control plays a crucial role in optimizing visual function, highlighting their essential role in vision biology. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
smooth muscle fiber of sphincter of pupil
smooth muscle fibre of sphincter of pupil
smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil
A stratified squamous epithelial cell located in the ectocervix.
OBSOLETE: A lymphocyte that lacks T or B cell surface markers.
A hematopoeitic stem cell found in the blood. Normally found in very limited numbers in the peripheral circulation (less than 0.1% of all nucleated cells).
A tissue macrophage that is in the pleural space.
A pluripotent stem cell has the ability to form cells from all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). However, unlike totipotent stem cells, they cell can not generate all the cells of the whole organism such as placenta.
A stem cell that can differentiate into a cardiac myocyte.
A stem cell located in epithelium the based of the crypt of Lieberkuhn. Division of these cells serve both to maintain the stem cell population and produce the transit amplifying cells that are all precursors of all cell types that populate the intestinal epithelium.
Intestinal crypt stem cells, also known as crypt base columnar cells, are a unique type of cell, characterized by the highly specific marker LGR5, found in the intestinal epithelium. Situated at the bottom of the minute pockets known as crypts of Lieberkühn, these are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to perpetually self-renew, as well as differentiate into various other cell types that constitute the epithelial lining of the intestine. The fundamental role of intestinal crypt stem cells is to provide a constant supply of new cells to maintain the cellular turnover of the intestinal epithelium, a tissue known for rapid self-renewal. These stem cells are nurtured and protected by specialized epithelial and mesenchymal cells, and together constitute the intestinal stem cell niche. An important function of intestinal crypt stem cells is to sustain the balance between cell division and programmed cell death, called apoptosis, to ensure the integrity of the intestinal lining. Given their active proliferation rate, these stem cells initiate the creation of diverse differentiated cell types, including enterocytes (the primary absorptive cells in the intestinal lumen), goblet cells (that produce mucus to protect the epithelial layer), enteroendocrine cells (involved in producing gastrointestinal hormones), and Paneth cells (involved in secreting antimicrobial peptides). This diversity in output regulates the physiological activities of the gut ranging from nutrient absorption, hormone secretion, bacterial balance, to immunity. Research studies suggest that dysregulation in intestinal crypt stem cell proliferation and differentiation is associated with several intestinal disorders including intestinal cancer, and various enteropathies. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
stem cell of intestinal crypt of Lieberkuhn
An epithelial cell of the musculomembranous digestive tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
An epithelial cell of the lining of the esophagus.
An epithelial cell of the lining of the large intestine.
An epithelial cell of the lining of the small intestine.
A stromal cell of the endometrium, characterized by its fibroblast-like morphology, regenerative capacity, and ability to undergo decidualization. It differentiates into a decidual stromal cell during pregnancy, essential for embryo implantation and maintenance. This cell is involved in tissue proliferation, remodeling, and breakdown, responding to hormonal changes, particularly estrogen and progesterone.
A supportive cell that has characteristics of glial cell. Processes of this cell envelope the junctions between glomus cells and nerve endings.
A cell type that varies from squamous to columnar, depending on their activity with microvillus directed luminally. This cell produces and secretes thyroid hormones.
The stem cell from which glial precursor cell arises from.
An epithelial cell of the parathyroid gland.
An endothelial cell found in the mucosa associated with the facial skeleton.
endothelial cell of viscerocranial mucosa
An endothelial cell that lines any of the venous cavities through which blood passes in various glands and organs such as the spleen and liver.
Endothelial cells of sinusoids, often referred to as sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs), are a specialized type of endothelial cell that primarily reside in the capillaries of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. These cells form the innermost monolayer of the sinusoidal blood vessels, also known as sinusoids, that mediate the exchange of nutrients, metabolites, and waste materials between the blood and the surrounding organ tissue. SECs possess distinctive morphological features including a large, flattened shape, an abundance of fenestrations or pores, and the lack of a continuous basement membrane. These structural characteristics distinguish sinusoidal endothelial cells from other, more regularly structured endothelial cells in the body. Due to their special fenestrated structure, SECs facilitate the exchange of macromolecules, like lipoproteins and hyaluronan, between plasma and the surrounding organ parenchymal cells. These fenestrations act like sieves, allowing the passage of substances based on their size and charge. It's noteworthy that the permeability characteristics of SECs can be regulated dynamically according to the body's homeostatic needs. Beyond their key role in exchange mechanisms, endothelial cells of sinusoids are involved in several other functions. In the liver, for example, they help in the removal and endocytic degradation of waste macromolecules, immune response, and regulation of liver regeneration. They also participate in the formation and remodeling of blood vessels, a process known as angiogenesis. Additionally, in recent years, it has been discovered that these cells may have a role in disease conditions like cirrhosis and liver cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
One of three types of epithelial cells that populate the parathyroid gland; cytological characteristics intermediate between those of the chief cell and of the oxyphil cell. Because only one hormone is produced, the three cell forms are widely believed to be different phases in the life cycle of a single cell type, with the chief cell being its physiologically active stage.
A type of enteroendocrine cell found in the stomach that secretes glucagon.
An enteroendocrine cell that stores and secretes Ghrelin.
An endocrine cell that secretes vasoactive intestinal peptide.
vasoactive intestinal peptide secreting cell
A type EC enteroendocrine cell in the duodenum and jejunum that stores and secretes motilin and 5-hydroxytryptamine.
A type EC enteredocrine cell in the intestines that stores and secretes substance P and 5-hydroxytryptamine.
A cell that secretes motilin, a gastric hormone that at low pH inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH has a stimulating effect.
A type EC enteroendocrine cell type that is numerous in the fundus of the stomach; stores 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine.
A PP cell located in the islets of the pancreas.
Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells (also called F or gamma cells) are unique endocrine cells located within the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. PP cells are one of the rarer pancreatic cell types and are more prevalent in the head and neck of the pancreas. They are critical in normal pancreatic physiological functions and are involved in the development of pancreatic endocrine disorders. The primary function of PP cells is the production and secretion of the pancreatic polypeptide hormone (PP). This hormone plays a crucial role in several gastrointestinal functions and metabolic responses. The release of the PP hormone is stimulated after eating, especially in protein-rich meals, leading to it being present in large amounts during digestion. The fundamental role of PP is to self-regulate pancreatic secretion activities ensuring its exocrine and endocrine functions are under control. The pancreatic polypeptide hormone from PP cells also aids in adapting to low physical activity and fasting by reducing the production of insulin and glucagon and inhibiting the hepatic glucose production. Additionally, this hormone influences gut motility by slowing down the gastric emptying and reducing small intestinal transit, thereby controlling the pace at which nutritional substances are absorbed. Because of these functions, any malfunction or irregularity in PP cells can result in various disorders such as diabetes and pancreatic diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The term PP cell of pancreatic acinus was obsoleted due to a lack of evidence, making PP cell of pancreatic islets synonymous with pancreatic PP cell.
OBSOLETE: A PP cell located in the pancreatic acinus. Obsoleted due to a lack of published evidence that this cell type is actually found in the pancreatic acinus.
An enteroendocrine cell commonest in the duodenum and jejunum, rare in ileum, that secretes cholecystokinin. This cell type is involved in the regulation of digestive enzymes and bile.
An enteroendocrine cell of duodenum and jejunum that produces gastric inhibitory peptide.
A enteroendocrine cell type that is numerous in ileum, present in jejunum and large intestine, few in duodenum. This cell type produces glucagon-like immunoreactants (glicentin, glucagon-37, glucagon-29, GLP-1 and -2) and PYY.
An enteroendocrine cell found in the ileum and jejunum that produces neurotensin.
Scattered in duodenojejunal mucosa, this enteroendocrine cell secretes secretin and serotonin.
An enteroendocrine cell which produces a gastrin- and cholecystokinin-like peptide. The apical microvilli-rich plasma membrane is in open contact with the small intestine mucosa. This cell type is devoid of gastrin-17 but contains other fragments of the gastrin polypeptide.
An epithelial cell of the mucosa associated with facial skeleton.
ecto-epithelial cell of viscerocranial mucosa
An enteroendocrine cell found in the fundus and pylorus; this cell type has dense round secretory granules that contain ghrelin.
A taste receptor cell that is characterized by morphologically identifiable synaptic contacts with the gustatory nerve fibers and expression of the synaptic membrane protein-25 (SNAP-25) and NCAM.
A taste receptor cell that has a short microvilli, a projecting apical region, a large rounded nucleus, and expresses taste chemoreceptors thus making them the transducing cell for taste qualities.
A rounded, mitotically active stem cell which is the source of new cells of the taste bud; located basally.
There is debate about the exact lineage of these cell types from this progenitor. See PMID:15738192.
A cell type that forms the boundary with the surrounding epithelium.
A densely staining taste receptor cell that contains many dense vacuoles in their apical regions which project into the apical space and bear microvilli. This cell type serves as a supporting cell by surrounding and isolating the other cell types from each other; secrete a dense amorphous material that surrounds the microvilli in the taste pore. This cell type expresses a glial glutumate transporter, GLAST.
A sperm bearing a Y chromosome. Chromosomal and genetic sex is established at fertilization in mammals and depends upon whether an X-bearing sperm or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the X-bearing ovum.
A sperm bearing an X chromosome. Chromosomal and genetic sex is established at fertilization in mammals and depends upon whether an X-bearing sperm or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the X-bearing ovum.
A round or oval neuroepithelial cell that contacts other type I cells or capillaries. They occur in clusters that are surrounded by sheath cells (type-II cells) in the carotid body. This cell type is capable of secreting a number of neurotransmitters.
An epithelial cell of the thymus. Epithelial reticular cells are pleomorphic, stellate, non-phagocytic cells which seem to be supportive in function and are held together by desmosomes. They replace the fibroblastoid reticular cells found in other lymphoid organs. Other epithelial cells in the medulla have the ultrastructure of secretory cells. Although different epithelial cells throughout the thymus appear alike by light microscopy their ultrastructure and function varies.
An epithelial cell with a well defined Golgi apparatus that makes up the continuous layer of cells bordering the thymic tissue beneath the capsule.
A thymic epithelial cell that has an eccentric, round, or irregularly shaped hetero or euchromatic nucleus. The hallmark of this cell type is the presence of vacuoles, which are clustered in one area of the cytoplasm in the vicinity of the nucleus. The vacuoles are small and acquire a grape-like form, occasionally showing delicate internal microvillous projections.
An epithelial cell with high nuclear and cytoplasmic electron-density. This cell type is found in the deeper portions of the cortex but is more abundant in the medulla of the thymus.
A thymic epithelial cell with moderate nuclear and cytoplasmic electron-density. Scattered in the cortex, this cell type is predominant in the mid and deep cortex.
A thymic epithelial cell type with low nuclear and cytoplasmic electrondensity; has a round, euchromatic nucleus and occurs in small groups at the corticomedullary junction or scattered singly in the medulla.
undifferentiated medullary thymic epithelial cell
An epithelial cell scattered in the cortex, predominant in the outer cortex with a large pale nucleus and a prominent nucleolus.
A small medullary thymic epithelial cell with a spindle shape, often arranged in groups and connected to each other by large desmosomes and interdigitations. The cytoplasm is sparse, with scanty organelles and thick bundles of cytokeratin.
spindle shaped medullary thymic epithelial cell
A resident stromal cell located in the synovial membrane and responsible for the production of immune-related cytokines and chemokines. This cell type secretes glycoproteins and hyaluronic acid, has abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum, but contains fewer vacuoles and vesicles.
Type B synovial cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, and are essential for the maintenance of normal joint functions. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes from different joints have different properties, which may contribute to the characteristic pattern of joint involvement in different types of arthritis.
A synovial cell that is macrophage-like, characterized by surface ruffles or lamellipodia, plasma membrane invaginations and associated micropinocytotic vesicles, Golgi apparatus and little granular endoplasmic reticulum.
Type A cells are usually round and located in the upper part of the synovial intima.
A cell that is part of pigmented ciliary epithelium. This cell type uptakes sodium and chloride ions from stromal interstitium and passes the ions to non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells via gap junctions.
Pigmented ciliary epithelial cells, which are a type of pigment cell, have a crucial function within the eye's ciliary body. The ciliary body, located behind the iris, is one of the eye’s most vital structures and consists of two types of epithelial cells: the pigmented and the non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells. The pigmented ciliary epithelial cells form the outer layer of the ciliary body and exhibit a black or brown pigmentation due to the melanin they contain. One key function of pigmented ciliary epithelial cells is to aid in the formation of aqueous humor, an intraocular fluid that nourishes the cornea and lens, and maintains intraocular pressure which is essential for the eye’s shape and light refraction. These cells facilitate this function in conjunction with the non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells. Together, the pigmented and non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells form a bilayer epithelium that allows the secretion of aqueous humor through a bi-directional fluid transport mechanism. Pigmented ciliary epithelial cells also contribute to the blood-aqueous barrier, a physiological frontier that controls the entry and exit of various substances from the blood to the aqueous humor and vice versa. The pigmentation in these cells, intensified by melanin, helps to absorb scattered light coming into the eye, reducing any potential damage and glare. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
In a consensus model of unidirectional secretion, aqueous humour is formed by transferring solute, principally NaCl, from stroma to posterior chamber, with water passively following the osmotic gradient. Unidirectional secretion comprises three sequential steps. First, NaCl is transferred from the stromal interstitium into the pigmented ciliary epithelial (PE) cells. Second, solute passes from the PE into the non-pigmented ciliary epithelial (NPE) cells through gap junctions. Finally, NPE cells release Na+ and Cl− into the aqueous humour.
A cell that is part of non-pigmented ciliary epithelium. This cell type participates in aqueous humor formation by releasing solute, principally sodium and chloride ions received from pigmented epithelial cells via gap junctions, into the aqueous humor of the eye.
An epithelial cell of the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney that helps regulate systemic levels of potassium, sodium, calcium, and pH.
An epithelial cell of the proximal tubule of the kidney.
The vast majority of proximal tubule epithelial cells have a brush border, but there are rare exceptions.
A brush border epithelial cell located in the proximal tubule of the kidney, essential for reabsorbing substances like glucose and amino acids from the glomerular filtrate. These cells also secrete organic ions, playing a crucial role in maintaining kidney homeostasis, including electrolyte and acid-base balance, and excreting metabolic waste.
brush border cell of the proximal tubule
A basophil chromphil cell of the anterior pitiutary gland that produce adrenocorticotropic hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone and lipotropin. This cell type is irregular in shape and has short dendritic processes which are inserted among other neighboring cells;
An acidophil cell of the anterior pituitary gland that produces both prolactin and growth hormone.
An acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
An acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
An ecto-epithelial cell of the prostate gland that secretes hormones.
endocrine-paracrine cell of prostate gland
An auditory epithelial support cell located in the vestibular epithelium that has many hallmarks of glial cells. This cell type express glial markers such as vimentin, S100, glutamate-aspartate transporter, low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and proteolipid protein.
external supporting cell of vestibular epithelium
An epithelial supporting cell located in the cochlea.
A supporting cell of the vestibular epithelium.
supporting cell of vestibular epithelium
An external limiting cell found in the vestibular epithelium.
external limiting cell of vestibular epithelium
A mesothelial cell capable of circulating in the blood by first losing its squamous character. This cell can incorporate into the regenerating mesothelium.
A cell that is part of the nervous system.
A cell of the supporting or framework tissue of the body, arising chiefly from the embryonic mesoderm and including adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone.
Embryonic cells in metazoans, which include all multicellular animals, are biological units in their earliest developmental stages from conception until the organism is fully formed. They are derived from a fertilized egg, which undergoes a series of cell divisions to produce a multicellular organism. During the early phases of embryonic development, these cells exhibit pluripotency, meaning they possess the potential to differentiate into a diverse array of specialized cell types that constitute different body tissues and structures. The balance between cell proliferation and differentiation in embryonic cells is crucial for successful development. When cells continue to divide without differentiating, overgrowth may occur leading to conditions such as teratomas (tumors of embryonic cells). Conversely, if cell differentiation proceeds at the expense of cell proliferation, developmental anomalies could occur regarding size or mass of the organism or its parts. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
This is an in vitro cell type and may be removed in future releases. These cells are reportedly SSEA-4-positive, CD73-negative, and CD324-positive.
A cell of a fetus which is suspended in the amniotic fluid. Amniocytes are considered to arise from several tissues including fetal skin, the fetal urinary tract, umbilical cord, and the inner amniotic surface.
A myoepithelial cell that is part of a mammary gland and is located in the basal layer. During lactation, a basal-myoepithelial cell of mammary gland contracts under the stimulation of oxytocin. In humans, a basal-myoepithelial cell of mammary gland can be identified by high levels of CD49f and low levels of EpCAM.
Due inconsistencies in naming this and other mammary gland epithelial cell types, several mammary gland experts gathered for a breast atlas annotation jamboree organized by Chan-Zuckerberg initiative. They agreed to label this cell type as basal-myoepithelial cell (and abbreviated: B-Myo cell).
basal-myoepithelial cell of mammary gland
A milk-producing glandular epithelial cell that is part of a mammary gland alveolus and differentiates from a luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell during secretory differentiation (also termed lactogenesis I). Following secretory activation (also termed lactogenesis II), a lactocyte is involved in the synthesis and/or transport of milk constituents including proteins, oligosaccharides, lactose, micronutrients, fat, hormones, immunoglobulins, and cytokines into the lumen of the lactating mammary gland.
lactaction-associated mammary epithelial cell
luminal cell of alveolus of lactiferous gland
A mammary epithelial cell that occurs in the lumen of the ductal and alveoli structure in the breast.
luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland
An epithelial cell of the mammary gland.
An epithelial cell type that lacks the columnar shape typical for other respiratory epithelial cells. This cell type is able to differentiate into other respiratory epithelial cells in response to injury.
The basal epithelial cells of the tracheobronchial tree are critical components found in the lining of the airway passages, including the trachea and bronchi. They are keratin-5-positive, nonciliated, cuboidal cells and typically tightly attached to the basement membrane. In humans, the proportion of basal cells in the respiratory epithelium gradually decreases going down the tracheobronchial tree: they represent approximately 34% of the cells in the trachea, 27% in the large airways, and 10% in the small airways, although it is worth noting that there are differences in the compositions of the tracheobronchial epithelia between different species. Basal epithelial cells serve as the basal layer of the tracheobronchial epithelium, providing both structural and regenerative support for the epithelial tissue that lines the upper regions of the respiratory tract. They serve as progenitor or stem cells that are capable of differentiating into multiple cell types, such as ciliated and secretory cells. This gives them a central role in homeostatic maintenance of the epithelium, and in repairing damaged epithelium after an injury or during disease. This regenerative capacity is crucial in maintaining the integrity of the tracheobronchial surface, especially given its continual exposure to inhaled irritants and microorganisms. In addition to their primary restorative function, basal epithelial cells are also involved in the initial immune response within the tracheobronchial tree. Equipped with pattern recognition receptors, these cells can identify and respond to pathogenic organisms, triggering an immune response and producing a range of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, to help combat infections. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree
An undifferentiated columnar cell of the bronchus epithelium
undifferentiated cell of bronchus epithelium
A multi-ciliated epithelial cell located in the bronchus epithelium, characterized by a columnar shape and motile cilia on its apical surface.
ciliated epithelial cell of the bronchus
multiciliated epithelial cell of the bronchus
An adipocyte derived from a neural crest cell.
An undifferentiated fibroblast that can be stimulated to form a fat cell.
A preadipocyte that is capable of differentiating into a brown adipocyte. This cell type expresses uncoupling protein-1, PPAR-gamma, PR-domain-containing 16; and PGC-1alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator-1alpha).
An endothelial cell that lines the oral cavitiy including the mucosa of the gums, the palate, the lip, and the cheek.
A stem cell located in the bulge of the hair follicle that can give rise to regenerate the new follicle with each hair cycle and to reepithelialize the epidermis during wound repair.
A natural killer cell that is developmentally immature, has the phenotype CD34-negative, CD56-positive, CD117-positive, CD122-positive,and CD161-positive.
Human markers; killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL1 is used as a representative example (PRO at this time lacks a KIR superfamily).
CD56-positive, CD161-positive immature natural killer cell, human
A prostate epithelial cell that is CD133-positive, CD44-positive, integrin A2beta3-high. This cell is a stem cell for the prostate epithelium.
The exocrine cell of the prostate, this epithelial cell secretes prostatic acid phosphotase and PSA, and is dependent on androgen hormones for survival.
An undifferentiated cell of the prostate epithelium that lacks secretory activity.
A circulating endothelial cell of the phenotype CD146-positive, CD105-positive, CD45-negative. This cell type is indicative of recent vascular damage.
A natural killer cell subset that is found in the decidual of the uterus and is CD56-high, Galectin-1-positive and CD16-negative. This cell type represents the most abundant immune cell type in the decidual during the first trimester of pregnancy.
A natural killer cell that is developmentally immature, has the phenotype CD34-negative, CD56-negative, CD117-positive, CD122-positive,and CD161-positive.
CD56-negative, CD161-positive immature natural killer cell, human
An immature natural killer cell that is NK1.1-positive, DX5-positive, Ly49-positive, CD27-low and CD11b-low. This cell type is found in high numbers in the liver.
CD27-low, CD11b-low immature natural killer cell, mouse
An immature natural killer cell that is NK1.1-positive and DX-5 negative.
Dx5-negative, NK1.1-positive immature natural killer cell, mouse
A mature natural killer cell that is CD27-high and CD11b-high. This cell type is capable of interferon-gamma secretion.
CD27-high, CD11b-high natural killer cell, mouse
A CD27-low, CD11b-high natural killer cell that has a higher threshold of activation due to higher expression of inhibitory receptors.
CD27-low, CD11b-high natural killer cell, mouse
A natural killer cell that is CD27-high and CD11b-low.
CD27-high, CD11b-low natural killer cell, mouse
An endothelial cell that lines the intracavitary lumen of the heart, separating the circulating blood from the underlying myocardium. This cell type releases a number of vasoactive substances including prostacyclin, nitrous oxide and endothelin.
Endocardial cells, often referred to as endothelial cells of the heart, constitute the innermost lining layer of the heart tissues, forming the endocardium. They play a critical role in maintaining heart functionality and homeostasis. These cells, flat and squamous in structure, are adjoined closely to form a tight barrier that separates the heart's muscular layer, the myocardium, from the blood flowing through the heart chambers. Functionally, endocardial cells are key players in several crucial physiological processes within the heart. Synthesizing matrix molecules that contribute to the structural formation of the heart, these cells actively partake in maintaining its structural integrity. They also exhibit unique metabolic activity, which aids in maintaining optimal cardiac functioning in both healthy and pathological conditions. Importantly, they are known for their involvement in modulating myocardial contraction and relaxation, that is crucial for normal heart rhythm and function. They achieve this by producing factors like nitric oxide (NO) which, amongst other things, aids in the regulation of blood pressure, prevents blood clotting and inhibits the adherence of blood cells to the vessel wall. In pathological states, endocardial cells can undergo a transformation process known as endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), which is inherently involved in several cardiac diseases. In this transition, they acquire the ability to migrate and differentiate into several other types of cells contributing to disease progression. Moreover, their dysfunction can lead to endocarditis, an inflammation of the endocardium, as well as increase the risk of other heart diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A progenitor cell that is able to differentiate into the pancreas alpha, beta and delta endocrine cells. This cell type expresses neurogenin-3 and Isl-1.
A hematopoietic stem cell that exists during embryogenesis.
A hematopoietic stem cell that resides in the fetal liver. In mice, this cell type is first observed at E10.5. This cell type is MHC-positive, HSA-positive, AA4.1-positive, CD45-positive, Sca-1 positive, CD150-positive, CD48-negative and CD244-negative.
fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell
A hematopoietic stem found in the yolk sac. In mice, this cell type is Sca-1-negative, CD45-negative, MHC-negative, HSA-positive, AA4.1-positive, CD44-positive.
A large nucleated basophilic erythrocyte found in mammalian embryos. This cell type arises from the blood islands of yolk sacs and expresses different types of hemoglobins (beta-H1, gamma-1 and zeta) than adult erythrocytes. Considered a type of erythroblast as this cell type can enucleate in circulation.
A primitive erythrocyte that has undergone enucleation. This cell type is 3-6 fold bigger than the fetal derived erythrocytes that they co-circulate with during fetal development. Expresses epsilon-gamma hemoglobin chains.
A fetal liver derived enucleated erythrocyte. This erythrocyte resembles adult erythrocytes in that they are small (3- to 6- times smaller than primitive erythrocytes) and produce adult hemaglobins.
Derived from the Greek word pyren (the pit of a stone fruit), this is a transient nucleated cell type that results from exclusion of the nucleus from the primitive erythrocyte.
A hematopoietic stem cell of the placenta. This cell type is first observed E10.5 This cell type may give rise to fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells.
A hematopoietic stem cell from the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region of the developing embryo. First seen at E10.5 in mouse embryos. May give rise to fetal liver HSC.
A progenitor cell that is capable of forming colonies of primitive erythrocytes in the blood island of the yolk sac. First arrive at E7.5 in mouse and expresses CD41.
A cell located in the outermost proliferative zone of the external germinal layer that can differentiate into astroglial cells and granule cells. This cell type is glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive and HNK1-positive.
A keratocyte is a specialized fibroblast residing in the cornea stroma that has a flattened, dendritic morphology; located between the lamellae with a large flattened nucleus, and lengthy processes which communicate with neighboring cells. This corneal layer, representing about 85-90% of corneal thickness, is built up from highly regular collagenous lamellae and extracellular matrix components. Keratocytes play the major role in keeping it transparent, healing its wounds, and synthesizing its components. This cell type secretes collagen I, V, VI, and keratan sulfate.
An epithelial cell of the cortical portion of the thymus. Epithelial cells in this region are required for positive selection of CD8-positive T cells.
Cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs) are a vital cell type located in the thymus, a lymphoid organ that plays a key role in the development of T cells, which are essential for the adaptive immune system. cTECs also have a role in forming barriers and lining surfaces. In the thymus, their presence contributes to the distinctive architecture of both the cortex and medulla. cTECs also play a significant part in the selection and development of T cells. During T cell maturation, these cells express both self and non-self proteins via the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) to immature T cells. cTECs then stimulate the T cells that can recognize such proteins, an important event known as positive selection. This process aids in the creation of a diverse T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire that can react to a wide range of antigens, therefore ensuring effective immunity. Apart from aiding in T cells' positive selection, cTECs also contribute to eliminating self-reactive T cells, a role essential in preventing autoimmune diseases. These cells induce an apoptosis-driven process known as "negative selection" which eliminates T cells that are too highly reactive to self-antigens. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An epithelial cell of the medullary thymus. This cell type expresses a diverse range of tissue-specific antigens. This promiscuous gene expression is a cell-autonomous property of medullary epithelial cells and is maintained during the entire period of thymic T cell output.
Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) are distinct cells situated in the thymic medulla, a vital organ where T cells mature. mTECs are recognized by their unique appearance, characterized by large, plump cells with abundant cytoplasm and irregularly shaped nuclei. They inhabit a microenvironment closely interacting with various thymic cell types, including conventional dendritic cells and thymocytes. The primary function of mTECs revolves around negative selection of developing T cells, thus preventing autoimmune responses. mTECs allow developing T cells to recognize and be responsive to foreign antigens while remaining tolerant to the body's own tissues. They achieve this through a process called promiscuous gene expression where they express and display a vast array of self-antigens. This process is regulated by a transcriptional regulator called autoimmune regulator (Aire), which contributes to immunological self-tolerance. mTECs themselves have a self-renewing ability and sustain the continuous export of mature T cells. They also express a number of genes that encode for chemokines and other signaling molecules which draw in and retain developing T cells for the process of negative selection. The three-dimensional network formed by these cells provides a physical platform for such selection. Together, mTECs hold a critical place in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, demonstrating the conceptual links that exist between population of stromal cells, thymocytes development, tissue-restricted antigen expression, and negative selection. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A smooth muscle cell of the myometrium that enlarges and stretches during pregnancy, and contracts in response to oxytocin.
Myometrial cells are specialized smooth muscle cells located in the myometrium, the middle layer of the uterine wall. Unique to female reproductive physiology, they play a key role in pregnancy and childbirth. These cells are distinctive in their capability to substantially increase in size and number during pregnancy, preparing the uterus to accommodate the growing fetus. As pregnancy progresses, myometrial cells demonstrate a progressive growth in uterine mass through cellular hypertrophy. They are also responsible for the production of extracellular matrix proteins like collagen, which aids in supporting cell structure and function, further facilitating uterine enlargement. During childbirth, myometrial cells are responsible for the expansion and contraction of the uterus. They can propagate action potentials and generate considerable force, which is critical to their function in the reproductive system. After pregnancy, these cells can reduce in size, a process known as uterine involution. Given the important role these cells play in female reproductive physiology, dysregulation of the myometrial cell function can contribute to uterine pathologies such as uterine fibroids. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell that lines the trabecular meshwork, which is an area of tissue in the eye located around the base of the cornea, near the ciliary body, and is responsible for draining the aqueous humor from the eye via the anterior chamber (the chamber on the front of the eye covered by the cornea). This cell may play a role in regulating intraocular pressure.
An epithelial cell of the respiratory tract epithelium. These cells have an endodermal origin.
A differentiated form of a fungus produced during or as a result of an asexual or sexual reproductive process; usually a cell with a thick cell wall that stores and protects one or more nuclei. Spores may be produced in response to, and are characteristically resistant to, adverse environmental conditions.
A simple columnar epithelial cell that secretes mucin. Rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, the nucleus, and other organelles are concentrated in the basal portion. The apical plasma membrane projects microvilli to increase surface area for secretion.
The respiratory goblet cell is a highly specialized cell type found primarily within the respiratory tract, including the nose, trachea, and lungs. Named because their shape resembles a goblet - a drinking vessel with a wide body and narrow neck - these cells form a vital part of the respiratory system's protective mechanisms. They are found within the columnar epithelium lining these organs, which forms a barrier between the internal body and the exterior environment. A principal function of the respiratory goblet cell is the production and secretion of mucus, a carbohydrate-rich, viscous and gel-like substance that plays a critical role in trapping dust, bacteria, viruses, and other airborne particles that are inhaled. The mucus secreted by the goblet cells covers the lining of the respiratory tract, effectively catching these particles and preventing them from reaching the lungs and causing infection. Mucus also provides hydration and lubrication to the respiratory tract surfaces, which is important in maintaining the tissue's health and functioning. In addition to their mucus-secreting capabilities, respiratory goblet cells also play a significant role in the body's inflammatory responses. When the respiratory system is exposed to irritants or pathogens, the number and activity of goblet cells often increase, leading to a higher production of mucus. This is a protective response designed to trap and neutralize the harmful substances more effectively. However, in conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, an overproliferation of goblet cells, also known as goblet cell hyperplasia, can lead to excessive mucus production and airway obstruction. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
OBSOLETE. A cell of an organism that does not pass on its genetic material to the organism's offspring (i.e. a non-germ line cell).
Somatic cells represent the majority of the cell types in the human body. They are fundamental building blocks of organs, tissues, and other bodily structures, with every organ being composed of distinct subpopulations of these cells. The primary function of somatic cells is to maintain the function and survival of an organism. They carry significant information in the form of DNA, and through the process of mitosis, contribute to the repair and regeneration of body tissues. Further, some types of somatic cells work in a collaborative manner to form complex functional structures such as the skin and lining of the gut, demonstrating a higher level of organization. However, it's important to note that somatic cells are distinct from germ cells, which are responsible for sexual reproduction by forming sperm or eggs. Any alterations in the DNA of somatic cells, due to mutations, will not affect the offspring as they aren't involved in transmission of genetic information to the next generation. While most somatic cells contain two copies of each chromosome (diploid), a certain subset may possess a single set of chromosomes (haploid), specifically found in male ants, bees, and other hymenopterans. Hence, diversity is a defining characteristic of somatic cells, reflecting in their structures, roles, and genetic makeup. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A transversely striated, multinucleated syncytial muscle cell, formed by the fusion of myoblasts during muscle development.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes growth hormone releasing hormone.
growth hormone releasing hormone secreting cell
A hair cell of the ear that contains the organs of balance and hearing.
A multipotent progenitor cell that develops from a migratory neural crest cell. The schwann cell precursor is embedded among axons, with minimal extracellular space separating them from nerve cell membranes. This cell lacks a basal lamina, which distinguishes it from more mature Schwann cells. In rodents, cadherin-19 (Cdh19) serves as a specific marker for this developmental stage.
Schwann cell precursor are capable of differentiating into Schwann cells and other cell types such as melanocytes, neurons, and mesenchymal cells.
A glial cell that ensheaths multiple small diameter axons in the peripheral nervous system. The non-myelinating Schwann cell is embedded among neurons (axons) with minimal extracellular spaces separating them from nerve cell membranes and has a basal lamina. Cells can survive without an axon present. These cells can de-differentiate into immature Schwann cells.
A glial cell that develops from a Schwann cell precursor. The immature Schwann cell is embedded among neurons (axons) with minimal extracellular spaces separating them from nerve cell membranes and has a basal lamina. Cells can survive without an axon present. Immature Schwann cell can be found communally ensheathing large groups of axons.
A double negative thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing a Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4-negative, CD8-negative and CD24-positive and is found in the fetal thymus.
immature Vgamma2-positive fetal thymocyte
A neurecto-epithelial cell found in the arachnoid villi of dura mater. This cell type facilitates flow of cerebrospinal fluid into the blood.
An asexual spore formed by Oomycetes; formed upon fertilization of an oosphere.
A conidium that has more than one nucleus.
A uninucleate spore formed on specialized cells or projections, sterigma, of a conidiophore head.
A macroconidium that has only one nucleus.
An oblong or round asexual spore formed from conidial chains.
A macroconidium that has more than one nucleus.
Cylindrical spore formed by development and compartmentation of hyphae; the hyphae are often supporting blastoconidiophores.
An arthroconidium that has more than one nucleus.
An arthroconidium that has only one nucleus.
A blastoconidium that has only one nucleus.
A blastoconidium that has more than one nucleus.
Obsolete. Use PO:0025017 from Plant Ontology instead. A plant cell that arises through meiosis and develops into a gametophyte.
A monocyte that has characteristics of both patrolling and inflammatory monocytes.
A myeloid dendritic cell found in the blood, lymph nodes, tonsil, bone marrow, and spleen that is CD141-positive (BDCA-3), XCR1-positive, and Clec9A-positive. This cell-type can cross-present antigen to CD8-positive T cells and can produce inteferon-beta.
Markers are found in human cells. Normally they represent 3-5% of peripheral blood mDCs (human). These cells express high levels of CD283 (TLR3), are capable of producing IL-12p70 and IFN-beta upon stimulation, and inducing a TH1 response [PMCID:PMC2882828]. They are also Necl2-positive. May be human equivalent of murine CD8-alpha-positive DCs.
A resident monocyte that is Gr-1 high, CD43-negative, CX3CR1-negative, CD115-positive, and B220-negative.
Markers are associated with mice. The Gr epitope is used to describe this cell type is found on both Ly6c and Ly6g. However, its the Ly6c that is considered the specific marker, and thus used in the cross-product.
A patrolling monocyte that is CD14-low and CD16-positive.
Markers are associated with human monocytes.
A CD14-positive monocyte that is also CD16-positive and CCR2-negative.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'CD16+ monocyte'. Markers are associated with human cells. Note that this cell type encompasses both human intermediate monocytes (CD14+, CD16-low), and human non-classical monocytes (CD14-low, CD16+).
An intermediate monocyte that is Gr1-positive, CD43-positive.
A myeloid dendritic cell that is CD1c-positive.
Normally represent 10-20% of peripheral blood mDCs (human). They are also CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD283-positive (TLR3), CD284-positive (TLR4), CD285-positive (TLR5), CD286-positive (TLR6), CD288-positive (TLR8), and CD290-positive (TLR10) [PMID:20204387]. Upon TLR stimulation, these cells were potent producers of CXCL8 (IL-8), while producing little TNF-alpha.
A precursor B cell that is AA4-positive, IgM-negative, CD19-positive, CD43-positive and HSA-positive.
A thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain that has as part a Vgamma3 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4-negative, CD8-negative and CD24-negative. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus with highest numbers occurring at E17-E18.
mature dendritic epithelial T cell precursor
A resting mature B cell within the Peyer's patch that is CD19-positive, B220-positive, IgM-positive, AA4-negative, CD23-positive, CD43-negative, and CD5-negative.
A thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4-negative, CD8-negative and CD24-negative. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus.
A post-natal thymocyte expressing components of the gamma-delta T cell receptor. This cell type is always double-negative (i.e. CD4-negative, CD8-negative).
A double negative post-natal thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing a Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4-negative, CD8-negative and CD24-positive.
A thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4-negative, CD8-negative and CD24-negative.
A double negative post-natal thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain that does not contain a Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4-negative, CD8-negative and CD24-positive.
A thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain that does not contain the Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4-negative, CD8-negative and CD24-negative.
A cell that is found in the periacinar space of the exocrine pancreas and in perivascular and periductal regions of the pancreas, and has long cytoplasmic processes that encircle the base of the acinus. Expresses several intermediate filament proteins including vimentin and nestin. Shares many of the characteristics of hepatatic stellate cells, but not stellate cells of the central nervous system. Upon activation, this cell type undergoes morphological and gene expression changes that make the cell suggestive of being a type of myofibroblast.
A gamma-delta receptor that expresses Vgamma1.1 but does not express Vdelta6.3 chains in the T-cell receptor.
Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte
A gamma-delta receptor that expresses Vgamma1.1-Vdelta6.3 chains in the T-cell receptor.
Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte
A Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte that is CD24-negative.
mature Vg1.1-positive, Vd6.3-negative T cell
mature Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte
A Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte that is CD24-positive.
immature Vg1.1-positive, Vd6.3-negative T cell
immature Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte
A Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte that is CD24-positive.
immature Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte
A Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte that is CD24-negative.
mature Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte
An immature or mature cell of the first erythroid lineage to arise during embryonic development.
A pluripotent cell in the yolk sac that can give rise to mesenchymal cells including erythrocytes and endothelial cells.
A T cell that expresses a T cell receptor complex and has completed T cell selection.
A T cell that has not completed T cell selection.
A reticulocyte that retains the nucleus and other organelles. Found in birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles.
A reticulocyte lacking a nucleus and showing a basophilic reticulum under vital staining due to the presence of ribosomes.
Observed in mice. There is growing evidence that molecular markers characterizing double negative thymocytes are different across species, especially in mouse versus human thymus. If in doubt, please consider using CL:0002489 'double negative thymocyte'.
A pro-T cell that is lin-negative, CD25-negative, CD127-negative, CD44-positive and kit-positive.
ETPs are reportedly CD1a-negative, CD4-negative, CD7-positive, CD8a-negative, CD8b-negative, CD33-low, CD34-high, CD38-low, CD45RA-positive, and CD45RO-negative.
A mature natural killer cell that is CD11b-positive and CD27-positive.
A natural killer cell that is NK1.1-positive, CD11b-positive, and CD27-positive.
CD11b-positive, CD27-positive natural killer cell, mouse
A double-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte that is small and not proliferating.
A double-positive thymocyte that is large (i.e. has a high forward scatter signal in flow cytometry) and is actively proliferating.
A double-positive thymocyte that is CD69-positive and has begun positive selection.
A double-positive thymocyte that is undergoing positive selection, has high expression of the alpha-beta T cell receptor, is CD69-positive, and is in the process of down regulating the CD4 co-receptor.
CD4-intermediate, CD8-positive double-positive thymocyte
A double-positive thymocyte that is undergoing positive selection, has high expression of the alpha-beta T cell receptor, is CD69-positive, and is in the process of down regulating the CD8 co-receptor.
CD4-positive, CD8-intermediate double-positive thymocyte
A CD4-positive, CD8-negative thymocyte that is CD24-positive and expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor.
CD24-positive, CD4 single-positive semimature thymocyte
Described in the immgene database as being CD24-intermediate.
CD24-positive, CD4 single-positive thymocyte
A CD4-positive, CD8-negative thymocyte that expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor and is CD69-positive.
CD69-positive, CD4-positive single-positive thymocyte
A CD8-positive, CD4-negative thymocyte that is CD24-positive and expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor.
CD24-positive, CD8 single-positive semimature thymocyte
CD24-positive, CD8 single-positive thymocyte
A CD8-positive, CD4-negative thymocyte that expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor and is CD69-positive.
CD69-positive, CD8-positive single-positive thymocyte
A mature CD4-positive, CD8-negative alpha-beta T cell found in the thymus that is CD24-low and has high expression of the T cell receptor.
A mature CD8-positive, CD4-negative alpha-beta T cell found in the thymus that is CD24-low and has high expression of the T cell receptor.
A mature NK cell that is NK1.1-positive.
Note: Nk1.1 expression is restricted to C57BL strains of laboratory mice.
NK1.1-positive natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is NKGA2-positive.
NKGA2-positive natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49D-positive.
Ly49D-positive natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is CD94-positive.
CD94-positive natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is CD94-negative and Ly49Cl-negative.
CD94-negative, Ly49CI-negative natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49Cl-positive.
Ly49CI-positive natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49H-positive.
Ly49H-positive natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49D-negative.
Ly49D-negative natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49Cl-negative.
Ly49CI-negative natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is CD94-negative.
CD94-negative natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49H-negative.
Ly49H-negative natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is CD94-positive and Ly49Cl-positive.
CD94-positive Ly49CI-positive natural killer cell, mouse
A specialized hair cell that has an elongated kinocilium upon which an otolith accretes. The tether cell then anchors the otolith in place.
A multi-fate stem cell that is the source of cells for growth of the mammary gland during puberty and gestation. This cell type gives rise to both the luminal and myoepithelial cell types of the gland, and have been shown to have the ability to regenerate the entire organ in mice. This cell type also plays an important role in carcinogenesis of the breast. This cell type is Lin-, CD24-positive, CD29-hi.
A progenitor cell of the central nervous system that can differentiate into oligodendrocytes or type-2 astrocytes. This cell originates from multiple structures within the developing brain including the medial ganglion eminence and the lateral ganglionic eminence. These cells migrate throughout the central nervous system and persist into adulthood where they play an important role in remyelination of injured neurons.
This cell type can be purified from optic nerves and other regions of the embryonic, postnatal and adult rat CNS and can be differentiated in vitro to oligodendrocytes and type-2 astrocytes. Some references use the terms 'oligodendrocyte precursor cell' and 'oligodendrocyte type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor' to refer to the same entity (e.g., PMID:10704434), while others describe an oligodendrocyte type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cell as the precurosr to oligodendrocyte- and type-2 astrocyte- progenitor cells (e.g, ISBN:9780702028991).
oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cell
oligodendrocyte/type-2 astrocyte progenitor cell
CD4-negative, CD8-alpha-negative, CD11b-positive dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-positive, CD4-negative, CD8-alpha-negative and is CD205-positive.
CD4-negative, CD8-alpha-negative, CD11b-positive dendritic cell
A CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell that is CD8-alpha-negative and CD4-positive.
CD8-alpha-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell
A CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell that is CD8-alpha-positive and CD4-positive.
CD8-alpha-positive plasmacytoid dendritic cell
A Langerhans cell that is in the epidermis and is CD45-positive, MHCII-positive, and CD11b-positive.
A dermal dendritic cell that is langerin-positive and CD103-positive.
A dermal dendritic cell that is langerin-negative, CD103-negative, and CD11b-positive.
A conventional thymic dendritic cell that is CD8-alpha-negative.
CD8-alpha-negative thymic conventional dendritic cell
A conventional dendritic cell that is CD103-positive. This cell type is usually found in non-lymphoid tissue.
A F4/80-negative dendritic cell located in adipose tissue.
An adipose dendritic cell that is SIRPa-positive.
An adipose dendritic cell that is SIRPa-negative.
A conventional dendritic cell that expresses CD11b (ITGAM).
A CD11b-positive dendritic cell located in the serosal portion of the small intestine epithelium. This cell type is CD45-positive, MHC-II-positive, CD11c-low, CD103-negative.
Figure depicts a cross section of intestinal villi in the small intestine, including the crypts of Lieberkuhn (seen here as ‘crypt’), as well as the layer specific locations of cells that exist within the gastrointestinal tract. Layers depicted here include epithelium (rows of cells bordering villus), submucosa (white space below the epithelium containing networks of neurons and ganglia depicted in pink), muscularis mucosae (blue layer), muscularis propria (referred to here as muscle layer). ISC: Intestinal Stem Cell TA: Transit Amplifying Cells
A myeloid suppressor cell that is Gr1-high and CD11c-negative.
A myeloid suppressor cell that is Gr1-low and CD11c-positive.
Gr1-high monocyte that lacks MHC-II receptor complex.
Gr1-high monocyte that has a MHC-II receptor complex.
Gr1-low non-classical monocyte that lacks expression of a MHC-II complex.
Gr1-low non-classical monocyte that has low to intermediate expression of the MHC-II complex.
Gr1-low non-classical monocyte that has high surface expression of a MHC-II complex.
A MHC-II-negative classical monocyte located in lymphoid tissue that is F4/80-positive, CD11c-negative, and CD11b-high.
lymphoid MHC-II-negative classical monocyte
A MHC-II-negative classical monocyte located in lymphoid tissue that is F4/80-positive, CD11c-intermediate, and CD11b-high.
lymphoid MHC-II-negative non-classical monocyte
A tissue-resident macrophage located in the bone marrow. This cell type is B220-negative, CD3e-negative, Ly-6C-negative, CD115-positive, F4/80-positive.
A macrophage located in adipose tissue that is CD45-positive, CD11c-positive, and SIRPa-positive.
An adipose macrophage that does not express F4/80but is MHC-II-positive. This cell type exhibits autofluorescence under typical flow cyometry conditions.
An adipose macrophage that does not express MHC-II but is F4/80-positive.
A goblet cell located in the nasal epithelium.
The marker set LYPD2, MUC5AC can identify the Human cell type nasal mucosa goblet cell in the Lung with a confidence of 0.81 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
The flattened smooth myoepithelial cells of mesodermal origin that lie just outside the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule.
A melanocyte that produces pigment in the dermis.
A melanocyte that produces pigment within the hair follicle.
A melanocyte that produces pigment in the epithelium.
The text defintion reference to the MP term appears to reference an epidermal melanocyte term. This term represents any melanocyte in any epithelium.
A melanocyte of the retina. This cell type is distinct from pigmented retinal epithelium.
A melanocyte located between the epithelial marginal cell layer and the mesodermal basal cell layer within the intrastrial space; the predominant cellular component of the electrogenic machinery that generates an endocochlear potential (80-100 mV) .
A neuronal receptor that respond to mechanical pressure or distortion in the skin.
cutaneous/subcutaneous mechanoreceptor cell
A trophoblast cell that has a large volume of cytoplasm, is polyploid and is usually mononuclear but is also occasionally multi-nucleate. This cell type is important in establishing maternal physiology and remodeling of the vasculature of the placenta.
A thymocyte that lacks expression of CD4 and CD8.
These are precursors to mature T cells; normally, they do not circulate, but are found in the thymus and they have not undergone rearrangement of the alpha and beta T cell receptor genes.
A supporting cell of the organ of Corti.
A specialized cell involved in auditory sensory perception.
A polarized columnar cell that covesr the lateral surface of the cochlear duct, secretes potassium ions and forms a continuous sheet in contact with the endolymph; marginal cells form extensive interdigitations with the basal and intermediate cells in the normal adult stria.
A polarized cell that is juxtaposed to fibrocytes in the underlying spiral ligament. This cell type secretes potassium ions derived from fibrocytes through gap junctions.
Basal cells form a multi-layered epithelial barrier that separates the extracellular spaces of the stria vascularis and the spiral ligament[PMID:18353863]
A cell located in the heart, including both muscle and non muscle cells.
From Onard of the FMA: Cardiac muscle cell or cardiac myocyte is a striated muscle cell. Cardiocyte on the other hand is any cell in the heart which includes cells other than muscle cells (e.g. endothelial cell of endocardium). Unless there is a consensus among anatomists that cardiocytes refer only to muscle cells, we will treat them as a general class of cells in the heart.
A fetal and neonatal heart cell that undergoes proliferation and is not yet terminally differentiated into a binucleate or a multinucleate cardiac myocyte.
A T cell that is located in the intestinal epithelium and is capable of a mucosal immune response.
A trophoblast giant cell derived from the mural trophectoderm.
A trophoblast giant cell that is derived from ectoplacental cone and, later in gestation, the spongiotrophoblast.
A trophoblast cell that arises in the junctional zone (basal plate) of the placenta.
A P/D1 enteroendocrine cell that is Grimelius positive and stores bombesin-like polypeptide.
A P/D1 enteroendocrine cell that is argyrophilic and stores vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.
An enteroendocrine cell of the small intestine that secretes motilin.
A cell of the adventitial layer of ductal structures such as the uterer, defent duct, biliary duct, etc
Enteric smooth muscle cells are a specialized type of cell found in the gastrointestinal tract. They are an integral part of the enteric nervous system, which regulates the functions of the gastrointestinal system. These cells have a unique structural organization that enables their primary function: the contraction and relaxation necessary for the propulsion of gastrointestinal contents. Smooth muscle cells in the enteric system possess unique attributes that distinguish them from other smooth muscle cells in the body. One crucial function is peristalsis, where these cells contract in a coordinated manner, generating a wave of contraction and relaxation. This peristaltic movement facilitates the movement of food particles through the digestive tract, playing a vital role in the digestion and absorption processes in animals. Additionally, these cells are responsible for maintaining the tone of gastrointestinal sphincters, controlling passage and preventing one-sided movement of the contents. Enteric smooth muscle cells are also involved in local immune responses of the gastrointestinal tract. They can communicate with local immune cells and secrete cytokines or other signaling molecules in response to infectious organisms, which makes them crucial mediocellular players in gastrointestinal homeostasis and response to disease. Their interactions with other cell types, such as neurons, myofibroblasts, and interstitial cells of Cajal, further contribute to these cells' role in maintaining the physiological functions of the gastrointestinal system. Overall, enteric smooth muscle cells provide an indispensable contribution to the complex operations of the digestive tract. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A CD11b-positive dendritic cell that is CD11b-high, CD45-positive, MHC-II-positive and CD103-negative.
A CD11b-positive dendritic cell that is CD11b-low, CD45-positive, MHC-II-high and CD103-positive that is located in the liver.
A dermal dendritic cell isolated from skin draining lymph nodes that is langerin-positive, MHC-II-positive, and CD4-negative and CD8a-negative.
langerin-positive lymph node dendritic cell
A dermal dendritic cell isolated from skin draining lymph nodes that is langerin-negative, MHC-II-positive, and CD4-negative and CD8a-negative.
langerin-negative, CD103-negative lymph node dendritic cell
A langerin-positive lymph node dendritic cell that is CD103-positive and CD11b-low.
CD103-positive, langerin-positive lymph node dendritic cell
A langerin-positive lymph node dendritic cell that is CD103-negative and CD11b-high.
CD103-negative, langerin-positive lymph node dendritic cell
A langerin-negative lymph node dendritic cell that is CD103-negative and CD11b-low.
CD11b-low, CD103-negative, langerin-negative lymph node dendritic cell
A langerin-negative lymph node dendritic cell that is CD103-negative and CD11b-high.
CD11b-high, CD103-negative, langerin-negative lymph node dendritic cell
A CD8-alpha alpha positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that expresses a TCR encoded in part by the Vgamma5 gene segment.
Vgamma5-positive CD8-alpha alpha positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell
A CD8-alpha alpha positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that does not express a TCR partially encoded by the Vgamma5 gene segment.
Vgamma5-negative CD8-alpha alpha positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell
An interrenal chromaffin cell found in teleosts that contain heterogeneous vesicles with electron-dense granules located asymmetrically within the vesicular membrane.
A chromaffin cell interspersed among the interrenal epithelial layer of the anterior kidney of teloest fish.
An interrenal chromaffin cell found in teleosts that contain small, homogeneous electron-lucent granules that are separated from the vesicular membrane by a visible halo.
An interrenal epithelial kidney cell is an epithelial cell found in the anterior kidney of teleosts fish. This cell type is arranged in layers around the posterior cardinal vein and contains many mitochondria with tubulovesicular cristae. Interrenal chromaffin cells are interspersed among the tissue layer created by this cell type.
An insect excretory cell that regulates hemolymph composition by filtration and filtrate endocytosis.
An adipocyte that is part of subcutaneous adipose tissue.
A renal filtration cell is a specialized cell of the renal system that filter fluids by charge, size or both.
A specialized epithelial cell that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros.
mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell
A disseminated nephrocyte is a nephrocyte that filters hemolymph and is found at scattered locations in the fat body or other tissues.
A specialized epithelial cell that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.
metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell
A dermal dendritic cell that is CD1a-negative and CD14-positive.
They are also CD11c-positive, CD40-positive, CD85j-positive (ILT-2), CD163-positive, CD205-positive (DEC205), CD207-negative (langerin), CD209-positive (DC-SIGN), CD274-positive (PD-L1), CD324-negative (E-cadherin), Factor XIIIa-positive, LOX-I-positive, CLEC6-positive, Dectin-1-positive, and DCIR-positive. Upon stimulation, these cells are capable of producing IL1-beta, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12p40, IL19, IL20, IL24, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and MCP1. They reside in the dermis.
An immature CD14-positive dermal dendritic cell is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
immature CD14-positive dermal dendritic cell
A mature CD14-positive dermal dendritic cell is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive.
mature CD14-positive dermal dendritic cell
A dermal dendritic cell that is CD1a-positive and CD14-negative.
Reside in the dermis. They are also CD11c-positive, CD40-positive, CD207-negative (langerin), CD209-negative (DC-SIGN), and CD324-negative (E-cadherin). When activated, they are capable of producing CXCL8 (IL-8) and IL-15. Possibly a precursor of Langerhans cells or equivalent of langerin-positive dermal DCs in the mouse.
An immature CD1a-positive dermal dendritic cell is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
immature CD1a-positive dermal dendritic cell
A mature CD1a-positive dermal dendritic cell is CD80-high, CD83-positive, CD86-high, and MHCII-high.
mature CD1a-positive dermal dendritic cell
A myeloid dendritic cell found in the blood that is CD16-positive.
Normally represent 65-75% of peripheral blood mDCs (human). They are also CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD284-positive (TLR4), CD285-positive (TLR5), CD286-positive (TLR6), CD288-positive (TLR8), CD289-positive (TLR9), and CD290-positive (TLR10) by RT-PCR [PMID:17332250]. Upon TLR stimulation, these cells are potent producers of TNF-alpha, while producing little CXCL8 (IL8).
An immature CD16-positive myeloid dendritic cell is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
immature CD16-positive myeloid dendritic cell
A mature CD16-positive myeloid dendritic cell is CD80-high, CD83-positive, CD86-high, and MHCII-high.
mature CD16-positive myeloid dendritic cell
cervical canal of uterus epithelial cell
epithelial cell of cervical canal of uterus
An epithelial cell that is part of the amnion.
A mesenchymal stem cell of the amnion membrane.
An epithelial cell of the intrahepatic portion of the bile duct. These cells are flattened or cuboidal in shape, and have a small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio relative to large/extrahepatic cholangiocytes.
Intrahepatic cholangiocytes represent a subset of the biliary epithelial cells that form a network of tubes in the liver called the biliary tree The intrahepatic cholangiocytes reside specifically in the intrahepatic bile ducts and play a crucial role in liver physiology and bile production and secretion, thereby aiding in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine. These specific cholangiocytes arise from bipotent hepatoblasts, whereas extrahepatic cholangiocytes share an embryologic origin with the ventral pancreas. Recent research suggests that there is also heterogeneity within populations of intrahepatic cholangiocytes with different transcriptional profiles, proliferative capacity, and biological function; for example, subpopulations differ in calcium-mobilizing receptors. The primary function of intrahepatic cholangiocytes is related to bile formation and maintenance of its flow. In addition to their secretory and absorptive activities, they are involved in the regulation of bile composition, volume, and alkalinization, contributing to the neutralization of the acidic chyme (partly digested food) that enters the intestine from the stomach. Intrahepatic cholangiocytes are also recognized for their role in liver regeneration and repair, often proliferating in response to injury. Intrahepatic cholangiocytes take part in certain pathological conditions, like primary biliary cirrhosis and cholangiocarcinoma. Changes in these cells often lead to abnormalities in bile formation and transport, causing cholestatic liver diseases. Overall, the primary and secondary functional activities of intrahepatic cholangiocytes are vital in maintaining liver function, digestive processes, and contributing to the body's response to liver injury. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Aortic smooth muscle cells are specialized and highly differentiated muscle cells that are located in the tunica media layer of the aorta. They consist of spindle-shaped cells with a centrally located nucleus. These cells are rich in actin and myosin, muscle contractile proteins, that allow them to exert force and change shape. Aortic smooth muscle cells play a vital role in maintaining blood pressure and circulation, and are essential for vascular integrity and function. The primary function of these cells is contraction and relaxation, which enables the regulation of blood flow and pressure in the aorta, and helps in the distribution of oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Additionally, a critical characteristic of smooth muscle cells is their plasticity. They can undergo phenotypic modulation in response to changes in their environment or vascular injury, switching from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype. The contractile phenotype is characterized by high contractility and low proliferation rate, while the synthetic phenotype is marked by increased cell proliferation and matrix synthesis but reduced contractile function. Aortic smooth muscle cells have a significant role in the physiological and pathological processes of the cardiovascular system. In the normal physiological state, they contribute to the elasticity and flexibility of the aorta. Conversely, in pathological states, changes in the function and structure of aortic smooth muscle cells are connected with various vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and aneurysm. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A mesenchymal stem cell that is part of the bone marrow.
mesenchymal stem cell of the bone marrow
A mesenchymal stem cell of the chorionic membrane.
chorionic membrane mesenchymal stem cell
An endothelial cell that is part of the vein.
Vein endothelial cells form a thin layer of squamous cells, the endothelium, lining the interior surface of veins throughout the body. They shape the inner cellular lining of the entire vascular system, including the heart, playing a crucial role in blood circulation. The unique characteristic compact arrangement of these cells enables veins to act as a barrier between the blood (that can contain foreign substances) and the surrounding venous tissue and maintain the integrity of the vascular system. The primary function of vein endothelial cells is to control the exchange of substances between the bloodstream and the surrounding tissues. They facilitate selective transportation of molecules depending on their size and solubility, including gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Vein endothelial cells also play a protective role by inhibiting the translocation of toxins or pathogens from blood to tissues. Additionally, these cells are involved in blood coagulation and inflammation response, primarily by producing substances that inhibit blood clot formation under normal conditions and initiating clotting when necessary. Another significant function of vein endothelial cells is the regulation of blood flow and blood pressure. They produce and release several substances, including nitric oxide and prostacyclin, which help in controlling vasodilation and vasoconstriction, thereby regulating blood pressure. These cells are also responsible for angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, which is crucial during wound healing and in the formation of granulation tissue. Consequently, any dysfunction in vein endothelial cells can lead to severe health problems like atherosclerosis, hypertension, and thrombosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An arterial endothelial cell that is part of the aorta endothelium.
An endothelial cell that is part of the thoracic endothelium.
An endothelial progenitor cell that participates in angiogenesis during development.
embryonic blood vessel endothelial progenitor cell
A fibroblast that is part of the choroid plexus.
A fibroblast that is part of the conjuctiva of the eye.
Any skin fibroblast that is part of some dermis.
Any fibroblast that is part of some gingiva.
A fibroblast that is part of the mammary gland.
A fibroblast that is part of villous mesenchyme.
An animal cell that is part of a hair follicle.
An epithelial cell that resides in the inner root sheath of the hair follicle.
An epithelial cell that is part of the outer root sheath.
An epidermal cell that is part of the germinal matrix.
An epithelial cell of the lining of the intestine.
A connective tissue cell of the nucleus pulposus cell of intervertebral disc.
nucleus pulposus cell of intervertebral disc
A pigment cell located in the epithelium of the iris.
A melanocyte that appears darker due to content or amount of melanin granules.
A melanocyte that appears lighter in color.
A mesenchymal stem cell that is part of Wharton's jelly.
mesenchymal stem cell of Wharton's jelly
A mesenchymal stem cell of the umbilical cord.
A mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue.
Mesenchymal stem cells of adipose tissue, also known commonly as adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), are a population of adult stem cells that can be obtained easily from adipose tissues. They have many of the same regenerative properties as other mesenchymal stem cells, but are more easily accessible than bone marrow-derived stem cells. Adipose-derived stem cells show immense promise in the field of regenerative medicine due to their ability to differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes, myocytes, osteoblasts, and other cell types. ADSCs also possess immunomodulatory and homeostatic functions: they have the ability to suppress immune responses and provide a therapeutic environment for tissue repair and regeneration, as well as supporting the proliferation of adipocytes and the overall expansion of adipose tissue and contributing to the tissue's ability to react to demands of energy storage and mobilization. Dysfunction of these cells may contribute to metabolic complications observed in obesity and diabetes. ADSCs have been used for therapeutic applications such as pathological wound healing, severe refractory acute graft-versus-host disease, and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A mesenchymal stem cell of the vertebrae.
A glial cell that myelinates or ensheathes axons in the peripheral nervous system.
Schwann cells, also known as neurolemmocytes, are a type of glial cell located in the peripheral nervous system. These cells play a significant role in the healthy functioning of nerves by producing myelin, a fatty substance that forms a coating around nerve fibers. Myelin serves as an insulator and enhances the speed and efficiency of electrical nerve impulses; a single Schwann cell can myelinate a single axon. Myelination starts by the elongation and envelopment of the Schwann cell around the axon, followed by the synthesis and deposition of myelin layers. Some studies suggest that Schwann cells may regulate neuronal action potential, muscular contraction, and the sensitive response. While Schwann cells are most commonly known for the formation of the myelin sheath, some Schwann cells do not form myelin: Remak Schwann cells, a class of nonmyelinating Schwann cells, ensheath axons with smaller diameter, such as C fiber nociceptors in sciatic nerves and form Remak bundles. Schwann cells are found along both motor and sensory neurons and are crucial for the advancement and recovery of peripheral nerve injuries, due to their capacity to support nerve regeneration. In cases of nerve injury, Schwann cells play a vital role in recovery by initiating Wallerian degeneration, a process in which the part of the axon distal to the injury site degrades and is then cleared away. Following this, Schwann cells can guide the regrowth of the nerve, providing a conducive environment for axon regeneration. They remodel themselves into a regenerative phenotype, proliferate, and organize themselves into bands of Büngner that provide physical and chemical guidance for the regrowths of axons. This function of Schwann cells in the repair and regeneration of nervous system highlights their therapeutic potential in peripheral nerve injury treatments. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A myelinating Schwann cell wraps around a single axon. Myelination occurs in larger diameter axons, while a process called ensheathment occurs on smaller diameter axons in which a single cell wraps around multiple small, unmyelinated axons separating them with a thin layer of cytoplasm. The structure formed is called a Remak bundle.
A pericyte of the central nervous system.
A glial cell that is part of the perineurium. This cell type has thin long bipolar cytoplasmic processes, pinocytotic vesicles, fragments of external lamina and/or external lamina-like material, attachment plaques, and desmosome-like junctions. Perineurial cells historically have been referred to as fibroblasts because of shape; however, unlike fibroblasts, a perineurial cell: does not have a compact nucleus and large endoplasmic reticulum; does have a double basement membrane opposed to a single basal lamina; is carefully joined to other perineurial cells by tight junctions into a single sheet as opposed to arranged in a large mass; and finally, can surround a small axon bundle at a nerve terminal whereas a fibroblast cannot.
There are studies that largely accept the idea that the perineurial cell is a modified fibroblast with myofibroblastic features.
A preadipocyte found in mesenteric tissue.
A preadipocyte that is part of an omentum.
A preadipocyte that is part of the breast.
A preadipocyte that is part of a perirenal fat tissue.
A preadipocyte that is part of visceral tissue.
A preadipocyte that is part of subcutaneous tissue.
An epithelial cell of the kidney cortex.
A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of the retina.
Retinal blood vessel endothelial cells constitute the innermost lining of the blood vessels found in the retina, the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye. The primary role of these cells revolves around their location within the retinal vascular system, forming the structure of the blood-retinal barrier, a subset of the larger blood-ocular barrier system. The endothelial cells are particularly involved in the growth of new retinal blood vessels from pre-existing ones (angiogenesis); this is critical in managing the amount of oxygen and essential nutrients delivered to the ocular tissues. They are crucial for maintaining homeostasis in the retinal environment by controlling the exchange of molecules between the blood and the retina. Furthermore, they mediate immune cell trafficking, supporting the immune privilege of the eye by preventing the unrestricted infiltration of inflammatory cells into the retina, thus maintaining ocular health and normal vision. The malfunction or dysfunction of retinal blood vessel endothelial cells is implicated in numerous ocular pathologies, particularly diabetic retinopathy, which is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. In such conditions, the compromise in the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier and excess angiogenesis can lead to retinal edema and pathological neovascularization, resulting in vision loss. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An epithelial cell of the retinal pigmented epithelium.
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells form a single layer of cells at the back of the eye sandwiched between the neurosensory retina and the choroid, playing a significant role in maintaining vision health. These pigment-laden cells are highly specialized and perform an array of metabolic and transport functions essential for the maintenance of the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the retina. The pigmentation of RPE cells actively aids in the absorption of excess light and the prevention of light scattering, thus enhancing the eye's optical properties. The retinal pigment epithelium forms a key part of the blood/retina barrier. The cells have long sheet-like microvilli on their apical membrane that project into the light-sensitive outer segments of the photoreceptors, forming a close structural interaction. The basolateral membrane of the RPE interacts with the underlying Bruch’s membrane, which separates the RPE cells from fenestrated endothelium of the choriocapillaris. RPE cells support the photoreceptor by providing them with oxygen and nutrients (such as glucose, retinol and fatty acids) and removing waste products. They also recycle the visual pigment, in a process called the "visual cycle", where the RPE cells play a vital role in the regeneration of visual pigment (11-cis retinol) following the absorption of light. This is essential for the maintenance of photoreceptor excitability. Beyond this, RPE cells take part in the phagocytosis process, where they digest the shed ends of photoreceptor outer segments, thus, preventing the build-up of waste residue that could otherwise harm retinal health. They also secrete various factors, including growth factors required to maintain the structural integrity of choriocapillaris endothelium and photoreceptors, as well as immunosuppressive factors that play an important role in establishing the immune privilege of the eye. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A smooth muscle cell of the umbilical vein.
smooth muscle cell of the umbilical vein
A smooth muscle cell of the bachiocephalic vasculature.
smooth muscle cell of the brachiocephalic vasculature
A vascular associated smooth muscle cell of the brain vasculature.
smooth muscle cell of the brain vasculature
A smooth muscle of the pulmonary artery.
Smooth muscle cells of the pulmonary artery form a principal component of the pulmonary artery's media layer, the middle section of the artery wall typically found between endothelial inner layer (intima) and the outermost connective tissue layer (adventitia). The unique structure of these cells, defined by fusiform shape and the absence of striations, sets them apart from other muscle cell types, including cardiac and skeletal. The primary function of smooth muscle cells of the pulmonary artery is to regulate the diameter of the pulmonary artery, which in turn controls the flow of blood into the lungs. They accomplish this task through the contraction and relaxation, indicative of vasoconstriction and vasodilation respectively. When these cells contract, the diameter of the artery narrows, leading to reduced blood flow. Conversely, relaxation of these cells widens the artery, facilitating increased blood flow. Such blood flow modulation is crucial for the maintenance of blood pressure and ensuring that the lungs receive an adequate blood supply for efficient oxygen exchange. As a result, abnormal function or proliferation of these cells can contribute to conditions such as pulmonary hypertension, a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the arteries leading to the lungs. This can occur due to hypoxia (lack of enough oxygen), leading to excessive constriction or proliferation of the smooth muscle cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
smooth muscle cell of the pulmonary artery
A smooth muscle cell of the coronary artery.
smooth muscle cell of the coronary artery
A smooth muscle of the internal thoracic artery.
smooth muscle cell of the internal thoracic artery
A smooth muscle cell of the umbilical artery.
smooth muscle cell of the umbilical artery
A smooth muscle cell of the subclavian artery.
smooth muscle cell of the subclavian artery
Smooth muscle cell of the carotid artery.
Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some bronchus.
Bronchial smooth muscle cells are specialized types of cells found in the bronchi of the respiratory system in mammals. These bronchi are tubular structures that function to carry air from the trachea into the lungs. As part of the smooth muscle tissue, bronchial smooth muscle cells are involuntary cells, meaning they function with minimal direct voluntary control. They are characterized by their elongated spindle-shaped structure, with each cell containing a single central nucleus. The primary function of bronchial smooth muscle cells is to control airway diameter, which directly influences the flow of air into and out of the lungs. Muscular contractions and relaxations mediated by these cells enable the bronchi to constrict or expand, facilitating the regulation of respiratory airflow. Additionally, these cells play a pivotal role in immune responses as they produce and release various substances that can instigate or lessen inflammation of airway tissue. Furthermore, bronchial smooth muscle cells can proliferate and lay down collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins, contributing to the structural integrity of the bronchial tubes. In pathological conditions, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the function and biology of bronchial smooth muscle cells change. Asthma, for example, is associated with an abnormal increase in the mass of the bronchial smooth muscles, leading to narrowing of the airways and resultant breathing difficulties. These cells also exhibit altered contractile behavior and an augmented immune response during inflammatory lung diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Smooth muscle cells of the trachea have a characteristic 'smooth' (non-striated) appearance under the microscope, a distinguishing feature that differentiates them from skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. The smooth appearance is due to the organization of actin and myosin filaments in the cell, which allows for a controlled, contractile function. These cells play a key role in controlling the diameter of the trachea, thus regulating the airflow. They are responsible for the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the trachea influencing the air passage during various physiological behaviors like breathing, coughing, and sneezing. This autonomic control allows for adaptations to specific body requirements without conscious control, such as increasing air flow during exercise or restricting it during rest. In conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema, there are changes in smooth muscle cells. For example, the mass of smooth muscle cells increases in chronic airway diseases, possibly in response to chronic inflammation. This increase may indicate a pathological condition or be a part of the body's response to injury and repair. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Uterine smooth muscle cells are specialized cells that make up the majority of the uterus and in particular, the myometrium. The myometrium is a thick, involuntary muscle layer, principally consisting of verticillate cell bundles that sculpt the helical architecture of the uterus. This dense muscular tissue, packed with uterine smooth muscle cells, is responsible for the significant contractile force witnessed during the physical processes of labor and childbirth. In the non-pregnant uterus, they exist in a quiescent phase. Upon implantation, these cells are primarily responsible for the expansion consequently allowing the uterus to accommodate the growing fetus. Towards the end of pregnancy, under the influence of hormonal and mechanical signals, uterine smooth muscle cells transition from a relaxed phase to an active contractile phase, culminating in the delivery of the fetus. At the cellular level, these transitions involve significant changes in the electrophysiological properties of uterine smooth muscle cells. Governed by a complex interplay of ion channels, transporters, and signaling proteins, these cells adjust their electrical activity, conduction properties, and contracting mechanisms. Any issues with these processes can result in problems such as preterm birth or labor dysfunction. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any connective tissue cell that is part of some annulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis.
An astrocyte that is part of the hippocampus.
A transcriptomically distinct astrocyte that is found in the cerebral cortex.
A neural crest cell that gives rise to cells of the enteric nervous system.
A neuron with a soma found in the hippocampus.
OBSOLETE. A CNS neuron of the cerebral cortex.
An adipocyte that is part of omentum tissue.
An adipocyte that is part of the breast.
Adipocytes found in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of breast. The breast consists of three main components, the skin, the subcutaneous adipose tissue and the functional glandular tissue that comprises both parenchyma and stroma.[CALOHA]
An endothelial cell of the umbilical vein.
Endothelial cells of the umbilical vein form the inner lining of the veins found in the umbilical cord. They are involved in tube formation and migration which are essential for angiogenesis, the process of generating new blood vessels; this is critical during the fetal stage for the development of the circulatory system. Endothelial cells of the umbilical vein also play a role in controlling the passage of white blood cells into tissues during inflammatory responses. Because human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) can easily be derived from the umbilical cord, and because they express common endothelial cell markers, they have been used as an epithelial cell model for studies on cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation. They have been used as models for vascular diseases like atherosclerosis, for investigating how tumor cells infiltrate blood vessels and form metastases. Thus, while endothelial cells of the umbilical vein play a critical role in vascular biology, they also represent a powerful tool in disease studies and potential treatment strategies. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An adult angioblastic cell released from the bone marrow, or from the kidney in some teleost species, capable of blood circulation and participation in angiogenesis by differentiating into blood vessel endothelial cells.
The existence of adult endothelial progenitor cells has been controversial in the past.
Any stratified squamous epithelial cell that is part of some gingival epithelium.
A cell of the seminiferous tubule epithelium.
A mature astrocyte that is capable of producing cytokines.
Mature astrocytes are reportedly able to produce aspartate, ATP, BDNF, BMP-2a, BMP-3, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL19, CCL20,CD40L, CNTF, CTGF, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, edn-1, aFGF, bFGF, G-CSF, glutamate, GM-CSF, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, IGF-1, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, Il-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, LIF, MIP-2, NGF, nitric oxide, NT3, taurine, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, TNF-beta.
An immature microglial cell with a ramified morphology.
Immature microglia are reportedly CD34-positive, CD163-negative, MHCI-negative, MHCII-negative.
A mature microglial cell that has changed shape to an amoeboid morphology and is capable of cytokine production and antigen presentation.
Mature microglial cells represented one of the macrophage populations within the central nervous system (CNS). Microglial cells serve as the primary immune defense mechanism within the CNS, playing active roles in maintaining brain homeostasis and responding to pathological processes. In response to pathogens and injuries, microglial cells mature and change their morphology from a ramified shape with small processes (normal state) to an amoeboid shape (mature state). Mature microglial cells possess multiple functional abilities, thereby enabling them to execute diverse roles in order to maintain the health of surrounding neural cells. They act to clear away cellular debris, dead neurons, or plaque formations through the process of phagocytosis. They are also continuously scanning their environment and are able to detect subtle changes in the neural landscape caused by injury, disease, or infection. Upon detection of such changes, these cells become activated and present antigens and secrete cytokines and chemokines to initiate an inflammation response, which sustains the brain’s defense against injurious agents. Their role is not solely destructive or defensive: mature microglial cells also contribute to neurodevelopment by guiding the formation of neural circuits, synaptogenesis, and remodeling. Furthermore, they assist in managing synaptic plasticity, a key process in learning and memory functions. While the dysregulation of microglial cells has been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases, they are also regarded as potential therapeutic targets for such conditions, given their crucial roles in maintaining CNS health. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Mature microglia are reportedly CCR2-positive, CD4-positive, CD9-positive, CD11a-positive, CD11b-positive, CD11c-positive, CD13-positive, CD16-positive, CDw17-positive, CD18-positive, CD21-positive, CD26-negative, CD32-positive, CD35-positive, CD36-positive, CD40-positive, CD44-positive, CD45-positive, CD53-positive, CD54-positive, CD56-negative, CD58-positive, CD63-positive, CD64-positive, CD66-positive, CD80-positive, CD86-positive, CD87-positive, CD92-positive, CD106-positive, CD107a-positive, CD147-positive, CD155-positive, CD162-positive, CD163-positive, CD171-negative, CD200R-positive, CXCR3-positive, CX3CR1-positive, fibronectin-positive, GD3-positive, GLUT1-positive, GLUT3-negative, GLUT5-positive, MHCI-positive, MHCII-positive, P2X4-positive, RFD7-negative, RGS5-negative, alpha-SMA-negative, vimentin-positive, and vwf-negative. Mature microglia are capable of producing BDNF, CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL9, CCL19, CCL20,CD40L, CSF, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL4, CXCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, glutamate, IL-1beta, IL-1ra, IL-3, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, LT, MMP-2, MMP-9, NGF, nitric oxide, ROS, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha.
A spore formed from bacteria in the order Actinomycetales.
Any epithelial cell that is part of some upper respiratory tract epithelium.
epithelial cell of upper respiratory tract
Any epithelial cell that is part of some lower respiratory tract epithelium.
epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract
Respiratory basal cells are highly specialized cells that serve a crucial role in the human airway epithelium, predominantly found lining the surfaces of the trachea and bronchi. These cells exhibit a distinctive columnar shape and are attached directly to the basal lamina. They are characterized by the presence of high amounts of cytoplasmic keratins, predominantly keratin 5 and 14, and transcription factor tumor protein (tp63), which set them apart from other types of lung epithelial cells such as ciliated cells and secretory cells. Basal cells are essential for maintaining airway integrity. They make up one third of all respiratory epithelial cells and serve as stem cells as they can transform into different cell types, like goblet cells, ciliated cells, and club cells, when needed for homeostatic maintenance of the epithelial barrier or to repair and restore a healthy cellular environment after injury. Their position at the interface between the internal environment and the external atmosphere makes these cells a first line of defense against air-borne irritants, allergens, and pathogens. Their robust, intrinsic reparative properties facilitate effective recovery from such adversities. However, damage to respiratory basal cells or abnormalities in their function are associated with several respiratory pathologies such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. Therefore, understanding these cells' function, and their role in disease, is crucial for the development of new therapeutic strategies for respiratory disorders. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A nonkeratinized epithelial cell of the anal canal.
nonkeratinized epithelial cell of anal column
A nonkeratinized cell epithleial cell of the inferior part of the anal canal.
nonkeratinized epithelial cell of inferior part of anal canal
An epithelial cell of the anal canal that is keratinized. This cell type is found towards the lower, rectal end of the anal canal.
keratinized epithelial cell of the anal canal
A respiratory stem cell found at the junction of the terminal (conductive) bronchiole and the respiratory bronchiole. This cell types gives rise to alveolar cell types and club cells in response to lung injury. This cell type expresses markers Scgb1a1 and Sftpc.
basal epithelial cell of bronchioalveolar duct junction
An amniotic stem cell is a mesenchymalstem cell extracted from amniotic fluid. Amniotic stem cells are able to differentiate into various tissue type such as skin, cartilage, cardiac tissue, nerves, muscle, and bone
Not clear to me if amniotic stem cell is a different cell type from amnion mesenchymal stem cells. They are treated as distinct in the literature as isolations methods are different, so I will keep them as separate terms for now.
An epithelial fate stem cell derived form the amnion membrane.
An epithelial cell of the esophageal gland proper.
epithelial cell of esophageal gland proper
An epithelial cell of the esophageal cardiac gland that occurs both in the proximal and distal esophagus, within the lamina propia.
epithelial cell of esophageal cardiac gland
An epithelial cell of stratum corneum of esophageal epithelium that lacks keratin.
nonkeratinized cell of stratum corneum of esophageal epithelium
An endothelial cell of viscerocranial mucosa that is part of the tympanic region of the viscerocranial mucosa.
endo-epithelial cell of tympanic part of viscerocranial mucosa
An endocranial viscerocranial mucosa cell that is part of viscerocranial mucosa.
endo-epithelial cell of pharyngotympanic part of viscerocranial mucosa
An ecto-epithelial cell of the buccal region of the viscerocranial mucosa.
obsolete epithelial cell of buccal part of viscerocranial mucosa
An ecto-epithelial cell of the palatal region of the viscerocranial mucosa.
obsolete epithelial cell of anterior palatal part of viscerocranial mucosa
An ecto-epithelial cell of the nasal region of the viscerocranial mucosa.
obsolete epithelial cell of nasal part of viscerocranial mucosa
An ecto-epithelial cell of the gingival region of the viscerocranial mucosa.
obsolete epithelial cell of gingival part of viscerocranial mucosa
An ecto-epithelial cell of the paranasal region of the viscerocranial mucosa.
obsolete epithelial cell of paranasal sinus part of viscerocranial mucosa
An endothelial cell that is part of the venous sinus of spleen. This endothelial cell has an elongated, spindle-shaped, flattened morphology that is parallel to long axis of sinus. This cell type rests on a basement membrane interrupted by numerous narrow slits.
endothelial cell of venous sinus of spleen
A venule endothelial cell that is cubodial, expresses leukocyte-specific receptors, and allows for passage of lymphocytes into bloodstream.
endothelial cell of postcapillary venule of lymph node
Markers expressed on HEV include: MAdCAM-1,PNAd (sulfated and glycosylated molecules, i.e. GlyCAM-1, CD34, endomucin, nepmucin), ICAM-1, ICAM-2,Fuc-TVII, beta 3GlcNAcT-3, GlcNAc6ST2,CCL21, CCL19, CXCL13, CXCL12, Autotaxin, DARC, angiomodulin, LRHG.
endothelial cell of high endothelial venule
An epithelial cell of stratum corneum of esophageal epithelium.
epithelial cell of stratum corneum of esophageal epithelium
An epithelial cell of stratum spinosum of esophageal epithelium.
epithelial cell of stratum spinosum of esophageal epithelium
A glandular epithelial cell of the endometrium. Following ovulation, these cells secrete a glycogen-rich substance known as histotroph or uterine milk, which nourishes the embryo if implantation occurs.
glandular endometrial unciliated epithelial cell
A glandular epithelial cell of the esophagus.
A glandular epithelial cell of the large intestine.
A glandular epithelial cell that is part of the stomach.
A luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland located in acinus of structure.
Consider if synonymous with mammary alveolar cell CL:0002325. Some use this term to refer to the non-lactating cell type that gives rise to the lactating cell type.
luminal cell of acinus of lactiferous gland
A luminal cell of terminal ducts, i.e.e the terminal branch of a lactiferous duct which alveolar cells drain into.
luminal cell of lactiferous terminal ductal lobular unit
A luminal epithelial cell of the lactiferous duct. This cuboidal epithelial cell expresses keratin-18 and is estrogen-receptor alpha positive.
A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the atrium.
A stem cell that can give rise to multiple cell types (i.e. smooth muscle, endothelial) in the developing heart.
Discrepancy in develops from origins prevents me from making the assertion that cardioblasts give rise to all instances of cardiocytes as we state cardiac muscle cells develop from cardiac myoblast, which in turn develop from muscle stem cell.
A fibrocyte of the cochlea that has specialized structural and molecular adaptions.
An otic fibrocyte that underlies the spiral prominence and is part of a mesenchymal gap junction network that regulates ionic homeostasis of the endolymph.
An otic fibrocyte that resides above the stria vasularis and is part of a mesenchymal gap junction network that regulates ionic homeostasis of the endolymph.
An otic fibrocyte that is lateral to the basilar membrane and anchoris it to the lateral wall.
An otic fibrocyte that lines the otic capsule.
An otic fibrocyte that underlies the stria vascularis and is part of a mesenchymal gap junction network that regulates ionic homeostasis of the endolymph.
An endothelial stalk cell is a specialized endothelial cell that follows behind the tip cell of an angiogenic sprout.
Endothelial stalk cells are specialized vascular cells vital in angiogenesis, a process through which new blood vessels are formed from pre-existing ones; specifically, endothelial stalk cells are involved in sprouting angiogenesis, where they help form the body of new blood vessels. Vascular sprouting relies on the coordinated activity of migrating endothelial tip cells at the forefront and proliferating stalk cells that elongate the sprout. The process is tightly controlled by different growths factors: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor acts on endothelial cells, inducing them to become endothelial tip cells that initiate sprouting. After sprouting initiation, activation of Notch signaling suppresses differentiation toward a tip cell phenotype and some of the endothelial cells differentiate into stalk cells, which follow tip cells, multiply, and elongate to provide a structural backbone to the growing vessel sprout. In contrast to endothelial tip cells, which migrate and lead the angiogenic sprout, endothelial stalk cells behind the sprouts continue forming the tube or lumen for blood flow and facilitate maturation and stability of the new vessel. The delicate balance between the activities of stalk and tip cells during angiogenesis is crucial to build a functional vascular network. Dysfunctions in endothelial stalk cells can lead to pathological conditions such as impaired wound healing, unregulated tumor growth, and metastasis due to abnormal angiogenesis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A multi-fate stem cell that can give rise to different retinal cell types including rod and cone cells.
A skeletal muscle cell that is part of the tongue.
Tongue muscle cells are responsible for essential functions like mastication, deglutition (swallowing), phonation (speech), and taste receptivity. They can be classified into two functional classes - extrinsic and intrinsic muscle cells. The extrinsic tongue muscle cells originate outside the tongue and are primarily involved in determining the position of the tongue within the mouth. Muscle groups such as the genioglossus, hyoglossus, and styloglossus are composed of these extrinsic muscle cells and grant the tongue its wide range of motion. The intrinsic tongue muscle cells, on the other hand, originate and function within the tongue itself, influencing the shape of the tongue during speech, eating, and swallowing. These cells can contract to alter the tongue's shape, making it long, short, curled, or flat, as needed. Together, these two types of muscle cells allow the tongue to perform its vital functions effectively. Moreover, they play a critical role in maintaining oral health by facilitating physical cleaning of the oral cavity and assisting in the mechanical breakdown of food. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A S. pombe mating type determined by the mat1-Mc and mat1-Mi on the mat1 locus.
A S. pombe cell type determined by mat1-Pc and mat1-Pi on the mat1 locus.
A neuroblast derived from a neural crest cell.
A regulatory T cell that has not encountered antigen.
This cell type has been described as CD45RA-negative, but this doesn't fit with our current definition of naive T cell.
A CD4-positive, CD25-positive alpha-beta regulatory T cell that has encountered antigen.
Cell has been described as being CD45RA-positive in human, but this doesn't fit with our current definition memory T cell.
A lymphocyte found in adipose tissue that lacks lineage markers of other lymphocytes but is capable of mediating TH2 cytokine responses. This cell type is found in fat associated lymphoid clusters, proliferates in response to IL2 and produce large amounts of TH2 cytokines such as IL5, IL6 and IL13
A cell that is part of a cortex of kidney.
A retinal ganglion cell that has dendrites stratified in two layers of the inner-plexiform layer.
A retinal ganglion cell that has a small dendritic field and a medium dendritic arbor with post sympatic terminals in sublaminar layer S3.
A mono-stratified retinal ganglion cell that has a small dendritic field and a sparse dendritic arbor with post sympatic terminals in sublaminar layer S3.
A bistratified retinal ganglion cell that has a small dendritic field with sparse density that terminates at the intersection of the S4-S5 sublaminar level, and a second dendrite field that is medium in size and degree of arborization that terminates in sublaminar layer S2.
is_a bistratified retinal ganglion cell S4-S5 dendrite field having (small dendritic field, sparse density) and second dendrite field having (medium, meduim)
A mono-stratified retinal ganglion cell that has a small dendritic field and dense dendritic arbor.
A G4 retinal ganglion cell that has post sympatic terminals in sublaminar layers S3 and S4 and is depolarized by illumination of its receptive field center.
A G4 retinal ganglion cell that has post sympatic terminals in sublaminar layers S2 and S3 and is depolarized by decreased illumination of their receptive field center
A mono-stratified retinal ganglion cell that has a medium dendritic field and a medium dendritic arbor with post sympatic terminals in sublaminar layer S2.
A mono-stratified retinal ganglion cell that has a medium dendritic field and a sparse dendritic arbor with post sympatic terminals in sublaminar layer S4 and S5.
A bistratified retinal ganglion cell that has a dendrite field that terminates in sublaminar layer S2 and a second dendrite field that terminates in sublaminar layer S4.
A mono-stratified retinal ganglion cell that has a large dendritic field and a sparse dendritic arbor with post synaptic terminals in sublaminar layer S4.
A mono-stratified retinal ganglion cell that has a large dendritic field and a medium dendritic arbor with post synaptic terminals in sublaminar layer S1 and S2.
A mono-stratified retinal ganglion cell that has a large dendritic field, a medium dendritic arbor, and a long secondary dendrite shaft with post synaptic terminals in sublaminar layer S4.
A mono-stratified retinal ganglion cell that has a large dendritic field, a medium dendritic arbor, and a medium length secondary dendrite shaft.
A G11 retinal ganglion cell that has post synaptic terminals in sublaminar layer S4 and is depolarized by illumination of its receptive field center.
A G11 retinal ganglion cell that has post synaptic terminals in sublaminar layer S2 and is depolarized by decreased illumination of their receptive field center
A retinal ganglion B cell that has post synaptic terminals in S2.
A retinal ganglion B3 cell with dentrites terminating in S4.
A retinal ganglion cell C that has post-synaptic terminals in S2.
A retinal ganglion cell C outer that has a medium dendritic field and a dense dendritic arbor.
A retinal ganglion cell C outer that has medium dendritic density and field size.
A retinal ganglion cell C outer that has dense dendritic diversity.
A retinal ganglion cell C with medium cell bodies and large dendritic field.
A retinal ganglion cell C inner that has sparse dendritic density, and large dendritic field.
A bistratified retinal ganglion cell that has a small dendrite fields with a sparse dendrite arbor terminating in S2 and S3.
A bistratified retinal ganglion cell D cell that has medium dendritic arbor and a large dendritic field that terminates in S2 and S4.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell that has a small dendrite field with a dense dendrite arbor with post synaptic terminals in sublaminer layer S4.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell that has a small soma, a small dendrite field with a dense dendrite arbor, and post synaptic terminals in sublaminer layer S2 and S3.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell that has a medium soma and a small dendrite field.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell that has post synaptic terminals in sublaminar layer S4 and is depolarized by illumination of its receptive field center.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell that has post synaptic terminals in sublaminar layer S2 and is depolarized by decreased illumination of their receptive field center
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell that has a large soma, a medium dendritic field with post synaptic terminals in sublaminar layer S3.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell that has a small soma, an assymetric dendritic field with post synaptic terminals in sublaminar layer S3.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell that contains opsin.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell with large soma and large dendritic field, with medium dendritic arbor, and has dendrites in layers 2 and 5.
An M7 retinal ganglion cells with synaptic terminals in S4 and is depolarized by illumination of its receptive field center.
An M7 retinal ganglion cells with synaptic terminals in S2 and is depolarized by decreased illumination of their receptive field center
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell with large soma and medium dendritic field, with dense dendritic arbor.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell with large soma and large dendritic field, with medium dendritic arbor, and has dendrites in layers 1 and 5.
An M9 retinal ganglion cells with synaptic terminals in S2 and is depolarized by illumination of its receptive field center.
An M9 retinal ganglion cell with synaptic terminals in S4 that is depolarized by decreased illumination of their receptive field center
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell with large soma and large dendritic field, with dense dendritic arbor.
A bistratified ganglion cell with small, dense dendritic fields that terminate in S1 and S3.
A bistratified ganglion cell with larger, asymetric dendritic fields that terminate in S2 and S4.
A bistratifed retinal ganglion cell that has small, symmetric dendritic fields that terminate in S2 and S4.
A bistratifed retinal ganglion cell that has small, symmetric dendritic fields that terminate in S1 and S4-S5.
A cone cell that detects long wavelength light. Exact peak of spectra detected differs between species. In humans, spectra peaks at 564-580 nm.
A cone cell that detects medium wavelength light. Exact peak of spectra detected differs between species. In humans, spectra peaks at 534-545 nm.
A cone cell that detects short wavelength light. Exact peak of spectra detected differs between species. In humans, spectra peaks at 420-440 nm.
A cone cell that detects ultraviolet (UV) wavelength light.
An interneuron whose axon stays entirely within the gray matter region where the cell body resides.
Local interneurons form the category of interneurons whose axon stays entirely within the gray matter region where the cell body resides (Swanson, 2003, p. 245; Bota and Swanson, 2007, Fig. 3).
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell with small to medium soma and small to medium dendritic field.
A retinal ganglion with cell medium cell bodies and medium to large dendritic fields.
Group RGC cells are defined as having small to medium cell bodies and medium to large dendritic fields. Their morphology was more heterogeneous than that of Groups RGA and RGB. We classified cells with a large soma and a large dendritic field as RGA, cells with a small to medium to sized soma and a small to medium to sized dendritic field as RGB, and cells with a small to medium to sized soma but a medium to large dendritic field RGC.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell with large soma and large dendritic field.
This group includes all of the large bodied/large field RGCs in the rat. Group RGA cells have large somata (15 to 39 micrometers in diameter) and large, radially branching dendritic fields (235 to 748 micrometers in diameter), and many exhibit tracer coupling.
A retinal ganglion cell B that has medium body size, medium dendritic field and dense dendritic arbor, and has post synaptic terminals in S2.
Could not distingush between B1 and B4 from paper.
A retinal ganglion A cell found in the retina with large somata, often polygonal in shape. The dendritic fields consist of three to seven stout dendrites that are sparce near soma. Dendrites terminate in S4.
A retinal ganglion cell B that has a very small but very dense dendritic field, and has post synaptic terminals in S2.
A retinal ganglion cell C inner that has medium dendritic diversity.
A retinal ganglion cell C inner that has dense dendritic diversity.
A retinal ganglion cell C outer that has symmetrical and dense dendritic dendritic tree with a large dendritic field.
A retinal ganglion A2 cell with dendrites terminating in S4.
A retinal ganglion A cell with dense arbor near soma.
A retinal ganglion A2 cell with dendrites terminating in S2.
A cone whose sensitivity measurements have an average spectral peak of 510 nm. These cones are described in rat.
A cone whose sensitivity measurements have an average spectral peak of 358.2 nm. These cones are described in rat.
The photopigment curves that provide best fits to...sensitivity measurements have an average spectral peak of 358.2 nm.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell with medium soma, sparse dendritic tree, and medium dendritic field.
Sixty to eighty neurons with small somata (12 to 24 micrometers in diameter), small dendritic fields (99 to 289 micrometers in diameter), and small axonal diameters (04. to 07. micrometers in diameter) make up Group RGB. We classified cells with a large soma and a large dendritic field as RGA, cells with a small to medium to sized soma and a small to medium to sized dendritic field as RGB, and cells with a small to medium to sized soma but a medium to large dendritic field RGC.
A type of type 3 cone bipolar cell with distinctive curly dendrites.
A type of type 3 cone bipolar cell with distinctive crescent-shaped dendrites.
A type 5 cone bipolar cell with narrowly stratified post synaptic terminals.
A type 5 cone bipolar cell with diffuse axonal branches.
A horizontal cell with a large cell body, thick dendrites, and a large dendritic arbor.
A horizontal cell with a small cell body, thin dendrites, and small dendritic arbor.
A bistratifed retinal amacrine cell with a small dendritic field, dendrite stratification in S1-S2, and a second dendrite stratification in S5. This cell type releases the neurotransmitter glycine.
An amacrine cell with a small, asymteric dendritic field.
A flag amacrine cell with post-synaptic terminals in S2 and S3. This cell type releases the neurotransmitter glycine.
A flag amacrine cell with post-synaptic terminals in S3, S4, and S5. This cell type releases the neurotransmitter glycine.
A amacrine cell with a small dendritic field and post-synaptic terminals in S1, S2, S3, and S4. AB diffuse-1 amacrine cells have a tent-shaped dendritic arbor and undulate dendrites.
A broadly stratifying amacrine cell that has a small dendritic field and post-synaptic terminals in S2 and S3. This cell type releases the neurotransmitter glycine.
A broadly stratifying amacrine cell with a small dendritic field, straight dendrites and post-synaptic terminals in S1, S2, and S3.
An amacrine cell with a small dendritic field with post-synaptic terminals in S3 and S4.
A bistratified amacrine cell with a small dendritic field. Flat bistratified amacrine cells have post-synaptic terminals both on the border of S1 and S2, and on the border of S3 and S4. This cell type releases the neurotransmitter glycine.
An amacrine cell with a small dendritic field that has post-synaptic terminals in S1, S2, S3, and S4.
A bistratified amacrine cell with a small dendritic field that has dendrite stratification in S2, and in S3 and S4.
A bistratified amacrine cell with a small dendritic field that has post-synaptic terminals in S1 and the border of S1-S2, and termination of a second arbor within the border of S2-S3 and S3.
A broadly stratifying amacrine cell with a small dendritic field and a complex dendritic arbor. Recurving diffuse amacrine cells have post-synaptic terminals in S2, S3, and S4.
An amacrine cell with a flat dendritic arbor and a medium dendritic field. Starburst amacrine cells have post-synaptic terminals in S2. This cell type releases the neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine.
An amacrine cell with a medium dendritic field and post-synaptic terminals that stratify at S2, with a second stratification that occurs in S3 and S4. This cell type releases the neurotransmitter glycine.
An amacrine cell with a medium dendritic field and post-synaptic terminals in S2, and in S3-S4.
An amacrine cell with a medium dendritic field and post-synaptic terminals in S2 and S3. This cell type releases the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
An amacrine cell with a medium dendritic field and post-synaptic terminals in S2, S3, and S4. This cell type releases the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
A retinal amacrine cell with a medium dendritic field and post-synaptic terminals in S1, S2, S3, and S4. This cell type releases the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
A bistratified amacrine cell with a medium dendritic field, a flat and sparse dendritic arbor, and post-synaptic terminals at the intersections of S1 and S2, and S3 and S4.
A bistratified amacrine cell with a medium dendritic field and post-synaptic terminals in S1-S2, and S4.
An amacrine cell with a wide dendritic field, dendrites in S1, and post-synaptic terminals in S1.
An amacrine cell with a wide dendritic field, dendrites in S2, and post-synaptic terminals in S1.
An amacrine cell with a wide dendritic field, dendrites in S3, and post-synaptic terminals in S3. Dendrites of this cell type are straight and minimally branched.
An amacrine cell with a wild dendritic field, dendrites in S3, and post-synaptic terminals in S3. Dendrites have spikes, cross over each other, and cover a larger volume than dendrties of W3-1 retinal amacrine cells.
An amacrine cell with a wide dendritic field, dendrites in S4, and post-synaptic terminals in S4.
An amacrine cell with a wide dendritic field and post-synaptic terminals in S5. This cell type releases the neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin.
A central nervous system neuron that stratifies at one and only one location.
A neuron that stratifies dendrites at two and only two locations.
An amicrine that stratifies dendrites at two and only two locations.
An amicrine that has a narrow dendritic field.
An amicrine that has a medium dendritic field.
An amicrine that has a wide dendritic field.
A CNS interneuron located in the spinal cord.
Is_a interneuron, part_of UBERON:0002240.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into an iridophore.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that differentiates into a xanthophore.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a leucophore.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into an erythrophore.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a cyanophore.
Specialized epithelial cells involved in the maintenance of osmotic homeostasis. They are characterized by abundant mitochondria and ion transporters. In amniotes, they are present in the renal system. In freshwater fish, ionocytes in the skin and gills help maintain osmotic homeostasis by absorbing salt from the external environment.
Ionocytes are specialized cells predominantly found in the mammalian respiratory and renal systems as well as in the gills, skin, and intestinal tract of fish. These cells play crucial roles in maintaining ion and acid-base homeostasis. Ionocytes demonstrate remarkable plasticity and are able to adapt themselves in response to changes in environmental conditions such as pH, salinity, ion concentration, and temperature. These cells work by selectively absorbing specific ions from the environment, thus maintaining the body's internal ionic balance. The most commonly absorbed ions include sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca2+), and hydrogen (H+). Moreover, ionocytes contribute to acid-base regulation. In response to acidosis or alkalosis, ionocytes can either excrete or retain hydrogen (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions to readjust the blood pH. Further, experimental evidence suggests a functional complexity of ionocytes, implying diverse roles beyond ion regulation. Recent research highlights ionocytes' involvement in ammonia excretion and the regulation of extracellular fluid volume, highlighting their contribution to the overall homeostatic process. Malfunctioning ionocytes have been implicated in various diseases, including cystic fibrosis which is caused by mutations in the chloride channel CFTR, an ionocyte marker. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Kolmer-Agduhr neurons are ciliated GABAergic neurons that contact the central canal of the spinal cord and have ipsilateral ascending axons.
An auditory hair cell located in the macula that is sensitive to auditory stimuli.
A cuboidal epithelial cell of the kidney which regulates sodium and potassium balance. The activity of sodium and potassium channels on the apical membrane of the cell is regulated by aldosterone and vasopressin. In mammals this cell type is located in the renal collecting duct system.
Renal principal cells are the major cell type in the initial collecting tubule and the cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts, as well as the connecting tubule, in the nephrons of the kidneys. A key function of renal principal cells is the regulation of water balance in the body. These cells express aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water channels, which facilitate the reabsorption of water from the fluid within the renal tubule lumen back into the blood. The translocation of AQP2 to the cell membrane is controlled by the hormone vasopressin: In response to high vasopressin levels, AQP2 moves to the cell membrane, allowing water to pass through effectively and be reabsorbed, therefore concentrating the urine. Conversely, in low vasopressin conditions, AQP2 is removed from the membrane, reducing water reabsorption and diluting the urine. Renal principal cells are also involved in the regulation of sodium and potassium levels in the body. They have sodium channels (ENaC) in their luminal membranes which permit the reabsorption of sodium ions from the tubule fluid back into the blood, resulting in a net reabsorption of sodium ions into the systemic circulation. This process is controlled, in part, by the hormone aldosterone. Additionally, renal principal cells contain potassium channels that facilitate the secretion of potassium ions into the urine. The activities of these channels, in coordination with other cell types in the nephron, are critical for maintaining electrolyte balance and overall body homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cuboidal epithelial cell of the kidney that regulates acid/base balance.
Renal intercalated cells are specialized cells located in the collecting duct system of the kidneys. The primary role of intercalated cells is to reabsorb bicarbonate ions and secrete hydrogen ions, thereby maintaining the acid-base homeostasis in the blood. They comprise two main subtypes primarily distinguished by their functional and morphological attributes: alpha and beta intercalated cells. Alpha intercalated cells are more predominant when the body is in a state of acidosis, a condition characterized by an increased acidity of the blood. These cells are specialized in secreting excessive hydrogen ions into the urine through a mechanism involving vacuolar H+-ATPase and H+/K+-ATPase pumps on their apical membranes. They simultaneously reabsorb bicarbonate ions from the tubular fluid and return them to the bloodstream via mechanisms involving carbonic anhydrase II and bicarbonate/chloride exchangers on the basolateral membrane. This dual process helps to increase blood pH towards normal levels. When the body is in a state of alkalosis, a condition characterized by lowered levels of hydrogen ions in the blood, beta intercalated cells are more predominant. They primarily reabsorb hydrogen ions from the tubular fluid through vacuolar H+-ATPase and H+/K+-ATPase pumps on their basolateral membranes, while secreting bicarbonate ions into the urine via pendrin, a bicarbonate/chloride exchanger in the apical membrane. These mechanisms work together to decrease blood pH towards normal levels. In summary, renal intercalated cells play a critical role in the delicate balance of the body’s pH, safeguarding the body from potential harm caused by acidemia or alkalemia. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Intercalated cells are also called “mitochondria-rich cells”, reflecting the high levels of round mitochondria at their apical pole, or in their cytoplasm, a distribution that is quite different from that of other kidney tubule cells, which accumulated mitochondria around the basolateral membrane. These cells also have numerous irregular apical microvilli compared with the surrounding segment-specific cells. Intercalated cells lack a central cilium, at least in the cortex, which also differentiates them from the adjacent principal cells.
A cuboidal epithelial cell of the kidney which secretes acid and reabsorbs base to regulate acid/base balance.
Renal alpha-intercalated cells are located within the connecting tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys, which are components of the kidney's complex nephron system. Along with beta-intercalated cells, they play a critical role in the body’s acid-base balance. Renal alpha-intercalated cells contain an abundance of proton pumps and enzymes like carbonic anhydrase, which aid in the transport of hydrogen ions for secretion in the urine. The bicarbonate/chloride transporters on their apical membrane meanwhile take up bicarbonate ions from the urine and supply them back into the blood. Through this mechanism, these cells contribute significantly to the neutrality of blood pH, and dysfunction of renal alpha-intercalated cells often leads to distal renal tubular acidosis, a condition resulting in acidic blood and alkaline urine. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Type A intercalated cells are the more abundant type of intercalated cell in the outer stripe of the outer medulla in most mammalian species.
A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell with multiple motile cilia on its apical surface. These cells facilitate the movement of liquids such as mucus or cerebrospinal fluid across the epithelial surface.
The multi-ciliated epithelial cell are terminally differentiated epithelia that line brain ventricles, the respiratory tract and parts of the female and male reproductive organs in animals, playing critical roles in the maintenance of homeostasis through ciliary motion. They are characterized by the presence of hundreds of motile cilia, hair-like microtubule-based organelles that beat in a coordinated fashion to direct fluid flow over the cell surface. Multi-ciliated epithelial cells have fundamental roles in the proper functioning of many organ systems. In the respiratory system, they line the airways and orchestrate the coordinated movement of mucus, effectively clearing the airways of inhaled particles and pathogens. These cells are also vital in the ventricular system of the brain where they facilitate cerebrospinal fluid circulation, thus contributing to the maintenance of the brain's microenvironment. In the fallopian tube, multi-ciliated epithelial cells aid in the transport of oocytes from the ovary to the uterus, a process crucial to reproduction. The formation and function of multi-ciliated epithelial cells is a highly regulated process that involves several stages of development including cell specification, centriole multiplication, and ciliogenesis. Any disruption in these processes can result in dysfunctional or decreased numbers of cilia, which can lead to a myriad of health issues, ranging from chronic respiratory infections to infertility. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
multi-ciliated cell
multiciliated cell
multiciliated epithelial cell
MCC
While the term 'multi-ciliated epithelial cell' refers to cells with multiple motile cilia, there are exceptions where epithelial cells may have multiple non-motile cilia. Examples include olfactory sensory neurons, which have non-motile cilia for sensory detection, and choroid plexus epithelial cells, which possess multiple non-motile cilia with transient motility during development. Multiciliated cells are essential for human health, and their dysfunction can lead to various diseases known as ciliopathies, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia. This condition affects the respiratory system, brain ventricles, and reproductive system, leading to chronic respiratory infections, hydrocephalus, and infertility
A ciliated epithelial cell with a single cilium.
A non-sensory cell that extends from the basement membrane to the apical surface of the auditory epithelium and provides support for auditory hair cells.
An auditory epithelial support cell that surrounds the nerve fibers and synapses of the auditory inner hair cells.
Obsolete. Use PO:0030007 from Plant Ontology instead. The apical cell is the upper cell formed after the first division of a plant zygote.
Obsolete. Use PO:0002002 from Plant Ontology instead. The lower cell formed after the first division of a plant zygote.
A cell that secretes ghrelin, the peptide hormone that stimulates hunger.
Ghrelin secreting cells found in the endocrine pancreas.
Pancreatic epsilon cells are a specialized type of endocrine cell found in the islets of Langerhans, a region of the pancreas responsible for hormone production. These clusters of cells constitute only about 1% of the pancreatic islet cell population, making them a relatively small yet significant component of the pancreas. Pancreatic epsilon cells have a round or ovoid shape with occasional cytoplasmic extensions and are characterized by small and spherical granules. The principal function of pancreatic epsilon cells involves the synthesis and release of the hormone ghrelin, a peptide hormone predominantly produced in the stomach; pancreatic epsilon cells are one of the few sites outside the gastrointestinal tract known to produce this hormone. Ghrelin has multiple vital roles, playing a significant part in generating hunger sensations, promoting fat storage, and influencing various metabolic processes. It also stimulates the release of Growth Hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary gland. During fetal development, when they form a layer around the islet, epsilon cells are an important source of ghrelin, likely secreting the hormone into the circulation; their numbers decrease in adults. While research on pancreatic epsilon cells is still ongoing, these cells have been implicated in several disease states, most notably Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The dysfunction or reduction in the number of pancreatic epsilon cells can lead to anomalies in ghrelin production, impacting overall metabolic homeostasis and glucose regulation. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
In mammals the endocrine pancreas is called the Islets of Langerhans.
Mesenchymal derived lymphatic progenitor cells that give rise to the superficial lymphatics.
Lymphatic progenitor cells, derived from the veins, that give rise to lymphatic endothelial cells.
Cranial motor neuron which innervates muscles derived from the branchial (pharyngeal) arches.
branchiomotor neuron
A motor neuron that innervates a skeletal muscle. These motor neurons are all excitatory and cholinergic.
somatomotor neuron
A motor neuron that synapses to parasympathetic neurons that innervate tear glands, sweat glands, and the smooth muscles and glands of the pulmonary, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems.
Note that these neurons do not synapse directly onto muscles
visceromotor neuron
Multi fate stem cell that gives rise to both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes as descendants. The term often refers to fetal precursors of hepatocytes (differently from 'hepatic stem cell', usually applied to the self-renewing pool of hepatocyte precursors in the adult liver). Hepatoblasts may also be endogenous, as some stem cells found in the liver come from the bone marrow via blood circulation.
Hepatoblasts are immature precursor cells that predominate during the early stages of liver development, specifically in the embryonic phase of life. They first arise from the endoderm, one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo, and then differentiate into two distinct mature liver cell types - the hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. During liver organogenesis hepatoblasts proliferate and migrate into the septum transversum to form the liver bud. Proliferation and differentiation of these cells are regulated by several soluble factors, such as hepatocyte growth factor, which is a mitogen of both hepatoblasts and mature hepatocytes. As they start to differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, the cells begin to express hepatic markers like albumin and alpha-fetoprotein. Although hepatoblasts are specified embryonic liver cells that are bipotential for hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, a subset of liver cells (called oval cells) has been identified in adults that express stem cell markers, such as CD133 and cKIT, and has been suggested to have the same potential as hepatoblasts to differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
hepatoblast
Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to develop into an ameloblast. Located in the inner enamel epithelium, these cells elongate, their nuclei shift distally (away from the dental papilla), and their cytoplasm becomes filled with organelles needed for synthesis and secretion of enamel proteins.
unsure of neural crest contribution. In VSAO we have develops_from CL:0000008
Cell that has the potential to form a skeletal cell type (e.g. cells in periosteum, cells in marrow) and produce extracellular matrix (often mineralized) and skeletal tissue (often mineralized).
Needs logical definition. Should be capable_of skeletal system morphogenesis? or skeletal tissue development? needs to be added to GO. NOTES:a cell type of the early embryo (see also: mesenchymal cells) that will give rise to mineralized connective tissue. Scleroblasts can differentiate into osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), chondroblasts (cartilage-forming cells), odontoblasts (dentin-forming cells), ameloblasts (enamel-forming cells). The mesenchymal cells developing into osteoblasts and chondroblasts are derived from the mesoderm. Those developing into odontoblasts are neural crest cells. Those developing into ameloblasts are derived from the ectoderm. (http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=scleroblasts)
Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to develop into a cementoblast.
Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to form an odontoblast, deposits predentine, and arises from a cranial neural crest cell.
Cell that is part of the neural crest region of the neuroepithelium, prior to migration. Note that not all premigratory neural crest cells may become migratory neural crest cells.
NOTE: TO DO, notochord development still needs work.
Mesodermal cell that is axially located and gives rise to the cells of the notochord.
Notochordal cell that is part of the outer epithelium of the notochord and surrounds the vacuolated notochord cells.
Notochordal cell that is inner portion of the notochord and becomes vacuolated as development proceeds.
Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to develop into a chondroblast; and arises from neural crest, meseosdermal and notochordal and connective tissue cells.
Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to transform into an osteoblast, and develops from neural crest or mesodermal cells.
Preosteoblast is a critical cell type involved in bone formation, crucial in a process known as ossification or osteogenesis. They are derived from mesenchymal stem cells and are an intermediate stage marking the transition from an osteoprogenitor cell to a fully differentiated osteoblast. The presence of preosteoblasts signifies the site of new bone deposition, highlighting their crucial role in skeletal development and in response to bone injury repairs. The primary function of preosteoblasts is to differentiate into osteoblasts, which are responsible for secreting osteoid (the unmineralized portion of bone matrix) and regulating the process of bone mineralization. Preosteoblasts are regulated by various growth factors and hormones, including bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Vitamin D. However, the function of preosteoblasts is not limited to bone formation alone. In addition to osteogenesis, preosteoblasts significantly contribute to the maintenance of bone homeostasis through regulating the activity of osteoclasts - the cells responsible for bone resorption. This regulation is mediated through RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway signaling. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) released from the preosteoblasts acts as a decoy receptor for RANKL impairing osteoclast formation, hence preventing excessive bone resorption. This regulatory role indicates the dual functionality of preosteoblasts, which are indispensable for both the formation of new bone and the maintenance of existing bone tissue. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Neuron that is part of the enteric nervous system.
Odontoblast that non-terminally differentiated, located in the odontogenic papilla and dentine tissue, and transforms from a odontoblast cell.
non-terminally differentiated odontoblast
Odontoblast that is terminally differentiated and derived from an odontogenic papilla and associated with dentine.
OBSOLETE: A cultured cell that has been passaged at least one time in culture.
Obsoleted in July 2013 and replaced by the CLO 'cell line cell' class, as a result of CLO-OBI-CL alignment efforts. Covers cells actively being cultured or stored in a quiescent state for future use.
OBSOLETE: A cell line cell that is expected to be capable of replicating a limited number of times in culture before undergoing senescence. Mortal cell line cells cannot be propagated indefinitely (as immortal cell line cells can).
Obsoleted in July 2013 and replaced by the CLO 'mortal cell line cell' class, as a result of CLO-OBI-CL alignment efforts. Covers cells actively being cultured or stored in a quiescent state for future use.
Muscle precursor cell that is adjacent to the notochord and part of the presomitic mesoderm.
In teleosts, adaxial cells give rise to slow muscle myoblasts.
An epidermal cell with apical microvilli or a single apical projection have synaptic associations with nerve fibres in the epidermis.
Taxon specificity not yet fully known, but are known in anuran larvae but not in adults.
Ciliated cell of the embryonic epidermis and functions in embryonic movements.
Taxon specificity not clear -present in embryonic anurans.
epidermal ciliary cell
taxon specificity not clear. Appears in early larval stages of anurans and persists after metamorphosis.
epidermal mucus secreting cell
Characteristic early embryonic cell with a bottle or flask shape that is first to migrate inwards at the blastopore during gastrulation in amphibians.
bottle cell
Secretory cell that produces a chemical mixture that triggers antipredator behavior. The substance is released only upon disruption of the epidermis. [Behavior of teleost fishes, second edition, edited by Pitcher, 1992]
alarm substance cell
A specialized pore forming cell of the follicle, located adjacent to the animal pole of the oocyte. The micropylar cell makes the single micropyle (pore) through the chorion through which the sperm fertilizes the egg.
micropylar cell
Epidermal cell rich in mitochondria. In amphibians, appears during metamorphosis.
flask cell
Any muscle cell in which the fibers are not organised into sarcomeres.
Any hematopoietic cell that is a precursor of some other hematopoietic cell type.
A transversely striated, synctial cell of skeletal muscle. It is formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
skeletal muscle fiber
A myotube that is part of some somatic muscle. Examples include arthropod somatic muscle cells.
A muscle cell that is part of some somatic muscle.
somatic muscle cell
A somatic muscle cell that is obliquely striated and mononucleated. Examples include the somatic muscles of nematodes.
A myoblast that detemines the properties (size, shape and attachment to the epidermis) of a `somatic muscle myotube` (CL:0008003) . It develops into a somatic muscle myotube via fusion with `fusion component myoblasts` (CL:0000621).
muscle founder cell
A muscle cell that is part of some visceral muscle.
visceral muscle cell
A visceral muscle cell that is striated. Examples include the visceral muscle cells of arhtropods.
striated visceral muscle cell
A visceral muscle that is transversely striated. Examples include the visceral muscle cells of arthropods.
transversely striated visceral muscle cell
A cranial motor neuron whose soma is located in the midbrain andor hindbrain and which innervates the skeletal muscles of the eye or tongue.
A skeletal muscle satellite cell that divides by stem cell division. A proportion of this population undergoes symmetric stem cell division, producing two skeletal muscle satellite stem cells. The rest undergo asymmetric stem cell division - retaining their identity while budding off a daughter cell that differentiates into an adult skeletal muscle myoblast.
A skeletal muscle satellite cell that is mitotically quiescent. These cells are wedge shaped and have a large nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio with few organelles, a small nucleus and condensed interphase chromatin. Satellite cells typically remain in this state until activated following muscle damage.
quiescent skeletal muscle satellite cell
A visceromotor motor neuron whose soma is located in the hindbrain, and which synapses to parasympathetic neurons that innervate tear glands, sweat glands, and the smooth muscles of the head.
cranial visceromotor neuron
A motor neuron that is capable of directly inducing muscle contraction.
In vertebrates, all motor neurons are excitatory, but various types of inhibitory motor neurons exist in invertebrates.
obsolete excitatory motor neuron
A motor neuron that is capable of directly inhibiting muscle contraction.
inhibitory motor neuron
A skeletal muscle satellite cell that has become mitotically active - typically following muscle damage.
activated skeletal muscle satellite cell
A skeletal muscle myoblast that is part of a skeletal mucle. These cells are formed following acivation and division of skeletal muscle satellite cells. They form a transient population that is lost when they fuse to form skeletal muscle fibers.
The vast majority of these cells develop from skeletal muscle satellite cells, although there are some reports of other origins.
A myoblast that is commited to developing into a somatic muscle.
A non-polarised cell precursor cell that is part of some mesenchyme, is associated with the cell matrix but is not connected to other cells and is capable of migration.
A skeletal muscle satellite cell that undergoes symmetric division to produce two adult skeleltal muscle myoblasts.
Any peripheral nervous system neuron that has its soma located in some anterior lateral line ganglion.
A mesenchymal cell of the endocardial cushion. These cells develop via an epithelial to mesenchymal transition when endocardial cells break cell-to-cell contacts and migrate into the cardiac jelly. Cells from this population form the heart septa and valves.
An endocrine cell that is part of the pancreas.
A neuron that release noradrenaline (noriphinephrine) as a neurotransmitter.
An epithelial cell that is part of the epithelium of a tracheal tube in an open tracheal system, such as that found in insects.
A bipolar neuron found in the retina that is synapsed by rod photoreceptor cells. These neurons have axons that arborize and synapse to targets in inner plexiform layers 4 and 5 and depolarize in response to light.
Any neuron that is capable of part of some visual perception.
Consider GABAergic neuron or inhibitory interneuron instead. Do note that not all GABAergic neurons are inhibitory (see PMID:12209121) and replacing inhibitory neuron with GABAergic neuron should be done with caution.
Consider using glutamatergic neuron instead. Do note that not all glutamatergic neurons are excitatory and replacing excitatory neuron with glutamatergic neuron should be done with caution.
An interneuron that has its soma located in the cerebral cortex.
cortical interneuron
A GABAergic interneuron in human cortical layer 1 that has large rosehip-shaped axonal boutons and compact arborization.
A rosehip cell has been shown to have an immunohistochemical profile GAD1+CCK+, CNR1–SST–CALB2–PVALB– that matches a single transcriptomically defined cell type whose specific molecular marker signature is not seen in mouse cortex.
rosehip neuron
decidual pericyte
Mural cells are pericytes and the vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) of the microcirculation.
mural cell
Any vascular associated smooth muscle cell that is part of some microcirculatory vessel.
microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell
A trophoblast cell that is not part of a placental villous.
Extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs), a specialized subset of trophoblast cells, play crucial roles in establishing and sustaining pregnancy. Firstly, they anchor the fetus to the maternal tissue, providing structural stability. Secondly, they are instrumental in modifying the maternal spiral arteries to ensure an adequate supply of maternal blood to the placenta and the developing fetus. EVTs invade maternal decidua and myometrium and replace the endothelial lining of the spiral arteries, transforming these high-resistance, narrow vessels into low-resistance, wide vessels, favouring higher blood flow. Thirdly, these cells also play an immunological role, creating an environment conducive to the acceptance of the semi-allogeneic fetus, by expressing non-classical MHC molecules, thereby averting any potential maternal immune response towards fetal tissues. While EVTs are commonly associated with healthy pregnancies, abnormalities in their function or development have been connected to problematic pregnancies. Conditions like pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction (FGR) may arise if EVT cells do not effectively invade the maternal decidua or adequately remodel. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
extravillous trophoblast
A lower motor neuron that innervates only intrafusal muscle fibers. Unlike the alpha motor neurons, gamma motor neurons do not directly adjust the lengthening or shortening of muscles but function in adjusting the sensitivity of muscle spindles and in keeping muscle spindles taut, thereby allowing the continued firing of alpha neurons.
gamma motor neuron
A large, multipolar lower motor neuron of the brainstem and spinal cord that innervates the extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are directly responsible for initiating their contraction. While their cell bodies are in the CNS (in the anterior gray horn of the spinal cord), they are part of the somatic nervous system - a branch of the PNS.
alpha motor neuron
The motor neurons of vertebrates that directly innervate skeletal muscles. They receive input from upper motor neurons.
lower motor neuron
An endothelial cell of the venule that is squamous shaped. This is in contrast to the cubodial shape of high endothelial venule cells.
squamous endothelial cell of venule
A mesothelial cell that is part of the intestinal serosa.
A tanycyte of the subfornical organ (SFO). These cells extend long and slender fibers extending from their cell bodies in the ependyma toward fenestrated capillaries associated with the SFO, where they form a dense network surrounding these capillaries.
A tanycyte of the area postrema (AP). These cells extend long and slender fibers extending from their cell bodies in the ependyma toward fenestrated capillaries associated with the AP, where they form a dense network surrounding these capillaries.
A tanycyte of the subcommisural organ (SCO). These cells extend long and slender fibers extending from their cell bodies in the ependyma toward fenestrated capillaries associated with the SCO, where they form a dense network surrounding these capillaries.
tanycyte-like cell of subcommissural organ
A skeletal muscle fiber that is innervated by alpha motor neuron and generates tension by contracting, thereby allowing for skeletal movement. These fibers make up the large mass of skeletal muscle tissue and are attached to bones by tendons.
extrafusal muscle fiber
A skeletal muscle fiber that is part of a muscle spindle. These are specialized muscle fibers that serve as proprioceptors, detecting the amount and rate of change in length of a muscle. They are innervated by both sensory neurons and motor neurons (gamma and beta motorneurons, collectively referred to as fusimotor neurons).
intrafusal muscle fiber
A glutamatergic motor neuron with a soma in the brainstem or cerebral cortex. They do not synapse directly to muscles but rather to lower motor neurons, which do. They are the main controllers of voluntary movement.
upper motor neuron
A giant pyramidal neuron with a soma in layer Vb of the primary motor cortex that sends its axons down the spinal cord via the corticospinal tract, either synapsing directly with alpha motor neurons, or targeting interneurons in the spinal cord. In humans, Betz cells are the largest known in the central nervous system.
Betz cell
A capillary endothelial cell that is part of the circumventricular organs (CVOs), characterized by fenestrations that facilitate selective permeability to molecules, distinguishing it from the non-fenestrated endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. This cell is integral to the unique vascular structure of CVOs, which lack a traditional blood-brain barrier. It enables bidirectional exchange of polar molecules between blood and neural tissue, supporting neuroendocrine signaling, fluid balance, and immune responses. It is marked by the expression of PLVAP, a component of the fenestral diaphragm, in both rodents and humans.
circumventricular organ capillary endothelial cell
A secretory epithelial cell of the respiratory tract epithelium. These cells have an endodermal origin.
respiratory tract secretory epithelial cell
A sensory neuron of the spinal nerve that senses body position and sends information about how much the muscle is stretched to the spinal cord.
Any cell in the compound eye, a light sensing organ composed of ommatidia.
Any cell participating in the inflammatory response to a foreign substance, e.g. neutrophil, macrophage.
Any cell in the midgut (middle subdivision of a digestive tract) of an insect larva.
Any cell in the retina, the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.
An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the small intestine.
The enteroendocrine cell of the small intestine is a specialized type of cell that forms part of the lining of the intestinal wall. These cells are interspersed among absorptive cells, mucus-secreting goblet cells, and other gut cell types, forming the crypt-villus axis, which is the functional unit of the small intestinal epithelium. Functionally, enteroendocrine cells play a pivotal role in the gut-endocrine system, which is responsible for the digestive process. These cells translate the luminal nutrient status into hormonal signals thereby acting as chemosensors. They contain secretory granules at their base which release hormones into the bloodstream following chemo-sensation. The hormones they secrete perform diverse functions including regulating gastric secretion, gut motility, insulin release, appetite control and other local and systemic effects. In addition to their endocrine functions, enteroendocrine cells also play a part in the modulation of the immune response in the gut. They can secrete cytokines and chemokines that have a role in directing the immune response to invading pathogens. Moreover, emerging research suggests that these cells play a role in maintaining the balance between gut resident bacteria, known as the gut microbiota, and the host. As such, a comprehensive understanding of the enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine underpins knowledge in nutrition, endocrinology, and various gastroenterological conditions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A macrophage which is resident in the lamina propria of the small intestine.
small intestine lamina propria resident macrophage
gastrointestinal tract (lamina propria) macrophage of small intestine
A macrophage which is resident in the lamina propria of the large intestine.
large intestine lamina propria resident macrophage
gastrointestinal tract (lamina propria) macrophage of large intestine
A paneth cell that is located in the epithelium of the colon.
Paneth cells of the colon are specialized secretory epithelial cells that can be found in the large intestine, albeit in small numbers compared with the small intestine where Paneth cells are more abundant. Under disease conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, Paneth cells increase in numbers in the colon. They reside in the crypts of Lieberkühn, which are glandular structures embedded within the mucosal layer of the small and large intestine. Paneth cells play a crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and acting as a frontline of defense in our bodies against ingested microbes. They achieve this through the secretion of antimicrobial peptides and proteins such as lysozyme and defensins, which can directly kill or inhibit the growth of various bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They degranulate these substances into the intestinal lumen, especially under conditions of pathogenic invasion or damage to the epithelial lining. Moreover, Paneth cells are essential for the maintenance of intestinal stem cells, which continually replace the epithelium of the intestine. They create a niche for these stem cells at the base of the crypts, secreting various signaling molecules and factors that are essential for the growth and differentiation of intestinal stem cells. In essence, the existence and function of Paneth cells are fundamental to the overall gut health and immune defense system, by providing both antimicrobial functions and a conducive environment for the renewal of the intestinal lining. The role of Paneth cells specifically in the colon is of interest in the context of inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease: Their presence in the colon is thought to represent Paneth cell metaplasia and indicates a chronic inflammatory state. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
paneth cell of epithelium of large intestine
Transit-amplifying cells (TACs) are an undifferentiated population in transition between stem cells and differentiated cells.
A rapidly proliferating population of cells that differentiate from stem cells of the intestinal crypt of the colon. Stem cells located in the crypts of Lieberkühn give rise to proliferating progenitor or transit amplifying cells that differentiate into the four major epithelial cell types. These include columnar absorptive cells or enterocytes, mucous secreting goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells and paneth cells.
Transit amplifying cells (TACs) are an intermediate, undifferentiated population between stem cells and differentiated cells. They can be found in multiple regions such as the small intestine and the colon. TACs of the colon, are integral components of the colonic crypts and vital players in the maintenance of colonic tissue. These cells serve a critical function in the rapid and constant renewal of the epithelium lining the colon, with the whole epithelial surface renewed approximately every 5-7 days. They divide rapidly and progressively differentiate into mature columnar epithelium cells, including enterocytes, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells. The continued proliferation of transit amplifying cells is fundamental to maintain the balance in cell population while preventing tissue degeneration and maintaining a state of homeostasis. However, uncontrolled proliferation and compromised differentiation capacity can contribute to the development of colon cancers. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
transit amplifying cell of large intestine
transient amplifying cell of crypt of Lieberkuhn of colon
transit amplifying cell of crypt of Lieberkuhn of colon
A rapidly proliferating population of cells that differentiate from stem cells of the intestinal crypt of the small intestine. Stem cells located in the crypts of Lieberkühn give rise to proliferating progenitor or transit amplifying cells that differentiate into the four major epithelial cell types. These include columnar absorptive cells or enterocytes, mucous secreting goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells and paneth cells.
Transit amplifying cells (TACs) represent an intermediate population between stem cells and fully differentiated cells, and can be found in multiple regions such as the colon and the small intestine. The small intestine's efficiency in absorbing nutrients, its protective barrier function, and its innate cellular renewal every few days is largely dependent on the role played by these TACs. TACs of the small intestine are primarily present in the crypt-villus structure of the intestine, more specifically in the crypt region. They originate from Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells that reside at the base of the crypts. Following their derivation from stem cells, TACs undergo up to six rounds of rapid division over a 48-72 hour period, effectively amplifying the cell population, hence their name. During this process, they gradually migrate upward along the walls of the crypt from where they differentiate into diverse mature cell types such as enterocytes, goblet cells, and Paneth cells. TACs serve as an important element in the homeostasis and regeneration of the intestinal epithelium, amplifying the pool of cells available for differentiation. They also minimize genetic errors during DNA replication by serving as a 'buffer zone' between the long-lived stem cells and the terminal differentiated cells of the gut lining, thus reducing the potential for propagation of mutation-causing defects. Lastly, TACs play an essential part in gastrointestinal tissue repair following injury or inflammation. Their rapid proliferation and subsequent differentiation abilities often help expedite the wound healing process in the intestinal epithelium. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
transient amplifying cell of crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine
transient amplifying cell of small intestine
transit amplifying cell of crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine
transit-amplifying cell of small intestine
transit amplifying cell of small intestine
Figure depicts a cross section of intestinal villi in the small intestine , including the crypts of Lieberkhun (seen here as ‘crypt’), as well as the layer specific locations of cells that exist within the gastrointestinal tract. Layers depicted here include epithelium (rows of cells bordering villus), submucosa (white space below the epithelium containing networks of neurons and ganglia depicted in pink), muscularis mucosae (blue layer), muscularis propria (referred to here as muscle layer). ISC: Intestinal Stem Cell TA: Transit Amplifying Cells
A progenitor cell with hepatic and biliary lineage potential, identified in mouse and human, and anatomically restricted to the ductal plate of fetal liver.
fetal hepatobiliary hybrid progenitor cell
A lymphocyte that is part of a Peyer's patch. These cells have a major role in driving the immune response to antigens sampled from the intestinal lumen, and in regulating the formation of follicle-associated epithelium and M cells in Peyer's patches by converting intestitial enterocytes into M cells.
small intestine Peyer's patch lymphocyte
A follicular dendritic cell located in the Peyer's patch. These cells from a meshwork in which Peyer's patch B cells reside.
An intestinal stem cell that is located in the large intestine crypt of Liberkuhn. These stem cells reside at the bottom of crypts in the large intestine and are highly proliferative. They either differentiate into transit amplifying cells or self-renew to form new stem cells.
stem cell of large intestine crypt of Lieberkuhn
intestinal crypt stem cell of large intestine
An intestinal stem cell that is located in the small intestine crypt of Liberkuhn. These stem cells reside at the bottom of crypts in the small intestine and are highly proliferative. They either differentiate into transit amplifying cells or self-renew to form new stem cells.
Intestinal crypt stem cells of the small intestine are a type of adult stem cell intimately involved in the continuous replenishment of the intestinal epithelium, the innermost layer of the intestine responsible for nutrient absorption. These cells, located within the crypts of Lieberkühn, are the origin of various cell lineages that make up the functional units of the small intestine. They possess self-renewal ability, an essential feature of stem cells, which allows them to maintain a steady population in the small intestine. One of the critical roles of intestinal crypt stem cells is to drive the continual renewal process taking place in the small intestine every 3-5 days. By proliferating intensively, these cells produce transient amplifying (TA) cells that are characterized by quick division and progressive differentiation. These cells eventually differentiate into specialized cell types, encompassing absorptive enterocytes, mucin-secreting goblet cells, hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells, and Paneth cells, all of which have essential roles in digestion and nutrient absorption in the small intestine. Intestinal crypt stem cells of the small intestine are also play a significant part in injury recovery. Under regular conditions, these cells primarily exist in an active state, facilitating the constant renovation of the gut lining. However, upon injury or loss of regular intestinal crypt stem cells reserve intestinal stem cells, a slow-cycling and radio-resistant population, can be stimulated to take over the duties of active crypt stem cells. Such plasticity provides a powerful regenerative mechanism that ensures the intestinal epithelium's function and structural integrity amidst diverse conditions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
stem cell of small intestine crypt of Lieberkuhn
intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine
A lymphocyte that resides in the lamina propria of the large intestine.
lamina propria lymphocyte of large intestine
This is a general grouping term created for use in the EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas anatomograms. Please use a more specific cell type term for annotation if possible, given the information available to you.
lymphocyte of large intestine lamina propria
A kidney cortical cell that is part of the nephrogenic zone.
An intestinal tuft cell that is a part of a vermiform appendix.
A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the large intestine.
stromal cell of lamina propria of large intestine
A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the small intestine.
stromal cell of lamina propria of small intestine
A T cell which resides in the Peyer's patch of the small intestine.
T cell of Peyer's patch of small intestine
A mesothelial cell that is part of the small intestine.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the colon.
An enterocyte that is a part of a vermiform appendix.
A transit amplifying cell that is part of a crypt of Lieberkuhn of large intestine.
transit amplifying cell of appendix vermiformis
transit amplifying cell of vermiform appendix
An intestinal crypt stem cell that is located in the vermiform appendix. These stem cells reside at the bottom of crypts in the appendix and are highly proliferative. They either differentiate into transit amplifying cells or self-renew to form new stem cells.
intestinal crypt stem cell of appendix vermiformis
intestinal crypt stem cell of vermiform appendix
stem cell of intestinal crypt of Lieberkuhn of appendix
stem cell of intestinal crypt of Lieberkuhn of appendix vermiformis
A mesothelial cell that is located in a vermiform appendix.
mesothelial cell of appendix vermiformis
An intestinal enteroendocrine cell that is located in a vermiform appendix.
enteroendocrine cell of appendix vermiformis
enteroendocrine cell of vermiform appendix
A T cell that is located in a vermiform appendix.
A B cell that is located in a vermiform appendix.
A plasma cell that is located in a vermiform appendix.
A dendritic cell that is located in a vermiform appendix.
A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the vermiform appendix.
stromal cell of lamina propria of appendix vermiformis
stromal cell of lamina propria of vermiform appendix
A macrophage located in the vermiform appendix.
A B lymphocyte that resides in the mantle zone of the lymph node germinal center. These are generally IgM and IgD positive activated B cells that form a 'corona' around the germinal center and are part of the establishment of a secondary lymphatic follicule.
A macrophage that is located in the colon.
Colon macrophages are a heterogeneous population of macrophages in the gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal macrophages represent the largest group of macrophages in the body and play a key role as sentinels for pathogen recognition and elimination. Because the gastrointestinal tract is continually exposed to a high antigenic load derived from microbes and food intake, macrophages in the intestines are crucial not only for the gut’s immune defense but also for maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis, avoiding chronic inflammation despite constantly facing foreign antigens. The phenotypic profiles and cytokine production of intestinal macrophages therefore differ from conventional macrophages elsewhere in the body. Colon macrophages orchestrate a wide variety of immune responses. They interact with the colon’s microflora thanks to their location in the mucosal layer, thus playing an important role in shaping gut immunity. By presenting antigens, they help to activate and steer an appropriate immune response either by triggering inflammation against harmful pathogens or by supporting tolerance for beneficial microbes. Therefore, disturbances in the colon macrophage population is thought to contribute to colon-related diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. These immune cells are versatile and multifunctional, not just limited to defensive actions. Colon macrophages interact with the enteric nervous system to regulate gut secretion and motility. They also play a crucial role in maintaining colon tissue health and integrity by contributing to tissue repair processes. This occurs either through phagocytosis of dead cells and remnants, or indirectly through the release of growth factor molecules, which stimulate cellular proliferation and differentiation necessary for tissue regeneration. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A goblet cell that is located in the colon.
Colon goblet cells are a subset of intestinal goblet cells that are localized in the epithelial lining of the colon. They are specialized secretory epithelial cells that are recognized by their characteristic ‘goblet’ or flask-like shape and typically have a distinctive appearance due to the accumulation of secretory vesicles in their cytoplasm. The primary function of goblet cells is the secretion of mucus, which is an essential substance for the protection and successful functioning of the intestinal tract. In the colon, goblet cells continuously renew the inner mucus layer, which is attached and impervious to bacteria (the outer layer of the colon is unattached and is the habitat of commensal bacteria) The mucus secreted by goblet cells is rich in glycoproteins known as mucins, especially MUC2, forming a complex web of molecules that comprises the foundational structure of the mucus layer. It traps and eliminates harmful bacteria, while selectively allowing beneficial microbiota to access the epithelial surface and aid in digestion and nutrient absorption. The mucus layer not only provides a provides a protective barrier against pathogen invasion, as well as mechanical damage, and the erosive effects of digestive enzymes, it also acts as a lubricant to facilitate the passage of food material. Colon goblet cells are also involved in regulating the local immune response within the gut, maintaining the delicate balance between necessary immune reactions to harmful pathogens and tolerance to beneficial microbiota and dietary substances. Goblet cells can modulate immune responses by presenting antigens to dendritic cells, as well as through the production of immunomodulatory molecules that can alter the behavior of immune cells. When the inner mucus layer of the colon is defective, it might be a pathophysiological mechanism for colitis and infectious diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the colon.
A tuft cell that is part of the colonic epithelium, primarily adapted for microbial sensing in the dense colonic microbiota. Unlike its small intestinal counterpart, it does not participate in parasite-driven tuft cell–ILC2 circuits. Instead, it detects bacterial metabolites via taste-signaling pathways (Strine and Craig, 2022). The colonic tuft cell plays a key role in epithelial repair, modulates inflammatory responses through IL-25 secretion, and contributes to intestinal homeostasis by balancing microbiome interactions (Sebastian et al., 2021).
Tuft cells, also often referred to as brush cells or caveolated cells, are highly specialized sensory cells found in the colon, among other organs. They were named for their unique appearance under an electron microscope, which presents a distinctive ‘tuft-like’ morphology. They are characterized by apical microvilli, arranged in an irregular tuft that confers a dome-like shape. These cells comprise only a small fraction of the cells in the epithelial layer of the colon, making them among the least populous cell types in this region. Tuft cells in the colon primarily function as chemosensory cells that can sense and respond to environmental changes. These cells can detect and respond to microbial metabolites, helping initiate immune responses against potential threats. Recent studies have revealed that tuft cells play a role in responding to intestinal parasitic infections. When a gastrointestinal parasite infects the colon, tuft cells are activated and release the cytokine IL-25. This action increases the production of tuft cells and triggers essential Th2 immune responses to expel the parasites. Also, the removal of tuft cells has been linked to increased susceptibility to these infections. However, overactivity of tuft cells has been associated with inflammatory bowel disease, highlighting the need for a delicate balance of tuft cell function to maintain colon homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the colon.
An intestinal crypt stem cell that is located in the crypt of Lieberkuhn of colon.
Intestinal crypt stem cells of the colon, also known as colon crypt base columnar (CBC) cells, are highly specialized cells primarily responsible for the constant self-renewal of the colonic epithelium. These cells are found in the crypts of Lieberkühn - deeply invaginated sections of the colon's mucosal layer. The prime function of intestinal crypt stem cells of the colon is to serve as the source of constant cell regeneration in the colon. Every few days, these stem cells divide and differentiate into the various other types of intestinal cells, such as enterocytes, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells. A constant renewal cycle is necessary due to the harsh environment of the colon where cells continuously encounter abrasive food matter and potential pathogens, leading to a high turnover rate. When the colon's mucosal layer suffers damage, a rapid response is triggered whereby colon crypt stem cells divide faster and are directed to injured sites to repair the epithelial layer. Dysregulation of these cells' function or proliferation can contribute to disorders such as colorectal cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A lymphocyte that resides in the lamina propria of the small intestine. Lamina propria leukocytes and intraepithelial lymphocytes are the effector compartments of the gut mucosal immune system. Lymphocytes circulate through gut associated lymphoid tissues until recruitment by intestinal antigens. They are involved in the gut immune response.
gastrointestinal tract small intestine (lamina propria) leukocyte
small intestine lamina propria leukocyte
small intestine lamina propria leukocyte (LPL)
gastrointestinal tract (lamina propria) lymphocyte of small intestine
lamina propria lymphocyte of small intestine
small intestine lamina propria lymphocyte
lymphocyte of small intestine lamina propria
A B cell found in the lymph node medullary sinus.
A T cell found in the lymph node medullary sinus.
A macrophage found in the medullary sinus of the lymph node.
macrophage of medullary sinus of lymph node
A macrophage that is located in the anorectum.
A layer of smooth muscle cells that forms the outer layer of the high endothelial venule of lymph node and pumps to allow flow of lymph fluid carrying lymphocytes.
high endothelial venule smooth muscle cell
high endothelial venule of lymph node smooth muscle cell
smooth muscle cell of high endothelial venule of lymph node
A B cell that is located in the anorectum.
A T cell that is located in the anorectum.
A smooth muscle cell that is located in the anorectum.
A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the anorectum.
stromal cell of anorectum lamina propria
A microfold cell (M cell) that is part of the anorectum.
microfold cell of epithelium proper of anorectum
A paneth cell that is located in the anorectum.
A transit amplifying cell that is located in the anorectum.
A goblet cell that is located in the anorectum.
An enterocyte that is located in the anorectum.
A plasma cell that is located in the medullary sinus of the lymph node.
plasma cell of medullary sinus of lymph node
A mature B cell located in the marginal zone of the lymph node.
An intestinal crypt stem cell that is located in the anorectum.
A specialized type of CD4 positive T cell, the follicular helper T cell (TFH cell), that upregulates CXCR5 expression to enable its follicular localization. These specialised T cells reside in the germinal center of the lymph node.
T follicular helper cell of germinal center of lymph node
T follicular helper cell of lymph node germinal center
lymph node germinal center T follicular helper cell
An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the anorectum.
A T cell located in the lymph node paracortex, where macrophages and dendritic cells present antigenic peptides to these naïve T cells, stimulating them to become activated helper T cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
An intestinal tuft cell that is located in the anorectum.
A stratified squamous epithelial cell that is part of the anal canal.
anal canal stratified squamous epithelial cell
stratified squamous epithelial cell of anal canal
An enterocyte found in the small intestine of newborn mammals and characterized by the presence of an apical canalicular system (ACS) leading to production of large vacuoles, important for colostral macromolecule uptake. After birth, the vacuolated fetal-type enterocytes are replaced with enterocytes lacking an ACS.
An unconventional T lymphocyte population within the thymic medulla that is potentially a thymic resident population.
An unconventional T lymphocyte population within the thymic medulla that expresses both alpha/beta and gamma/delta T cell signatures.
A thymic epithelial cell located at the corticomedullary junction.
A thymic medullary epithelial cell considered to be a pre-AIRE mTEC population.
A thymic medullary epithelial cell that expresses AIRE or other canonical markers of mature mTECs like Fezf2.
A thymic medullary epithelial cell considered to be a post-AIRE cell. This group of AIRE-mTECs is heterogeneous and also includes mTECs within Hassall's Corpuscles.
corneocyte-like medullary thymic epithelial cell
A thymic medullary epithelial cell that expresses typical tuft cell markers instead of classical mTEC or cTEC markers. This population has a bulbous-like structure.
A thymic medullary epithelial cell that expresses muscle-specific biomarkers.
A thymic medullary epithelial cell that expresses neuroendocrine biomarkers.
A thymic epithelial cell located within the subcapsular region of the thymus.
A fibroblast located in the thymic capsule.
A fibroblast located between thymic lobules.
A tuft cell located in the small intestine.
brush cell of epithelium of small intestine
brush cell of epithelium proper of small intestine
tuft cell of epithelium of small intestine
The human equivalent of a DN2 thymocyte; typically contains two phases, in the latter of which these thymocytes begin the process of beta selection.
There is growing evidence that molecular markers characterizing double negative thymocytes are different across species, especially in human versus mouse thymus. This term is restricted for use with human data.
specified double negative thymocyte (Homo sapiens)
The human equivalent of a DN3 thymocyte; these thymocytes finish the process of beta selection.
committed double negative thymocyte (Homo sapiens)
The human equivalent of a DN4 thymocyte.
rearranging double negative thymocyte (Homo sapiens)
An epithelial cell that is part of an endometrium glandular epithelium.
glandular epithelial cell of endometrium
An adult endothelial progenitor cell characterised in vivo by homing to ischemic sites and paracrine support of angiogenesis. They may form discrete colonies.
An endothelial cell that is part of a respiratory system lymphatic vessel.
endothelial cell of respiratory system lymphatic vessel
An extravillous trophoblast that is polynuclear.
An adult endothelial progenitor cell characterised in vivo by homing to ischemic sites and paracrine support of angiogenesis. These cells do not form colonies.
The marker set HIGD1B, KCNK3 can identify the Human cell type lung pericyte in the Lung with a confidence of 0.84 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
An adult endothelial progenitor cell that is resident of adult vasculature and capable of differentiating to regenerate endothelial cell populations. Endothelial colony forming cells are characterised in vivo by clonal proliferative status, de novo vessel formation, homing to ischemic sites and paracrine support of angiogenesis. These cells are phenotypically similar to endothelial cells.
A stem cell found in the interstitial compartment of the neonatal testis; it is capable of self-renewal as well as differentiation into steroidogenic cells (adult Leydig cells). Intermediate stages of development include progenitor Leydig cells and immature Leydig cells.
An endothelial cell that is part of a placenta.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of a placenta.
An endothelial cell that is part of a hepatic portal vein.
An endothelial cell that is part of a uterus.
The endothelial cell of the uterus is a specialized type of endothelial cell found in the inner lining of blood vessels, specifically those in the uterus. These cells play critical roles in maintaining uterine health, fertilization, and pregnancy processes. They form the interior surface of blood vessels, creating a barrier between the vessel lumen and surrounding tissue. This fluid environment, maintained by these endothelial cells, provides a platform for the material exchange between blood and tissues, thereby modulating blood coagulation, immune responses, and controlling vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Functionally, the endothelial cells of the uterus are paramount in regulating the uterine blood flow, an important determinant of successful conception and pregnancy outcomes. They support the vascular changes during the reproductive cycle, particularly the spiral arteriolar development and function, essential in endometrial thickening, maturation, and eventual shedding during menstruation periods. The cells also contribute to angiogenesis, a process crucial during implantation and placenta development, whereby new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels to supply the growing fetus with oxygen and nutrients. Uterine endothelial cells are also implicated in mediating immune responses within the uterus. Changes in these cells can influence various conditions such as reproductive disorders and complications including heavy menstrual bleeding, endometrial hyperplasia, fertility problems, and cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any cell that is part of the esophageal non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. In humans, the esophagus, which requires flexibility to accommodate swallowing of a bolus, is covered with a non-keratinized epithelium.
esophageal non-keratinized squamous epithelial cell
esophageal nonkeratinized squamous epithelial cell
esophagus non-keratinizing squamous epithelial cell
esophagus nonkeratinizing squamous epithelial cell
non-keratinized squamous epithelial cell of esophagus
non-keratinizing squamous epithelial cell of esophagus
nonkeratinized squamous epithelial cell of esophagus
nonkeratinizing squamous epithelial cell of esophagus
esophagus non-keratinized squamous epithelial cell
A skeletal muscle fiber found in an embryo. In mammalian embryos, skeletal muscle expresses myosin heavy chain-embryonic (MyHC-emb, encoded by the MYH3 gene), which regulates skeletal muscle development.
A skeletal muscle fiber found at the fetal and neonatal stages. In mammalian fetuses and neonates, skeletal muscle expresses myosin heavy chain-neonatal (MyHC-neo, encoded by the MYH8 gene). This expression disappears shortly after birth and is replaced by expression of adult heavy chain myosins.
fetal and neonatal skeletal muscle fiber
A progenitor cell that is a tissue-resident mesenchymal cell, important for skeletal muscle regeneration, and able to differentiate into both adipocytes or fibroblasts.
A fibroblast located in the portal triad. Hepatic portal fibroblast are a non-parenchymal cell population located adjacent to bile duct epithelia in liver and are distinct from stellate cells. They differentiate into fibrogenic myofibroblasts during chronic injury states producing high levels of collagen.
A reticular cell involved in directing B cells and T cells to specific regions within a tissue.
A specialized, fibroblastic reticular cell of mesenchymal origin found in lymph nodes. In human, it expresses several markers common to myofibroblasts (desmin, vimentin, CD73, CD90, α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA)), and can be differentiated from endothelial cells by its lack of CD31 expression. These cells are critical for the overall organization and function of the lymph node. Lymph node fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) can be further classified based on their location, function, and unique marker expression.
A fibroblastic reticular cell found in the lymph node subcapsular sinus.
A fibroblastic reticular cell found in the lymph node germinal center dark zone (B cell zone).
lymph node germinal center dark zone fibroblastic reticular cell
B cell zone reticular cells share similarities with Ch25h-expresssing Ccl19lo T reticular cells found at the B cell follicle T zone interface of mouse lymph nodes.
A fibroblastic reticular cell found in the lymph node T cell domain.
lymph node T cell domain fibroblastic reticular cell
A specialized fibroblast found in the medulla of lymph node.
Origin and phenotype of medullary reticular cells are less well understood in humans than in mice.
A lymphatic endothelial cell located in the subcapsular sinus ceiling of a lymph node. In human, it's characterized by a unique marker expression (NT5e+ and Caveolin-1+).
lymphatic endothelial cell of subcapsular sinus ceiling of lymph node
lymphatic endothelial cell of subcapsular sinus ceiling
A lymphatic endothelial cell located in the subcapsular sinus floor of a lymph node. In human, it's characterized by a unique marker expression (TNFRSF9+).
lymphatic endothelial cell of subcapsular sinus floor of lymph node
lymphatic endothelial cell of subcapsular sinus floor
A lymphatic endothelial cell located in a lymph node trabecula.
lymphatic endothelial cell of lymph node trabecula
lymphatic endothelial cell of trabeculae
A lymphatic endothelial cell located in the ceiling part of a lymph node medulla.
lymphatic endothelial cell of lymph node medulla ceiling
lymphatic endothelial cell of medulla ceiling
A germinal center B cell found in a lymph node germinal center light zone.
A germinal center B cell found in a lymph node germinal center dark zone.
A regulatory T cell present in the B cell follicles and germinal centers of lymphoid tissues. In humans, it is CXCR5+.
A B cell found in the perisinusoidal area of a lymph node. In humans, monocytoid B cells are a morphologically distinct B cell population (oval nuclei, abundant cytoplasm, monocyte-like appearance), share many similarities with marginal zone B cells including marker expression, and are increased in disease settings.
An endothelial cell located in a lymph node lymphatic vessel.
lymph node lymphatic vessel endothelial cell
A progenitor cell with the potential to differentiate into luminal epithelial cells of mammary glands. In mouse, CD61 and c-kit were found to be coexpressed by the majority of, but not all, committed luminal progenitor cells.
progenitor cell of luminal mammary epithelium
progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium
A hair follicle matrix region cell which synthesizes keratin and undergoes a characteristic change as it moves upward from the hair bulb to become the hair medulla cortex and hair root sheath.
A stromal cell that is part_of a bone marrow.
An epithelial cell that is part_of a umbilical artery.
OBSOLETE. An epithelial cell that is part_of a alveolus of lung.
This cell type is exactly the same as 'pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell'.
obsolete epithelial cell of alveolus of lung
A mononuclear cell that is part_of a bone marrow.
A specialized cardiomyocyte that transmit signals from the AV node to the cardiac Purkinje fibers.
Any blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of some heart.
Any cell that is part of some His-Purkinje system.
Any endothelial cell that is part of some heart.
Cardiac endothelial cells are a specialized subset of endothelial cells, the cell type responsible for forming the inner lining of cardiovascular structures such as the heart, and blood vessels. They are a pivotal component of the heart's microenvironment and play a key role in regulating blood pressure, maintaining cardiac homeostasis, in addition to cooperating with other cardiac cells like cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts in the orchestration of a coordinated heart function. Cardiac endothelial cells contribute to the each stage of the heart's operation, whether during relaxation or contraction. Cardiac endothelial cells release nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator that regulates blood vessel dilation consequently controlling blood pressure and flow. They also produce a myriad of growth factors that aid in new blood vessel formation, known as angiogenesis, crucially needed for tissue repair and regeneration when the heart undergoes damage, as in cases of myocardial infarction. Furthermore, cardiac endothelial cells control the passage of nutrients, hormones, and gases between the bloodstream and the heart tissue, ensuring its complex metabolic demands are met adequately. They serve as a selective barrier, regulating the transit of cells and signaling molecules, thereby playing a pivotal role in inflammatory responses and immune cell trafficking. They also contribute to the maintenance of blood fluidity and clotting balance through a complex interplay of anti-thrombic and pro-thrombic factors. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any photoreceptor cell that is part of some camera-type eye.
A GABAergic interneuron that is located in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. This cell receives excitatory inputs primarily from parallel fibers and plays a crucial role in feed-forward inhibition by suppressing the activity of Purkinje cells and modulating the output of the cerebellar cortex. The stellate cell is part of the local circuitry that contributes to the fine-tuning of motor coordination and a regulator of cerebellar blood flow via neurovascular coupling.
A GABAergic interneuron whose soma is located in the cerebral cortex.
A highly specialized cell type exclusive to and forming neuroepithelium of the Saccus vasculosus, covering the caudal diverticulum of the infundibular recess.
Editor note: remember to link to Saccus vasculosus in next uberon release
A cell with a flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli. The motion of the flagellum draws water past the microvilli, serving either a feeding or sensory function. Collar cells are found in multiple animals, including sponges, echinoderms, and cnidarians. They are also found outside animals in the choanoflagellates. Although collar cells are superficially similar, their cytoskeletal structure and functional biology are different in different groups of organisms.
zygote
Any glial cell that is part of some heart.
Any myoblast that develops into some cardiac muscle cell.
A neuron that has its soma in the heart.
This term is used in 3 GO terms that were created as part of the heart development focus project.
A CNS interneuron located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
A motor neuron that passes from the spinal cord toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.
A motor neuron that is generated only on limb levels and send axons into the limb mesenchyme.
Need to MIREOT in 'spinal cord lateral column' from Uberon
A neurosecretory neuron residing mainly in the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and in a number of smaller accessory cell groups between these two nuclei, that is capable of secreting the hormones oxytocin or vasopressin, and sometimes both, into the systemic circulation.
A vetebrate lens cell that is any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in a camera-type eye.
Lens fiber cells are specialized, elongated cells located in the ocular lens, an important part of the eye responsible for focusing light onto the retina to create clear defined images. These cells are unique among body cells, as they are transparent and filled with a clear protein called crystallin to facilitate the passage of light. The entire life cycle of a lens fiber cell includes differentiation from lens epithelial cells, which are the progenitor cells lying at the anterior surface of the lens. In response to various signals, these cells elongate and migrate towards the posterior pole, while simultaneously undergoing a process of denucleation and degradation of cellular organelles. This unique process ensures that the cells do not scatter light, which is critical for the transparency of the lens. After reaching full maturity, lens fiber cells form tightly packed layers, known as laminae, to make up the distinctive architecture of the ocular lens. Lens fiber cells play pivotal roles in vision. Their primary function is to transmit and focus the light that enters the eye onto the retina, providing the sharpness and clarity necessary for vision. The precise alignment and organization of these cells allow for optimal light transmittance and minimizes scattering, thereby maintaining the transparency of the lens. As such, disruptions or abnormalities in lens fiber cells can lead to serious vision impairment, including conditions like cataracts, a common condition characterized by the opacification of the lens. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An interneuron that uses GABA as a vesicular neurotransmitter. These interneurons are inhibitory
The formal and textual definitions of this term will need to be altered if evidence for non-inhibitory GABA-ergic neurons emerges.
A cerebellar interneuron characterized by a spindle-shaped or triangular soma, parasagittally oriented and located at the border between the granular layer and the Purkinje cell layer. The Lugaro cell extends dendrites predominantly in the parasagittal plane, forming synaptic interactions with basket, stellate, and Golgi cells. Its axonal projections extend upward into the molecular layer, where they form a parasagittal plexus and emit long transverse collaterals that run parallel to the long axis of the cerebellar folia. The Lugaro cell is capable of co-releasing GABA and glycine, as evidenced by the expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65/67) and the glycine transporter GlyT2.
A cell in the area of mesoderm in the neurulating embryo that flanks and forms simultaneously with the neural tube. The cells of this region give rise to somites.
A hemocyte derived from the embryonic head mesoderm, which enters the hemolymph as a circulating cell.
A plasmatocyte derived from the embryonic head mesoderm.
A cell derived from the mesoderm that is found at the periphery of the embryo.
A cell derived from the mesoderm that is located between the paraxial mesoderm and the lateral plate.
A cell of the neural crest. Neural crest cells are multipotent. Premigratory neural crest cells are found at the neural plate boarder, some of which will undergo ectomesynchymal transition and delamination to form migratory neural crest cells.
Neural crest cells are a group of transient and highly migratory cells that originate from the neuroectoderm during the early stages of embryonic development. They are multipotent cells with an exceptional degree of plasticity, capable of differentiating into various somatic cell types and therefore play a fundamental role in the formation of various organs and tissues, making them critical contributors to the developing embryo. After the initiation of neurulation (the formation of the neural tube) neural crest cells start to undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and delaminate and migrate from the dorsal neural tube to several regions throughout the embryo. They differentiate into a range of diverse cell types, such as neurons and glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, including sensory and autonomic neurons. They also contribute to the formation of adrenal glands, pigment cells in the skin (melanocytes), cardiac structures, including parts of the heart septum and major arteries, as well as bones and cartilage of the face and skull. Disorders or aberrations in the development or migration of the neural crest cells can lead to serious congenital malformations, such as neurocristopathies, including Hirschsprung disease, neuroblastoma, and neurofibromatosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A sperm cell that is cabaple of motion (motility).
A sperm cell that is not cabaple of motion (motility).
A motile sperm cell that contain no F-actin, and their motility is powered by a dynamic filament system.
A motile sperm cell that contains a slender threadlike microscopic appendage that enables motion.
Cell that is part of the vagal neural crest population. The vagal neural crest arises from the axial level of somites 1-7 and has been described as a hybrid between the head and the trunk populations.
A group 3 innate lymphoid cell that express ROR gamma t and IL-7R alpha in the absence of lineage markers (e.g. CD3, CD19, B220, CD11c, Gr-1), with the functional ability to interact with mesenchymal cells through lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor. Lymphoid tissue-inducer cells are key to the development of lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the epicardium.
An undifferentiated cell derived from a neural stem cell, with a limited capacity to self-renew (Dibajnia and Morshead, 2013) and the ability to generate multiple types of lineage-restricted progenitors, contributing to the formation of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes.
A fibroblast that is part of upper back skin.
A fibroblast that is part of skin of back.
Mast cells do not normally express CD25, but neoplastic mast cells may be CD25-positive.
A double negative thymocyte that is CD3-positive, CD4-negative, CD8-negative, that that are present in the periphery in very low numbers and predominantly produce INF-gamma, TNF-alpha, and a low amount of TGF-beta, but not IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 or IL-13 upon activation.
CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T cells
double-negative alpha-beta regulatory T cell
An effector T cell that displays impaired effector functions (e.g., rapid production of effector cytokines, cytotoxicity) and has limited proliferative potential.
A precursor cell that has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell. They are descendants of stem cells, only they are more constrained in their differentiation potential or capacity for self-renewal, and are often more limited in both senses.
Any fibroblast that is part of skeletal muscle tissue.
Skeletal muscle fibroblasts (SMFs), with their spindle-shaped morphology, play a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of skeletal muscles. They produce connective tissues enveloping muscle fibers, offering vital structural support for optimal muscle contraction. SMFs are integral components of the dynamic and complex microenvironment of muscle tissue, contributing significantly to healthy muscle development and homeostasis. SMFs primarily synthesize and secrete extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as collagen, fibronectin, and proteoglycans. The resulting ECM exhibits mechanical properties that resist tensile forces from muscle contractions, ensuring muscle efficiency. It also crucially transmits force during muscle movement, aids muscle attachment to the skeletal structure, and serves as a scaffold for muscle regeneration and repair. Following injury, they proliferate and transform into myofibroblasts, aiding wound contraction and depositing new ECM for tissue repair. Additionally, these fibroblasts modulate inflammatory responses by secreting cytokines and interact with other cell types, like immune cells and satellite cells, to coordinate muscle healing. In diseases, an imbalance in SMF activity may lead to conditions such as fibrosis, marked by excessive ECM deposition and impaired muscle function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A neural-crest derived glial cell that supports the growth and survival of primary olfactory neuroons from the neuroepithelium in the nasal cavity to the brain by encasing large bundles of numerous unmyelinated axons.
An explosive cell containing one giant secretory organelle called a cnidocyst (also known as a cnida (plural cnidae) or nematocyst) that contains a toxin responsible for the stings delivered by a cnidarian to other organisms. Cnidae are used to capture prey and as a defense against predators. The presence of cnidocytes defines the phylum Cnidaria (corals, sea anemones, hydrae, jellyfish, etc.).
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of the dermis.
A dendritic cell that develops from a monocyte.
An enterocyte that possesses a large supranuclear vacuolar system that preferentially internalizes dietary protein via receptor-mediated and fluid-phase endocytosis for intracellular digestion and trans-cellular transport. In zebrafish these cells are located in the posterior region of the mid intestine throughout life. In mammals they are found in the ileum pre-weaning and later are replaced by mature enterocytes.
Neuron that secretes the neurotransmitter galanin.
Cells of the uterine chorion that acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer.
The chorionic trophoblast cell, vital for placental development in mammals, originates from the blastocyst's outer layer, the trophectoderm. As a significant component of the placenta, the chorion forms the external fetal-maternal interface and consists primarily of chorionic trophoblast cells. These cells are pivotal in embryogenesis, fetal nutrition, waste removal, and immune response generation, contributing crucially to the success of pregnancy. Chorionic trophoblast cells undergo trophoblast differentiation, giving rise to specialized sub-types: cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts. Cytotrophoblasts, found in the inner layer, serve as stem cells and contribute to proliferative activities. In contrast, syncytiotrophoblasts, originating from cytotrophoblasts, form the outer layer with a distinctive multinucleated, continuous, and non-proliferative structure. These cells play a key role in maternal-fetal gas and nutrient exchange, producing essential hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), progesterone, and estrogen, vital for sustaining pregnancy. Apart from their physiological roles, chorionic trophoblast cells play a crucial role in shielding the fetus from the maternal immune system. They accomplish this by modifying the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, which are self-identifying proteins utilized by the immune system to identify foreign cells. Through selective expression of specific types of these molecules, trophoblast cells can evade cytotoxic T cells that might otherwise attack them, while still retaining the ability to attract natural killer cells. These natural killer cells assist in trophoblast invasion and the remodeling of blood vessels in the uterus. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Parasympathetic neurons are part of the parasympathetic nervous sysem and the cell bodies lie in the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord. The neurons are mainly cholinergic.
Sympathetic neurons are part of the sympathetic nervous system and are primarily adrenergic producing the neurotransmitter noradrenalin along with other neuropeptides.
A type of interneuron in the retinal inner nuclear layer which carries information from the inner plexiform layer and the outer plexiform layer.
Need to MIREOT retinal inner nuclear layer (part of)
A type of interneuron in the retinal inner nuclear layer which carries information from the inner plexiform layer and the outer plexiform layer, using dopamine.
This type of cell is found in Danio rerio.
A type of interneuron in the retinal inner nuclear layer which carries information from the inner plexiform layer and the outer plexiform layer using GABA.
This type of cell is found in many mammals.
OBSOLETE: Astrocyte-like radial glial cell that extends vertically throughout the retina, with the nucleus are usually in the middle of the inner nuclear layer.
Term was duplicated, use CL:0000636 instead
Epithelial cell that is part of the colon epithelium.
A neuron that releases hypocretin as a neurotransmitter.
A neuroendocrine cell that secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). A GnRH neuron is born in the nasal placode during embryonic development and migrates through the nose and forebrain to the hypothalamus. This cell regulates reproduction by secreting GnRH into the pituitary portal vessels to induce the release of gonadotropins into the general circulation.
OBSOLETE: Neurons part of the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei that secrete the hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin into the systemic circulation from the posterior pituitary gland.
Duplicated term, please see CL:0011003 instead
obsolete magnocellular neurosecretory cell
A segmented neutrophilic cell of the bone marrow reserve pool that expresses CD11b (integrin alpha-M) and high levels of CD16 (low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III) on its cell surface.
A cell that, by division or terminal differentiation, can give rise to other cell types.
Work is needed on GO 'cell differentiation' before it is clear whether the equivalent class definition 'native cell' that capable_of some 'cell differentiation' works. Also, may want to consider merging this with non-terminally differentiated cell.
Any radial glial cell that is part of some forebrain.
forebrain radial glial cell
Motor neuron that innervate muscles that control eye, jaw, and facial movements of the vertebrate head and parasympathetic neurons that innervate certain glands and organs.
An ionocyte that is part of the lung epithelium. The cells from this type are major sources of the CFTR protein in human and mice.
The pulmonary ionocyte is a relatively newly identified, specific epithelial cell type found primarily in the pulmonary or respiratory system. Discovered through novel mapping techniques in 2018, these cells are surprisingly rare, making up less than 2% of the cells in the lung's airway, yet they play an essential role in the airway surface liquid and mucus regulation, a crucial factor in lung health. The main responsibility of the pulmonary ionocyte pertains to the regulation and mobilization of chloride ions. They express a high level of CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) gene, which encodes a protein channel across the membrane of cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, and digestive enzymes. The activity of CFTR regulates the movement of chloride ions and fluids in and out of cells, which helps maintain a balance of fluid in the organs they are expressed in. If CFTR is dysfunctional, it can cause conditions such as cystic fibrosis, characterized by thick, sticky mucus that can clog the lungs and obstruct the pancreas, leading to respiratory and digestive issues. The discovery of this cell type offers new doors to the treatment and further understanding of diseases like cystic fibrosis. Increased understanding of pulmonary ionocytes could contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to manipulate the function of CFTR in the lungs and other organs affected by dysfunctional CFTR. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set ASCL3, BSND can identify the Human cell type pulmonary ionocyte in the Lung with a confidence of 0.82 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A mesodermal cell that is part of the splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm.
A neuroendocrine cell that is part of the prostate epithelium.
neuroendocrine cell of prostate epithelium
An epithelial cell that is part of the prostatic urethra.
A supportive cell with a small, oval-shaped body and one to five telopodes. Telopodes are cytoplasmic protrusions from tens to hundreds of micrometers long and mostly below 0.2 microns of caliber.
Telocytes manage to develop complex networks in almost all organs of the human body. Although staining positively for vimentin antibody, some uncertainty still persists over the mesenchymal origin of these cells.
A lymphocyte that has gotten larger after being stimulated by an antigen.
A lymphocyte of B lineage that has gotten larger after being stimulated by an antigen.
A human dendritic cell that expresses the AXL and SIGLEC6 genes.
A hillock cell that is part of the urethra.
A hillock cell that is part of the prostatic urethra.
hillock cell of prostatic urethral epithelium
Cytoplasm that exhibits a characteristic staining and color, pale-pink, with Wright-Giemsa stain.
Nucleus with two or more lobes connected by a thin filament that contains no internal chromatin.
Obsoleted because duplicate with GO term.
Cytoplasm that exhibits a characteristic staining and color, red or pink, with Eosin stain.
Cytoplasm that exhibits molecular interaction for basic dyes under specific pH conditions.
Cytoplasm that exhibits affinity for both basic and acid stains under specific pH conditions.
OBSOLETE. A nucleus size quality which is relatively high compared to the amount of cytoplasm present in the same cell.
This class was a phenotype, not a cell type.
A concave nuclear shape where the nucleus is indented to more than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin, but in no area is the chromatin condensed to a single filament.
A concave nucleus shape where the indentation is smaller than half of the distance to the farthest nuclear margin.
Heterochromatin that is arranged in a carthwheel pattern.
Any nucleus that has characteristic some alobate.
alobate nucleus
Any serous secreting cell that is part of the tracheobronchial epithelium.
Serous cells of the tracheobronchial are found on the surface epithelium, submucosal glands, or both, depending on species. They appear in tubulo-acinar arrangements in submucosal glands. Tracheobronchial serous cells play a vital role in maintaining respiratory health by secreting serous fluid, which is rich in enzymes, ions, and antimicrobial proteins. This serous fluid is essential in clearing out debris, trapping and neutralizing inhaled pathogens and particulate matters, thereby helping in preventing infections. Their secretory products also include water and electrolytes that, combined with mucus (from mucous cells), maintain proper humidity within the airway and lubricate its surfaces, facilitating unhindered airflow. Dysfunction of these cells may lead to diseases such as cystic fibrosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
tracheobronchial serous cell
Any chondrocyte that is part of the tracheobronchial tree.
tracheobronchial chondrocyte
Any goblet cell that is part of the tracheobronchial epithelium.
tracheobronchial goblet cell
An eosinophil with a ring-shaped nucleus that is resident in the lung parenchyma. In mouse, lung parenchyma resident eosinophils are IL-5-independent Siglec-F(intermediate) CD62L+ CD101(low). In human, they are Siglec-8+ CD62L+ IL-3R(low).
lung parenchyma resident eosinophil
A smooth muscle cell that is part of any lymphatic vessel.
lymphatic vessel smooth muscle cell
A smooth muscle cell that is part of any blood vessel.
blood vessel smooth muscle cell
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the tracheobronchial tree.
Tracheobronchial smooth muscle cells are universally located in the tracheobronchial tree and play a critical role in controlling and modulating the size of the airway lumen, thereby contributing significantly to the airflow resistance. These cells display both phasic and tonic characteristics, which are vital for airway contractility. Phasic activity manifests as cyclic contraction and relaxation, similar to the behavior seen in gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells, whilst tonic activity resembles vascular smooth muscle cells, maintaining a constant degree of tension. These features enable tracheobronchial smooth muscle cells to constrict the airways in response to various mechanical and chemical stimuli, including allergens, parasympathetic nervous stimulation, changes in gas composition, and cold air, thus protecting the delicate alveoli from potential damage. Tracheobronchial smooth muscle cells, beyond their contractile function, actively contribute to airway remodeling in conditions like asthma. Their proliferative and synthetic capabilities lead to smooth muscle hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and the production of extracellular matrix components, collectively causing abnormal airway narrowing. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
smooth muscle cell of tracheobronchial tree
The marker set ACTA2, TAGLN can identify the Human cell type tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell in the Lung with a confidence of 0.69 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell
An epithelial cell of the extrahepatic bile ducts, including the left and right hepatic duct, common hepatic duct, and common bile duct. They are columnar in shape, and have a large nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio relative to small/intrahepatic cholangiocytes.
extrahepatic cholangiocyte
An endothelial cell found in the periportal region hepatic sinusoid, near the portal triad. The fenestrae of these cells are larger but fewer in number compared with those of endothelial cells near the centrilobular region of the hepatic sinusoid.
periportal hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell
endothelial cell of periportal hepatic sinusoid
An endothelial cell found in the centrilobular region hepatic sinusoid, near the central vein. The fenestrae of these cells are smaller but more numerous compared with those of endothelial cells near the periportal region of the hepatic sinusoid.
central venous hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell
endothelial cell of pericentral hepatic sinusoid
Any hepatocyte that is part of the liver lobule periportal region. These cells are primarily involved in oxidative energy metabolism.
periportal region hepatocyte
Any hepatocyte that is part of the liver lobule midzonal region. These cells have mixed functionality in comparison with those in the other two regions of the liver lobule.
midzonal region hepatocyte
Any hepatocyte that is part of the liver lobule centrilobular region. These cells are the primary location for the biotransformation of drugs.
centrilobular region hepatocyte
Goblet cells reside throughout the length of the small and large intestine and are responsible for the production and maintenance of the protective mucus blanket by synthesizing and secreting high-molecular-weight glycoproteins known as mucins. Human intestinal goblet cells secrete the MUC2 mucin, as well as a number of typical mucus components: CLCA1, FCGBP, AGR2, ZG16, and TFF3.
intestine goblet cell
A tuft cell that is part of the intestinal epithelium, characterized by a distinctive apical tuft and lateral cytospinules connecting to neighbouring cells. This cell senses luminal stimuli via taste receptors and succinate signalling, initiating type 2 immune responses through the secretion of interleukin-25 while modulating epithelial regeneration through prostaglandin synthesis. It expresses key molecular markers such as doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) in mice (Hendel et al., 2022), and KIT proto-oncogene in humans (Huang et al., 2024). Developed from intestinal crypt stem cells, this cell requires transcription factor POU2F3 for its development.
intestinal tuft cell
OBSOLETE. A renal beta-intercalated cell that is part of the cortical collecting duct. The medullary collecting duct does not contain the renal beta-intercalated cell type.
kidney collecting duct intercalated cell type B
obsolete kidney collecting duct beta-intercalated cell
Any neuron that has its soma located in some retrotrapezoid nucleus.
Any epithelial cell that is part of some mesonephric nephron tubule.
mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell
Any neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) that is part of some forebrain.
Any glial cell that is part of some lateral line nerve.
Any radial glial cell that is part of some spinal cord.
stratified keratinized epithelial stem cell
stratified non keratinized epithelial stem cell
Any epithelial cell that is part of some pronephric nephron tubule.
pronephric nephron tubule epithelial cell
Any epithelial cell that is part of some metanephric nephron tubule.
metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell
Any goblet cell that is part of some lung epithelium.
Lung goblet cells are critical components of the respiratory tract, specifically found in the bronchial segments. They are secretory epithelial cells known for their signature "goblet" or cup-like shape. Their primary function is to produce and secrete mucus that aids in trapping airborne particles and pathogens, preventing them from reaching the delicate environment of the lung. As part of the lung's epithelial lining, they act as frontline defenders, maintaining lung health and function. The lung goblet cells are densely packed with granules containing mucin glycoproteins, the primary component of mucus. As mucus is produced and secreted, it moves towards the lumen of the lungs where the cilia, hair-like structures of the neighboring ciliated epithelial cells, help to navigate it upwards and out of the respiratory tract. This coordinated action ensures the expulsion of unwanted particles and pathogens, effectively cleaning the respiratory tract. Dysfunction or abnormal proliferation of lung goblet cells can result in pathological conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and asthma, where excessive mucus production leads to airway obstruction. Furthermore, lung goblet cells respond to a variety of stimuli, including toxins, allergens, irritants, and infections, adjusting their mucus production accordingly. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A specialized epithelial secretory cell that moves chloride ions and water across the tubule epithelium.
Any tip cell that is part of some Malpighian tubule.
A rod-like cell in the inner ear, having their heads joined and their bases on the basilar membrane widely separated so as to form a spiral tunnel known as the tunnel of Corti.
Any chondrocyte that is part of some growth plate cartilage.
A specialised neuroendocrine cell located in the gastric mucosa that regulates digestive processes including acid secretion and gut motility. This cell stores hormones in large dense core vesicles and synaptic-like microvesicles.
A neuroendocrine cell that is part of respiratory epithelium of the lung and is involved in the sensory detection of environmental stimuli, including hypoxia, nicotine and air pressure. Ultrastructurally, this cell type is characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic dense core granules, which are considered the storage sites of amine and peptide hormones. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells are innervated and appear as solitary cells or as clustered masses, localized at airway bifurcation sites, called neuroepithelial bodies that can release serotonin in response to hypoxia and interact with sensory nerve terminals. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells also function as reserve stem cells that repair the surrounding epithelium after injury.
Lung neuroendocrine cells, also commonly known as pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs), are predominantly located in the respiratory epithelium of the bronchial and bronchiolar airways in the lungs. These cells, characterised by their small size and granular appearance, have a distinctive morphology that sets them apart from other lung cells. They are considered part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system due to their scattered distribution through the epithelium and have been classified into solitary cells and clustered forms known as neuroepithelial bodies. The primary function of PNECs is linked to regulation and maintenance of the lung environment. They are sensory in nature and can secrete various bioactive substances such as serotonin, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptides, and bombesin-like peptides which modulate airway smooth muscle tone and influence gut motility. For example, they act as oxygen sensors in response to hypoxia and are responsible for releasing neuropeptides that can induce responses. Moreover, PNECs provide an afferent function as they are equipped with long microvilli that project into the lumen of the bronchus and react to changes in the chemical composition of the luminal content. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set CHGA, GRP can identify the Human cell type lung neuroendocrine cell in the Lung with a confidence of 0.94 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
Any glial cell that is part of some posterior lateral line nerve.
Any glial cell that is part of some anterior lateral line nerve.
Any peripheral nervous system neuron that has its soma located in some posterior lateral line ganglion.
An epithelial cell that is part of the lung epithelium. This cell is characterised by the presence of cilia on its apical surface.
Any secretory cell that is part of some lung.
An extraembryonic cell that is part of the trophectoderm, representing the first lineage to differentiate in the embryo. This cell is crucial for implantation into the uterine wall and differentiates into trophoblast cells, which contribute to placenta formation and facilitate maternal-fetal nutrient and signal exchange.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the small intestine.
Smooth muscle cells of the small intestine form a key component of the enteric system which is imperative for gastrointestinal motility. These cells are a specialized subgroup of smooth muscle cells, specifically found in the layers of the small intestine. The small intestine represents a significant part of the digestive system and plays a crucial role in the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. Smooth muscle cells of the small intestine are predominantly responsible for creating the contractions and relaxations that constitute intestinal motility. They trigger these movements in a coordinated and rhythmic manner known as peristalsis and segmentation. Peristalsis is a form of longitudinal and sequential contraction that pushes food from the upper gastrointestinal tract to the lower parts. Segmentation works by squeezing the intestine randomly, thereby facilitating the mixing of food particles and increasing contact with absorptive surfaces. These two processes are critical for intestinal motility and an effective digestive process. Apart from facilitating transit of food through contractions, these smooth muscle cells play a role in controlling the diameter of the vessels and the blood flow in the small intestine by their constrictive ability. These smooth muscle cells also contribute to the structural integrity of the small intestine by forming a part of its muscularis externa and muscularis mucosae. Additionally, they interact with other cell types such as enteric neurons and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), forming an integrated cellular network that ensures optimal functioning of the intestinal tract. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
non-striated muscle fiber of small intestine
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the duodenum.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the jejunum.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the ileum.
The smooth muscle fiber of the ileum primarily refers to a specific class of muscle cells present in the ileum, the final segment of the small intestine. Distinguished from skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, smooth muscle does not possess striations and is under the control of the involuntary nervous system. These cells primarily facilitate the movement of digested food, a process known as peristalsis. These cells coordinate rhythmic contractions and relaxations, propelling the chyme toward the colon. This process is vital for efficient nutrient absorption in the small intestine and the transfer of undigested material to the large intestine. Moreover, the smooth muscle fibers enhance the ileum's ability to expand and adapt to volume changes without elevating internal pressure, known as compliance. The smooth muscle fiber of the ileum contributes to reflex responses, enhancing muscle contractions to propel intestinal contents in different physiological conditions. This involves intricate molecular signaling with neurotransmitters, hormones, and local signals. Thus, beyond its structural role, the smooth muscle fiber is crucial for the physiological functions of digestion and absorption in the small intestine. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the large intestine.
non-striated muscle fiber of large intestine
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the colon.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the cecum.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the ascending colon.
non-striated muscle fiber of ascending colon
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the transverse colon.
non-striated muscle fiber of transverse colon
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the descending colon.
non-striated muscle fiber of descending colon
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the sigmoid colon.
non-striated muscle fiber of sigmoid colon
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the rectum.
A muscle cell that is part of the anterior internodal tract.
A muscle cell that is part of the atrial branch of anterior internodal tract.
myocyte of atrial branch of anterior internodal tract
A muscle cell that is part of the atrial septal branch of anterior internodal tract.
myocyte of atrial septal branch of anterior internodal tract
A muscle cell that is part of the middle internodal tract.
A muscle cell that is part of the posterior internodal tract.
An epithelial cell that is part of the urethra.
Epithelial cells of the urethra constitute the inner lining of the urethra, forming a mucosal barrier that helps protect the body from external contaminants. The type of epithelial cells found in the urethra can vary along its length. In general, the urethra is lined with stratified squamous epithelium in its distal or external portion, which is closer to the external environment. This type of epithelium provides protection against mechanical stress and pathogens. Closer to the bladder, the urethra transitions to a different type of epithelium. In males, the proximal part of the urethra is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the region where it passes through the prostate gland. In females, the transitional epithelium may be present in the proximal part of the urethra near the bladder. Epithelial cells of the urethra are primarily dedicated to the protection of underlying tissues from mechanical stress and pathogens during micturition (urination). They do this by creating a tight, impermeable barrier that prevents the entry and colonization of invading microbes. They produce a variety of antimicrobials and are tightly packed to prevent infiltration between cells, forming an integral part of the body's innate immune system. In addition to their protective role, these cells are involved in the secretion of mucus. This mucus acts as a lubricant that ensures the smooth and easy passage of urine from the bladder through the urethra and out of the body, reducing any potential damage from the erosive action of urine. Epithelial cells of the urethra are dynamic, constantly renewing their numbers to replace any cells lost through wear and tear. Any disruptions to the function or integrity of these cells may contribute to urinary tract infections and other urological disorders. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A mesothelial cell that is part of the dura mater.
A fibroblast that is part of the connective tissue of prostate.
fibroblast of connective tissue of prostate
A fibroblast that is part of the outer membrane of prostatic capsule.
fibroblast of outer membrane of prostatic capsule
A fibroblast that is part of the subepithelial connective tissue of prostatic gland.
fibroblast of subepithelial connective tissue of prostatic gland
A fibroblast that is part of the papillary layer of dermis.
A fibroblast that is part of the areolar connective tissue.
A fibroblast that is part of the connective tissue of nonglandular part of prostate.
fibroblast of connective tissue of nonglandular part of prostate
A fibroblast that is part of the connective tissue of glandular part of prostate.
fibroblast of connective tissue of glandular part of prostate
A fibroblast that is part of the tunica adventitia of artery.
fibroblast of tunica adventitia of artery
A fibroblast that is part of the dense regular elastic tissue.
fibroblast of dense regular elastic tissue
A fibrocyte that is part of the adventitia of ureter.
An adipocyte that is part of the epicardial fat.
An adipocyte that is part of the epicardial fat of right ventricle.
adipocyte of epicardial fat of right ventricle
An adipocyte that is part of the epicardial fat of left ventricle.
adipocyte of epicardial fat of left ventricle
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchus.
Bronchial goblet cells are a subset of goblet cells that are predominantly found in the respiratory tract, specifically within the bronchi and bronchioles. Named for their flask-like shape and their apparent similarity to a goblet, these cells contribute significantly to the maintenance of lung health and homeostasis. In humans, goblet cells comprise up to 25% of the bronchial epithelial columnar cells and are an integral part of the mucus-secreting system of the respiratory tract and are primarily responsible for the production and secretion of mucus. The mucus secreted by bronchial goblet cells serves as a protective layer over the delicate and sensitive structures of the bronchi. The mucus, an amalgamation of glycoproteins, lipids, and other substances, traps any inhaled dust, microorganisms, and pollutants, preventing them from reaching deeper lung tissues and causing potential damage. Additionally, the mucus secretion aids in moistening the airway surface, thereby facilitating effective gas exchange and maintaining the overall health of the respiratory tract. Bronchial goblet cells have an innate defense mechanism wherein they increase secretion of mucus in response to irritants, infection or inflammation in the airway. This strategy, however, if incessantly stimulated, can lead to airway obstruction and health complications like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set PLCG2, ANKRD36C can identify the Human cell type bronchial goblet cell in the Lung with a confidence of 0.55 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of stomach.
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of gastric cardiac gland.
goblet cell of epithelium of gastric cardiac gland
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of principal gastric gland.
goblet cell of epithelium of principal gastric gland
OBSOLETE: A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of small intestine.
obsolete goblet cell of epithelium of small intestine
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of intestinal villus.
goblet cell of epithelium of intestinal villus
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine.
obsolete small intestine crypt goblet cell
OBSOLETE: A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of small intestine.
obsolete goblet cell of epithelium proper of small intestine
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of large intestine.
The large intestine goblet cell is a highly specialized type of mucosal epithelial cell that is located within the epithelial lining of the large intestine. The key function of goblet cells is the production and secretion of a protective layer of mucus which is essential for maintaining gut homeostasis. Goblet cells have a characteristic 'goblet-like' shape, which adapts them for this specific function: organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ER, and Golgi apparatus are located in the basal portion of the cell; while the vesicles with mucins (required for mucus production) are located apically, close to the apical membrane where their exocytosis takes place. The goblet cells of the large intestine produce a thick layer of mucus that coats the intestinal lumen. This mucus provides a barrier that prevents the direct contact of intestinal cells with bacteria and other potentially toxic substances present in the digestive tract. It also lubricates the intestine to facilitate the smooth passage of digested food material. It is worth noting that the mucus system differs between the small and large intestine: although in both the mucus is built around MUC2 mucin polymers produced by goblet cells, it is becoming clear that there are several types of goblet cells that function in different ways. From an immunological perspective, large intestine goblet cells participate in promoting a balanced gut immune response. They contribute to the process known as immune tolerance, where they prevent the body's immune system from overreacting to the trillions of bacteria present in the gut. These cells achieve this by secreting molecules that help maintain a calm environment, limiting inflammatory reactions unless absolutely necessary. Any dysfunction or decrease in the number of goblet cells can result in a compromised intestinal barrier leading to various health issues, including inflammatory bowel disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
goblet cell of epithelium of large intestine
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn of large intestine.
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of pancreatic duct.
goblet cell of epithelium of pancreatic duct
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of pyloric gland.
goblet cell of epithelium of pyloric gland
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of duodenum.
goblet cell of epithelium proper of duodenum
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of jejunum.
goblet cell of epithelium proper of jejunum
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of ileum.
The ileal goblet cell is a subset of intestinal goblet cells that are a key component of the epithelium of the ileum, a portion of the small intestine. Goblet cells are named and characterized by their distinctive 'goblet' shape with a narrow base tapering to a broad apical surface; located between the lumen of the intestine and the internal environment of the body, they serve an integral role in maintaining gut homeostasis. Like all intestinal goblet cells, the primary function of ileal goblet cells is the production and secretion of mucins, large, heavily glycosylated proteins that combine to form mucus. This mucus lining serves as a protective barrier, shielding the underlying tissue from the potentially damaging effects of digestive enzymes, acids, or pathogenic microbes present in the gut lumen. Their strategic location in the ileal segment of the intestinal tract aids in efficient nutrient absorption while also maintaining an impregnable barrier against potential pathogens, ensuring an intricate balance. Goblet cells of the ileum also play a significant role in immune modulation. They are thought to promote oral tolerance (the immune unresponsiveness to orally ingested antigens such as food) by delivering luminal antigens to underlying dendritic cells, thereby driving immune education and tolerogenic responses. They also secrete bioactive molecules, such as the trefoil factor peptide TFF3, which aids in repairing damaged epithelium. By performing these crucial functions, ileal goblet cells not only aid in maintaining intestinal health, but also contribute significantly to the overall well-being of the organism. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
goblet cell of epithelium proper of ileum
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of appendix.
goblet cell of epithelium proper of appendix
OBSOLETE: A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of large intestine.
obsolete goblet cell of epithelium proper of large intestine
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea.
Tracheal goblet cells are specialized cells found in the lining of the trachea. They are a key component of the tracheobronchial epithelium, a critical region responsible for maintaining open airways and preventing the ingress of harmful particles or irritants. Goblet cells are filled with membrane-bound secretory granules, which are responsible for their distinctive, goblet-like shape. Goblet cells specialize in the production and secretion of mucus, a slimy substance composed primarily of glycoproteins (mucins) and water. This sticky mucus serves to trap foreign particles and pollutants, such as dust, bacteria, and viruses that an organism breathes in. After trapping these particles, the cilia on neighboring ciliated epithelial cells beat synchronously, forming a coordinated escalator to push mucus upwards toward the pharynx, where it's either swallowed or expectorated. This system, known as the mucociliary clearance or escalator, forms a crucial barrier in the lungs against respiratory pathogens and external insults. Changes in the number or function of tracheal goblet cells can engender health complications. For example, goblet cell hyperplasia, or excessive growth of goblet cells, is a common feature of chronic inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). This condition results in mucus hypersecretion, airway blockage, and increased risk of respiratory tract infections. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea.
Serous cells are specialized epithelial cells and can be found lining the trachea and brochus. They are among the major components of the respiratory epithelium. These cells are known for their production and release of serous secretions, which form a key component of airway mucus. These secretions primarily comprise of water, proteins, and enzymes, such as lysozyme and peroxidases. Their main purposes are to provide hydration and lubrication to the airway tissue and to act as a defense mechanism against pathogens. While the lysozyme and peroxidases contribute to the destruction of bacteria, the water in the secretions helps to liquefy the mucus, facilitating the effective functioning of the ciliated cells that propel the mucus up the trachea. The coordinated action between serous cells and other cell types in the tracheal epithelium proves essential for maintaining a healthy respiratory tract. Dysfunction or damage of these cells can lead to various respiratory tract disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and asthma. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchus.
Serous cells of the epithelium of the bronchus, also termed bronchial serous cells, are predominantly found within the seromucous glands located in the bronchial submucosa. Serous cells can also be found in the trachea and are characterized by small, sparse, electron-dense granules. Serous cells are specialized cells responsible for the production and secretion of serous fluid. Serous fluid, mainly composed of water, proteins, and various types of salts, provides many benefits: it helps moisturize the airways, keep the bronchial tube walls moist, and safeguard the bronchial tubes against various foreign particles and infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses. Moreover, the fluid released by these cells assists in the lubrication and reduced friction in the bronchi, allowing for smoother airflow. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of terminal bronchiole.
serous cell of epithelium of terminal bronchiole
A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchiole.
serous cell of epithelium of lobular bronchiole
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium of small intestine.
Enterocytes of the epithelium of the small intestine are specialized cells that reside in the lining of the small intestine, and are primarily responsible for the essential process of nutrient absorption. These cells are columnar epithelial cells with an apical surface lined with microvilli, a feature referred to as the 'brush border', to maximize the surface area available for absorption. Enterocytes play a critical role in both the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. Their extensive brush border contains enzymes that further assist in nutrient breakdown and transport proteins that transfer nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, lipids, and vitamins, across the cell membrane. The enterocytes of the small intestine also participate in the barrier function of the gut lining. Enterocytes are connected by tight junctions, which act as a primary defense line against pathogenic invasion by maintaining intestinal barrier integrity. Additionally, their cell surface is coated in glycocalyx and mucus which forms a defensive barrier preventing the penetration of harmful bacteria into the systemic circulation. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium of intestinal villus.
enterocyte of epithelium of intestinal villus
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium of duodenal gland.
enterocyte of epithelium of duodenal gland
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine.
enterocyte of epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium proper of small intestine.
enterocyte of epithelium proper of small intestine
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium proper of duodenum.
enterocyte of epithelium proper of duodenum
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium proper of jejunum.
enterocyte of epithelium proper of jejunum
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium proper of ileum.
Enterocytes of the epithelium proper of the ileum, commonly known as ileal enterocytes, are specialized epithelial cells found lining the inner surface of the ileum, the final section of the small intestine in the human body. They play a pivotal role in nutrient absorption, digestive metabolic functions, and the maintenance of the host’s immune response. Like enterocytes in other parts of the intestine, ileal enterocytes exhibit distinct characteristics specific to their function and role. They have microvilli on their apical surfaces to increase absorption and are important in the absorption of vitamins and the reabsorption of bile salts. These cells also produce enzymes that metabolize lipids and xenobiotics. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
enterocyte of epithelium proper of ileum
A paneth cell that is part of the epithelium of small intestine.
Paneth cells of the epithelium of the small intestine, often referred to simply as Paneth cells, are a type of specialized secretory cell that forms an integral part of the intestinal crypts of Lieberkühn – gland-like invaginations lining the small intestine. Named after the Austrian physician Josef Paneth, who first identified them in the late 19th century, these cells are significant because of their substantial involvement in the mucosal immune system and intestinal stem cell maintenance. Functionally, Paneth cells play a key role in maintaining gut homeostasis and in the first line of antimicrobial defense, mainly through the secretion of a range of antimicrobial peptides and proteins. These include lysozymes, cryptdins, or alpha-defensins, which have potent activity against various gut pathogens including bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Furthermore, Paneth cells of the small intestine are also known to release secretory phospholipase A2, an enzyme active against gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, they secrete several growth factors like EGF, TGF-alpha, and Wnt3, which are crucial for stem cell support and the overall maintenance of intestinal mucosal integrity. The unique location of Paneth cells at the base of the crypts positions them in very close proximity to intestinal stem cells. This not only facilitates their role in stem cell maintenance but also involves them in epithelial regeneration and repair following injury. Dysfunctional Paneth cells have been associated with several gut disorders, like Crohn’s disease and necrotizing enterocolitis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine
Figure depicts a cross section of intestinal villi in the small intestine , including the crypts of Lieberkuhn (seen here as ‘crypt’), as well as the layer specific locations of cells that exist within the gastrointestinal tract. Layers depicted here include epithelium (rows of cells bordering villus), submucosa (white space below the epithelium containing networks of neurons and ganglia depicted in pink), muscularis mucosae (blue layer), muscularis propria (referred to here as muscle layer). ISC: Intestinal Stem Cell TA: Transit Amplifying Cells
A Paneth cell that is part of the epithelium proper of small intestine.
paneth cell of epithelium proper of small intestine
A paneth cell that is part of the epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine.
paneth cell of epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium proper of large intestine.
vacuolar absorptive cell of epithelium proper of large intestine
enterocyte of epithelium proper of large intestine
An enterocyte (absorptive epithelial cell) of the colonic epithelium, characterized by a columnar shape. This cell is responsible for the absorption, transport, and metabolization of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut bacteria, as well as the transport and absorption of water and electrolytes.
Enterocytes of the colon are specialized epithelial cells located in the lining of the colon, the largest part of the large intestine. These cells play a critical role in absorbing water, electrolytes, and certain vitamins from the food material passed on from the small intestine. With a unique structure of finger-like protrusions referred to as microvilli, the enterocytes increase their surface area for effective absorption. The colon is the last part of the digestive system, and as such, it is responsible for compacting undigested food materials and forming fecal matter. Enterocytes of the colon facilitate this process effectively through absorption of water. Enterocytes are known for their high regeneration potential, replenishing every 4-5 days, enabling the healthy functioning of the colon. They originate from stem cells located in the crypt of the colon and differentiate into mature enterocytes as they migrate upwards towards the luminal surface. This constant turnover aids in maintaining the intestinal barrier, preventing the entry of detrimental substances into the systemic circulation. Their tight junctions with other epithelial cells provide a robust barrier against invasive pathogens. Enterocytes of the colon are involved in the communication with the gut microbiota. These cells harbor enzymes necessary for the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids, which are the byproducts of the fermentation process by gut bacteria. Short-chain fatty acids serve as a major energy source for colonocytes and are important for maintaining colonic health. The dysfunction of enterocytes, therefore, could lead to disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
vacuolar absorptive cell of epithelium of colon
A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea.
Basal cells of epithelium of trachea are a vital cell population within the respiratory tract's lining, specifically in the trachea's epithelium. These cells are located at the base of the columnar epithelial cell layer and can be identified by their characteristic cuboidal shape, a large nucleus and few organelles, as well as scattered microvilli. The basal cells are not in direct contact with the lumen, which is covered by a layer of ciliated and non-ciliated columnar cells. Instead, the basal cells are connected to, and line, a thin basement membrane. The primary function of basal cells involves stem cell activity and epithelial tissue maintenance. Basal cells in the trachea play a crucial role in the regeneration and repair of the tracheal epithelium during damage or injury, acting as progenitor cells for ciliated and secretory cells. They serve as a reserve pool of cells, ready to proliferate and differentiate as needed for homeostatic tissue maintenance or in repair processes when the epithelium has been compromised, whether by injury or disease. These cells are also implicated in numerous disease pathways. Conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer exhibit unusual behavior and quantities of tracheal basal cells, making these cells a focal point in respiratory disease research. In summary, basal cells in the tracheal epithelium have a multifaceted role in maintaining, repairing, and influencing tracheal health, playing a crucial role in the stability of the respiratory system. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A basal cell found in the bronchus epithelium.
The basal cells of the epithelium of the bronchus are a vital component of the cellular linings found within the bronchial tubes of the respiratory system. They are typically nonciliated, cuboidal cells that are tightly attached to the basement membrane, thereby providing structural support for the epithelial tissues. The function of the basal cell of the bronchial epithelium is multifaceted, underscoring the importance of these cells for respiratory health. One of their primary roles involves regeneration and cellular turnover. They serve as local stem cells, being able to proliferate and differentiate into other cell types such as ciliated and secretory epithelial cells. This regenerative function of basal cells is required for maintaining the integrity of the bronchial epithelium and is especially critical after injury or during disease states when there is an increased need for new cells to repair damaged tissue or replace lost cells. In addition to these regenerative duties, basal cells of the bronchial epithelium play a crucial role in providing a defensive barrier against inhaled substances. They participate in the coordinated immune response directed against airborne pathogens, foreign particles, and toxins that enter the respiratory tract. Basal cells can respond to inflammation or irritation by altering their activities, which include proliferating, differentiating, or producing bioactive substances. Throughout all these responses, the basal cells help to maintain the homeostasis of the bronchial tubes, allowing for the efficient transport of air to and from the lungs. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of terminal bronchiole.
basal cell of epithelium of terminal bronchiole
A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of respiratory bronchiole.
basal cell of epithelium of respiratory bronchiole
A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchiole.
basal cell of epithelium of lobular bronchiole
A M cell that is part of the epithelium of small intestine.
Microfold cells, also widely known as M cells, are a distinct type of epithelial cell found in the gut, including the small intestine, specifically within the Peyer’s patches, a component of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). M cells play a crucial role in the immune response within the intestine environment. These cells are characterized by microfolds (short microvilli, which give them their name), a reduced, thin glycocalyx, and a deeply invaginated basolateral membrane next to immune cells such as B cells, T cells, and macrophages, and DCs. These features allow the M cells to form the first point of contact between the gut lumen and the intestinal immune system. They are well-regulated gateways that capture and transport antigens, such as bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances found in the lumen, to the underlying cells of the immune system. This specialized transport mechanism, called ‘transcytosis’, involves engulfment of these antigens from the apical side, transport across their cytoplasm, and release on the basolateral side of the cells, where immune responses can be initiated. Furthermore, M cells have complex interactions with members of the gut microbiota and other immune cells, making them essential for maintaining gut homeostasis. This cross-talk shapes the diversity and makeup of the gut microbiota, subsequently having a substantial impact on the host's health. In certain situations, pathogenic organisms can exploit the transcytosis mechanism to infiltrate the host's system, causing various infectious diseases. The overarching significance of M cells in the small intestine lies in their role of surveillance and protection against a wide range of potentially harmful pathogens, while also facilitating beneficial interactions with commensal microbes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine
A M cell that is part of the epithelium of intestinal villus.
microfold cell of epithelium of intestinal villus
A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of small intestine.
microfold cell of epithelium proper of small intestine
A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of duodenum.
microfold cell of epithelium proper of duodenum
A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of jejunum.
microfold cell of epithelium proper of jejunum
A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of ileum.
microfold cell of epithelium proper of ileum
A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of appendix.
microfold cell of epithelium proper of appendix
A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of large intestine.
microfold cell of epithelium proper of large intestine
A transitional myocyte that is part of the interatrial septum.
transitional myocyte of interatrial septum
A transitional myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum.
transitional myocyte of interventricular septum
A transitional myocyte that is part of the atrial branch of anterior internodal tract.
transitional myocyte of atrial branch of anterior internodal tract
A transitional myocyte that is part of the anterior internodal tract.
transitional myocyte of anterior internodal tract
A transitional myocyte that is part of the atrial septal branch of anterior internodal tract.
transitional myocyte of atrial septal branch of anterior internodal tract
A transitional myocyte that is part of the middle internodal tract.
transitional myocyte of middle internodal tract
A transitional myocyte that is part of the posterior internodal tract.
transitional myocyte of posterior internodal tract
A transitional myocyte that is part of the anterior division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle.
transitional myocyte of anterior division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle
A transitional myocyte that is part of the septal division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle.
transitional myocyte of septal division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle
A transitional myocyte that is part of the left branch of atrioventricular bundle.
transitional myocyte of left branch of atrioventricular bundle
A transitional myocyte that is part of the right branch of atrioventricular bundle.
transitional myocyte of right branch of atrioventricular bundle
A transitional myocyte that is part of the atrial part of atrioventricular bundle.
transitional myocyte of atrial part of atrioventricular bundle
A transitional myocyte that is part of the ventricular part of atrioventricular bundle.
transitional myocyte of ventricular part of atrioventricular bundle
A transitional myocyte that is part of the posterior division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle.
transitional myocyte of posterior division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle
A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the septal division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle.
myocardial endocrine cell of septal division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle
A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum.
Purkinje myocyte of interventricular septum
A Feyrter cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea.
dense-core granulated cell of epithelium of trachea
A type I vestibular sensory cell that is part of the stato-acoustic epithelium.
type 1 vestibular sensory cell of stato-acoustic epithelium
A type I vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth.
type 1 vestibular sensory cell of epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth
A type I vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth.
type 1 vestibular sensory cell of epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth
A type I vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth.
type 1 vestibular sensory cell of epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth
A type II vestibular sensory cell that is part of the stato-acoustic epithelium.
type 2 vestibular sensory cell of stato-acoustic epithelium
A type II vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth.
type 2 vestibular sensory cell of epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth
A type II vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth.
type 2 vestibular sensory cell of epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth
A type II vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth.
type 2 vestibular sensory cell of epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth
A melanocyte that is part of the eyelid.
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the intralobular part of terminal lactiferous duct.
myoepithelial cell of intralobular lactiferous duct
An endothelial cell that is part of the venous sinus of red pulp of spleen.
todo - add logical definition to UBERON:0009967
endothelial cell of venous sinus of red pulp of spleen
An endothelial cell that is part of the hepatic sinusoid. These cells possess flattened areas containing perforations about 0.1 micrometers in diameter, known as fenestrae. The fenestrae are arranged in groups known as sieve plates.
Endothelial cells of hepatic sinusoids, also known as hepatic or liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSEC or LSEC), are unique, specialized type of endothelial cells located in the liver. They are the building units of the hepatic sinusoid, which functions as a specialized capillary system that facilitates the exchange of various substances between the blood and hepatocytes. This finely tuned environment, facilitated by HSEC, is primordial for the liver's multiple physiologic functions that include nutrient metabolism, toxin inactivation, and immunomodulation. The HSEC have a distinctive morphology that sets them apart from the typical endothelial cells found in other organs. These cells are exceptionally thin to allow for efficient transfer of molecules and characterized by fenestrations, which are non-diaphragmatic, sieve-like openings that provide an open filtration pathway from the sinusoidal lumen to the space of Disse, where hepatocytes are exposed. The fenestration is a crucial feature that allows lipoproteins, nutrients, and other plasma components easy access to hepatocytes for essential liver functions, including clearance of waste products and metabolic regulation. HSECs further play a vital role in immune functionality in the liver. They act as a sentinel, determining the nature of the immune response to encountered particulates. They possess a capacity for antigen presentation and express a series of immune-related surface molecules, which helps in immunosurveillance and immunoregulation. The HSEC also aid in the removal and destruction of virus-infected cells, harmful microorganisms, and circulatory waste products to safeguard liver health and general systemic cleanliness. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An epithelial cell that is part of the appendix.
A muscle cell that is part of the sinoatrial node.
A muscle cell that is part of the atrioventricular node.
An endothelial cell that is part of the small intestine Peyer's patch.
An endothelial cell that is part of the arteriole.
A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of an arterial endothelium.
Endothelial cells of the artery, also referred to as arterial endothelial cells, form an integral part of the arterial system. They form a single layer, known as the endothelium, lining the interior surface of arteries, and are able to respond to the high-pressure and flow conditions present in arteries. The primary role of these cells is to provide a barrier between the vessel wall and the blood, exhibiting selective permeability to regulate the movement of liquids, gases, and blood-borne substances across the vascular wall. Arterial endothelial cells significantly contribute to maintaining vascular homeostasis. They are at the forefront of sensations and responses to mechanical stimuli, like shear stress and blood pressure changes. An additional key function pertains to the production of nitric oxide, which helps to regulate vascular tone and blood pressure, prevents platelet aggregation, limits leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium, and inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation. These varied but connected functions help to preclude the development of atherosclerosis, ensuring normal circulation and arterial health. Moreover, these cells play a pivotal role in inflammation and coagulation processes. During inflammatory events, they express various adhesion molecules, aiding in leukocyte recruitment and rolling onto the vessel walls for immune response. They also produce anticoagulant and procoagulant substances, involved in blood clotting and clot dissolution, respectively. Dysregulation of the usual functions of arterial endothelial cells can result in serious pathophysiological conditions, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An endothelial cell that is part of the venule.
An epithelial cell that is part of the gallbladder.
OBSOLETE. A myoepithelial cell that is part of the mammary gland.
Term merged into CL:0002324 (myoepithelial cell of mammary gland)
obsolete myoepithelial cell of lactiferous gland
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the sweat gland.
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the mammary gland alveolus.
basal cell of alveolus of lactiferous gland
myoepithelial cell of lactiferous alveolus
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the lactiferous duct.
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the terminal lactiferous duct.
myoepithelial cell of terminal lactiferous duct
A chromaffin cell that is part of the paraaortic body.
A chromaffin cell that is part of the paraganglion.
A chromaffin cell that is part of the adrenal gland.
A chromaffin cell that is part of the adrenal cortex.
Not clear this cell type exists. Can't call it a cortical adrenal cell because of different germ layer origin.
A somatic stem cell that is part of the epidermis.
An epithelial cell that is part of the conjunctiva.
An epithelial cell that is part of the lacrimal canaliculus.
An epithelial cell that is part of the external acoustic meatus.
epithelial cell of external acoustic meatus
An epithelial cell that is part of the lacrimal drainage system.
epithelial cell of lacrimal drainage system
An epithelial cell that is part of the lacrimal sac.
Epithelial cells of the lacrimal sac play a significant role in the physiology of tear drainage, acting as an integral part of the lacrimal drainage system. The lacrimal sac is part of the nasolacrimal duct system, a conduit which connects the eye to the nasal cavity, and is lined by multilayered, non-keratinizing, squamous epithelial cells. The epithelial cells of the lacrimal sac are specialized for the purpose of maintaining a moist environment and protecting the surface of the eye. They form a barrier that traps and removes potential contaminants from the tear film during the drainage process. These cells also actively contribute to tear turnover by expediting the drainage of excess tears. Dysfunctional epithelial cells of the lacrimal sac can lead to dacryocystitis, a condition characterized by inflammation of the lacrimal sac. Epithelial cells of the lacrimal sac also perform various other tasks which ensure the overall health of the eye. They are involved in the regulation of immune responses within the lacrimal apparatus and may have a possible role in host-microbiome interactions. Thus, epithelial cells of the lacrimal sac play a multifaceted role in tear drainage and ocular surface defence, directly translating to eye health and vision quality. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An epithelial cell that is part of the nasolacrimal duct.
An epithelial cell that is part of the wall of inferior part of anal canal.
epithelial cell of wall of inferior part of anal canal
An epithelial cell that is part of the viscerocranial mucosa.
epithelial cell of viscerocranial mucosa
An urothelial cell that is part of the trigone of urinary bladder.
urothelial cell of trigone of urinary bladder
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the ciliary body.
Ciliary muscle cells are specialized contractile cells that constitute the ciliary muscle, a component of the eye in vertebrates. These cells form a ring around the iris, the eye's colored part. Ciliary muscle cells fall into the category of smooth muscle cells, characterized by their lack of the striations typical of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Their shape is elongated and pointed at both ends, and they occur in multi-nucleated syncytia where many cells share the same cytoplasm. Ciliary muscle cells primarily control the eye's accommodation, adjusting the thickness and curvature of the lens to fine-tune the focus of light on the retina. When ciliary muscle cells contract, tension on the zonular fibers holding the lens in place is reduced, allowing the lens to become thicker and increase its refractive power. Conversely, when the ciliary muscle cells relax, the tension on the zonular fibers increases, causing the lens to become flatter and decrease its refractive power. This adjustment facilitates clear vision at different distances, ranging from near to far objects. Additionally, ciliary muscle cells play a role in draining the eye's aqueous humor, which is the clear fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye between the cornea and the lens. By controlling the shape of the surrounding trabecular meshwork through muscle contractions and relaxations, ciliary muscle cells indirectly regulate intraocular pressure, a factor critical for preventing ocular conditions like glaucoma. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A mesothelial cell that is part of the anterior chamber of eyeball.
mesothelial cell of anterior chamber of eye
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the dilatator pupillae.
A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of esophagus.
epithelial cell of stratum germinativum of esophagus
An epithelial cell that is part of the sweat gland.
An epithelial cell that is part of the nephron.
Epithelial cells of the nephron form the epithelial lining of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney that filters the blood to produce urine. Each kidney holds approximately one million nephrons, each of which is composed of several distinct parts, including the renal corpuscle, the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal tubule. All sections are lined with highly specialized epithelial cells adapted to perform different functions within the sections of the nephron. The different epithelial cells of the nephron play crucial roles in the process of filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion, essential tasks for the regulation of body fluid composition and volume. During filtration, the blood is forced through the walls of glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule, where waste products, electrolytes, and water are separated from the blood cells and proteins. As the filtrate then passes through the nephron, epithelial cells of the tubular portion reabsorb useful substances such as glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes, along with most of the water back into the bloodstream. Waste products like urea and creatinine, as well as excess ions and water, remain in the tubule for elimination. In addition, epithelial cells of the nephron also play a vital part in maintaining the body's acid-base balance by actively secreting hydrogen ions into the urine while reabsorbing bicarbonate from the urine back into the blood. They are also involved in the regulation of blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and contribute to erythrocyte production by releasing the hormone erythropoietin in response to low oxygen levels in the blood. Abnormalities or damage in renal epithelial cells often result in impaired kidney function, leading to various renal diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An epithelial cell that is part of the glomerular capsule.
obsolete epithelial cell of visceral layer of glomerular capsule
An epithelial cell that is part of the glomerular parietal epithelium.
epithelial cell of parietal layer of glomerular capsule
An epithelial cell that is part of the intermediate tubule.
An epithelial cell that is part of the collecting duct of renal tubule.
Kidney collecting duct epithelial cells are a specialized type of cells that form an integral part of the renal system. Located in the collecting duct system of the kidneys, these cells are responsible for one of the final steps in the process of urine formation, and they are instrumental in the fine tuning of the volume and composition of urine by reabsorbing water and certain solutes back into the bloodstream. These cells express specific channels and carriers that actively and passively transport ions and water. They also have channels on their membranes, such as sodium channels and potassium channels, involved in reabsorbing or secreting these electrolytes depending upon the body's needs. The function of renal collecting duct epithelial cells can be regulated by a variety of hormones, including vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), which can modulate the ion channels and carriers and hence indirectly influence body fluid homeostasis. Aside from their function in ion and water balance, kidney collecting duct epithelial cells also aid in maintaining the body's acid-base balance. They have specialized functionality to secret hydrogen ions into the tubular lumen, which contributes to acid excretion. Any dysfunction may have serious implications and lead to various renal or systemic diseases, exemplifying the importance of these cells in maintaining overall body homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epithelial cell of renal collecting tubule
A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal peritoneum.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral peritoneum.
A melanocyte that is part of the skin of body.
Melanocytes of the skin are specialized pigment cells crucial for producing and distributing melanin, the pigment determining skin, in addition to hair and eye color. Located in the basal layer of the epidermis, melanocytes serve as a natural sunscreen, protecting skin cells from harmful UV radiation. Structurally dendritic, they synthesize melanin through melanogenesis, transferring melanosomes to keratinocytes for UV shielding Beyond pigmentation and UV protection, melanocytes play roles in immune and inflammatory responses. They respond to environmental changes, communicate with skin cell types, and secrete cytokines and growth factors influencing skin homeostasis. Dysregulation may lead to pigment disorders like vitiligo and melasma or contribute to skin cancer, particularly malignant melanoma. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A chromaffin cell that is part of the ovary.
A chromaffin cell that is part of the right ovary.
A chromaffin cell that is part of the left ovary.
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the acinus of lactiferous gland.
basal cell of acinus of lactiferous gland
myoepithelial cell of acinus of lactiferous gland
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the main lactiferous duct.
myoepithelial cell of main lactiferous duct
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the primary lactiferous duct.
myoepithelial cell of primary lactiferous duct
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the secondary lactiferous duct.
myoepithelial cell of secondary lactiferous duct
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the tertiary lactiferous duct.
myoepithelial cell of tertiary lactiferous duct
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the quarternary lactiferous duct.
myoepithelial cell of quarternary lactiferous duct
A nodal myocyte that is part of the sinoatrial node.
cardiac pacemaker cell of sinuatrial node
cardiac pacemaker cell of sinoatrial node
A transitional myocyte that is part of the sinoatrial node.
A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the atrioventricular node.
Purkinje myocyte of atrioventricular node
A transitional myocyte that is part of the internodal tract.
transitional myocyte of internodal tract
A transitional myocyte that is part of the atrioventricular bundle.
transitional myocyte of atrioventricular bundle
A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the interventricular septum.
myocardial endocrine cell of interventricular septum
A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the internodal tract.
A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the atrioventricular bundle.
Purkinje myocyte of atrioventricular bundle
A basal cell that is part of the urothelium. Compared to other urothelial cell types, a basal cell of the urothelium is positioned along the basement membrane, is the most undifferentiated and serves a progenitor role.
It has been noted in at least some mammalian species that the urothelial basal cell type is distinguished by expression of high levels of cytokeratin-5 (CK5), p63 and the signalling molecule Sonic hedgehog (Shh). Similar to intermediate cells, the urothelial basal cell type expresses CK17 but is negative for uroplakins (UPK) and CK20. Urothelial basal cells have also been noted to be smaller in diameter than urothelial intermediate cells.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the prostate gland.
Smooth muscle cells of the prostate constitute a critical component of the prostatic stroma, enveloping glandular structures to support functions like secretion and fluid expulsion. Like other smooth muscles, smooth muscle cells of the prostate lack the striations characteristic of skeletal and cardiac muscle cell. Functionally, they play a crucial role in reproductive and urinary functions. Smooth muscle cells of the prostate contribute to the transport and expulsion of prostatic secretions into the urethra and respond dynamically to signaling molecules such as hormones and neurotransmitters. For instance, under sympathetic nervous stimulation, they contract and apply pressure on the gland's ducts, facilitating the secretion process. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An epithelial cell that is part of the bile duct. Cholangiocytes contribute to bile secretion via net release of bicarbonate and water. They are cuboidal epithelium in the small interlobular bile ducts, but become columnar and mucus secreting in larger bile ducts approaching the porta hepatis and the extrahepatic ducts.
Cholangiocytes, also known as biliary epithelial cells, are specialized epithelial cells that line the biliary tract, which constitutes the gall bladder and bile ducts inside the liver. Crucial to the maintenance of the liver's health and function, cholangiocytes have a key role in the modification and secretion of bile, a fluid produced by hepatocytes that is essential to digestion and the absorption of fats and vitamins. Cholangiocytes accomplish their primary function through the expression of a variety of transport proteins located on their apical and basolateral membranes, which propel bile acids and other contents of the bile into the biliary lumen. The hepatic bile, once secreted by the hepatocytes, is further modified by cholangiocytes via secretion and absorption processes. These processes help in the regulation of bile volume and composition, which is fundamental in ensuring the efficient digestion of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins and the excretion of cholesterol. In addition to their role in bile modification, cholangiocytes also perform several other integral functions. For instance, these cells express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) which allow cholangiocytes to initiate an immune response against pathogens in the biliary lumen. When functioning normally, these cells contribute to biliary integrity, hepatic architecture, and overall hepatic physiology. However, when they become pathological, they are involved in the progression of liver diseases, such as primary biliary cirrhosis and cholangiocarcinoma – the malignancy of the biliary tract. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A reticular cell that is part of the splenic cord.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the peritoneum.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the pleura.
Mesothelial cells of the pleura form a significant part of the pleural membrane, a thin, double-layered serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and encompasses the lungs. These specialized cells contribute to the pleura's key function of producing a lubricating serous fluid, which reduces friction between the lung's outer surface (visceral pleura) and the inner lining of the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) during respiration. The cellular structure of mesothelial cells, characterized by microvilli on their surface, aids in the secretion and absorption of the pleural fluid, effectively supporting the smooth expansion and contraction of the lungs. Dysregulation in mesothelial cells can lead to pathologies, including pleural effusion and malignant mesothelioma. Mesothelial cells of the pleura display unique immunologic properties. They act as a first line of defense against infection because they are able to recognize pathogens and respond by secreting various cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, these cells are directly involved in the translocation of immune cells into the pleural cavity during inflammatory response, thereby playing an active role in the immune response within the pleural environment. In the event of pleural injury, these cells are also involved in the mesothelial-mesenchymal transition, a process that allows mesothelial cells to transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts and promote tissue repair. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal pleura.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral pleura.
Mesothelial cells of visceral pleura are specialized epithelial cells that line the inner layer of the pleura, the membrane that envelops the lungs. Positioned adjacent to the lung tissue, these cells form a protective barrier and contribute to the structure of the visceral pleura. They are characterized by their cuboidal to squamous epithelial shape and the presence of microvilli on their surface, a feature aiding in fluid and solute exchange between the pleura and the lungs. The primary function of mesothelial cells of visceral pleura is to secrete a lubricating serous fluid to facilitate smooth, frictionless lung movement within the thoracic cavity during respiration. This helps in the prevention of trauma or damage stemming from the constant rubbing of the lung tissue against the chest wall, hence playing a pivotal role in maintaining respiratory function. Besides fluid secretion, these cells have an essential role in the transportation of fluids and particles across the pleura, as well as in inflammation, wound healing, and tissue repair processes within the pleura. Mesothelial cells of visceral pleura are notably implicated in the development of pleural diseases such as pleural effusion and pleural mesothelioma, a rare and aggressive form of cancer primarily linked with exposure to asbestos. Alterations, such as hyperplasia or metaplasia, may occur in these mesothelial cells under pathological conditions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An epithelial cell that is part of a nephron tubule.
This needs to be further defined as a juxtamedullary nephron. Will request the juxtamedullary nephron tubule class from UBERON.
A goblet cell that is part of the small intestine.
goblet cell of epithelium of small intestine
A cell that is part of kidney interstitium.
A cell that is part of a nephron tubule.
Any kidney epithelial cell that is part of some glomerular epithelium.
An epithelial cell that is part of a renal medulla collecting duct.
kidney medulla collecting duct epithelial cell
An epithelial cell that is part of some inner medullary collecting duct.
kidney inner medulla collecting duct epithelial cell
An epithelial cell that is part of an outer medullary collecting duct.
kidney outer medulla collecting duct epithelial cell
An epithelial cell that is part of a cortical collecting duct.
kidney cortex collecting duct epithelial cell
Any kidney cell that is part of some papillary duct.
kidney papillary duct principal epithelial cell
Any kidney cell that is part of some juxtamedullary cortex.
A cell that is part of a tip of a renal papilla.
Any cell that is part of some lower urinary tract.
Any neuron that has its soma located in some kidney.
Any renal cortical epithelial cell that is part of some renal corpuscle.
Any kidney tubule cell that is part of some renal cortex tubule.
Any kidney medulla cell that is part of some outer medulla of kidney.
Any kidney medulla cell that is part of some inner medulla of kidney.
Any kidney cortical cell that is part of some juxtaglomerular apparatus.
A cell that is part of an interstitial compartment of a renal cortex.
A cell that is part of an interstitum of a renal medulla.
A fibroblast that is part of an interstitial compartment of a kidney.
kidney interstitial alternatively activated macrophage
kidney interstitial inflammatory macrophage
kidney interstitial suppressor macrophage
A tissue-resident macrophage that is part of some kidney.
Kidney resident macrophages are a heterogeneous population of immune cell found in the cortex and medullary regions of the kidney as well as within and surround the glomeruli. Their primary role involves maintaining homeostasis and immune surveillance in the kidney microenvironment, defending against ascending urinary infections. Beyond traditional macrophage roles such as phagocytosis and antigen presentation, kidney resident macrophages also contribute significantly to the response to kidney injury including tissue repair and angiogenesis. Under normal physiological conditions, kidney resident macrophages work to maintain the balance of the kidney's microenvironment by removing dead cells, pathogens and cellular debris, to limit inflammation and tissue damage. They are ‘professional’ phagocytes, clearing pathogens and debris by engulfing and digesting these harmful materials. Moreover, they are capable of presenting antigens to other immune cells, which aids in the activation of the adaptive immune response. Kidney resident macrophages show a high degree of plasticity: in response to environmental stimuli they change their morphology and cell surface markers. For example, in response to acute injury, some macrophages adopt a pro-inflammatory phenotype and augment tissue damage; once the injury stimulus is removed, they may change to mediate tissue repair. While kidney macrophages contribute to wound healing, tissue repair and regeneration by producing key growth factors and cytokines that stimulate cell proliferation, collagen production, and blood vessel formation, dysregulation in their activity can also lead to progressive inflammation and fibrosis, common features in chronic kidney disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A resident-dendritic cell that is part of a kidney.
Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some kidney pelvis smooth muscle.
Any kidney epithelial cell that is part of some kidney pelvis urothelium.
A urothelial cell that is part of the urothelium of ureter.
Any ureteral cell that is part of some adventitia of ureter.
Any renal principal cell that is part of some cortical collecting duct.
kidney cortex collecting duct principal cell
Any renal intercalated cell that is part of some cortical collecting duct.
kidney cortex collecting duct intercalated cell
Principal cell that is part of some outer medullary collecting duct. It is known in some mammalian species that this cell may express the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC).
kidney outer medulla collecting duct principal cell
Intercalated cell that is part of some outer medullary collecting duct. It is known in some mammalian species that this cell may contribute in the maintenance of acid/base homeostasis.
kidney outer medulla collecting duct intercalated cell
Any renal principal cell that is part of some inner medullary collecting duct.
kidney inner medulla collecting duct principal cell
Any renal intercalated cell that is part of some inner medullary collecting duct.
kidney inner medulla collecting duct intercalated cell
Any renal intercalated cell that is part of some papillary duct.
Any renal principal cell that is part of some papillary duct.
A mesangial cell located among the glomerular capillaries in a renal corpuscle.
Like smooth muscle, a glomerular mesangial cell is contractile and possesses the filaments actin and myosin. The contractile mechanism is also similar to that of smooth muscle, with Ca2+/calmodulin-activated myosin light-chain kinase instigating myosin-actin cross-bridge cycling. Mesangial cell phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils involves a novel CD36-independent, alpha(v)beta3/TSP-mediated mechanism that is uncoupled from chemokine secretion, emphasizing the injury-limiting potential of mesangial cell phagocytosis of apoptotic cells.
Any kidney corpuscule cell that is part of some renal glomerulus.
Any nephron tubule epithelial cell that is part of some renal connecting tubule.
Kidney connecting tubule epithelial cells are found in collecting duct system of the kidney, specifically in at the interconnection segment between the nephron and the collecting ducts. The epithelial cells lining the connecting tubule are crucial for the journey of filtrate before it empties into urine-collecting ducts and therefore play a critical role in maintaining the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance. One of the principal functions of connecting tubule epithelial cells involves the selective reabsorption and secretion of various solutes. This reabsorption process includes critical regulatory electrolytes such as sodium ions (Na+), chloride ions (Cl-), and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), thus playing a role in the regulation of the acid-base homeostasis. Their function also involves the secretion of potassium ions (K+) into the renal tubular fluid. The connecting tubule epithelial cells are primarily intercalated cells, which can be categorized into two types according to their specific functions: type A intercalated cells, which secrete acid, and the type B intercalated cells, which secrete base (bicarbonate) and reabsorb chloride. By regulating the concentrations of these ions, as well as reabsorption of water, connecting tubule epithelial cells contribute substantively to maintaining the body's electrolyte levels, pH balance, and overall homeostasis. In addition to intercalating cells, the collecting duct system also has principal cells, which are characterized by the expression of the water channel AQP2. AQP2-expressing cells have also been identified in connecting tubules, but there is some controversy whether these represent a unique cell type as there are some morphologic differences compared with principal cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney connecting tubule epithelial cell
A cell that is part of an interstitial compartment of an inner renal medulla.
A kidney cell that is part of an interstitial compartment of an outer renal medulla.
Any epithelial cell of proximal tubule that is part of some proximal convoluted tubule and has part some brush border.
Kidney proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells line the most voluminous part of the kidney's nephron, the proximal convoluted tubule, located in the cortex of the kidney. These cells are primarily involved in reabsorption and secretion processes, key functions that facilitate homeostasis within the body. Proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells extensively function in the reabsorption process to a greater degree than their counterparts in the proximal straight tubule. Approximately two-thirds of filtrated sodium and water, nearly all nutrient sugars and amino acids, and a significant portion of bicarbonates pass through the proximal convoluted tubule, are effectively absorbed by the epithelial cells, and reenter the bodily circulation. By absorbing bicarbonates and secreting protons into the tubular fluid, proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells also contribute to the pH regulation in the body . In addition to reabsorption, proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells also play a critical role in the excretion of waste metabolites and xenobiotics. These cells possess a range of transporters that secrete metabolic end products and certain drugs, hence aiding in their elimination. This function underlines their importance for body detoxification. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cell
Any epithelial cell of proximal tubule that is part of some proximal straight tubule.
Kidney proximal straight tubule epithelial cells line the straight portion of the proximal tubule of the nephron, extending from the cortical medullary ray into the outer stripe of the outer medulla. They are characterized by a brush border of dense microvilli on their apical surface, enhancing the cell's surface area and aiding reabsorption, though reabsorption occurs more heavily in the proximal convoluted tubule preceding the straight portion of the tubule. The primary function of the kidney proximal straight tubule epithelial cells is to reabsorb the filtrate that the kidney produces, which includes glucose, sodium, and water. The reabsorption occurs through both passive and active transport methods. These cells exhibit enzyme-rich microvilli that also absorb small proteins and peptides. Consequently, they are involved in the regulation of plasma levels of various substances, including glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes, and maintain the body's pH homeostasis by secreting H+ ions into the urine and absorbing bicarbonate ions. These cells are also reported to be involved in drug metabolism. Many drugs are filtered from the blood by the kidneys and subsequently reabsorbed by the kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells back into the bloodstream. Furthermore, these cells play a significant role in the progression of kidney diseases. For example, in diabetic nephropathy and acute kidney injury, kidney proximal straight tubule epithelial cells can undergo cellular changes and result in malfunctions such as reduced reabsorption and increased excretion. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney proximal straight tubule epithelial cell
Any epithelial cell of distal tubule that is part of some distal convoluted tubule.
Kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cells, often referred to simply as distal convoluted tubule (DCT) cells, constitute a significant portion of the nephron -- the functional building unit of the kidney involved in filtration and reabsorption of substances from blood. The DCT epithelial cells form lining of the distal convoluted tubule, a segment of the nephron located after the loop of Henle and before the collecting tubule. These cells are characterized by unique morphological features such as small size, low height and fewer microvilli compared to proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells. These cells perform a host of vital functions contributing to the regulation of extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte balance, blood pressure and pH. While the DCT is less prominent in water and sodium reabsorption compared to the proximal tubule and the loop of Henle, it plays a crucial role in fine-tuning the process. DCT epithelial cells are responsible for the final adjustments of sodium, potassium and calcium reabsorption, thereby affecting overall fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation and bone health. The reabsorption process is regulated by hormones including aldosterone and parathyroid hormone. The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) also plays a significant role in acid-base homeostasis by secreting protons (H+) into the tubular fluid and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), thus regulating the pH of the blood. The ability of DCT cells to adjust urine concentration plays a part in maintaining the body’s pH balance and preventing conditions like acidosis or alkalosis. In summary, kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cells perform functions that are crucial to maintaining body's homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cell
An epithelial cell that is part of the macula densa, characterized by a tightly packed arrangement, apically positioned nuclei, and prominent primary cilia, creating a distinctive 'dense spot' appearance under microscopy. It is involved in regulating renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and renin release.
Macula densa epithelial cells, as part of the complex nephron structure, play a crucial role in kidney function. These cells, which make up the macula densa, help regulate blood pressure and the filtration rate of the glomerulus by sensing sodium chloride amounts in the kidney tubules. Found where the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle touches the afferent arteriole, macula densa epithelial cells are positioned in an optimal location to monitor and respond to changes in the filtrate composition. These cells maintain intraglomerular homeostasis. When the sodium chloride concentration is high, macula densa cells respond by secreting adenosine and vasoconstricting the afferent arteriole to decrease the glomerular filtration rate. Conversely, if the sodium chloride concentration in the filtrate is low, the production and release of nitric oxide cause vasodilation to enhance the glomerular filtration rate. Macula densa epithelial cells also have a role in tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms, an essential autoregulatory renal response. They send feedback to the glomerular mesangial cells, allowing constriction or relaxation of the afferent arteriole as needed depending on the content of the filtrate. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A blood vessel cell that is part of a kidney.
Any kidney blood vessel cell that is part of some kidney arterial blood vessel.
An endothelial cell that is part of the capillary of the kidney.
Any kidney blood vessel cell that is part of some renal vein.
Any nephron tubule epithelial cell that is part of some loop of Henle.
Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some muscular coat of ureter.
An endothelial cell that is part of the glomerular capillary of the kidney.
The glomerular capillary endothelial cell comprises an intrinsic component of the glomerulus in the kidney. Glomeruli contain a network of capillaries where the first step of blood filtration takes place, with glomerular capillary endothelial cells acting as an integral part of this process. Unlike regular endothelial cells that line the vasculature, unique fenestrations (openings) characterize these cells, allowing for enhanced permeability and filtration efficacy. Together with the glomerular basement membrane and podocytes, the glomerular endothelial cells form the glomerular filtration barrier, which is responsible for blood filtration and therefore critical for removal of waste products, such as urea and creatinine, and excess substances, such as glucose and ions, from the bloodstream. The glomerular capillary endothelial cells' fenestrations permit the free flow of a variety of particles, barring larger, negatively charged proteins like serum albumin, enabling the formation of an ultrafiltrate. This ultrafiltrate is the primitive form of urine, which then passes through the proximal tubule for further processing and ultimately helps maintain systemic fluid and electrolyte balance. Moreover, the glomerular capillary endothelial cells are also believed to play a crucial role in renal pathologies. Any compromise to their structural integrity or functional performance can lead to kidney diseases, including but not limited to, diabetic nephropathy and glomerulonephritis. For instance, in diabetes, persistent hyperglycemia can injure these cells, leading to a compromised glomerular filtration barrier and proteinuria, indicating the loss of proteins in the urine. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An endothelial cell which is part of the afferent arteriole in the kidney. This cell is responsible for maintaining renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate.
Kidney afferent arteriole cells are specialized cell types found in the renal vasculature, specifically in the afferent arterioles which help in maintaining the renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. They are essential for the proper functioning of the kidneys, contributing to the regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance within the organism. Located before the glomerulus, a tiny, intricate network of capillaries within the nephron, these cells help control the expansion or contraction of the arteriole, thus regulating the pressure and flow of blood into the glomerulus. Functionally, kidney afferent arteriole cells are largely involved in responding to changes in blood volume and systemic blood pressure. They achieve this by modulating the diameter of the afferent arteriole through a process known as autoregulation. Autoregulation involves two primary mechanisms: the myogenic response and the tubuloglomerular feedback. The myogenic response is essentially the intrinsic ability of the vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes, while the tubuloglomerular feedback is the process where the macula densa cells located near the glomerulus respond to changes in fluid delivery rates in the tubules, sending signals to afferent arterioles to constrict or dilate accordingly. These cells also have significant interaction with renin-containing juxtaglomerular cells, which are located in the wall of afferent arterioles. Juxtaglomerular cells secrete the enzyme renin in response to low blood pressure or sympathetic nerve activity, initiating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system cascade that ultimately helps retain sodium and water to increase blood volume and pressure. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any kidney arterial blood vessel cell that is part of some renal efferent arteriole.
Kidney efferent arteriole cells are highly adaptable vascular cells that make up the efferent arterioles in the kidney. These units are integral components of the renal microcirculation system, conducting blood away from the glomeruli after filtration occurs. Efferent arterioles directly affect glomerular hydrostatic pressure and, subsequently, the rate of glomerular filtration. They are the downstream channels that ensure the effective transportation of blood to the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta, critical for maintaining fluid balance and electrolyte homeostasis. Kidney efferent arteriole cells are exceptional in their ability to perform autoregulation—a critical dynamic control of intrarenal blood flow ensuring stable glomerular filtration rates. This is primarily achieved via myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms, where the cells respond to changes in pressure and the concentration of sodium chloride in the tubular fluid, and constrict or dilate depending on the detected changes. Cells associated with the efferent arteriole also respond to several systemic influences. Through complex intracellular signaling pathways, they respond to fluctuations in hormones (like angiotensin II and endothelin) and several other mediators such as nitric oxide and prostaglandins. Their adaptive capability helps maintain homeostasis and ensures the entire system's optimal performance under various physiological conditions. Dysfunctions in kidney efferent arteriole cells can lead to severe pathologies like hypertension and chronic kidney disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any kidney loop of Henle epithelial cell that is part of some ascending limb of loop of Henle.
kidney loop of Henle ascending limb epithelial cell
Any kidney loop of Henle epithelial cell that is part of some descending limb of loop of Henle.
The kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cells are highly specialized cells that play a crucial role in maintaining the body's salt and water balance. These cells line the descending limb of the loop of Henle, which is a portion of the renal tubule located in the kidneys, an organ responsible for filtering waste products, ions and extra water from the blood and converting them into urine. However, the descending limb epithelial cells are specifically involved in the countercurrent multiplication system, a mechanism to concentrate urine that involves both active and passive transport processes. These cells are notably permeable to water but relatively impermeable to solutes, a characteristic that dramatically influences the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. As filtrate initially descends down the loop of Henle, water gets drawn out due to the increasing osmotic gradient, thereby concentrating the filtrate. Additionally, these epithelial cells are exceptionally thin walled, allowing water to freely diffuse across the membrane. Furthermore, the kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cells are inextricably linked to the functioning of numerous diuretic drugs, which work by blocking the reabsorption of water and certain electrolytes in the kidneys, leading to increased urine production to rid the body of excess fluids. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell
An endothelial cell that is part of the peritubular capillary of the kidney. This cell is highly fenestrated and plays a vital role in the kidney's filtration process, enabling the exchange of materials between the blood and the renal tubules.
Peritubular capillary endothelial cells feature fenestrations measuring 60-70 nm in diameter, each traversed by a thin diaphragm.
Any kidney arterial blood vessel cell that is part of some renal cortex artery.
Any kidney venous blood vessel cell that is part of some renal cortex vein.
Note that the source of this term is KUPO:0001096 (artery smooth muscle cell), which we believe actually denotes the kidney specific structure.
Note that the source of this term is KUPO:0001098 (arteriole smooth muscle cell), which we believe actually denotes the kidney specific structure.
Note that the source of this term is KUPO:0001068 (venous system smooth muscle cell), which we believe actually denotes the kidney specific structure.
An endothelial cell that lines the interior surface of the afferent arteriole and maintains vascular tone. This cell responds to changing ion concentrations and blood pressure by releasing vasoactive substances, in order to regulate blood flow into the glomeruli, which is essential for glomerular filtration.
Kidney afferent arteriole endothelial cells are a specialized type of cell located within the kidneys, forming the inner lining of the afferent arterioles, which are responsible for delivering blood to the glomeruli - capillary networks responsible for filtration - from where the process of urine formation begins in the nephrons. The endothelial cells in the kidney afferent arterioles have a key function in regulating the blood flow and filtration. They have autocrine and paracrine signaling capabilities, meaning they can signal to themselves and other nearby cells. They produce nitric oxide, prostacyclin, and endothelin, which are powerful vasodilators and vasoconstrictors that regulate renal blood flow. These cells also engage in the mitigation of kidney injury and inflammation by promoting repair and regeneration, demonstrating the multifaceted roles these cells play in maintaining renal health. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney afferent arteriole endothelial cell
A smooth muscle cell found in the wall of the afferent arteriole. This cell contracts and relaxes in response to changes in blood pressure, a process known as a myogenic response, to alter artery diameter and regulate blood flow into the glomeruli.
kidney afferent arteriole smooth muscle cell
Any endothelial cell that is part of some renal efferent arteriole.
Kidney efferent arteriole endothelial cells constitute a vital component of the kidney's microvascular system. They are unique endothelial cells found lining the walls of efferent arterioles, which transport blood away from the glomeruli in the kidney. The primary responsibilities of the kidney efferent arteriole endothelial cells involve controling renal blood flow, regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and managing perfusion pressure. They do this by contracting and relaxing, effectively narrowing and widening the arteriole's lumen thereby controling the volume and rate of blood flow to the peritubular capillaries and creating the pressure gradient necessary for filtration in the glomerulus. Furthermore, kidney efferent arteriole endothelial cells show a high degree of plasticity in response to pathophysiological stimuli and can undergo structural and functional changes based on local needs. In conditions like hypertension and diabetes, these cells can experience hypertrophy and endothelial dysfunction, contributing to the progression of renal disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney efferent arteriole endothelial cell
Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some renal efferent arteriole.
kidney efferent arteriole smooth muscle cell
An epithelial cell that is part of some loop of Henle thick ascending limb. It is known in some mammalian species that this cell may express the Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter (NKCC2) apically.
kidney loop of Henle thick ascending limb epithelial cell
An epithelial cell that is part of some loop of Henle thin ascending limb.
kidney loop of Henle thin ascending limb epithelial cell
An epithelial cell that is part of some loop of Henle thick ascending limb segment located in the renal medulla.
kidney loop of Henle medullary thick ascending limb epithelial cell
An epithelial cell that is part of some loop of Henle thick ascending limb segment located in the renal cortex.
kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell
An epithelial cell that is part of some loop of Henle thin descending limb.
kidney loop of Henle thin descending limb epithelial cell
An endothelial cell that is part of the peritubular capillary of the outer renal medulla.
kidney outer medulla peritubular capillary cell
An endothelial cell that is part of the peritubular capillary of the renal cortex.
kidney cortex peritubular capillary cell
Any vasa recta cell that is part of some inner renal medulla vasa recta.
Any vasa recta cell that is part of some outer renal medulla vasa recta.
A cell that is part of some vasa recta ascending limb.
The vasa recta ascending limb cells are specialized epithelial cells that are part of the vasa recta in the kidney, a crucial component of the renal medulla that functions as a counter-current exchanger to maintain the concentration gradient required for water reabsorption. These particular cells are located in the ascending limb of the vasa recta, which takes blood flow from the medulla back to the cortex. The primary function of vasa recta ascending limb cells is to preserve the renal medulla's hypertonicity, necessary for the kidney's urine concentration mechanism. Unlike the vasa recta descending limb cells, the venous-like epithelial cells of the ascending vasa recta are highly fenestrated and lack pericyte coverage, which facilitates water reuptake. As the blood flows through the ascending limb, it loses solutes and gains water, which is driven by the high solute concentration in the surrounding interstitium. This process acts in concert with cellular action in the descending limb and contributions from the so-called Loop of Henle, which helps with water and sodium chloride retrieval from the urine. In the context of normal physiological processes, the function of the vasa recta ascending limb cells is essential in maintaining the body's overall fluid balance, electrolyte concentration, and systemic blood pressure. Any dysfunction in these cells may lead to impaired urine concentration or dilution capability of the kidney, potentially resulting in conditions like diabetes insipidus or hyponatremia. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
It is known in some mammalian species that this cell may express PV-1, a component of the fenestral diaphragm.
Any kidney cortex artery cell that is part of some kidney arcuate artery.
Any kidney cortex artery cell that is part of some interlobular artery.
Any kidney cortex vein cell that is part of some kidney arcuate vein.
Any kidney cortex vein cell that is part of some renal interlobular vein.
Any vasa recta ascending limb cell that is part of some inner medulla ascending vasa recta.
inner medulla vasa recta ascending limb cell
Any vasa recta ascending limb cell that is part of some outer medulla ascending vasa recta.
outer medulla vasa recta ascending limb cell
Any endothelial cell that is part of some kidney arcuate artery.
Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some kidney arcuate artery.
Any endothelial cell that is part of some interlobular artery.
Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some interlobular artery.
Any endothelial cell that is part of some kidney arcuate vein.
Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some kidney arcuate vein.
Any endothelial cell that is part of some renal interlobular vein.
Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some renal interlobular vein.
A cell that is part of a collecting duct of renal tubule.
A cell that is part of some vasa recta descending limb.
Vasa recta descending limb cells are specialized epithelial cells found in the vasa recta, a network of blood vessels in the renal medulla. These cells line the interior surface of the descending limb of the vasa recta and play a crucial role in the filtering and regulation of substances within the blood. In contrast to vasa recta ascending limb cells, the arterial-like epithelial cells of the descending vasa recta are non-fenestrated and covered by a pericyte layer that regulates the medullary blood flow. They help keeping the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance in check through a process known as countercurrent exchange system, in which the cells of the descending limb are permeable to water but relatively impermeable to solutes, such as sodium and urea. As the blood descends into the medulla along its descending limb, water passively diffuses out of the vasa recta, concentrating the blood in solutes. In addition to their central role in water and solute exchange, these cells contribute to maintaining the medullary osmotic gradient, a critical function to concentrate urine. The osmotic gradient is created by the counterflow of water and solutes between the descending and ascending limbs of the vasa recta and the adjacent Loop of Henle. The selective permeability of the descending limb cells allows them to maintain this gradient, which in turn helps to conserve water, a vital role in the overall function of the renal system. Thus, vasa recta descending limb cells have a significant function in renal physiology, particularly in osmoregulation and fluid balance. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
It is known in some mammalian species that this cell may express the urea transporter B.
Any vasa recta descending limb cell that is part of some inner medulla descending vasa recta.
inner medulla vasa recta descending limb cell
Any vasa recta descending limb cell that is part of some outer medulla descending vasa recta.
outer medulla vasa recta descending limb cell
A pericyte cell located in the kidney interstitium.
Any cell that is part of some urinary bladder.
A urothelial cell that is part of the urothelium of the urinary bladder.
Bladder urothelial cells form the urothelium in the bladder - a specific type of epithelial tissue that constitutes the inner lining of the bladder and other parts of the urinary tract including the renal pelvis, ureters and urethra. These unique cells are specialized to withstand the highly variable and sometimes harsh conditions present in the urinary system. Their key function is maintaining the barrier integrity of the urinary tract even when exposed to high volumes of urine and its solutes, and they play a crucial role in protecting underlying tissues from damage and infection. The bladder urothelial cells exhibit a remarkable spectrum of phenotypic versatility and have an extraordinary capacity to stretch and retract based on the degree of bladder filling and emptying. In their relaxed state, these cells appear large and cuboidal, but upon stretching, they become thinner and exhibit a squamous cell-like appearance. This distinctive feature enables them to adjust to the changes in the urinary bladder volume while remaining impermeable to urinary solutes, thereby preventing a potential toxicity to the bladder wall and infiltration into the bloodstream. Apart from their barrier function, bladder urothelial cells also express a number of sensor molecules or respond to thermal, mechanical and chemical stimuli and can release signaling molecules, thereby playing a key role in sensory mechanisms that communicate vital information about the bladder's mechanical state to the nervous system. This communication helps regulate the micturition cycle and maintain urinary continence. Recent studies have also indicated that these cells may play a role in immune responses, highlighting their importance in bladder physiology. Altered proliferation and differentiation of bladder urothelial cells are implicated in various diseases and conditions such as bladder cancer, interstitial cystitis, and urinary tract infections. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
transitional epithelial cell of urinary bladder
A urothelial cell that is part of the urethra urothelium. This cell plays a crucial role in maintaining the urethral barrier function, protecting against toxic substances in urine, sensing environmental changes, and defending against pathogen entry.
Urethra urothelial cells are highly specialized epithelial cells in the urethra, which is a tubelike structure that carries urine from the bladder to the external urethral orifice. Urothelial cells form the urothelium – a stratified, transitional epithelium lining the bladder, ureters, renal pelvis and urethra. These cells are highly adapted to their specific environment and maintain the crucial function of sustaining the urinary tract's core roles, primarily to transit and store urine without auto-corrosion or pathogen proliferation. Within the urethra urothelial cells are primarily found in proximal two-thirds of the urethra, while the distal third is lined by stratified squamous epithelial cells. The urothelial cells are renowned for their remarkable impermeability and ability to stretch and recoil during the various stages of urine filling and emptying. They form a tight barrier that prevents reabsorption of harmful byproducts and toxic substances present in the urine, guarding the deeper tissues and bloodstream against potential damage. This is largely attributed to specialized junctions, namely zonulae occludentes or tight junctions, in the umbrella cell layer (one of three layers of the urothelium) that seal the intercellular space between adjacent cells. Together with the urothelial plaque (an apical membrane plaque comprised of uroplakin proteins covering the umbrella cells at the luminal surface), the junctional complexes form a very effective permeability barrier that regulates the passage of water and ion from urine to the underlying tissue. A noteworthy feature of urothelial cells is their regulatory and sensory roles involving communication with the underlying layers about the filling and emptying status of the urinary tract. The cells also manage a fine balance between proliferation and differentiation, with the basal cells providing a ready pool of cells to replace the superficial layer when damaged. Their remarkable ability for regeneration and turnover, and their response to signals for repair underpins the durability and functionality of the urothelial tract. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any renal principal cell that is part of some collecting duct of renal tubule.
The kidney collecting duct principal cell is a highly specialized type of cell found in the late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the kidney's nephron. Principal cells are located at the final segments of the renal tubules, where they play a pivotal role in key homeostatic processes. One of their fundamental functions of kidney collecting duct principal cells is the regulation of water reabsorption, which is mediated by aquaporins (water channel proteins). Antidiuretic hormones, such as vasopressin, can stimulate the redistribution of these water channels from an intracellular pools to the apical plasma membrane of the principal cell; translocation of aquaporin (specifically, AQP2) is associated with an increase of osmotic water permeability. The water reabsorption affects the concentration of the final urine; these cells are therefore directly involved in the maintenance of the body's fluid balance. Kidney collecting duct principal cells also participate in sodium and potassium ions regulation. They reabsorb sodium ions from the tubular fluid back into the bloodstream, a process facilitated by the action of aldosterone, a hormone released by the adrenal glands. Similarly, the principal cells secrete potassium ions into the tubular fluid in response to aldosterone, contributing to the regulation of potassium levels in the body. Impaired function of cells can lead to various renal diseases and disorders, highlighting the vital role of kidney collecting duct principal cells in the body's homeostatic processes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any renal intercalated cell that is part of some collecting duct of renal tubule.
The kidney collecting duct intercalated cell, otherwise referred to simply as the intercalated cell, is a specialized epithelial cell type primarily found in the kidney's collecting duct system. It is among the main cells that line this final component of the nephron, crucial in the physiological system that maintains acid-base homeostasis. This unique cell type comes in mainly three subtypes as per the localization of their proton pumps: type A, type B, and non-A, non-B cells. Each subtype plays different roles in regulating acid-base balance and electrolyte homeostasis in the body under varying physiological conditions. Type A intercalated cells reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete protons into urine, leading to the production of acidic urine. These cells are typically prevalent on the renal cortex and function particularly in states of metabolic acidosis or potassium depletion. On the other hand, type B intercalated cells secrete bicarbonate and reabsorb protons; thus, they are crucial in alkaline urine production and potassium conservation. These cells are essential to counter metabolic alkalosis or situations of potassium surplus. The non-A, non-B cells have the characteristic features of both type A and B cells, but play a prominent role under conditions of chronically elevated aldosterone and angiotensin II levels. Through their differentiated roles, intercalated cells also facilitate the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions, and water to maintain osmolarity. These cells' activity is finely regulated by hormonal signals like aldosterone, angiotensin II, vasopressin, and the parathyroid hormone. Intercalated cell activity can undergo a significant transformation under pathological conditions, and their dysregulation is associated with diseases such as distal renal tubular acidosis, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney collecting duct intercalated cell
An epithelial cell of the exocrine pancreas.
A neuron residing in the olfactory bulb that serve to process and refine signals arising from olfactory sensory neurons
The small neuron in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb whose dendrites arborize within a glomerulus, where it receives synaptic input from olfactory receptor cell axon terminals, and also engages in dendrodendritic interactions with mitral and tufted cell dendrites; uses both GABA and dopamine as a neurotransmitter.
olfactory bulb (accessory) glomerular layer cell
The subcutaneous mechanoreceptors that innervate tylotrich hair follicles.
The subcutaneous mechanoreceptors that innervate vellus hairs.
A sensory neuron of the dorsal root ganglia that senses body position and sends information about how much the muscle is stretched to the spinal cord.
An inhibitory, GABAergic projection neuron in the striatum that integrates glutamatergic signals arising from the cerebral cortex and thalamus.
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic spiny projection neuron
gamma-aminobutyric acid ergic spiny projection neuron
The large glutaminergic nerve cells whose dendrites synapse with axons of the olfactory receptor neurons in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb, and whose axons pass centrally in the olfactory tract to the olfactory cortex.
The principal glutaminergic neuron located in the outer third of the external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb; a single short primary dendrite traverses the outer external plexiform layer and terminates within an olfactory glomerulus in a tuft of branches, where it receives the input from olfactory receptor neuron axon terminals; axons of the tufted cells transfer information to a number of areas in the brain, including the piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, olfactory tubercle, and amygdala.
The secretory neurons of the paraventricular nucleus that synthesize and secrete vasopressin, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) into blood vessels in the hypothalamo-pituitary portal system.
The neurons that utilize glycine as a neurotransmitter.
The various hormone- or neurotransmitter-secreting cells present throughout the mucosa of the intestinal tract.
Intestinal enteroendocrine cells are a highly specialized cell type found within the gastrointestinal epithelium. They account for approximately 1% of the intestinal epithelial cells in what is known as the largest endocrine organ in the human body. Intestinal enteroendocrine cells exhibit an exceptional diversity, both in terms of their secretory products and their distribution along the intestines, varying from the small intestine to the colon. The primary function of intestinal enteroendocrine cells is to maintain gut physiology and homeostasis. They are known for their hormone production and are the source of numerous bioactive molecules including somatostatin, serotonin, cholecystokinin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, motilin, neurotensin, and others. These hormones and neuropeptides act in autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine signaling, impacting various functions including intestinal motility, secretion, nutrient absorption, and gut barrier functions. Intestinal enteroendocrine cells also serve as the body's frontline of defense, playing an integral role in surveillance against lumen-occurring hazards including pathogen attack. Enteroendocrine cells are divided into ‘closed type’ and ‘open type’. Closed type cells are located close to the basal membrane and do not reach the lumen of the gut. In contrast, the apical side of the open-type intestinal enteroendocrine cells is directly exposed to luminal contents and thus can recognize bacterial metabolites and dietary nutrients. In response, these cells can modulate the immune system responses and thereby function as a key communicator between the gut microbiota and the host. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The various hormone- or neurotransmitter-secreting cells present throughout the mucosa of the stomach.
Chemosensitive cells that innervate the vomernasal organ epithelium and are responsible for receiving and transmitting pheromone signals.
OBSOLETE. A respiratory stem cell found at the junction of the terminal (conductive) bronchiole and the respiratory bronchiole, which gives rise to alveolar cell types and club cells in response to lung injury.
Duplicated term - merged into CL:0002638
Any endothelial cell of vascular tree that is part of some lung.
Any endothelial cell of vascular tree that is part of some pulmonary artery.
An interneuron with a soma found in the hippocampus.
A pyramidal neuron with a soma found in the hippocampus.
A vascular endothelial cell found in colon blood vessels.
nasopharynx respiratory epithelial cells
Squamous cell of uterine cervix epithelium.
cervix, uterine squamous epithelial cells
uterine cervix squamous epithelial cells
oral cavity mucosa squamous epithelial cell
A glial cell that is part of the hippocampus.
OBSOLETE: Adipocytes found in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of breast. The breast consists of three main components, the skin, the subcutaneous adipose tissue and the functional glandular tissue that comprises both parenchyma and stroma.
Glandular cell of appendix epithelium. Example: Goblet cells; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells.
Glandular cell of mammary epithelium. Example: glandular cells of large and intermediate ducts, glandular cells in terminal ducts.
Glandular cell of uterine cervix epithelium.
Glandular cell of colon epithelium. Example: Goblet cells; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells.
Glandular cell of duodenal epithelium. Example: Enterocytes, Goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells; Paneth cells; M cells; Brunner's gland cell.
Glandular cell of epididymal epithelium.
Glandular cell of oviduct epithelium. Example: peg cells, ciliated cells.
Glandular cell of gallbladder epithelium.
Glandular (secretory) cell of parathyroid epithelium.
Glandular cell of rectal epithelium. Example: Goblet cell; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells.
Glandular cell of salivary gland. Example: Serous cells, mucous cells, cuboidal epithelial cells of the intercalated ducts, simple cuboidal epithelium of the striated ducts, epithelial cells of excretory ducts.
Glandular cell of seminal vesicle epithelium.
Seminal vesicle glandular cells belong to a specialized group of epithelial cells that form the internal lining of the seminal vesicles, a pair of male reproductive organs. These cells are located within the complex tubuloalveolar glands that make up the seminal vesicles and are known for their unique pseudostratified columnar epithelium structure. The primary function of these cells is the secretion of a variety of substances that ultimately constitute around 70% of the fluid volume of semen. Seminal cells produce a high-fructose fluid that serves as an energy source for the spermatozoa and promotes their motility. They also secrete other essential substances like proteins, enzymes, vitamin C, prostaglandins, and various other compounds. Collectively, these substances help in the nourishment, protection, and transportation of the spermatozoa throughout the male reproductive system and during the ejaculation process. Secondary to the production of seminal fluid, the seminal vesicle glandular cells also play a role in the contraction of the seminal vesicles during ejaculation. The contraction of these glands, induced by sympathetic nerves, ensures the efficient propulsion of the seminal fluid mixed with spermatozoa into the ejaculatory ducts and subsequently to the urethra. Notably, any malfunction or pathological condition affecting these cells can impact male fertility, emphasizing the importance of understanding the intricate functions of seminal vesicle glandular cells in maintaining the healthy physiological function of male reproduction. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A glandular cell found in the epithelium of the small intestine. Example: Enterocytes, Goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells; Paneth cells; M cells; Somatostatin-secreting Cells (D-cells) .
Glandular cell of exocrine pancreas epithelium. Example: pancreatic acinar cell, glandular cells in pancreatic canaliculi, glandular cells in pancreatic ducts.
Hormone secreting cell located in the cortex of adrenal gland. Glandular cells in the adrenal cortex secrete mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and androgens.
A distinct endothelial cell forming the walls of the capillaries within the cerebral cortex.
Cerebral cortex endothelial cells are unique endothelial cells responsible for the formation and regulation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a specialized structure that separates the circulating blood from the cerebral neural tissue. These cells line the inner surface of nearly all blood vessels that irrigate the cerebral cortex, the outermost layer of the brain involved with complex cognitive functions such as thought, perception, and memory formation. Cerebral cortex endothelial cells are integral to maintaining brain health and function due to their role in regulating brain microenvironment and controlling the passage of essential molecules and cells. The endothelial cells in the cerebral cortex are distinctive due to their highly selective permeability, largely attributable to the existence of unique tight junctions which maintain the barrier function of the BBB. The tightly interconnected structures of these cells prevent most substances from freely diffusing into the brain tissue, ensuring that harmful agents such as toxins, pathogens, or peripheral immune cells don't reach the brain and compromise its function. These cells also express multiple transporters and enzymes, allowing the selective entry of necessary nutrients and metabolites while excluding toxic substances. Cerebral cortex endothelial cells also participate in neurovascular coupling, a process where localized neuronal activity increases cerebral blood flow to satisfy the local metabolic demands. The endothelial cells work in coordination with neurons and other cell types such as astrocytes and pericytes to mediate this process. They have been thought to regulate local blood flow by releasing substances in response to neuronal activity. Additionally, these cells are involved in many pathological conditions. Breakdown or dysfunction of the BBB often marked by altered endothelial cell function is linked to numerous neurological disorders including stroke, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and brain tumors. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Circulating macrophages and tissue macrophages (alveolar macrophages) of lung.
Lung macrophages refer to macrophage populations in the lungs, including the tissue-resident alveolar macrophages and interstitial macrophages, located in the air spaces and the connective tissue of the lung, respectively, and recruited macrophages. They are important in maintaining tissue homeostasis and immunity. The primary function of lung macrophages is to patrol and maintain the pulmonary system, where they serve as the first line of defense against airborne pathogens and inhaled particles. They perform phagocytosis of pathogens, particulate matter, dead cells, and other cellular debris from the lungs to maintain clear air passages and optimize gas exchange. They may also participate in tissue repair and the resolution of inflammation following injury. Lung macrophages also play a critical role in immune regulation. They help to initiate an immune response by secreting cytokines and other inflammatory mediators and by presenting antigens from the pathogens they have engulfed to induce T cell responses. However, if activated improperly, lung macrophages can contribute to inflammatory diseases of the lung such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Chondrocyte forming the hyaline cartilage found in joints.
Hematopoietic cells resident in the bone marrow. Include: hematopoietic stem cells (lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells) and the precursor cells for thrombocytes, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes.
An epithelial cell that is specialised for the synthesis and secretion of specific biomolecules.
secretory epithelial cell
Any melanocyte that is part of a epidermis.
These cells are found primarily, but not exclusively, in primates including humans
A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form found in the circulatory pool of blood.
A specialized, enlarged, connective tissue cell of the decidua with enlarged nucleus, dense membrane‐bound secretory granules and cytoplasmic accumulation of glycogen and lipid droplets. These cells develop by the transformation of endometrial stromal cells during decidualization.
Decidual cells, originating from the endometrial lining in the uterus, undergo significant transformations during pregnancy and are integral to its preparation and maintenance. Their conversion from endometrial fibroblast to a secretory phenotype, known as decidualization, occurs as a normal process in the menstrual cycle or in response to embryo implantation. With crucial roles in regulating maternal immune responses and placental development, decidual cells have a twofold function: preventing rejection of the conceptus by the mother's immune system and guiding placental development to avoid excessive trophoblast invasion leading to pre-eclampsia. During decidualization, these cells secrete proteins and growth factors supporting embryo implantation and sustaining early pregnancy. Furthermore, decidual cells modulate the activities of natural killer cells, macrophages, and T cells in the uterus, maintaining a balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory conditions during pregnancy. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any cell that is part of a pituitary gland.
Any macroglial cell that is part of a brain.
Any germinal center B cell that is part of a tonsil.
Chondrocyte forming the hyaline cartilage found in the knee joint.
Any blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of a microvascular endothelium.
obsolete microvascular endothelium blood vessel endothelial cell
Any blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of a dermis.
Any endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel that is part of a dermis.
A dermis lymphatic vessel endothelial cell is a specialized type of cell that lines the interior surface of lymphatic vessels present in the dermal layer of the skin. These cells are organized into a single layer, forming an integral part of the lymphatic system which acts as the body's secondary circulatory system. The primary function of dermis lymphatic vessel endothelial cells is to facilitate the transportation and regulation of the lymph fluid within the dermis. They act as a barrier, contributing to fluid homeostasis, lipid transport, and immune cell trafficking. These cells are uniquely equipped to let fluid and larger molecules, including proteins and immune cells, into the lymphatic vessels from the surrounding interstitial space. This is enabled by the specialized junctions between the endothelial cells and the presence of primary lymphatic valves that prevent the backflow of lymph. Another paramount role of dermis lymphatic vessel endothelial cells is their involvement in immune response. By interacting with white blood cells, especially T-cells and dendritic cells, they can mediate local immune surveillance and contribute to both innate and adaptive immune responses. These cells are also implicated in a variety of pathological conditions, including lymphedema and metastasis in cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
dermis lymphatic vessel endothelial cell
Any skin fibroblast that is part of a pedal digit skin.
Any skin fibroblast that is part of a skin of abdomen.
Any skin fibroblast that is part of a upper leg skin.
Any skin fibroblast that is part of a arm.
Any lung endothelial cell that is part of a microvascular endothelium.
Any fibroblast that is part of a periodontal ligament.
Any endothelial cell of artery that is part of a coronary artery.
Any photoreceptor cell that is part of a compound eye.
Any native cell that is part of a inner cell mass.
Any native cell that is part of a sebaceous gland.
Sebaceous gland cells, also known as sebocytes, are small, oil-producing glands present in the skin of mammals. These specialized cells are predominantly located in the dermis, particularly on the face, scalp, and upper body. The primary function of sebaceous gland cells is the production and secretion of sebum, a complex mixture of lipids including triglycerides, wax esters, squalene, and metabolites of fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamin E), as well as free fatty acids. The production process involves a unique form of programmed cell death called holocrine secretion. In this process, as sebaceous gland cells mature, they progressively accumulate lipid droplets, before ultimately disintegrating and releasing their lipid-rich contents into the gland's ductal system. The sebum generated by these cells serves multiple purposes. It acts as a waterproofing agent, preventing excessive wetting or drying of the skin and averaging skin's water-holding capacity. Sebum also has antimicrobial properties, providing a natural defense barrier against certain bacterial and fungal species. Additionally, it contributes to the skin’s suppleness and prevents it from becoming brittle. An overproduction or imbalance of sebaceous gland cells can lead to common skin disorders, such as acne, seborrhea, or rosacea, illustrating their importance in skin health. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any native cell that is part of a cardiac septum.
Any interneuron that is part of a spinal cord ventral column.
Any neuron that is part of a spinal cord medial motor column.
Any oligodendrocyte that is part of a spinal cord.
Any Golgi cell that is part of a cerebellum.
Any basket cell that is part of a cerebellum.
Any glutamatergic neuron that is part of a cerebellum.
Any neuron that is part of a central nervous system.
Any native cell that is part of a hypothalamus.
Any neuron that is part of a lateral line ganglion.
A neuron that is part of a peripheral nervous system.
Any basal cell of epidermis that is part of a limb.
Any neuromast hair cell that is part of a anterior lateral line.
anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell
Any neuromast mantle cell that is part of an anterior lateral line.
anterior lateral line neuromast mantle cell
Any neuromast support cell that is part of a anterior lateral line.
anterior lateral line neuromast support cell
anterior lateral line neuromast supporting cell
Any neuromast hair cell that is part of a posterior lateral line.
posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell
Any neuromast mantle cell that is part of a posterior lateral line.
posterior lateral line neuromast mantle cell
Any neuromast support cell that is part of a posterior lateral line.
posterior lateral line neuromast support cell
posterior lateral line neuromast supporting cell
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a urinary bladder.
Any dermis lymphatic vessel endothelial cell that is part of a microvascular endothelium.
dermis microvascular lymphatic vessel endothelial cell
Any fibroblast that is part of a embryo.
Any pericyte cell that is part of a brain.
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a brain.
Any melanocyte of skin that is part of a skin of prepuce of penis.
Any cardiac muscle cell that is part of a cardiac ventricle.
Ventricular cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, are specialized cells found in the ventricular walls of the heart. They exhibit unique features, including centrally located nuclei, robust cytoskeletal structures, high mitochondria content, and intercalated discs, which contribute to their efficient pumping of blood throughout the body. The main role of ventricular cardiac muscle cells is to coordinate contractions, enabling the heart to pump blood throughout the body. This is achieved through controlled ion movement across cell membranes, generating rhythmic electrical signals called action potentials. Intercalated discs between these cells aid synchronized contractions by allowing efficient signal spread through gap junctions. The high mitochondrial content ensures a constant energy supply for this ongoing contraction cycle. Ventricular cardiac muscle cells contribute not only mechanically but also biochemically by secreting essential hormones like atrial natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide for blood pressure regulation and cardiac remodeling. These cells exhibit low turnover under normal conditions, emphasizing their long-term stability, yet have limited regenerative capacity following cardiac injuries. Dysfunction in these cells can result in significant cardiac issues, including heart failure. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any motor neuron that is part of a brainstem.
A lower motor neuron whose soma is located in the anterior horn. Anterior horn motor neurons project from the anterior portion of the grey matter in the spinal cord to some skeletal muscles.
ventral horn of spinal cord spinal cord motor neuron
Yang & Connolly (DOI:10.1016/B978-0-323-37101-8.00140-5) classify these as alpha motor neurons. Consider reflecting this if more references support this.
Any pyramidal cell that is part of a primary motor cortex.
Any retinal ganglion cell that is part of a retina.
Any fibroblast that is part of a spleen.
Any endothelial cell of artery that is part of a umbilical cord.
Any endothelial cell that is part of a spleen.
A large, granular, liver specific natural killer cell that adheres to the endothelial cells of the hepatic sinusoid.
Pit cells are named for the presence of large cytoplasmic granules that resemble pits (pips) of fruit.
Any dendritic cell that is part of a liver.
Any pyramidal cell that is part of a regional part of cerebral cortex.
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a prostate gland.
prostate gland microvascular endothelial cell
A trophoblast of placental villi. These cells fuse to form synctial trophoplast - the placental side of the interface between the placenta and maternal blood sinusoids in the decidua.
The placental villous trophoblast, a highly specialized cell type crucial for placental development, plays a key role in facilitating exchanges between the maternal bloodstream and the developing fetus. Structurally, placental villous trophoblasts are situated on the villous tree structures, forming an outer epithelial layer. Comprising two subtypes—proliferating cytotrophoblasts forming the inner layer and terminally differentiated syncytiotrophoblasts constituting the outer layer in contact with maternal blood—these cells define the placental architecture. Functionally, placental villous trophoblasts play pivotal roles in forming and maintaining the placenta, ensuring the safe development of the fetus. Their primary function involves managing substance exchange between the mother and fetus, mediating the transfer of gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste materials to support optimal fetal growth. Additionally, these trophoblasts synthesize and release crucial hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which maintains the decidua and signals the mother's body to sustain pregnancy. Acting as a physical and immunological barrier, they protect the fetus from maternal immune cells and prevent the transmission of pathogens, contributing significantly to the success of pregnancy. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any mesenchymal stem cell that is part of a placenta.
placental amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell
Any capillary endothelial cell that is part of a placenta.
placental villus capillary endothelial cell
Any fibroblast that is part of a female gonad.
A meso-epithelial cell of the ovarian surface epithelium, varying in shape from flat to cuboidal to pseudostratified columnar. This cell plays a crucial role in ovulation by producing proteolytic enzymes in response to gonadotropins, facilitating follicle rupture through tissue breakdown and TNF-alpha signaling. Additionally, this cell contributes to post-ovulatory wound repair (Morris et al., 2022) and exhibits stem cell-like properties (Flesken-Nikitin et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2019).
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a female urethra.
Any fibroblast that is part of a cardiac ventricle.
Any fibroblast that is part of a cardiac atrium.
Any fibroblast that is part of a pericardium.
Any fibroblast that is part of a gallbladder.
Any fibroblast that is part of a optic choroid.
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a breast.
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a adipose tissue.
Any migratory neural crest cell that is part of a cardiac neural crest.
Splenocytes is a vague term that refers to any one of the different white blood cell types in the spleen. This name is seen many references as such and is not explained further, necessitating a need for this terminology.
Any endodermal cell that is part of a anterior visceral endoderm.
Any vein endothelial cell that is part of a hindlimb stylopod.
Any striated muscle cell that is part of a skeletal muscle tissue of pectoralis major.
skeletal muscle tissue of pectoralis major striated muscle cell
Any pericyte cell that is part of a placenta.
Any mesenchymal stem cell of the bone marrow that is part of a femur.
mesenchymal stem cell of femoral bone marrow
Any mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue that is part of an abdomen.
mesenchymal stem cell of abdominal adipose
mesenchymal stem cell of abdominal adipose tissue
Any melanocyte of skin that is part of a skin of face.
OBSOLETE. Any melanocyte of skin that is part of a skin of prepuce of penis.
Term was merged into foreskin melanocyte CL_2000045
Any hair follicle dermal papilla cell that is part of a scalp.
hair follicle dermal papilla cell of scalp
A goblet cell that is part of the conjunctival epithelium, characterized by apical accumulation of mucin granules (containing MUC5AC in humans; Muc5ac/Muc5b in mice). These gel-forming mucins support tear film stability, ocular lubrication, and pathogen defence. The conjunctival goblet cell forms tight junctions with neighbouring epithelial cells via species-specific claudins (claudin-10 in humans, claudin-2 in mice) and regulates immune homeostasis by facilitating soluble antigen transport to dendritic cells through goblet cell-associated antigen passages (GAPs) (Barbosa et al., 2017). The transcription factor SPDEF is essential for its differentiation.
Any mononuclear cell that is part of a umbilical cord.
Any basket cell that is part of a neocortex.
Any basket cell that is part of a dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation.
dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation basket cell
Any basket cell that is part of a Ammon's horn.
A granule cell that has soma location in the dentate gyrus cell layer of the hippocampal formation and has an elliptical cell body and characteristic cone-shaped tree of spiny apical dendrites. The branches extend throughout the molecular layer and the distal tips of the dendritic tree end just at the hippocampal fissure or at the ventricular surface. The dentate gyrus granule cell is the principal cell type of the dentate gyrus.
dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell
As far as can be determined, all dentate granule cells appear to project to CA3 and the axon trajectory is partially correlated with the position of the parent cell body.
Any stellate cell that is part of a dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation.
dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation stellate cell
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a endometrial blood vessel.
endometrial microvascular endothelial cell
Any keratinocyte that is part of a hair follicle.
Any fibroblast of lung that is part of a bronchus.
Any epithelial cell of viscerocranial mucosa that is part of a nasal cavity respiratory epithelium.
nasal cavity respiratory epithelium epithelial cell of viscerocranial mucosa
Any hematopoietic stem cell that is part of a umbilical cord blood.
Any fibroblast that is part of a reticular layer of dermis.
fibroblast of the reticular layer of dermis
Any dopaminergic neuron that is part of a midbrain.
A ciliated epithelial cell of the esophagus.
A tissue-resident macrophage that is part of the placenta. A Hofbauer cell expresses high levels of growth factors and metalloproteinases that support vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, branching morphogenesis and tissue remodeling. A Hofbauer cell has a fetal origin, is found in the villous stroma, chorion, and amnion, and is present throughout pregnancy.
Hofbauer cells are a heterogenic group of macrophages that resemble M2-like cells. Initially described in chorionic villi in humans, a Hofbauer cell is now often used to describe any fetal-derived placental macrophage that resides within the placental villous core, amnion, and chorion laeve.
A type of autonomic neuron that releases acetylcholine.
A neuron type that is located in a peripheral nervous system and it transmits sensory information from the peripheral (PNS) to the central nervous system (CNS). A sensory neuron converts physical (light, sound, touch) or chemical (such as taste and smell) stimuli into an electrical signal through a process known as sensory transduction. The function of a sensory neuron is to carry informations from the external environment and internal body conditions to the central nervous system for further processing.
Typically, a sensory neuron has a pseudounipolar morphology.
A fibroblast that is part of the breast.
A fibroblast that is part of the skin of scalp.
A motor neuron that innervates both intrafusal and extrafusal muscle fibers. Low abundancy. They control both muscle contraction and responsiveness of the sensory feedback from muscle spindles.
A beta motor neuron that innervates nuclear chain fibers.
A beta motor neuron that innervates the nuclear bag fibers of muscle spindles.
A type of intrafusal muscle fiber that has nuclei arranged in a linear row. Unlike nuclear bag fibers, the equatorial region of these fibers (in the centre of the spindle) is not expanded. These fibers are responsible for the detection of changes in muscle length. They are innervated by static gamma motor neurons and are principally associated with type II sensory fibers.
A type of intrafusal muscle fiber that lies in the center of a muscle spindle. Nuclei are clustered centrally and give the equatorial region a swollen appearance. They are associated with associated with dynamic gamma motor neurons, and the stretching of the equatorial region of the nuclear bag fibers results in an increase in the firing rate of type Ia sensory fibers.
A nuclear bag fiber that is sensitive mainly to the rate of change in muscle length.
A nuclear bag fiber that is sensitive only changes in muscle length but not the rate of that change.
A VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron with bipolar morphology, with a soma found in L2/3. L2/3 bipolar VIP cells have extending axons across all layers (with preferences for layers II/III and Va) and a dendritic tree that is vertically more restricted than deeper layer VIP cells and extend fewer dendrites into the layers outside their home layer (location of soma). L2/3 bipolar VIP cells have great variability in firing patterns, though most are continuous adapting. L2/3 bipolar VIP cells are more depolarized in their resting state, had less fast rectification, and had smaller after hyperpolarization than deeper VIP cells.
L2/3 bipolar VIP GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)
A glutamatergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that projects to structures of telencephalic origins.
intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron
A glutamatergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that projects to structures not derived from telencephalon.
extratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron
A GABAergic cortical interneuron that is strongly labelled for α7 nAChRs. These cells have soma found in L1 and have multipolar dendrites with vertically descending axonal collaterals that project deep into the column, usually branching and terminating in L5A.
Unlike typical Lamp5 electrophysiology, A7 cells have Vip- and Sst-like firing properties, with active depolarizing hump at near-threshold membrane potentials, and larger hyperpolarization sag, stronger burst, and rebound firing. A7 cells have a transcriptomics signature that looks like Lamp5 GABAergic interneuron.
alpha7 GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mmus)
A transcriptomically distinct GABAergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses Lamp5. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: CGE-derived interneurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', clusters Lamp5.
The marker set LINC00298, KIT can identify the Human cell type lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron in the Brain with a confidence of 0.814687838 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A glutamatergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that projects axons locally rather than distantly.
near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron
A glutamatergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that projects to the thalamus.
corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron
A VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron with a soma found in L5. L5 VIP cells have mostly local morphology with some deep-projecting axons. They show only moderate resistance, comparable to that of sst subclass and unlike typical VIP subclass cells that tend to show high input resistance. L5 VIP cells show particularly low resting membrane potential.
A transcriptomically distinct GABAergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses Gamma-synuclein. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: CGE-derived interneurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', clusters Sncg.
The marker set RXRG, THSD7B can identify the Human cell type sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron in the Brain with a confidence of 0.628943702 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A transcriptomically distinct cortical GABAergic neuron that expresses the vasocactive intestinal polypeptide and that has its soma located in the cerebral cortex. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: CGE-derived interneurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', cluster Vip.
This neuronal type is distinguished by its heterogeneous morphology and electrophysiological characteristics (Pronneke et al., 2015,2020; Apicella and Marchionni, 2022). Variations in morphology and firing patterns are observed in human cortical VIP interneurons. In a study by Lee et al., 2023, four distinct subtypes of VIP neurons were identified, each exhibiting unique morphologies, soma locations, and electrophysiological properties. These subtypes are defined according to their transcriptomic markers: LBH-VIP and CCD184-VIP, both of which display a bipolar morphology with axons and dendrites extending across cortical layers; and SY16-VIP and ADAMTSL1-VIP, characterized by a dendritic arbor that spreads horizontally within the same layer as the soma (Lee et al., 2023). Disruption or malfunction of VIP cortical interneuron is implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders such as Rett Syndrome and Dravet Syndrome (Goff and Goldberg 2021).
The marker set VIP can identify the Human cell type VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron in the Brain with a confidence of 0.855531344 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A transcriptomically distinct GABAergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses somatostatin (sst). The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: MGE-derived interneurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', cluster Sst.
somatostatin-expressing inhibitory interneuron
In the mouse cortex, sst GABAergic cortical interneurons show heterogeneous electrophysiological signatures varying between low-threshold spiking (LTS), regular-spiking and fast-spiking (Song, Y. H., Yoon, J., & Lee, S. H. 2021). Sst GABAergic cortical interneurons have multiple functional roles in the brain. In the mouse, they involved in the generation of slow-waves during the sleep phase of non-rapid eye-movement (NREM) (Funk, C. M. et al., 2017), they maintain synaptic plasticity during motor learning (Adler, A., Zhao, R., et al., 2021), they enhance visual perception in the V1 cortical area by suppressing the activity of pyramidal excitatory neurons (Song, YH. et al., 2020). In humans, malfunctioning of sst GABAergic cortical interneurons is associated with neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia as individuals affected by these pathologies show a decrease of expression of SST in the brain (Song YH., Yoon J. et al., 2021).
The marker set SST, PLCH1 can identify the Human cell type sst GABAergic cortical interneuron in the Brain with a confidence of 0.842367005 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A transcriptomically distinct GABAergic interneuron with a soma located in a cerebral cortex and it expresses Parvalbumin. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: MGE-derived interneurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', cluster Pvalb.
The marker set PVALB, TAC1, MYO5B can identify the Human cell type pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron in the Brain with a confidence of 0.691998764 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron that expresses cck. L5/6 cck cells have soma found mainly in L5 and L6 and have large axonal arborization.
L5/6 cck, VIP GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)
A gamma motor neuron that innervates dynamic nuclear bag fibers (bag1 fibers) and enhances the sensitivities of Ia sensory neurons. They alter muscle spindle sensitivity and increases its discharge in response to velocity of muscle length (rather than just magnitude).
A gamma motor neuron that innervates static nuclear bag fibers (bag2 fibers) and increases their firing, in response to an increase in the magnitude of change in length, and controls the static sensitivity of the stretch reflex.
A Lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron that has extended axons in the surface of L1. Canopy Lamp5 cells resemble neurogliaform cells in having elongated horizontal axonal arbors largely confined to L1; but the dendritic arbors are wider and have fewer branches, while the axon is less tortuous and extends further from the soma
canopy lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mmus)
A lamp 5 GABAergic cortical interneuron with neurogliaform morphology with a soma found in L5,6. L5,6 NGC lamp5 have deep afterhyperpolarization (AHP) but narrow action potentials (APs). Unlike other deep neurogliaform cells (which are caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) derived), L5,6 NGC lamp5 cells are medial ganglionic eminence (MGE)-derived
L5,6 neurogliaform lamp5 GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)
A lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron with layer-adapting morphology. NGC lamp5 cells have a small round soma, short dendrites, and a wide dense axonal arbor that tends to establish a dense axonal mesh with high connection probability both to themselves and L2 pyramidal cells. NGC lamp5 cells have unique synaptic properties that distinguish them from other GABAergic interneurons, including the release of GABA to the extracellular space via volume transmission, and the ability to produce GABA-B responses in connected postsynaptic targets.
neurogliaform lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mmus)
A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron that is both an interneuron and a projecting neuron. They are found in all layers from upper L2/3 down to the bottom of L6. They have long-range projections, some with axons fading into white matter. These cells have low rebound potential, low hyperpolarization sag, and high variability in membrane time constant.
long-range projecting sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mmus)
A medium spiny neuron that expresses dopamine type 1 receptors and projects to the globus pallidus internus or the substantia nigra pars reticulata.
A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron with a soma found in L5 and possesses 'T-shaped' Martinotti morphologies with local axonal plexus in L5a and translaminar axons restricted to the uppermost part of L1. They show low-threshold spiking patterns with strong rebound firing, and inhibit the L1 apical tuft of nearby pyramidal cells.
A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron with a soma found in lower L5 with mostly local axonal arborization but with some sparse ascending axons. L5 non-Martinotti sst cells show somatic localization and local axon plexus in L5b and L5b/6 and substantial innervation of L3 and L4, and receive thalamic input from the ventral posteromedial nucleus and specifically target L4 neurons, avoiding L5 pyramidal cells. L5 non-Martinotti sst cells tend to show a higher input resistance and seem to be less stuttering.
L5 non-Martinotti sst GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)
A medium spiny neuron that expresses dopamine type 2 receptors and projects to the external globus pallidus.
L2/3/5 fan Martinotti sst interneuron (Mus)
A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron that has "fanning-out' Martinotti morphology that is found in layer 2/3/5 of the cerebral cortex. They have local axon arbor and long ascending axons that spreads horizontally and arborizes significantly in L1.
L2/3/5 fan Martinotti SST (Mus musculus)
L2/3/5 fan Martionotti SST cells have an adapting firing pattern and non-zero afterdepolarization (ADP).
L2/3/5 fan Martinotti sst GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)
A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron with a soma found in lower L2/3 and upper 5, L4 Sst cells have Martinotti morphology with ascending axons but denser local axons and sparser ‘fanning-out’ projections to L1. L4 sst cells have smaller membrane time constant to calb2 (L2/3/5 fan Martinotti Cell) and non-zero afterdepolarization (ADP).
A retinal ganglion cell that is depolarized by illumination of its receptive field center.
A retinal ganglion cell that is depolarized by decreased illumination of their receptive field center.
OBSOLETE A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron transcriptomically between the sst and the pvalb families with a soma found in L2/3. Some L2/3 PV-like sst cells have Martinotti morphology while some have basket cell morphology. L2/3 PV-like sst cells have lower AP width and higher firing rate than typical Sst subclass cells. L2/3 PV-like sst cells have high maximum firing rate variability, with many classified as belonging to the pvalb subclass on the basis of electrophysiology.
obsolete L2/3 pvalb-like sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mus musculus)
A neuron that is derived from a precursor cell in the lateral ganglion eminence.
lateral ganglionic eminence derived neuron
A transcriptomically distinct pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron that is recognizable by the straight terminal axonal 'cartridges' of vertically oriented strings of synaptic boutons. Chandelier PV cells' boutons target exclusively the axon initial segment (AIS) of pyramidal cells, with a single cell innervating hundreds of pyramidal cells in a clustered manner. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: CGE-derived interneurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', clusters Chandelier.
In mice, Chandelier PV cells have soma found in in upper L2/3, with some in deep L5 and exhibit fast-spiking but lower firing rate compared to basket cells, and have practically absent hyperpolarization sag.
The marker set GPR149, CA8 can identify the Human cell type chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron in the Brain with a confidence of 0.799748111 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron
A glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 6b. They are transcriptomically related to corticothalamic-projecting neurons but have differential projections to the thalamus or anterior cingulate. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: Deep layer (non-IT) excitatory neuron', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', cluster L6b.
Any neuron that has its soma located in some amygdala and is capable of some glutamate secretion, neurotransmission.
An excitatory neuron that is located in the amygdala.
An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layers L2/3-6.
L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron
A transcriptomically distinct glutamatergic neuron, with a soma found in the deeper portion of L5, that has long-range axonal projections including deep subcortical targets outside of the telencephalon and, in some cases, the spinal cord. While the L5 ET neuron projections are not limited to ET targets, they are clearly differentiated from the neuron subclasses whose projections are constrained to intratelencephalic (IT) targets. L5 ET neurons are generally the largest excitatory cortical neurons, typically having a thick apical dendrite with a prominent dendritic tuft in layer 1 and displaying burst-firing physiological characteristics. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: Deep layer (non-IT) excitatory neurons ', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', clusters L5 ET.
thick-tufted layer 5 (TTL5) pyramidal neuron
The marker set CHST8, POU3F1 can identify the Human cell type L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron in the Brain with a confidence of 0.815891473 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron
pyramidal tract-like is used because, unlike pyramidal tract neurons in the motor cortex, neurons in the structures like the auditory cortex do not project to the spinal cord.
A transcriptomically distinct corticothalamic-projecting neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 6. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: Deep layer (non-IT) excitatory neurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', clusters L6 CT.
The marker set SEMA5B, ADAMTSL1, SULF1 can identify the Human cell type L6 corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron in the Brain with a confidence of 0.631898455 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
L6 corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron
A transcriptomically distinct near-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in layer 5/6 of the primary motor cortex. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: Deep layer (non-IT) excitatory neurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', cluster L5/6 NP.
L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
An extratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron located in layer 5b of the primary motor cortex that does not project to the medulla. Non-MY ET cells are large, big-tufted cells with the apical dendrite often bifurcating close to the soma, suggesting they are corticospinal cells. Non-MY ET cells have bigger hyperpolarization sag, lower input resistance, and smaller AP width, compared to L5 IT neurons.
non-medulla, extratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
An extratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron located in layer 5b of the primary motor cortex that projects to the medulla. MY ET cells are large, big-tufted cells with the apical dendrite often bifurcating close to the soma, suggesting they are corticospinal cells. MY ET cells have bigger hyperpolarization sag, lower input resistance, and smaller AP width, compared to L5 IT neurons.
medulla-projecting extratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
medulla-projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
An excitatory glutamatergic neuron transcriptomically related to the CT subclass, with a soma preferentially located in the bottom of L6 of the primary motor cortex.
L6b subplate glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
The marker set CCN2, ROS1 can identify the Human cell type L6b glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex in the Brain with a confidence of 0.819940964 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
L6b glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 2/3 of the primary motor cortex.
L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic with a soma located in upper L5 of the primary motor cortex. These cells have thin untufted apical dendrites.
L4/5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in L5 of the primary motor cortex.
L5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in L6 of the primary motor cortex. These cells are short untufted pyramidal cells, which could be stellate or inverted.
L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
A transcriptomically distinct type of mesothelial fibroblast that is derived from the neural crest, is localized on blood vessels, and is a key component of the pia and arachnoid membranes surrounding the brain. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: Non-neuronal cells', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', clusters VLMC.
A Betz cell that synapses with lower motor neurons directly.
A Betz cell that syanpses with spinal interneurons.
A mesothelial cell that has undergone mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT) to become a fibroblast cell.
A corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic neuron that is located in L6 and lower L5 of the primary motor cortex, with a pyramidal morphology and mostly untufted apical dendrites terminating in midcortical layers. CT VAL/VM (ventroanterior-ventrolateral complex/ventromedial nucleus) cells have a near tonic firing pattern and are distinguished from L6 IT neurons by a lower inter-spike interval adaptation index.
The assertion of this cell type under L6 CT is due to the ambiguity of lower L5 and L6.
corticothalamic VAL/VM projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
A type of mouse mesothelial fibroblast that is derived from the neural crest, is localized on blood vessels, and is a key component of the pia and arachnoid membranes surrounding the brain.
Any GABAergic interneuron that has its soma located in some cerebellar cortex.
A GABAergic interneuron whose soma is located in the cerebellar cortex.
cerebellar inhibitory GABAergic interneuron
A mesothelial fibroblast found in the leptomeninx.
mesothelial fibroblast of the leptomeninx
An oligodendrocyte precursor cell that is committed to differentiate.
COPs are distinct from OPCs in that the lack expression of Pdgfra and Cspg4 and come out as distinct clusters in transcriptomic profiling. This is the reason that this term is not modelled as a subclassOf OPC but instead linked using develops_from.
differentiation-committed oligodendrocyte precursor
A neuron that has its soma located in CA1-3 of the hippocampus.
It is unclear as to if the modelling of Ammon's horn includes CA4 (which could be considered part of the dentate gyrus) in Uberon, hence no equivalent class axiom was made.
A neuron that has its soma located in CA4 of the hippocampus.
A neuron with its soma located in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.
An interneuron that is derived from the medial ganglionic eminence.
medial ganglionic eminence derived interneuron
An interneuron that is derived from the caudal ganglionic eminence.
caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron
caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron
A GABAergic cell located in the cerebral cortex that expresses meis2.
meis2 expressing cortical GABAergic cell
A pyramidal neuron which has an apical tree which is oriented parallel to the pia. This is unlike typical pyramidal neurons which have its apical dendrite aligned vertically.
OBSOLETE A L2/3 pvalb-like sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mus musculus) that has Martinotti morphology.
obsolete Martinotti morphology L2/3 pvalb-like sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mus musculus)
An excitatory neuron that has its soma located in the thalamic complex. This neuron type can be involved in a series of circuits related to sensory integration, motor integration, pain processing, social behaviour and reward response.
Abnormalities in glutametergic neurons of the thalamic complex are associated with pathologies such as schizophrenia, colorectal visceral pain and Parkinson's disease.
A GABAergic cortical interneuron that develops from the medial ganglionic eminence and has migrated to the cerebral cortex.
medial ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron
OBSOLETE. A GABAergic cortical interneuron that develops from the caudal ganglionic eminence and has migrated to the cerebral cortex.
caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic interneuron and caudal ganglionic eminence derived interneuron are the same cell type. The two must be merged and one needs to be defined as obsolete. We decided to deprecate the entity with the more specific term and redundant qualities in the label. See comments in issue 2357.
obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron
A GABAergic cortical interneuron that expresses cck. L5/6 cck cells have soma found mainly in L5 and L6 and have large axonal arborization.
A cell that is part of the brain vasculature.
OBSOLETE. A cell that is part of the choroid plexus.
A neuron that has its soma located in the mammillary body.
A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron found in L6 that expresses tyrosine hydroxylase. L6 Th+ SST cells have mostly local axonal arborization within L6.
L6 tyrosine hydroxylase positive sst expressing GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mus musculus)
An interneuron that has Martinotti morphology. These interneurons are scattered throughout various layers of the cerebral cortex, sending their axons up to the cortical layer I where they form axonal arborization.
A type of interneuron that has two clusters of dendritic branches that originate directly from the soma and extend in opposite directions and axons that form a plexus which spreads widely. Compared to bipolar neurons, bitufted neurons have branching that occur close to the soma.
Interlex cross reference refers specifically to Markram 2015 rat bitufted cell.
OBSOLETE A L2/3 pvalb-like sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mus musculus) that has basket morphology.
obsolete basket morphology L2/3 pvalb-like sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mus musculus)
A GABAergic inhibitory neuron that is derived from the midbrain.
a L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex that has stellate pyramidal morphology.
stellate L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Mmus)
a L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex that has inverted pyramidal morphology.
inverted L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Mmus)
A GABAergic interneuron that selectively innervates the axon initial segment of pyramidal cells. Their local axonal clusters are formed by high-frequency branching at shallow angles, often ramifying around, above or below their somata with a high bouton density. The characteristic terminal portions of the axon form short vertical rows of boutons, resembling the candlesticks and candles of a chandelier. Chandelier cells can be multipolar or bitufted.
Interlex cross reference refers specifically to Markram 2015 rat chandelier cell.
A Martinotti neuron that has axons that form a horizontal ramification, making it T-shaped.
A Martinotti neuron that has axons that form a fan-like plexus.
A basket cell that is large, and typically ascends to give rise to many long horizontally and vertically projecting axon collaterals that traverse neighboring columns and can extend through all cortical layers.
A basket cell which has simpler dendritic arbors (compared to small or large basket cells), and an axonal plexus of intermediate density, composed of a few long, smooth axonal branches.
A basket cell with axonal arbors composed of frequent, short, curvy axonal branches that tend to be near their somata and within the same layer.
A pyramidal neuron which has an apical tree which is oriented towards the white matter.
A pyramidal neuron which lacks a tuft formation but extends small radial distances forming a star-like shape.
A pyramidal neuron which has a distinctive tuft formation, distal from the soma.
A pyramidal neuron which lacks a clear tuft formation but extends to large radial distances.
A mesothelial fibroblast of the arachnoid barrier layer. Arachnoid barrier cells make up the tight-junctioned layer in the leptomeninx that functions as the physiologic barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space and the fenestrated capillaries in the dura.
OBSOLETE An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in layer 2/3 of the human primary motor cortex.
Made terms species agnostic, use CL:4023047 instead.
obsolete L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Homo sapiens)
OBSOLETE. An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in layer 5 of the human primary motor cortex.
Made terms species agnostic, use CL:4023049 instead.
obsolete L5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Homo sapiens)
OBSOLETE. An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in layer 6 of the human primary motor cortex.
Made terms species agnostic, use CL:4023050 instead.
obsolete L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Homo sapiens)
OBSOLETE. A near-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in layer 5/6 of the human primary motor cortex.
Made terms species agnostic, use CL:4023043 instead.
obsolete L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Homo sapiens)
OBSOLETE. A near-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in layer 5/6 of the marmoset primary motor cortex.
obsolete L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Callithrix jacchus)
OBSOLETE. An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in layer 2/3 of the marmoset primary motor cortex.
obsolete L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Callithrix jacchus)
OBSOLETE An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in layer 5 of the marmoset primary motor cortex.
obsolete L5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Callithrix jacchus)
OBSOLETE. An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in layer 6 of the marmoset primary motor cortex.
obsolete L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Callithrix jacchus)
OBSOLETE. A mouse GABAergic cell located in the marmoset cerebral cortex that expresses meis2.
obsolete meis2 expressing cortical GABAergic cell (Callithrix jacchus)
A neuron with soma location in the reticular formation with axons that extend into the spinal cord such. Reticulospinal neuron activity can lead to a variety of motor behaviors.
A magnocellular neurosecretory cell that is capable of producing and secreting oxytocin.
A magnocellular neurosecretory cell that is capable of producing and secreting vasopressin.
vasopressin-secreting magnocellular cell
A pyramidal neuron with soma located in the amygdala.
A pyramidal neuron with soma located in the cerebral cortex.
An afferent neuron of the vestibular system that innervate the base of the hair cell and increase or decrease their neural firing rate as the receptor cell is excited or inhibited.
A vestibular afferent neuron that makes bouton synapses to type II hair cells.
A vestibular afferent neuron which posseses a unique postsynaptic terminal, the calyx, which completely covers the basolateral walls of type I hair cells and receives input from multiple ribbon synapses.
A spiral ganglion neuron that innervates inner hair cells. Type 1 spiral ganglion neurons are myelinated and bipolar.
Type 1 spiral ganglion neurons comprise the vast majority of spiral ganglion cells.
A spiral ganglion neuron that innervates outer hair cells. Type 1 spiral ganglion neurons are unmyelinated and unipolar.
Outer hair cells form reciprocal synapses onto type 2 spiral ganglion cells, suggesting that the type 2 cells have both afferent and efferent roles.
L5/6 non-Martinotti sst interneuron (Mus)
A sst GABAergic interneuron does not have Martinotti morphology with a soma found in L5/6 of the cerebral cortex.
L5/6 non-Martinotti morphology sst expressing GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mus musculus)
L5/6 non-Martinotti SST cells have strongly facilitating excitatory inputs and moderately depressing outputs. They have faster action potential than Martinotti morphology SST cells and slightly slower than PV basket cells.
L5/6 non-Martinotti sst GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)
A subpopulation of amacrine cell that migrate further than other amacrine cells, and come to lie basal to the inner plexiform layer (IPL) in the ganglion cell layer. Displaced amacrine cells still have their neurites extending apically into the IPL, and therefore exhibit an inverted polarity with respect to the other amacrine cells.
Displaced amacrine cells are a subset of Sox2 expressing amacrine cells.
An auditory hair cell found in the cochlea.
A transcriptomically distinct sst GABAergic cortical interneuron that also expresses Chodl. These neurons are rare and correspond to the only known cortical interneurons with long-range projection. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: MGE-derived interneurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', clusters Sst Chodl.
The marker set NPY can identify the Human cell type sst chodl GABAergic cortical interneuron in the Brain with a confidence of 0.894026187 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
sst chodl GABAergic cortical interneuron
An interneuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses the oxytocin receptor. These interneurons also express somatostatin.
These cells were first identified in mouse.
oxytocin receptor sst GABAergic cortical interneuron
A kisspeptin neuron that is located in the hypothalamus. These neurons project to and activate gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurons (acting via the kisspeptin receptor) in the hypothalamus and stimulate the secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone.
A kisspeptin neuron that is located in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.
A hypothalamus kisspeptin neuron that coexpresses kisspeptin, neurokinin B and dynorphin.
kisspeptin, neurokinin B and dynorphin expressing neuron
KNDy neurons are involved in the negative feedback of gonadotropin-releasing hormone release in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. Sex steroids released from the gonads act on KNDy neurons as inhibitors of kisspeptin release. This inhibition provides negative feedback control on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. Other roles of KNDy neurons include influences on prolactin production; puberty; stress' effects on reproduction; and the control of thermoregulation.
a KNDy neuron that is located in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.
arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus KNDy neuron
a KNDy neuron that is located in the rostral periventricular region of the third ventricle.
In rats and mice, the anteroventral periventricular nucleus plus the periventricular nucleus make up the rostral periventricular region of the third ventricle (RP3V).
rostral periventricular region of the third ventricle KNDy neuron
A retinal cell that is immature or undifferentiated.
A neuron that expresses kisspeptin. These neurons are predominantly located in the hypothalamus, but also found in other parts of the brain including the hippocampal dentate gyrus.
Gonadal sex steroids stimulate kisspeptin neurons in the RP3V, but inhibit kisspeptin neurons in the ARC.
A glial cell that myelinates axonal processes.
A neuron in the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus that is distinguished by their long, thick and tentacle-shaped dendrites that typically emanate from one side of the cell body.
This term is restricted to the mammalian cochlear nucleus to disambiguate for cells of octopus.
Octopus cells respond only at the onset of a broad-band simple tonal stimulus and form a pathway to the superior paraolivary nucleus and to the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.
octopus cell of the mammalian cochlear nucleus
An interneuron that has double bouquet morphology.
A neuron of the dorsal cochlear nucleus with spiny dendrites that receive input from the axons of granule cells and with axons that release GABA and glycine onto cartwheel, pyramidal and giant cell targets.
Cartwheel cells share many of the features, molecular and electrophysiological, of cerebellar Purkinje neurons.
An excitatory glutamatergic interneuron found in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex and also in the granule cell domain of the cochlear nucleus. Unipolar brush cells have a round or oval cell body with usually a single short dendrite that ends in a brush-like tuft of short dendrites unique to them known as dendrioles.
A neuron found in the anterior part of the ventral cochlear nucleus that has the appearance of bushes, having short dendrites. Bushy cells give outputs to different parts of the superior olivary complex.
A bushy cell that receives only few large excitatory endbulb synapses from auditory nerves. Spherical bush cells give excitatory input to the lateral and medial parts of the superior olive.
A bushy cell that receives a large number of medium-sized synapses, called modified endbulbs. Globular bushy cells extend to the superior olive on both sides of the brainstem where they give input to the bipolar neurons.
A neuron that is part of the somatic sensory system. Somatosensory neurons innervate the skin or integument to detect different types of thermal, chemical, and mechanical touch stimuli.
A neuron that is responsible for sensation in the face or motor functions such as biting and chewing. Trigeminal neurons extend a single axon shaft along the lateral white matter of the hindbrain and spinal cord. The highly branched axons innervate the integument of the head.
A trigeminal neuron that is responsible for sensation in the face.
A trigeminal neuron that is responsible for motor functions such as biting and chewing.
A neurecto-epithelial cell that is part of the basal layer of the subcommissural organ and specializes in the secretion of proteins into the subarachnoid space. Hypendymal cells have similar characteristics to ependymal cells and express SCO-spondin.
Hypendymal cells are secretory cells located between the ependymal layer and the posterior commissure, forming the hypendmal layer of the subcommissural organ (SCO), a highly conserved gland that is part of the circumventricular system within the brain. Hypendymal cells are bipolar cells with a thin apical pole and basal process. Most of the ultrastructural characteristics of these cells are similar to those described for the ependymal cells (which are arranged into another layer – the ependyma). However, ependymal cells release their secretion into the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid whereas hypendymal cells project processes to the local blood vessels and to the subarachnoidal space. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A neuron with a small cell body that is located in a koniocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
In adult monkeys, koniocellular cells can be distinguished from parvocellular and magnocellular of the LGN by their expression of calbindin, the alpha subunit of type II calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, and the gamma subunit of protein kinase C.
A retinal ganglion cell that originate in the ganglion cell layer of the retina, and project to the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). These cells are known as midget retinal ganglion cells due to the small sizes of their dendritic trees and cell bodies.
There are midget bipolar cells of retina and midget ganglion cells of retina and they are not the same: Midget bipolar cells (imb, fmb) have larger axon terminals at greater distances from the fovea (retinal eccentricity of 4.5mm as compared to 12 mm). Midget ganglion cells (MGC) have larger dendritic fields (here seen at 8 mm) as they increase in eccentricity.
A retinal ganglion cell located in the ganglion cell layer of the retina. This cell projects to magnocellular cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). They have large cell bodies and extensive, branching dendritic networks that contribute to their large receptive fields.
These cells should not be confused with M1-M14 retinal ganglion cells described in PMID:16626866 which refer to a different classification of retinal ganglion cells.
Any capillary endothelial cell that is part of a lung.
An alveolar capillary endothelial cell that is located distally to alveolar capillary type 2 endothelial cells.
alveolar capillary type 1 endothelial cell
An alveolar capillary endothelial cell that is located proximally to alveolar capillary type 1 endothelial cells and in close apposition to alveolar type 1 epithelial cells (also known as type I pneumocytes).
alveolar capillary type 2 endothelial cell
A pulmonary interstitial fibroblast that is part of the alveolus and contains lipid droplets.
The marker set AOC3, LUM can identify the Human cell type alveolar type 1 fibroblast cell in the Lung with a confidence of 0.70 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A pulmonary interstitial fibroblast that is part of the alveolus and localizes to vascular adventitia.
The marker set SCARA5, CD248 can identify the Human cell type alveolar adventitial fibroblast in the Lung with a confidence of 0.85 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A cell that supports the development of a gamete by providing it cytoplasmic material (including entire organelles) by direct cross-membrane channels (del Pino, 2021).
A gamete-nursing cell that derives from a germline cell (del Pino, 2021).
Nurse cells were first described in insects, but recent works suggest they also exist in some mammals (Lei and Spradling, 2016).
A gamete-nursing cell that derives from the somatic tissues of the gonad (del Pino, 2021).
We follow what seems to be a common usage in the literature, which is to reserve the term “nurse cell” proper to cells from the germ line, hence the label “nurse-like”. This term encompasses pyriform cells described in reptiles, bird, and amphibians (del Pino, 2021); it does not encompass mammalian Sertoli cells, which do not appear to transfer cytoplasmic material to spermatogonia (França et al., 2016).
A melanocyte located in the vascular uvea and involved in photoprotection, regulation of oxidative damage and immune responses.
Cellular functions and extracellular interactions of choroidal melanocytes are distinct to skin melanocytes. They might have both neuroectodermal as well as mesectodermal origins.
A stromal cell that is part of the thymus.
An alpha-beta memory T cell with the phenotype CD45RA-positive.
terminally differentiated effector memory CD45RA+ T cells
terminally differentiated effector memory cells re-expressing CD45RA
effector memory CD45RA-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated
A cell that makes up the loose connective tissue of the thymus.
A large epithelial cell found in the thymus. This cell type may internalize thymocytes through extensions of plasma membrane. The cell surface and cytoplasmic vacuoles of a thymic nurse cell express MHC Class I and MHC Class II antigens. The interaction of these antigens with a developing thymocyte determines whether the thymocyte undergoes positive or negative selection.
A renal beta-intercalated cell that is part of the cortical collecting duct. The medullary collecting duct does not contain the renal beta-intercalated cell type.
kidney collecting duct beta-intercalated cell
An epithelial cell that is part of the fallopian tube that secretes mucus and oviduct-specific products in response to hormonal stimulation from estrogen and luteinizing hormone. This fallopian tube secretory cell is similar in height to the ciliated cell, but typically exhibits a more narrow, columnar shape. Its nucleus is ovoid and oriented perpendicular to the cell's long axis, with denser chromatin and a smaller nucleolus compared to the ciliated cell.
The other cell types of the fallopian tube epithelium include the ciliated cell and the intercalary cell, or peg cell. The fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell type has been implicated as a source of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma.
fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell
A multi-ciliated epithelial cell that is part of the fallopian tube, mainly found on the apex of the mucosal folds. This cell exhibits a columnar shape with an oval nucleus and is characterized by the presence of cilia on its surface. The coordinated beating of these cilia, together with peristaltic contractions, contributes to the self-propulsion of spermatozoa, the transport of ovum during ovulation and the transport of the fertilized ovum to the intramural fallopian tube.
fallopian tube multiciliated epithelial cell
A specialized epithelial cell that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other glomerular epithelial cells in the pronephros.
pronephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell
A brush border cell that is part of segment 1 (S1) of the proximal tubule epithelium, located in the renal cortex.
epithelial cell of segment 1 of proximal tubule
epithelial cell of proximal tubule segment 1
A brush border cell that is part of segment 2 (S2) of the proximal tubule epithelium, located in the renal cortex. In addition to its reabsorptive functions, it is also specialized in the secretion of organic anions and cations, including para-aminohippurate.
epithelial cell of segment 2 of proximal tubule
epithelial cell of proximal tubule segment 2
A brush border cell that is part of segment 3 (S3) of the proximal tubule epithelium, which extends from the medullary rays of the renal cortex into the outer medulla.
epithelial cell of segment 3 of proximal tubule
The epithelial cell of proximal tubule segment 3 operates under relatively hypoxic conditions and is particularly susceptible to ischemic injury.
epithelial cell of proximal tubule segment 3
Epithelial cell of the descending thin limb of the short loop (cortical) nephron limited to the outer medulla (mainly inner strip). It is known in some mammalian species that the short descending limb of the loop of Henle selectively expresses the serine protease Corin, the homeobox TF Uncx, and the urea channel Slc14a2.
epithelial cell of the descending thin limb of the short loop of Henle
kidney loop of Henle short descending thin limb epithelial cell
Epithelial cell of the descending thin limb of the long loop (juxtamedullary) nephron that spans the outer medulla (inner stripe). It is known in some mammalian species that the long descending limb of the loop of Henle in the outer medulla selectively expresses the secreted activin-antagonist protein follistatin (Fst), the GPI-linked adhesion protein Cdh13, and the protein kinase Stk32a.
epithelial cell of the outer medulla of the long descending limb of the loop of Henle
kidney loop of Henle long descending thin limb outer medulla epithelial cell
Epithelial cell of the descending thin limb of the long loop (juxtamedullary) nephron that spans the inner medulla. It is known in some mammalian species that the long descending limb of the loop of Henle in the inner medulla selectively expresses the nuclear receptor Nr2e3, the Ig kappa chain Igkc, and the secreted protein dermokine (Dmkn). SLC14A2, which expresses a urea transporter, is also expressed in the inner medulla.
epithelial cell of the inner medulla of the long descending limb of the loop of Henle
kidney loop of Henle long descending thin limb inner medulla epithelial cell
A renal alpha-intercalated cell that is part of the collecting duct of the renal tubule.
kidney collecting duct intercalated cell type A
kidney collecting duct alpha-intercalated cell
An epithelial cell located in the early distal convoluted tubule.
epithelial cell of early distal convoluted tubule
An epithelial cell located in the late distal convoluted tubule.
Although mineralocorticoid receptors are expressed throughout the entire [distal convoluted tubule], the DCT2 is sensitive to the actions of aldosterone, because it expresses an enzyme called 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11-βHSD2)
epithelial cell of late distal convoluted tubule
A renal principal cell located in the connecting tubule.
A renal intercalated cell that is part of the renal connecting tubule.
kidney connecting tubule intercalated cell
A renal alpha-intercalated cell that is part of the renal connecting tubule.
kidney connecting tubule intercalated cell type A
kidney connecting tubule alpha-intercalated cell
A renal beta-intercalated cell that is part of the renal connecting tubule.
kidney connecting tubule intercalated cell type B
kidney connecting tubule beta-intercalated cell
A fibroblast that is located in the renal medulla interstitium.
It has been noted that inner medullary fibroblasts are involved in the regulation of water and electrolyte homeostasis.
A hillock cell that is located in respiratory epithelium. In some mammalian species, this cell type has been noted to express KRT13 and KRT4 and is postulated to play a role in squamous barrier function and immunomodulation.
An epithelial, transitional cell type between basal and secretory; located in stratified, non-ciliated structures (called hillocks) with high cell turnover in epithelium. In some mammalian species, this cell type has been noted to express KRT13 and is postulated to play a role in squamous barrier function and immunomodulation.
A fibroblast that is located in the renal cortical interstitium.
Renal cortical fibroblasts have key roles in mediating intercellular communication with neighboring/infiltrating cells and extracellular matrix and maintenance of renal tissue architecture. They additionally have an endocrine function in the production of epoetin.
An enterocyte of the human intestine expressing bestrophin-4 (BEST4) calcium-activated ion channels.
An amacrine cell that uses GABA as a neurotransmitter.
An amacrine cell that uses glycine as a neurotransmitter.
A blood lymphocyte located in the flowing, circulating blood of the body.
Any cell that is located within the interstitium between the cells most prominent in defining a given tissue. "Interstitial cell" is a morphological term and refers to a variety of cells with differing origins and phenotypes.
An interstitial cell that is part of a cardiac valve leaflet. Along with valve endothelial cells, a valve interstitial cell maintains tissue homeostasis for the function of cardiac valves through secreting biochemical signals, matrix proteins and matrix remodeling enzymes.
Activated valve interstitial cells undergo continual turn over into deactivated fibroblasts and other cell fates (such as apoptosis).
An endothelial cell that lines a surface of a cardiac valve leaflet. Along with valve interstitial cells, a valve endothelial cell maintains tissue homeostasis for the function of cardiac valves through secreting biochemical signals, matrix proteins and matrix remodeling enzymes.
At least in some mammalian species, a valve endothelial cell expresses CD31. Valve endothelial cells can undergo an endothelial to mesenchymal transition to acquire a fibroblast or myofibroblast phenotype that leads to changes in the microenvironmental signals and facilitates tissue regeneration.
A multiciliated epithelial cell located in the respiratory tract epithelium, characterized by a columnar shape and motile cilia on its apical surface. This cell develops through a highly orchestrated process, transitioning from a basal progenitor via an intermediate deuterosomal cell stage that generates centrioles essential for ciliogenesis.
A dental pulp cell that possesses stem-cell-like qualities, including self-renewal capability and multi-lineage differentiation.
A spermatid in an early stage of maturation that has a round morphology and is transcriptionally active.
A spermatid in a late stage of maturation that has an elongated morphology and is transcriptionally inert when the acrosome is fully developed.
A CD24-positive, CD-133-positive, vimentin-positive cell found scattered throughout a renal proximal tubule and that may participate in tubular regeneration. Compared to other proximal tubular cell types, this cell contains less cytoplasm, fewer mitochondria and no brush border.
After acute tubular injury, this cell type becomes more numerous. In healthy rat kidneys, this cell is not detectable, whereas after unilateral ureteral obstruction (renal injury), it may appear de novo, arguing against the notion that this cell type represents a pre-existing progenitor cell population. In at least one study, data indicate that this cell type represents transiently dedifferentiated tubular cells involved in regeneration.
CD24-positive, CD-133-positive, vimentin-positive proximal tubular cell
An extratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron that is morphologically-defined with a large, spindle-shaped cell body, thick bipolar dendrites with limited branching and a moderate density of spines, and often an axon initial segment that emanates from the side of the cell body. This cell type is associated with markers POU3F, BMP3 and ITGA4.
In humans, a von Economo neuron is restricted to layer 5 of the anterior cingulate, frontoinsular, and medial frontopolar regions of cerebral cortex, while in some other species it is also found in the frontal and occipital poles and may not be restricted to layer 5.
A multi-ciliated cell of the endometrial epithelium. This cell is characterized by the presence of 9+2 motile cilia on its apical surface, which facilitates the movement of mucus across the endometrial surface.
In human samples, the expression of FOXJ1 protein, a regulator for motile cilia with epithelial lineage identity, has been noted.
endometrial multiciliated epithelial cell
A ciliated cell of the endometrial luminal epithelium. This cell is characterized by the presence of motile cilia on its apical surface.
luminal endometrial ciliated epithelial cell
luminal endometrial multiciliated epithelial cell
A ciliated cell of the endometrial glandular epithelium. This cell is characterized by the presence of motile cilia on its apical surface.
glandular endometrial ciliated epithelial cell
glandular endometrial multiciliated epithelial cell
A DRD1-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of a matrix compartment of dorsal striatum.
In Rhesus macaques, both matrix D1 and D2 medium spiny neuron cell types have been noted to have enriched gene expression of the following: EPHA4, GDA, STXBP6, and SEMA3E. Broadly understood, matrix MSNs receive neocortical inputs from the associative and sensorimotor cortex and give rise to the direct and indirect pathways.
A DRD2-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of a matrix compartment of dorsal striatum.
A DRD1-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of a striosome of dorsal striatum.
In Rhesus macaques, both striosomal D1 and D2 medium spiny neuron (MSN) cell types have been noted to have enriched gene expression of the following: KCNT1, KHDRBS3, FAM163A, BACH2, and KCNIP1. Striosomal MSN activations have been noted to influence cognitive and emotional decision making and value-based learning. In contrast to matrix MSNs, striosomal MSNs receive input from limbic territories, including the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and anterior insular cortex, and project directly to midbrain dopamine neurons.
A DRD2-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of a striosome of dorsal striatum.
A medium spiny neuron that expresses both DRD1 and DRD2 and is part of an extra-striosomal part of dorsal striatum.
It has been noted in non-human primate species that the D1/D2-hybrid medium spiny neuron (D1/2) cell type shows the same amount of DRD1 expression as nearby D1 medium spiny neurons but far less DRD2 expression compared to nearby D2 medium spiny neurons. In Rhesus macaques, RXFP1 has been noted as a highly specific marker gene for the D1/2 cell type. The D1/2 cell type has also been described as having characteristics similar to a novel medium spiny neuron described in rodents (D1H or eccentric spiny projection neuron). Although an extrastriosomal cell type, the D1/2 cell type had been noted to express many of the genes associated with striosome, suggesting a possible homology to ‘‘exo-patch’’ cells.
A DRD1-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of a nucleus accumbens shell or olfactory tubercle.
In Rhesus macaques, both nucleus accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle D1 and D2 medium spiny neuron cell types have been noted to have enriched gene expression of the following: GREB1L, ARHGAP6, and GRIA4.
nucleus accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle D1 medium spiny neuron
A DRD2-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of a nucleus accumbens shell or olfactory tubercle.
nucleus accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle D2-MSN
nucleus accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle D2 medium spiny neuron
A DRD1-expressing, medium spiny neuron-like granule cell that is part of an Island of Calleja.
In Rhesus macaques, the Island of Calleja granule cell type has been noted to have enriched gene expression of CPNE4.
A DRD1-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of dense, RXFP1-positive cell islands throughout the nucleus accumbens, putamen, and near the adjacent septal nuclei.
RXFP1-positive island D1-medium spiny neuron
Regarding the abbreviation D1-NUDAP, NUDAP stands for "neurochemically unique domains in the accumbens and putamen". In Rhesus macaques, the RXFP1-positive interface island D1-medium spiny neuron (D1-NUDAP) has been noted to have upregulation of OPRM1 compared to DRD1-expressing medium spiny neurons located outside of the D1-exclusive island and in Islands of Calleja. Kappa-opioid receptor gene (OPRK1) has been noted to be absent from D1-NUDAP cells. Many striosome-specific markers have been noted to be upregulated in D1-NUDAP cells, including KCNIP1, KCNT1, KHDRBS3, and BACH2. PDYN, an acknowledged D1-striosome marker gene, has also been noted to be expressed in D1-NUDAPs. D1-NUDAPs also express some genes found to be selectively expressed in the matrix, including STXBP6, GDA, and SEMA3E. Gene enrichment analysis has revealed that D1-NUDAP neurons express genes that have been implicated in drug addiction and many other functions.
RXFP1-positive interface island D1-medium spiny neuron
A urothelial cell that is part of the regenerative layer(s) of cells directly superficial to basal cells in urothelium. The layer of intermediate cells in the urothelium ranges from one to several layers thick depending on the species with intermediate cells attached to adjacent cell layers and one another via desmosomes.
It has been noted in at least some mammalian species that the urothelial intermediate cell type is similar to basal cells by expressing CK17 and (unlike umbrella cells) p63 but is positive for uroplakins (UPK) and negative for CK5. Urothelial intermediate cells have also been noted to be larger in diameter than urothelial basal cells.
A urothelial cell that is terminally differentiated and part of the urothelial apical surface that forms the high-resistance barrier of urothelium. Umbrella cells have been described as the largest of urothelial cell types, highly polarized, and, in some species, multinucleated. In the relaxed state, these cells form a dome-shaped structure at the apical pole and can also cover multiple underlying intermediate cells, leading to the name umbrella cells. In contrast, these cells flatten when the bladder is filled.
Umbrella cells are attached to sub-superficial cell layers via desmosomes, while tight junctions localized between superficial cells aid in forming a high-resistance barrier function. Another distinguishing feature of an umbrella cell type is the presence of subapical discoidal/fusiform-shaped vesicles contributing to the plasticity in urothelial cell surface area through a regulated process of endocytosis/exocytosis. It has been noted in at least some mammalian species that the urothelial umbrella cell type expresses UPK1A, UPK1B, UPK2 and UPK3A. Unlike intermediate and basal cells of the urothelium, CK17 is reported to be completely absent and p63 not expressed in umbrella cells.
A medium spiny neuron that exhibits transcriptional divergence from direct and indirect spiny projection neurons, for example, enrichment in Casz1, Otof, Cacng5 and Pcdh8 noted in mice. Whilst in general medium spiny neurons have been found to be differentially distributed across the basal ganglia, the eccentric medium spiny neuron cell type has been found to be more evenly distributed throughout cerebral nuclei.
The term “eccentric” is used in the name eccentric medium spiny neuron (MSN) due to the exhibited transcriptional divergence from canonical spiny projection neurons. It has been noted in at least one study that an eccentric MSN differs in expression from direct and indirect MSNs by 110 genes (more than the 68 that distinguished direct and indirect spiny projection neurons from each other) and expresses many genes that have little expression in the rest of the striatum. It also has been noted in at least one human study that most eccentric MSNs expressed only DRD1, but many in the basal ganglia co-expressed DRD1 and DRD2, suggesting regional specialization of a more broadly distributed cell type.
A macrophage that expresses the T cell receptor complex at the cell surface.
A transcriptomically distinct intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found between cortical layer 2-4. This intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron has thin-tufted apical dendrites and extends its axonal projection into L5 in the neocortex. This neuronal type has a hyperpolarised resting membrane potential. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: IT-projecting excitatory neurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', clusters L2/3 IT.
Hystorically, the L2/3 intratelencephalic projectic glutametergic neuron was known to have its soma in cortical layer 2/3. MERFISH data showed that this intratelencephalic-projecting glutametergic neuron can have its soma in layer 2/3, 4B, 4C. The position of the soma in layer 4b and 4C is less frequent for this neuronal type in comparison to cortical layer 2/3.
The marker set ONECUT2, COL5A2 can identify the Human cell type L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron in the Brain with a confidence of 0.670149932 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron
An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 2.
L2 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron
An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 3.
L3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron
An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic with a soma located in cortical layer 4/5.
L4/5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron
A transcriptomically distinct intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 3-4. This neuron type can have a pyramidal, star-pyramidal or spiny stellate morphology and projects its output to L2/3 and L5A/B. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: IT-projecting excitatory neurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', L4 IT.
Historically, the L4 intratelencephalic projectic glutametergic neuron was known to have its soma in cortical layer 4. MERFISH data showed that this intratelencephalic-projecting glutametergic neuron can also have its soma in layer 3.
The marker set RORB, ST8SIA4 can identify the Human cell type L4 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron in the Brain with a confidence of 0.720108696 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
L4 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron
An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 5. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: IT-projecting excitatory neurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', L5 IT.
The marker set ARSJ, RORB, KCNK2 can identify the Human cell type L5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron in the Brain with a confidence of 0.764261336 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
L5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron
A transcriptomically distinct intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in L6 of the primary motor cortex. These cells are short untufted pyramidal cells, which could be stellate or inverted. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: IT-projecting excitatory neurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', L6 IT.
The marker set LINC00507, THEMIS can identify the Human cell type L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron in the Brain with a confidence of 0.641695703 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron
An epithelial cell that is part of a ureteric bud. A ureteric bud cell has the potential to induce metanephric mesenchymal cells to proliferate and convert to epithelia that form renal tubules via: (1) the secretion of multiple diffusible growth factors that rescue renal progenitors from apoptosis and stimulate them to proliferate and (2) contact-dependent mechanisms that induce mesenchymal-epithelial conversion.
A near-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 5/6.
The marker set NPSR1-AS1, TLL1 can identify the Human cell type L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron in the Brain with a confidence of 0.899288218 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron
A transcriptomically distinct intratelencepalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron that expresses Car3 with a soma found in L6 . The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: IT-projecting excitatory neurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_cluster', L6 IT Car3.
The marker set SMYD1, THEMIS can identify the Human cell type L6 intratelencephalic projecting Car3 glutamatergic neuron in the Brain with a confidence of 0.877752028 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
L6 intratelencephalic projecting Car3 glutamatergic neuron
An epithelial cell of the urethra that has an expression profile similar to lung club cells. Club-like cells of the urethra epithelium are similar to lung club cells in their expression of SCGB1A1 and in their enrichment of immunomodulatory programs.
The term "club-like" is used to disambiguate from club cells which CL defines as a type of bronchial epithelial cell. This seems to reflect common usage of club cell when used without location (club cell seems to mean bronchial club cell, unless it is proceded or preceded by something that says it is not bronchial). In the literature, the name "club-like" isn't used.
club-like cell of the prostatic urethra epithelium
Club cells typically refer to bronchiolar exocrine cells found in the lungs. This cell type is given the name club cell due to their similarity to club cells in the lungs.
club-like cell of the urethral epithelium
A GABAergic interneuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses reelin (rln).
A(n) endothelial cell that is part of a(n) venule of lymph node.
endothelial cell of venule of lymph node
A(n) endothelial cell that is part of a(n) arteriole of lymph node.
endothelial cell of arteriole of lymph node
A(n) neuroendocrine cell that is part of a(n) epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn.
neuroendocrine cell of epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn
A(n) myoepithelial cell that is part of a(n) bronchus submucosal gland.
myoepithelial cell of bronchus submucosal gland
A(n) smooth muscle cell that is part of a(n) taenia coli.
A(n) serous secreting cell that is part of a(n) bronchus submucosal gland.
The marker set PRR4, C6orf58 can identify the Human cell type serous secreting cell of bronchus submucosal gland in the Lung with a confidence of 0.75 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
serous secreting cell of bronchus submucosal gland
A(n) endothelial cell that is part of a(n) efferent lymphatic vessel.
endothelial cell of efferent lymphatic vessel
A(n) brush cell that is part of a(n) epithelium of lobar bronchus.
brush cell of epithelium of lobar bronchus
A(n) vein endothelial cell that is part of a(n) respiratory system.
vein endothelial cell of respiratory system
A(n) goblet cell that is part of a(n) epithelium of lobar bronchus.
goblet cell of epithelium of lobar bronchus
A(n) neuroendocrine cell that is part of a(n) epithelium of lobar bronchus.
neuroendocrine cell of epithelium of lobar bronchus
A(n) smooth muscle cell that is part of a(n) large intestine smooth muscle circular layer.
smooth muscle cell of large intestine smooth muscle circular layer
A(n) smooth muscle cell that is part of a(n) large intestine smooth muscle longitudinal layer.
smooth muscle cell of large intestine smooth muscle longitudinal layer
A keratinocyte of the epidermis suprabasal layer. This cell may express the differentiation markers keratin 10 and keratin 1.
A small, narrow, peg-shaped epithelial cell with little cytoplasm that is part of oviduct epithelium. This cell is rarer than the ciliated and secretory epithelial cells of the fallopian tube epithelium and is often found intercalated between them. Peg cells are generally distributed basally along the epithelium and have been found in high concentrations at the fimbriated, distal end of the fallopian tube in humans. It may have a regenerative/stem-cell function. In humans, markers include EPCAM, CD44, and ITGA6.
fallopian tube epithelial stem-like cell
In vitro evidence supports a stem-cell/regenerative function for these cells
A star-shaped glial cell that is part of some retina. This cell links neurons to blood vessels and may provide structural and physiological support to optic nerve head axons.
In response to elevated intraocular pressure, a retinal astrocyte may modulate extracellular matrix remodeling. In the human retina, a retinal astrocyte is GFAP-positive, SOD3-positive and GYPC-positive.
A myofibroblast that is part of an alveoli during alveolarization. The contractile force of this cell elongates the secondary crest, while producing a framework of elastin and tenascin. During the maturation of the septa, secondary crest myofibroblasts, together with matrix fibroblasts, secrete metalloproteinases and other ECM‐remodeling proteins to thin the septal tip ECM. The secondary crest myofibroblast continues producing elastin, eventually undergoing apoptosis during adulthood.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of a bronchiole.
A megakaryocyte that is resident in the lung connective tissue.
An ON bipolar cell type with dendrites selectively contacting S-cones.
The axons of a blue cone bipolar cell terminate close to the ganglion cell layer, where they transfer the S-cone ON signal to small bistratified ganglion cells. Other targets of a blue cone bipolar cell include amacrine cells and possibly large bistratified ganglion cells.
A mucus secreting cell that is part of a submucosal gland of the trachea.
A myoepithelial cell that is part of a submucosal gland of the trachea.
A mucus secreting cell of a submucosal gland of the bronchus.
The marker set BPIFB2 can identify the Human cell type mucus secreting cell of bronchus submucosal gland in the Lung with a confidence of 0.93 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
mucus secreting cell of bronchus submucosal gland
An epithelial cell that is part of a collecting duct of an airway submucosal gland.
The marker set GLYATL2, DMBT1 can identify the Human cell type airway submucosal gland collecting duct epithelial cell in the Lung with a confidence of 0.46 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
airway submucosal gland collecting duct epithelial cell
A basal cell that is part of a duct of an airway submucosal gland.
A fibroblast that is part of the fibrous layer of the perichondrium. This cell is responsible for collagen fiber production.
A perichondrial fibroblast that is part of the lung.
An OFF diffuse bipolar cell that makes synaptic contact with both L/M and S-cone photoreceptors and only minimal contact with rod photoreceptors.
In primates, a diffuse bipolar 1 cell on average makes 81 ribbon (output) synapses, 13 contacts are with OFF parasol cells and 47 contacts are with OFF midget cells. This cell might make flat contacts at both triad-associated and non-triad-associated positions on the cone pedicle.
An OFF diffuse bipolar cell that predominantly connects to ON parasol cells and lateral amacrine cells. This cell contains a large number of synaptic ribbons and a small axon arbor area.
In primates, a diffuse bipolar 2 cell makes an average of 133 ribbon synapses, 47 contacts are with OFF parasol cells and 4 contacts are with OFF midget cells.
An OFF calbindin-positive bipolar cell that has a large dendritic field and stratifies narrowly close to the middle of the inner plexiform layer. Its axon terminal is characterized by regularly branching and varicose processes resembling beads on a string. Most of DB3a contacts with cones are triad-associated.
Originally, DB3a cells were termed diffuse bipolar 3 (DB3) cells. When an additional bipolar type which stratifies slightly more vitread and is calbindin negative was detected, this cell was renamed diffuse bipolar 3a cell. The axons of neighboring DB3a cells make homologous gap junctions. The DB3a cells provide the majority of their output to OFF parasol cells.
An OFF calbindin-negative bipolar cell that has a large dendritic field and stratifies narrowly close to the middle of the inner plexiform layer. Its axon terminal is characterized by regularly branching and varicose processes resembling beads on a string. Most of DB3b contacts with cones are non-triad-associated.
In humans, a DB3b cell is CD15 positive. A DB3b cell might make sparse contacts to rod photoreceptors.
An ON diffuse bipolar cell that predominantly connects to ON parasol cells and lateral amacrine cells.
An ON diffuse bipolar cell that has a large dendritic field and large axon terminals, which show little or no overlap. This cell predominantly connects to narrow thorny ganglion cells.
An OFF bipolar cell with a small dendritic tree that provides most of the triad-associated basal (flat) contacts at cone pedicles.
An ON bipolar cell with a small dendritic tree that forms most of the central (invaginating) elements opposite the synaptic ribbon at the cone triad.
An ON bipolar cell that has large dendritic and axonal fields.
A giant bipolar cell is usually monostratified, although, very rarely, it can be bistratified.
An OFF bipolar cell that is fovea-specific and expresses FEZF1, NXPH1 and NXPH2.
A mucus secreting cell of a submucosal gland of the tracheobronchial tree.
mucus secreting cell of tracheobronchial tree submucosal gland
An alpha-beta CD4 T cell that resides in the lung.
lung resident memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
An alpha-beta CD8 T cell that resides in the lung.
In the lung, CXCR6 regulates the localization of lung resident memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells.
lung resident memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A lung resident memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that is CD103-positive.
lung TRM CD8-positive, CD103-positive cell
lung TRM CD8-positive, integrin alpha E-positive cell
lung resident memory CD8-positive CD103-positive, alpha-beta T cell
lung resident memory CD8-positive, CD103-positive, alpha-beta T cell
An alveolar macrophage that expresses CCL3.
The marker set TNIP3, CXCL5 can identify the Human cell type CCL3-positive alveolar macrophage in the Lung with a confidence of 0.67 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
An alveolar macrophage that expresses metallothionein.
alveolar macrophage metallothionein-positive
The marker set HMOX1, HPGD can identify the Human cell type metallothionein-positive alveolar macrophage in the Lung with a confidence of 0.41 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
metallothionein-positive alveolar macrophage
A macrophage that is part of the lung connective tissue (pulmonary interstitium). This cell performs tissue remodeling and contributes to barrier immunity through antigen presentation.
The marker set F13A1, STAB1, FCGR2B can identify the Human cell type lung interstitial macrophage in the Lung with a confidence of 0.46 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
An epithelial cell part of respiratory tract epithelium that is a precursor of a multi-ciliated cell. This cell actively amplifies centrioles, a required step for multiciliogenesis.
In humans, deuterosomal cells have been noted to have enriched expression of the following: PLK4, FOXJ1, DEUP1, FOXN4, YPEL1, HES6 and CDC20B. Deuterosomal cells were termed after deuterosomes, the platforms of active centriole amplification.
A dendritic cell that captures antigens in a lung and migrates to a lymph node or to the spleen to activate T cells.
A midget ganglion cell that depolarizes in response to increased light intensity in the center of its receptive field. The majority of input that this cell receives comes from invaginating midget bipolar cells.
A midget ganglion cell that depolarizes in response to decreased light intensity in the center of its receptive field. The majority of input that this cell receives comes from flat midget bipolar cells.
A respiratory epithelial cell derived from a basal cell, with a topographic nuclear position between the basal and luminal cells of the airway epithelium. This non-basal, intermediate progenitor cell has limited proliferative capacity and can differentiate into multiciliated, secretory, or rare airway cells (ionocytes, tuft cells, neuroendocrine cells). It shares some ultrastructural features with basal cells but lacks the defined characteristics of fully differentiated cellular phenotypes.
In humans, respiratory tract suprabasal cells have been noted to have enriched expression of the following: CK8, KRT13, IVL, and SERPINB3. Single-cell sequencing indicates that suprabasal cells derived from the nasal epithelium are distinct from those in the tracheobronchial epithelium.
The marker set TNC, KRT15, SERPINB4 can identify the Human cell type respiratory suprabasal cell in the Lung with a confidence of 0.62 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A taste receptor cell that is part of a taste bud of a tongue.
A neuron that releases catecholamine as a neurotransmitter.
Frequently used when describing the developing nervous system in zebrafish. A catecholaminergic neuron expresses tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), tyrosine hydroxylase 2 (TH2), aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), dopamine b-hydroxylase (DBH), and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PEMT), which are enzymes necessary for catecholamine synthesis.
A parasol ganglion cell that depolarizes in response to decreased light intensity in the center of its receptive field. The majority of input that this cell receives comes from DB3a bipolar cells.
A parasol ganglion cell that depolarizes in response to increased light intensity in the center of its receptive field. The majority of input that this cell receives comes from DB4 bipolar cells.
A bistratfied retinal ganglion cell with a small dendritic field that has dendrites in the ON and OFF sublamina of the retinal inner plexiform layer and carries blue-ON/yellow-OFF signals. This cell receives bipolar and amacrine input to both the OFF and ON dendritic tree.
small bistratified cell, blue-ON/yellow-OFF ganglion cell
small bistratified retinal ganglion cell
A cell that is adjacent to a vessel. A perivascular cell plays a crucial role in maintaining vascular function and tissue homeostasis. This cell type regulates vessel integrity and flow dynamics.
A multi-ciliated epithelial cell located in ciliated duct of an airway submucosal gland, characterized by a columnar shape and motile cilia on its apical surface.
airway submucosal gland duct ciliated cell
airway submucosal gland duct multiciliated cell
A differentiated flat keratinocyte that is part of a nail plate. An onychocyte is firmly adherent and does not desquamate.
A luminal epithelial cell of the mammary gland that can proliferate and has the potential to differentiate into a lactocyte during pregnancy. In humans, a luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell can be identified by high levels of the markers EpCAM and CD49f, and in mice it can be identified by low levels of CD29 and high levels of CD14, Kit, CD61, and Tspan8.
luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland
A luminal epithelial cell of the mammary gland that transduces endocrine cues to orchestrate proliferation, architectural remodeling, and differentiation of other cells in the mammary gland via paracrine signaling. This cell expresses high levels of estrogen receptors. In humans, a luminal hormone-sensing cell can be identified by high levels of EpCAM and low levels of CD49f, and in mice it can be identified by low levels of CD29 and high levels of Foxa1, CD133, and Sca1 (Ly6a).
Following lineage specification, a luminal hormone-sensing cell expresses receptors for one or more hormones, such as estrogens, progesterone, androgens, and prolactin. In response to progesterone, luminal hormone-sensing cells express TNFSF11, WNT4, and RSPO1, among other factors, which cause branching, proliferation, and partial differentiation in LASP and B-Myo cells during luteal phases of the estrous/menstrual cycle and during gestation. During ductal elongation, ER activity drives expression of AREG in LHS cells, which is necessary for proliferation of the epithelium to fill the mammary fat pad.
luminal hormone-sensing cell of mammary gland
A lactocyte that highly expresses genes associated with transcription, immune cell function, and cellular stress. A lactocyte type 1 also expresses genes involved in milk component biosynthesis (e.g., LALBA and CSNs), albeit at lower levels than a lactocyte type 2.
A lactocyte that highly expresses genes associated with lipid production and milk component biosynthesis.
An endothelial cell that is part of a central vein of liver.
endothelial cell of central vein of liver
A trophoblast cell that invades the uterine wall to anchor the placenta to the uterus. An interstitial extravillous trophoblast cell differentiates from an extravillous trophoblast cell, becoming hyperchromatic and changing its morphology to a fibroblast-like spindle-shaped cell. In humans, this cell can be distinguished by the expression of placental-specific protein 8, which stimulates migration.
invasive interstitial extravillous trophoblast cell
interstitial extravillous trophoblast cell
A trophoblast cell that invades the maternal spiral arteries and replace the endothelial lining, remodeling the vessels and allowing for adequate blood transport into the placenta. An endovascular extravillous trophoblast cell differentiates from an extravillous trophoblast cell. In humans, this cell can be distinguished by the expression of CD56.
Shortly after implantation, the endovascular extravillous trophoblast cells occlude the maternal spiral arteries, preventing premature oxygen delivery to the placental villi and reducing fetal oxidative stress.
endovascular extravillous trophoblast cell
A tissue-resident macrophage that is part of the uterus.
Uterine macrophages are reported to be evenly distributed throughout the endometrial stroma but with aggregations observed close to the lumen of superficial secretory glands.
A mature B cell that serves as an intermediate stage in the differentiation of naive B cells into a plasmablast. A preplasmablast expresses CD30 and IL-6R and lacks expression of CD20, CD23, CD38 and CD138.
A supporting cell that is part of the ovary and differentiates into a granulosa cell. A pre-granulosa cell develops from an early supporting gonadal cell by repressing testis determination, which can then proliferate to form primordial follicles.
A follicular cell of ovary that differentiates from a cuboidal granulosa cell during the secondary follicle stage. Mural granulosa cells line the inner surface of the follicle wall, surrounding the fluid-filled antral cavity. These cells produce oestrogen during the follicular phase in response to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and progesterone after ovulation in response to luteinizing hormone (LH).
A(n) natural killer cell that is cycling.
A(n) gamma-delta T cell that is cycling.
A(n) CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that is cycling.
proliferating CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A(n) CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that is cycling.
proliferating CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A(n) alveolar macrophage that is cycling.
The marker set PCLAF, RRM2, UBE2C, NUSAP1 can identify the Human cell type cycling alveolar macrophage in the Lung with a confidence of 0.26 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A(n) mononuclear phagocyte that is cycling.
A(n) endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel that is cycling.
proliferating endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel
cycling endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel
A(n) pulmonary alveolar type 2 cell that is cycling.
proliferating pulmonary alveolar type 2 cell
The marker set PEG10, PRC1, TOP2A can identify the Human cell type cycling pulmonary alveolar type 2 cell in the Lung with a confidence of 0.61 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A granulosa cell that has a squamous morphology and form a single layer around the oocyte in primordial follicles. This cell develops directly into a cuboidal granulosa cell during the primordial-to-primary follicle transition.
Often in literature squamous granulosa cell and pre-granulosa cell are used as synonyms. However, this term only makes reference to the quiescent granulosa cells that surround the primordial ovarian follicle, while a pre-granulosa cell proliferates to form the primordial follicle (and thus cells become the squamous granulosa cells).
A granulosa cell that has a cuboidal morphology and develops from squamous granulosa cell during the transition between primordial follicle to primary follicle. Cuboidal granulosa cells proliferate to form a second layer within secondary follicles.
An ON diffuse bipolar cell that stratifies in the stratum 3 of the inner plexiform layer to make synapses with ON parasol ganglion cells. A diffuse bipolar 5 cell has high expression of MYO16 compared with other bipolar cells.
A diffuse bipolar 5 cell typically contacts 7–8 cone photoreceptors. The number and thickness of its dendritic processes are intermediate between those of a diffuse bipolar 6 cell (less dense and thinner) and a diffuse bipolar 4 cell (denser and thicker).
A tissue-resident macrophage that is associated with lipids. This cell responsible of anti-inflammatory functions, lipid accumulation and enhancing phagocytosis (Wculek et al., 2022, Liu et al., 2022). In mice and humans, a lipid-associated macrophage is characterized by the marker Trem2 (Jaitlin et al., 2019).
Distinct from “adipose macrophage” in Trem2 expression, and is not limited to adipose tissue. Guilliams et al. describe these cells as being distinct from Kupffer cells.
A tissue-resident macrophage that is part of the placenta. This cell helps preventing immunological rejection of the fetus by modulating the immune environment. A placental resident macrophage has high plasticity to adapt to the changing needs of each phase of pregnancy.
A resident macrophage that is part of the decidua. Some decidual macrophages are derived from maternal blood monocytes that are recruited to the uterus shortly after conception. The main functions of a decidual macrophage are implantation, placental development, immune regulation and vascular remodeling.
A follicular cell of ovary that has begun to degenerate and undergo atresia, a specialized apoptosis. This cell is found in an atretic follicle, which is an ovarian follicle that started to mature but failed to reach full development and instead regresses.
A granulosa cell that is undergoing atresia. This cell type displays distinct morphological alterations compared with a healthy granulosa cell, including pyknosis (nuclear condensation) and cellular shrinkage.
An amacrine cell that uses both GABA and glycine as neurotransmitters.
An enterocyte that is part of a duodenal epithelium and expresses beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 1 (B3GAT1), also known as CD57 or HNK-1.
While CD57 is traditionally associated with immune cells (e.g., NK cells), its expression on enterocytes marks unique epithelial subsets with specific functions or maturation states. These cells are specially enriched in areas of the duodenum within submucosal glands.
A stem cell that is part of the corneo-scleral limbus. This cell type resides at the basal layer of the epithelium and has a small size and high nuclear to cytoplasmatic ratio (Secker and Daniels, 2009). A limbal stem cell is responsible for corneal epithelial renewal and repair (Li et al., 2023), and to help maintain a clear corneal surface by preventing conjunctival epithelial cells from migrating onto the cornea (Wang et al., 2023).
A transcriptionally distinct memory B cell whose presence increases with age, during infections, and in autoimmune diseases. In humans and mice, this cell type can be identified by the expression of T-bet, CD11c, CD11b, and the lack of CD21. An age-associated B cell responds to TLR stimuli, may produce autoantibodies, and participates in antiviral responses and pathogen clearance.
An ON bipolar cell that has high expression of DIRC3, KCNJ3, LINC01915, PTPRK compared with other bipolar cells.
An ON bipolar cell that has high expression of NOS1AP compared with other bipolar cells.
A glial precursor cell that generates oligodendrocytes and type-1 and type-2 astrocytes. It has been shown in some mammals that this cell type may express A2B5, nestin, FGFR-1, FGFR-2, FGFR-3, PLP, and DM-20 antigens. Unlike oligodendrocyte precursor cell, it does not initially express PDGFR-alpha and can differentiate into both type-1 and type-2 astrocytes.
tripotential glial-restricted precursor cell
glial restricted tripotential precursor cell
A horse-specific, highly invasive trophoblast cell that invades the endometrium where it forms endometrial cups.
Humans, mice and rats have a highly invasive (hemochorial) placentation. Horses have a non-invasive epitheliochorial placenta, except for the transient endometrial cup.
Glial cell that provides support to the enteric nervous system. It is involved in enteric neurotransmission, in maintaining the integrity of the mucosal barrier of the gut and serves as a link between the nervous and immune systems of the gut. In enteric nerve strands, glial processes ensheath multiaxonal bundles which distinguishes enteric glia from all other peripheral glia. Ultrastructurally, the most conspicuous trait of an enteroglial cell is the presence of 10 nm filaments, which criss-cross the cell body, form axial bundles in the processes and appear to firmly anchor the cells to the ganglionic surfaces. Similar to astrocytes, their main constituent is glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
Precursor of type II pneumocyte. These cells do not have lamellar bodies, which are a marker of type II pneumocyte maturity.
fetal alveolar pre-type II epithelial cell
fetal pre-type II alveolar epithelial cell
According to PMID:1316350 this cell type does not yet produce surfactant. According to PMID:9109447 and PMID:12114192 this cell type produces low levels of surfactant that can be increased by administration of very low-density lipoproteins. This cell type is of medical relevance, as a central feature of the fetal respiratory distress syndrome seems to be the presence in the lung of abundant pre-type II alveolar epithelial cells (PMID:1316350).
fetal pre-type II pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell
Any mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue that is part of an orbital region.
orbital adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell
mesenchymal stem cell of orbital adipose tissue
A mesenchymal stem cell that is part of the apical papilla tooth root.
The mesenchymal stem cells of the apical papilla have high capacity for osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation.
A chromatophore that is part of the dermis.
A GABAergic interneuron that has its soma located in the striatum and that has an enriched expression of the genes TAC3 and LHX6.
TAC3-positive striatal interneuron
A nucleus accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle D1 medium spiny neuron that co-expresses TAC3 and the DRD1 receptor.
A TAC3-positive medium spiny neuron has its soma in a cluster in the medial shell region of the nucleus accumbens. In Rhesus Macaque, this medium spiny neuron has an enriched expression of the genes MPPED1, HPCAL1, MEIS3.
TAC3-positive medium spiny neuron
A central nervous system macrophage that is part of a choroid plexus, a meninx and a perivascular space. A border associated macrophage interacts with various components of the CNS vasculature and meninges, it participates in immune surveillance and in the regulation of the blood brain barrier.
In humans, a border associate macrophage expresses CD45 and CD11B. This cell is also known to have the following molecular signature: CD206, CD38, LYVE1, CD163, CD169.
border associated macrophage
A choroid plexus macrophage that is part of the apical surface of some choroid plexus epithelium. This macrophage has a star-like shaped body.
choroid epiplexus macrophage
A choroid plexus macrophage that is part of a choroid plexus stroma.
stromal choroid plexus macrophage
A border associated macrophage which is part of a dura matter. This macrophage phagocytoses intruding pathogens and foreign molecules detected in the bloodstream or in the cerebrospinal fluid. This cell has an amoeboid body with dynamic protrusions in homeostasis.
dural macrophage
An astrocyte with highly branched protrusions, found in neocortex layers 2-6. It is involved with the formation and elimination of synapses, glutamate clearance, modulation of synaptic functions and regulation of blood flow in response to synaptic activity.
This astrocyte extends its branches to several hundred of dendrites to multiple neurons to envelope 100,000 or more synapses. In humans, a protoplasmic astrocyte has an average diameter of 142 µm, and its diameter ranges between 100 and 400 µm. In rodents the average diameter of a protoplasmic astrocites is 56 µm.
protoplasmic astrocyte
A cell type located in the first layer of the neocortex with radial protrusions extending transversely into the deeper cortex layers, herby facilitating communication across neurons, astrocytes, capillaries, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid through contact with neurons, pia mater and capillaries.
In humans, a fibrous astrocyte diameter is circa 182 µm. In rodents, a fibrous astrocyte diameter is circa 85 µm.
fibrous astrocyte
An astrocyte type that presents radial protrusions across the layers of a cortex. The soma of this astrocyte is part of the first layer of a neocortex. This astrocyte extents its protrusions transversally to the deeper layers of a cortex and it creates contact with neurons, the pia matter and capillaries. This astrocyte is involved in facilitating the communication across neurons, astrocytes, capillaries, meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid.
interlaminar astrocyte
An interlaminar astrocyte whose soma is part of the first layer of a neocortex and is in contact with a pia surface.
pial interlaminar astrocyte
An interlaminar astrocyte type whose soma is part of the upper first layer of the neocortex and its processes extend to a pia surface.
subpial interlaminar astrocyte
An L2 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma on the L1-L2 border. This neuron type has small apical dendrites projecting to L1.
L2 marginal neuron
A transcriptomically distinct lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses Lamp5 and Lhx6. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: CGE-derived interneurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', Lamp5 Lhx6.
The marker set CHST9, LAMP5 can identify the Human cell type Lamp5 Lhx6 neuron in the Brain with a confidence of 0.821678322 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
Lamp5 Lhx6 neuron
A VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron with a soma located in L1-3 of some neocortex in Mmus. This neuron has a multipolar morphology with spiny dendrites concentrating on L1 of the cortex, and has a burst firing electrophysiological signature with highly dynamic dendritic spines.
spiny VIP neuron
A VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron expressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and choline acetyltransferase in the Mmus neocortex. This interneuron releases both γ-aminobutyric acid and acetylcholine.
Work in the mouse barrel cortex and somatosensory cortex shows that a VIP-ChAT interneuron is predominantely located in L2/3 and more rarely in the deeper layers of the cortex (Dudai et al., 2021; Dudai et al., 2020). This neuronal type could be transcriptomically distinct as transcriptomic studies have identified VIP neurons expressing ChAT in a whole brain mouse transcriptomic study (Tasic et al., 2018).
VIP-ChAT interneuron
A serous secreting cell that is part of a submucosal gland in the nasal cavity respiratory epithelium.
nasal serous secreting cell
The dorsal-most tanycyte type of the third venticle. These cells projects into the ventromedial or dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. This type of tanycyte extends its protrusions close to parenchymal neurons without contacting blood vessels. It expresses the glial marker S-100β.
In rodents, a1 tanycytes are known to express DARPP-32, GPR50, NA Vimentin, Connexin 43, GLT-1, GLUT1(+) (Goodman and Hajihosseini 2015; Prevot et al., 2018).
alpha1-tanycyte
α1 tanycytes are the most dorsally located subtype, followed by α2 tanycytes, then β1 tanycytes, and finally β2 tanycytes which occupy the ventricular floor. 3V, third ventricle; Arc, arcuate nucleus; DMH, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus; VMH, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus.
Tanycyte of the third ventricle, located immediately ventral to alpha-1 tanycytes. These cells project to the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus and express the glial marker S-100β.
In rodents, this type of tanycyte is more developmentally advanced than alpha1 tanycytes, shows a high neurogenic competence and expresses the following markers DARPP-32, Vimentin, GPR50, Connexin-43, GLT-1, GLUT1(+) (Goodman and Hajihosseini 2015; Prevot et al., 2018)
alpha2-tanycyte
A type of tanycyte located in ventral part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle and in the lateral infundibular recess of the brain. This tanycyte has an elongated morphology with multiple microvilli extending into the median eminence. This type of tanycyte expresses FGF receptors 1 and 2, is in contact with GnRH neurons, and is involved in the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
beta1-tanycyte
A type of tanycyte located in the floor of third ventricle and the infindibular recess. This tanycyte has an elongated morphology with multiple microvilli extending medially and ventrally to the median eminence, contacting the pial surface and blood vessels. This type of tanycyte expresses FGF receptors 1 and 2, is in contact with GnRH neurons, and is involved in the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
beta2-tanycyte
A progenitor cell of the central nervous system that differentiates exclusively onto neurons. This progenitor cell is found in a hippocampus subventricular zone, developing cortex and spinal cord of the central nervous system.
In vitro cultures of embryonic mouse neural tubes show that neuronal-restricted precursors (NRPs) are derived from multipotent neuroepithelial cells to give rise to neurons. This progression suggests a linear relationship between multipotent progenitors and neuronal-restricted differentiation. (Mayer-Proschel et al., 1997). In the spinal cord of rats, neural-restricted precursor cells give rise cholinergic, GABAergic, glutametergic neurons (Cao and Howard et al., 2002).
neuronal-restricted precursor
A progenitor cell of the central nervous system that differentiates exclusively onto astrocytes. This progenitor cell expresses CD44 and S100 calcium-binding protein B.
In vitro, this progenitor cell can differentiate from glial-restricted precursor cells.
astrocyte-restricted precursor
A GABAergic interneuron expressing PTHLH and PVALB that has its soma in a striatum. This GABAergic interneuron type presents a spatial expression gradient of PVALB in the mouse striatum.
According to spatial transcriptomic data in the human striatum, pthlh-expressing interneurons are one of the most abundant population of interneurons in the striatum (Leonardo D. Garma, et al., 2024).
striatal pthlh-expressing interneuron
A pthlh-expressing interneuron that expresses MOXD1 and has its soma in a striatum.
striatal PTHLH MOXD1 expressing interneuron
A midbrain dopaminergic neuron that has its soma located in a substantia nigra. This dopaminergic neuron type is highly metabolically active and it is involved in the regulation of movement, cognition, motivation and reward. Neurodegeneration of this dopaminergic neuronal type causes loss in fine motor control in Parkinson's Disease.
substantia nigra dopaminergic neuron
A GABAergic interneuron that has its soma in the anterior section of the substantia nigra pars reticulata. This GABAergic interneuron is characterized by the expression of Six3 and Foxp1 and it develops from Nkx6-2 expressing neuronal progenitors in the ventrolateral midbrain-diencephalon region.
GABAergic interneuron of the anterior substantia nigra pars reticulata
A GABAergic interneuron that has its soma in the posterior section of the substantia nigra pars reticulata. This GABAergic interneuron is characterised by the expression of the transcription factors Pax5, Ctip2 and Pou6f2 and it develops from the ventrolateral r1 neuroepithelium expresing NKX61.
GABAergic interneuron of the posterior substantia nigra pars reticulata
A neuron in the central nervous system that is not committed to a differentiated fate, has not been newly derived from neurogenesis, and does not integrate into any circuit.
It is hypothesised that immature neurons can be utilised as a neurogenic reserve and that they can be involved in circuit plasticity.
immature neuron
An immature neuron of a cerebral cortex. This neuron develops prenatally and remains in an immature state throughout the lifespan of the organism.
cortical immature neuron
A GABAergic interneuron located in the Purkinje layer of the cerebellar cortex. This GABAergic interneuron type has a distinct morphology, it presents a small cell soma near the Purkinje cell layer (PCL), dendrites that extend to the surface of the molecular layer, and beaded axons that make local synapses contacts within the molecular layer. A candelabrum cell is excited by mossy fibers and granule cells but inhibited by Purkinje cells, and it inhibits molecular layer interneurons, which leads to the disinhibition of Purkinje cells.
Candelabrum cells are the most abundant interneurons in the Purkinje cell layer and are present in all cerebellar lobules.
candelabrum cell
An oligodendrocyte of the central nervous system that exhibits immune properties such as self-presentation and non-self antigen presentation to T cells, phagocytosis of debris, and cytokine and chemokine production. Immune oligodendroglia is immunoreactive during inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, chronic stress and major depressive disorder.
During inflammation, immuno oligodendroglia express MHC II to interact with immune cells in mouse models (Harrington et al., 2023; Madeira et al., 2022). In a mouse model of major depressive disorder and chronic stress, immuno oligodendroglia were associated with prefrontal cortex hypomyelination (Kokkosis et al., 2022).
immune oligodendroglia
A transcriptomically distinct GABAergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses the transcript PAX6. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: CGE-derived interneurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', clusters PAX6.
The marker set RELN, HCRTR2 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4042032 in the Brain with a confidence of 0.724125093 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
PAX6 GABAergic cortical interneuron
A neuron of the central nervous system that expresses POMC and synthesizes the POMC precursor polypeptide. This neuron type is located in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and in the nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem. The pro-opiomelanocortin neuron is part of the central melanocortin system and it is involved in regulating energy homeostasis, metabolism, and appetite. This neuronal type responds to hormonal signals such as levels of leptin and insulin, and its activation results in the release of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), which acts on melanocortin receptors to suppress food intake and increase energy expenditure.
Pro-opiomelanocortin neurons have a diverse projection pattern. The neurons in the rostral arcuate nucleus project to autonomic areas, caudal arcuate POMC neurons project mainly to hypothalamic areas (Toda et al., 2017). Dysregulation of pro-opiomelanocortin neurons is associated with obesity and metabolic disorders (Quarta et al., 2020).
pro-opiomelanocortin neuron
An interneuron neuron characterized by the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a 37-amino acid neuropeptide. This neuron type is involved in nociception and pain modulation by facilitating the transmission of nociceptive signals from peripheral sensory nerve endings to central nervous system structures. This neuron type is found in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and trigeminal ganglion, and the spinal cord dorsal horn.
CGRP-expressing neuron
A type of cerebellar inhibitory GABAergic interneuron that is located in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. This cell type inhibits Purkinje cells and other molecular layer interneurons. This interneuron plays a crucial role in regulating cerebellar output through feedforward inhibition and is characterized by its fast-spiking properties.
molecular layer interneuron
A neuron of the central nervous system with its soma primarily located in the lateral hypothalamic area and surrounding regions, including the zona incerta. This neuron type expresses melanin-concentrating hormone and is involved in regulating various physiological processes, including sleep, feeding behavior, and energy homeostasis.
Nearly all melanin-concentrating hormone neurons express the glutamate transporter VGlut2, however a small subset of them expresses the machinery for GABA release and neurotransmission.
melanin-concentrating hormone neuron
A interneuron of the striatum expressing gamma-aminobutyric acid and somatostatin. This interneuron has a fusiform soma with a diameter between 9 - 25 µm, it has a long axon up to the length of 1mm. This neuron type displays a low threshold Ca2+ spike (LTS), a high input resistance, and the expression of long-lasting plateau potentials following depolarization from rest.
Some striatal SST GABAergic neurons can co-release glutamate and generate excitation-inhibition responses in postsynaptic neurons. This interneuron type has the least dense dendritic branches in the striatum. In the dorsomedial striatum these neurons regulate the activity of striatal projection neurons.
sst GABAergic neuron of the striatum
A type of primary motor neuron situated in the rostral region of the spinal cord. RoP neurons extend their axons to innervate the ventral trunk musculature.
rostral primary motorneuron
A neuron of the central nervous system that develops from a caudal ganglionic eminence.
Neurons derived from the caudal ganglionic eminence consist mostly of neurons populating the cortical layers of the brain and some subcortical areas such as the globus pallidus, the striatus and the hippocampus. Amongst neurons derived from the caudal ganglionic eminence there are cortical GABAergic neurons such as Pax6, Lamp5, VIP, sncg, GABAergic; in the hippocampus, mossy fibers, pyramidal neurons, granule neurons and interneurons; in the striatum and globus pallidus, medium spiny projection neurons.
caudal ganglionic eminence derived neuron
A glutametergic neuron with its soma located in a basal ganglia. This neuron type is involved in motor control, decision making and learning.
The glutametergic neurons in the basal ganglia are part of a series of different circuits such as the corticolstriatal circuit, which is involved in regulating voluntary movements. The subthalamic nucleus circuit, which is involved in modulating the output of the basal ganglia, particularly in controlling movement initiation and inhibition. The thalamocortical loop, which is involved in refining motor movements and integrating sensory information with motor commanding.
glutamatergic neuron of the basal ganglia
A type of primary motor neuron located in the middle region of the spinal cord. This primary motor neuron type is characterized by their distinct axonal pathways that innervate the middle trunk muscles.
middle primary motoneuron
A(n) type EC enteroendocrine cell that is cycling.
proliferating type EC enteroendocrine cell
A(n) neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) that is cycling.
proliferating neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata)
An endothelial cell that lines an artery in the fetal circulatory system.
A pericyte that is in an early stage of development, found in newly forming or remodeling blood vessels. An immature pericyte is characterized by it's mesenchymal stem cell-like properties and high proliferative capacity, which allows it to differentiate into various types of pericytes and contribute to the structural and functional maturation of the vasculature. Immature pericytes are stellate in new vessels and elongated with less protrusions in remodeling vessels.
An endothelial cell that lines the veins in the fetal circulatory system.
fetal vein endothelial cell
A specialized pericyte that actively participates in the formation of new blood vessels during angiogenesis by undergoing phenotypic changes, increasing proliferation, and interacting closely with endothelial cells.
angiogenic pericyte
A transit amplifying cell of the gut epithelium, located in the wall of the intestinal crypt, just above intestinal stem cells from which they derive. These are rapidly dividing cells, capable of multiple rounds of division before differentiating into the various cell types of the gut epithelium (enterocyte, goblet, eneterodendocrine, paneth cells).
transit amplifying cell of gut
An enterocyte that is part of the colon, in the early stages of differentiation, located in the intestinal crypt-villus axis.
early colonocyte
An enterocyte in the early stages of development, located above the transit-amplifying cell zone in the intestinal crypt-villus axis.
early enterocyte
A fibroblast located in the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa. This cell expresses PDGFRα and CD81 and is negative for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). This cell is predominantly located in the small intestine adjacent to myofibroblasts surrounding the crypts. It is capable of synthesizing extracellular matrix components and structural proteins such as collagen and elastin.
intestinal lamina propria fibroblast
Any type G enteroendocrine cell that is part of some epithelium of stomach.
type G cell of stomach
An endothelial cell forming the walls of capillaries immediately downstream from arterioles, facilitating the exchange of substances between blood and interstitial fluid. This cell is characterized by a small diameter and may be continuous, fenestrated, or sinusoidal, depending on their location and function. This cell plays a crucial role in tissue oxygenation, nutrient delivery, and maintaining homeostasis within the microvascular network.
post-arteriole capillary cell
A specialized endothelial cell located in the transition zone between capillaries and small venules in the microvascular system. It exhibits characteristics of both capillary and venous cells, expressing markers from both types. This cell plays a role in regulating blood flow and substance exchange between blood and tissues.
pre-venule capillary cell
A specialized pericyte located within the basement membrane of a blood capillary. This cell is characterized by its ability to produce and release a variety of bioactive molecules, collectively known as the pericyte secretome, including cytokines and regulators of angiogenesis.
secretory pericyte
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the muscularis externa of the stomach wall. It is characterized by its fusiform shape, involuntary control, and ability to generate slow, sustained contractions. This cell is organized in distinct layers and is essential for gastric motility and digestion.
smooth muscle cell of stomach
A specialized smooth muscle cell located in the outermost layer of the muscularis externa of the stomach wall. This cell is arranged longitudinally along the stomach's axis and is responsible for the contractions that facilitate food movement toward the pylorus.
stomach smooth muscle outer longitudinal layer cell
A smooth muscle cell located in the middle layer of the muscularis externa of the stomach wall. This cell is arranged concentrically with the stomach's longitudinal axis, forming a continuous sheet of contractile tissue. It is fusiform in shape, containing actin and myosin filaments that enable contraction without striations. This cell contributes to the mechanical digestion and movement of food within the stomach through coordinated contractions, and plays a role in forming the pyloric sphincter in the pyloric region.
stomach smooth muscle circular layer cell
A smooth muscle cell found in the innermost layer of the muscularis externa of the stomach wall. This cell forms a unique layer of smooth muscle fibers oriented obliquely to the stomach's longitudinal axis. It is responsible for aiding in the mixing and churning of gastric contents, contributing to mechanical digestion within the stomach.
stomach smooth muscle oblique layer cell
stomach smooth muscle inner oblique layer cell
A multipolar neuron in the myenteric plexus of the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by a small to medium-sized cell body and multiple short dendrites. This neuron exhibits fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials and can be classified into stubby, spiny and hairy subtypes based on dendritic morphology. (Brehmer, 2021)
A smooth muscle cell that is found in the inner muscular layer of hollow organs. It is characterized by its spiral/helical arrangement around organ lumens. This cell is crucial for peristaltic movements in organs.
An enteric glial cell located within the myenteric ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract. This cell has a small somata and has very short, irregularly branched processes that surround neuron cell bodies, giving it a protoplasmic-like appearance. It plays crucial roles in modulating myenteric neuron activity, regulating oxidative stress, and influencing neuroinflammation and neurogenesis.
An enteric glial cell that is associated with neuron cell bodies within submucosal ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract. This cell is located in the submucosa, a layer of connective tissue beneath the intestinal mucosa. This cell plays a role in modulating secretomotor neuron activity and contributes to the regulation of digestive fluid secretion and absorption.
An enteric glial cell that has an elongated, fibrous morphology with long processes that run parallel to nerve fibers connecting enteric myenteric ganglia. This cell is located in the interganglionic fiber tracts of the enteric nervous system.
An enteric glial cell located in the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa. This cell plays important roles in maintaining gut barrier function, regulating intestinal homeostasis, and mediating interactions between the enteric nervous system and the immune system.
An enteric glial cell located within the ganglia of the enteric nervous system. This cell is characterized by it’s small somata and short, irregularly branched processes that surround neuronal cell bodies in the myenteric and submucosal ganglia. This cell plays important roles in modulating neuronal activity and neurogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract.
An enteric glial cell characterized by a small central soma that extends long, thin, bipolar projections. This cell is primarily located along small nerve fibers within the muscle layers of the gastrointestinal tract and is known for its unbranching processes that closely follow these nerve fibers in the muscularis.
An enterocyte of the human small intestine expressing bestrophin-4 (BEST4) calcium-activated ion channels. These enterocytes have a disinctive transcriptomic profile and are scattered through the small intestine epithelium.
An enterocyte of the human colon expressing bestrophin-4 (BEST4) calcium-activated ion channels. These cells have a distinct transcriptomic profile compared to other enterocytes and are scattered through the colon epithelium.
A macrophage characterized by high expression of Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), found in various tissues including the liver, adipose tissue, bone, gut (Colonna, 2023), and tumor microenvironments, where it is associated with immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity (Colmenares, 2024; Khantakova, 2022). This cell exhibits a distinct gene expression profile in the tumor microenvironment, including overexpression of complement system genes (C1QA, C1QB, C1QC, C3), and SPP1 in both mice and humans (Xiong, 2020; Khantakova, 2022). It is involved in phagocytosis, tissue repair, and modulation of immune responses (Coeho, 2021).
A dendritic cell capable of capturing antigens in peripheral tissues and migrating through blood or lymphatic vessels to secondary lymphoid organs, where it presents processed antigens to T cells. It expresses MHC class II molecules and lacks lineage markers associated with other leukocyte populations, distinguishing it as a member of the dendritic cell lineage. This cell plays a pivotal role in initiating and regulating adaptive immune responses by linking peripheral antigen capture with T cell activation in lymphoid tissues.
A columnar, mucin-producing cholangiocyte that lines large bile ducts, including the hilar bile duct, right and left hepatic bile ducts, and large intrahepatic bile ducts. This cell expresses phosphorylated STAT3 and TFF-3 in humans and mice.
A natural killer cell resident to the liver, located in the hepatic sinusoids. In humans this cell type is distinguished from circulating natural killer cells by CD49a or CD69 gene expression. Liver-resident natural killer cells have also been shown to express CCR5, EOMES, KLRB1, GZMK, and CXCR6 in humans.
Liver-resident natural killer cells play a crucial role in modulating the immune response during inflammation by balancing cytotoxic activity and cytokine production, thereby contributing to the maintenance of liver homeostasis and protection against excessive tissue damage.
An ependymal cell that lines the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles of the brain. The cell is characterized by multiple motile cilia on its apical surface, which beats in a coordinated manner to facilitate the movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), contributing to brain homeostasis.
multiciliated ependymal cell, with an average of 16 motile cilia per cell, exhibits two types of planar cell polarity (PCP): rotational polarity, with unidirectional cilia orientation, and translational polarity, with asymmetric cilia positioning in the apical area. This location-specific PCP varies across the ventricular wall, aligning with the direction of CSF flow. These cells are interconnected by adherens and gap junctions, which support intercellular communication and maintain the structural integrity of the ependymal layer. Unlike some other cell types, these cells lack tight junctions.
A multinucleate cell formed by the fusion of multiple uninuclear cells through plasma membrane fusion. This process leads to a single large cell containing multiple nuclei within a shared cytoplasm.
A capillary endothelial cell that is part of the intestinal villus. This cell is highly fenestrated, with fenestrations most numerous at the villus tips, and plays a vital role in nutrient absorption and maintaining the selective permeability of the intestinal barrier.
villus blood capillary endothelial cells
intestinal villus capillary endothelial cell
A specialized fibroblastic reticular cell that is part of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), responsible for forming a structural network that facilitates immune cell interactions. This cell is found in Peyer's patches, cryptopatches, and isolated lymphoid follicles. It plays crucial roles in maintaining intestinal immunity by controlling innate lymphoid cell homeostasis and function, organizing lymphoid structures, and contributing to intestinal microbiome balance.
Intestinal fibroblastic reticular cells develop from both perivascular and subepithelial progenitors during Peyer's patch formation. Intestinal fibroblastic reticular cells express key markers such as CCL19, CCL21, CXCL13, TNFSF13B (also known as BAFF), and produce IL-7, which are important for their immune regulatory functions and the organization of lymphoid structures.
Ccl19-expressing fibroblastic reticular cell
solitary intestinal lymphoid tissue fibroblastic reticular cell
gut-associated secondary lymphoid organs fibroblastic reticular cell
A fibroblast that is part of the subserosa of intestine. This cell interacts with immune cells and play roles in inflammation and fibrosis. In certain conditions, such as Crohn's disease, subserosal fibroblast may differentiate into myofibroblasts.
An epithelial cell that is part of the crypt of Lieberkuhn, originating from intestinal stem cells and giving rise to enteroendocrine cells (EECs). In mouse and human, this cell can be characterized by the expression of Neurog3, and has the ability to proliferate and differentiate into multiple EEC subtypes. Its proliferative potential contributes to crypt growth, distinguishing it from fully differentiated EECs.
The EEC progenitor is also present in other organisms; for example, flies have EEC progenitors but lack intestinal crypts and do not express the same markers. Instead, they are Dl+ and Pros+.
A fibroblast located adjacent to the intestinal epithelium in both the small intestine and colon, specifically around the crypts. This cell is characterized by the expression of PDGFRα and various collagen isoforms, including COL4A5 and COL4A6. It secretes signalling molecules like TGF-β, Wnt ligands, and BMPs, which are crucial for epithelial homeostasis, intestinal stem cell support, and basement membrane formation.
The S2 fibroblast population has been identified as a subset of intestinal fibroblasts located near the epithelial lining. This population is divided into two subtypes: S2a and S2b. S2a is involved in epithelial differentiation, while S2b, located at the top of the crypt, regulates intestinal stem cell proliferation, niche formation, and wound healing.
A subepithelial intestinal fibroblast that is located adjacent to the base of the crypt of Lieberkühn, near the intestinal stem cells. Characterized by low PDGFRα expression, this cell is crucial for maintaining the intestinal stem cell niche. Crypt-bottom fibroblast secretes key signaling molecules including canonical Wnt ligands (Wnt2, Wnt2b), Wnt potentiators (Rspo3), and BMP inhibitors (Grem1), which collectively regulate intestinal stem cell function and epithelial homeostasis.
bottom pericryptic-associated fibroblasts
A subepithelial intestinal fibroblast that is located adjacent to the top of the crypt of Lieberkuhn. Characterized by high experession of PDGFRα, this cell secretes a range of signaling factors, including WNTs and BMPs, that drive epithelial differentiation, creating a gradient that regulates the balance between stem cell maintenance and differentiation.
S2b fibroblasts are located at the top of the crypt and express NRG1 and NPY.
A stromal cell that serves as a precursor to the theca cell layers in the ovary growing follicles. This cell is present in the early stages of follicular growth, particularly in smaller follicles. Unlike mature theca cell, a pre-theca cell is initially non-steroidogenic and lacks luteinizing hormone receptors.
An enterocyte found in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) that covers Peyer's patches and other mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. This cell has reduced absorptive capacity and expresses higher levels of chemokines CCL20 and CXCL16, compared to regular villus enterocytes. It contributes to antigen sampling and immune interactions, supporting the specialized function of the FAE in mucosal immunity.
follicle-associated epithelium enterocyte
A specialized theca cell that forms the inner, highly vascularized layer of the theca surrounding ovarian follicles. Originating from progenitor theca cells, the theca interna cell is steroidogenic, playing a crucial role in the production of androgens, which serves as a precursor for estrogen synthesis in granulosa cells. This cell expresses luteinizing hormone receptors, enabling it to respond to hormonal signals that regulate steroidogenesis.
A specialized theca cell that forms the outer layer of the theca surrounding the ovarian follicle, appearing at the antral follicle. Originating from progenitor theca cells, theca externa cell is characterized by its fibroblast-like appearance and primarily function to provide structural support to the developing follicle. This cell produces collagen fibers and extracellular matrix components such as Col1a1 and Col1a2.
A capillary endothelial cell that is part of islet of Langerhans, characterized by a high density of fenestrations —approximately ten times greater than those in exocrine pancreatic capillaries. These fenestrations facilitate efficient hormone exchange, which is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis. The cell's structure and function are regulated by the local production of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), which maintains its fenestrated architecture.
pancreatic islet capillary endothelial cell
Any capillary endothelial cell that is part of an endocrine gland.
endocrine gland capillary endothelial cell
A capillary endothelial cell that is part of the pituitary gland. This cell is characterized by its fenestrated structure which facilitates the efficient transport of hormones and other signaling molecules, essential for endocrine signalling.
In the anterior pituitary gland of rats, capillary endothelial cells are distinguished by numerous fenestrations, which are covered by a single-layered diaphragm. The diaphragm features a dense ring-like structure.
pituitary gland capillary endothelial cell
A capillary endothelial cell that is part of the choroid plexus, characterized by its fenestrated nature with 60 to 80 nm fenestrations and lack of tight junctions. This fenestrated structure allows for the rapid delivery of water and other components, aiding in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
choroid plexus capillary endothelial cell
Any epithelial cell that is part of the fallopian tube.
Any epithelial cell that is part of the fallopian tube and lacks cilia.
fallopian tube non-ciliated epithelial cell
A granzyme K-associated CD8 T cell that resides in the lung, characterized by the expression of granzyme K (GZMK), and tissue residency markers CD103 and CD49a. This cell exhibits cytotoxic potential through its expression of multiple granzymes (GZMA, GZMB, GZMH, GZMM) in addition to GZMK.
Lung resident granzyme K-associated CD8 T cell represents an intermediate stage of T cell differentiation, with GZMK expression peaking during this phase.
lung resident granzyme K-associated CD8 T cell
A CD8 T cell characterized by high expression of Granzyme K (GZMK). This cell is enriched in both inflamed tissues, such as synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis and respiratory tissues during COVID-19, as well as non-inflamed tissues like the gut and kidneys. Unlike highly cytotoxic GZMB+ CD8+ T cell, GZMK+ CD8+ T cell exhibits lower direct cytotoxic potential, and is involved in producing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α.
tissue-enriched expressing GzmK CD8 cell
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the fallopian tube. This cell is responsible for peristaltic contractions that facilitate gamete and embryo transport, fluid mixing, and embryo admission to the uterus.
The fallopian tube smooth muscle cell in the human contracts dynamically in response to hormones and signaling molecules. Prostaglandins, particularly PGF2α and PGE2, have been shown to increase muscular contractions, while progesterone, levonorgestrel, mifepristone, oxytocin, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) decrease them. These contractile responses are crucial for regulating gamete and embryo transport through the fallopian tube.
An epithelial cell that is part of the endometrial luminal epithelium, forming a continuous layer lining the uterine cavity. This cell undergoes cyclical changes during the menstrual cycle, proliferating under estrogen in the proliferative phase, and differentiating under progesterone in the secretory phase to prepare for potential implantation. During the window of implantation, this cell changes from a tall columnar shape to a shorter columnar or cuboidal form, loses polarity, and becomes receptive to blastocyst implantation.
The luminal endometrial unciliated epithelial cell expresses WNT7A, and LGR5 during the proliferative phase, transitioning to express VTCN1 and SULT1E1 in the early secretory phase, and LEFTY1, IL6, and PTGS1 in the mid- to late-secretory phases.
luminal endometrial unciliated epithelial cell
A specialized muscle nucleus that is part of an extrafusal muscle fiber and overlaps the muscle-tendon junction, where muscle fibers connect to tendons. Characterized by a distinct transcriptional profile with the expression of genes like COL22A1, this myonucleus supports the structural integrity and function of the junction, playing a key role in transmitting the force generated by muscle contraction to the tendon.
A specialized muscle nucleus that is part of an extrafusal muscle fiber, clustered at the postsynaptic side of the neuromuscular junction. This nucleus exhibits a distinct transcriptional profile, including acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunit genes. It regulates the production of proteins essential for maintaining the structure and function of the neuromuscular junction, supporting efficient nerve-muscle signaling for muscle contraction.
A fast type II muscle cell that is part of the skeletal muscle tissue. This cell is characterized by its intermediate metabolic profile, utilizing both glycolytic and oxidative pathways for energy production. In humans, it is distinguished by the expression of myosin heavy chain 1 (MYH1).
In humans, type IIx fiber contains high levels of MYLK2, enhancing contraction speed and force via myosin phosphorylation, especially under low calcium. This mechanism supports post-activation potentiation, increasing force output in fast-twitch muscles. Additionally, this fiber has abundant ACTN3 (α-actinin-3), linked to muscle power, and exhibits the highest shortening velocity among human muscle fiber types. Notably, type IIx fiber is selectively lost in aging-related sarcopenia, increases in proportion in type 2 diabetes and obesity, and is the first to degenerate in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, impacting muscle function across various conditions.
A theca cell undergoing atresia, characterized by distinct morphological changes including hypertrophy, altered cell shape, and disrupted layered organization. This cell exhibits reduced steroidogenic capacity and changes in surrounding vascularization. The onset of theca cell atresia can vary, occurring at different stages of follicle atresia depending on the phase of folliculogenesis.
During atresia, theca interna and externa cells undergo distinct morphological and functional changes. Theca interna cells round up, expand in cytoplasmic area, and thicken the internal layer as organization degrades, while showing reduced STAR expression, which lowers androgen production. Theca externa cells display decreased ACTA2 expression, weakening structural integrity.
A natural killer cell that is part of the uterus, specifically within the endometrium during the non-pregnant state and in the decidua during pregnancy. This cell exhibits dynamic changes in frequency throughout the menstrual cycle, with lower levels during menstruation and a significant increase during the mid-secretory phase and early pregnancy.
A fibroblast that is located beneath the visceral pleura of the lung. This cell contributes to the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) by forming fibrotic lesions that originate subpleurally and extend into lung tissue through activation, proliferation, migration, and differentiation into a myofibroblast.
A fibroblast of the adventitia of a blood vessel. This cell contributes to vascular homeostasis, remodeling, and inflammation by producing extracellular matrix components, cytokines, and growth factors. Adventitial fibroblast can transition into an activated state during injury or disease, marked by increased proliferation, migration, matrix deposition, and contractile protein expression
Single-cell transcriptomics of murine aorta identifies two adventitial fibroblast-specific markers, PDGFRA and DPEP1, which were validated at the protein level by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry across human and murine arteries, highlighting fibroblast heterogeneity in health and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in humans and mice.
A secretory epithelial cell of the respiratory and terminal bronchioles.
terminal and respiratory bronchioles secretory cell
The respiratory airway secretory cell is cuboidal and has a unique transcriptomic profile compared to other epithelial cells in the same region. In humans, it functions as a multipotent progenitor, capable of regenerating alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells.
A CD8 T cell characterized by high expression of Granzyme H (GZMH). This cell exhibits a restricted TCR repertoire and elevated expression of cytotoxic, exhaustion, and type I interferon-stimulated gene signatures compared to controls.
This cell type is significantly expanded in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Unlike other CD8 T cell populations, GZMH+ CD8 T cells can comprise up to 50% of all lymphocytes in some SLE patients.
A tuft cell that is part of the extrahepatic biliary tree, including the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts. It shares a core genetic program with intestinal tuft cells but has unique tissue-specific genes. Biliary tuft cell functions as a bile acid-sensitive regulator, suppressing inflammation and modulating microbiome-dependent neutrophil infiltration in biliary tissues. Unlike its intestinal counterparts, this cell decreases in number postnatally as bile acid production matures, with its abundance negatively regulated by bile acids.
gallbladder/extrahepatic bile duct tuft cell
A tuft cell that is part of the medullary epithelium of the thymus, characterized by lateral microvilli and specific markers, including L1CAM in both mice (Zhang et al., 2022) and humans (Sun et al., 2023), as well as MHC II in mice (Miller et al., 2018). This cell is pivotal in immune functions such as antigen presentation, central tolerance, and type 2 immunity. A tuft cell in the thymus exhibits characteristics of both a medullary thymic epithelial cell (mTEC) and a peripheral tuft cell. Its development is governed by transcription factors such as POU2F3.
A thymic tuft cell is a subset of terminally differentiated medullary thymic epithelial cell comprising 5-10% of total mTECs. Lineage-tracing studies indicate that this cell arises from mature MHCII mTECs, with development occurring through both Aire-dependent and Aire-independent pathways. However, its exact origins remain unclear.
A tuft cell that is part of the epithelium of pancreatic duct. Present in humans and rats, this cell is absent in the murine pancreas under normal conditions but emerges during acinar-to-ductal metaplasia triggered by injury, inflammation, or oncogenic mutations. It modulates the immune response and protects against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression by producing suppressive eicosanoids, such as prostaglandin D2. A tuft cell in the pancreatic duct highly expresses the transcription factor POU2F3, which is essential for its development and presence.
A tuft cell that is part of the nasal cavity epithelium, located in both the respiratory and olfactory epithelia of the nose. This cell plays key roles in chemosensation, lipid mediator production, immune responses, and epithelial homeostasis.
A tuft cell that is part of the olfactory epithelium, characterized by a globular body and the expression of neurogranin (Nrgn) in mice. This cell plays a crucial role in allergen recognition and regulating olfactory stem cell proliferation via TRPM5-dependent ATP sensing and cysteinyl leukotriene production. Unlike nasal respiratory tuft cells, it has low to absent expression of taste receptors, including the G protein Gα gustducin, and rarely contacts olfactory sensory neurons directly.
A tuft cell that is part of the nasal cavity respiratory epithelium. Acting as a chemosensor, it detects bitter taste ligands and bacterial signals via taste receptors, maintaining epithelial-microbial homeostasis by stimulating antimicrobial peptide secretion from adjacent epithelial cells. This cell is a major source of IL-25, promoting type 2 immune responses and potentially contributing to chronic rhinosinusitis (O'Leary et al., 2019).
nasal respiratory solitary chemosensory cell
tuft cell of nasal cavity respiratory epithelium
A tuft cell that is part of the epithelium of the submandibular gland, localized to the striated ducts in mice, pigs, and humans, and to the main excretory ducts in rats. This cell is characterized by chemosensory functions, potential roles in immune regulation, and possible involvement in salivary secretion via acetylcholine release.
A tuft cell that is part of the epithelium of the stomach. This cell is characterized by gastric chemosensation and immune regulation through IL-25 secretion, which activates ILC2s to produce IL-13, driving epithelial remodelling and tuft cell expansion. Unlike intestinal tuft cells, which are primarily involved in helminth defense and type 2 immunity, the tuft cell of the stomach is primarily involved in inflammation, metaplasia, and hyperplasia.
A tuft cell that is part of the epithelium of the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube. This chemosensory cell is often positioned near cholinoreceptive sensory nerve fibers, suggesting a role in neuroimmune communication. It detects chemical signals and releases neuropeptides, such as acetylcholine (ACh) and CGRP, which contribute to inflammatory responses that help protect deeper tissues from harmful substances.
A tuft cell that is part of the epithelium of the urethra. This cell monitors urethral contents by detecting chemical stimuli, such as bitter compounds and sugars. Upon activation, it stimulates sensory nerve fibres and triggers detrusor muscle contraction, likely aiding in pathogen clearance by promoting bladder emptying.
Urethral tuft cells are heterogeneous, with both cholinergic and non-cholinergic populations present.
A stromal cell that is part of the ovarian stroma, characterized by its ability to synthesize steroid hormones.
A luteal cell that is part of the young, developing corpus luteum. This cell promotes progesterone synthesis, marked by high Parm1 expression in mice (Lan et al., 2024). An early luteal cell is associated with steroidogenesis and cell growth, contributing to early corpus luteum function and maturation.
A luteal cell that is part of the older, regressing corpus luteum. This cell exhibits increased expression of genes involved in progesterone metabolism - Akr1c18 in mice (Lan et al., 2024), cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. A late luteal cell contributes to corpus luteum regression and eventual clearance from the ovary through luteolysis.
A cuboidal epithelial cell that is part of the intercalated duct of salivary gland. This cell expresses proteins commonly associated with acinar cells and displays calcium signaling characteristics similar to secretory cells, indicating an active role in the secretory process rather than ion reabsorption.
An columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell that is part of the striated duct of salivary gland, characterized by basal striations formed by infoldings of the plasma membrane. This cell play a crucial role in modifying the electrolyte composition and concentration of saliva through active ion transport, particularly the absorption of sodium and secretion of potassium.
An epithelial cell that is part of an endometrium luminal epithelium.
​​A uterine natural killer subset that is present in the endometrial lining during the non-pregnant state (Garcia-Alonso et al., 2021) and in the decidua during pregnancy (Vento-Tormo et al., 2018). It expresses the uterine resident marker CD49a and is distinguished from uNK2 and uNK3 by CD39 expression and the absence of CD103 (Whettlock et al., 2022) and CD160 (Marečková et al., 2024). It also expresses higher levels of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B1 (LILRB1), which facilitate interaction with human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) on extravillous trophoblast cells, promoting immune tolerance and implantation. Enriched in the endometrium post-ovulation (Marečková et al., 2024) and prominent in early pregnancy (Whettlock et al., 2022), uNK1 regulates trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling (Zhang & Wei, 2021).
A uterine natural killer subset that is present in the endometrial lining during the non-pregnant state (Garcia-Alonso et al., 2021) and in the decidua during pregnancy (Vento-Tormo et al., 2018), peaking in the first trimester. It expresses the uterine resident marker CD49a and is distinguished from uNK1 and uNK3 by the absence of CD39, CD103 (Whettlock et al., 2022), and CD160 (Marečková et al., 2024), with ITGB2 serving as a defining marker (Vento-Tormo et al., 2018). Functionally, it produces more cytokines upon stimulation than uNK1, suggesting a role in immune defense, and secretes XCL1 chemokines, facilitating interactions with maternal dendritic cells and fetal extravillous trophoblasts (Vento-Tormo et al., 2018).
A uterine natural killer subset found in the endometrial lining during the non-pregnant state (Garcia-Alonso et al., 2021) and in the decidua during pregnancy (Vento-Tormo et al., 2018), becoming the dominant uNK subset late in pregnancy. It expresses the uterine resident marker CD49a and is distinguished from uNK1 and uNK2 by CD160 (Marečková et al., 2024) and CD103 expression, the absence of CD39, and low KIR levels (Whettlock et al., 2022). Resembling intraepithelial ILC1 cells, uNK3 primarily supports uterine immune defense (Huhn et al., 2020) and indirectly influences trophoblast behavior through chemokine secretion, such as CCL5 (Vento-Tormo et al., 2018).
A mature NK T cell that can be identified by the expression of CD56 in humans.
mature natural killer T lymphocyte, human
mature natural killer T-lymphocyte, human
A motor neuron that moves the medial tooth forward
A motor neuron that closes the lateral teeth.
A motor neuron that controls ventral stomach grooves leading to pyloric filter.
A motor neuron that controls pyloric filter movements; innervates the pyloric muscle.
A motor neuron that controls the cardiopyloric valve.
Pyloric pacemaker neuron that provides feedback to commissural ganglia (CoG) neurons.
A motor neuron that controls pyloric filter movements; innervates the lateral pyloric muscle.
ID was moved to the CL namespace. Use CL:0017500.
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ID was moved to the CL namespace. Use CL:0017502.
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ID was moved to the CL namespace. Use CL:0017504.
ID was moved to the CL namespace. Use CL:0017505.
ID was moved to the CL namespace. Use CL:0017506.
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ID was moved to the CL namespace. Use CL:0017508.
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The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a DNA metabolic process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents.
The directed movement of transition metal ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.
The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.
mitotic sister-chromatid adhesion release
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.
A motor activity that generates movement along a microfilament, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
SLC2A4 (GLUT4) vesicle translocates and docks at the plasma membrane
Translocation of Aquaporin-2 from intracellular vesicles to the apical plasma membrane
Insulin secretory granule translocates across the cortical actin network
Binding to a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
multicellular organismal polysaccharide catabolic process
Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'GO:0140014 ; mitotic nuclear division'. 'GO:0000278 ; mitotic cell cycle represents the entire mitotic cell cycle, while 'GO:0140014 ; mitotic nuclear division' specifically represents the actual nuclear division step of the mitotic cell cycle.
A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation is 'regulation of x/y phase transition' or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (i.e mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during).
The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei.
Enables the transfer of adenine nucleotides (AMP, ADP, and ATP) from one side of a membrane to the other.
adenine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity
PMP34-mediated exchange of cytosolic ATP for peroxisomal AMP
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.
response to reactive oxygen intermediate
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion.
A ribosome contained within a subcellular membrane-bounded organelle.
A vacuole that is maintained at an acidic pH and which contains degradative enzymes, including a wide variety of acid hydrolases.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or a point in an embryo.
The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the nucleus.
The creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of fusing the lipid bilayers that surround each nuclei.
The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome.
Chromosomes include parts that are not part of the chromatin. Examples include the kinetochore.
A dispersed and relatively uncompacted form of chromatin that is in a transcription-competent conformation.
A compact and highly condensed form of chromatin that is refractory to transcription.
The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
regulation of glutamine family amino acid metabolism
regulation of glutamine family amino acid metabolic process
The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.
This term should be used to describe a response to a specific acid as a chemical. E.g., if an organism were responding to glutamate, then the response would be glutamate-specific; the organism is actually responding to the chemical structure of the anion portion of the dissociated acid. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. If annotating experiments where an acid is playing a role as a proton donor, please annotate to GO:0010447 'response to acidic pH' instead.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.
Note that this term does not have a 'developmental process' parent because ossification isn't necessarily developmental, can also occur as part of bone remodeling. Instead use 'ossification involved in bone maturation ; GO:0043931'.
The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitter uptake and metabolism In glial cells
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine that occurs in the synaptic cleft during synaptic transmission.
acetylcholine breakdown in synaptic cleft
acetylcholine degradation in synaptic cleft
acetylcholine catabolic process in synaptic cleft
A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities.
Action potentials typically propagate across excitable membranes. This class covers both action potentials that propagate and those that fail to do so.
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.
blood vessel formation from pre-existing blood vessels
Protein complex that links the outer microtubule doublet of a 9+2 type ciliary or flagellar axoneme with the sheath that surrounds the central pair of microtubules. Composed of a stalk that attaches to each doublet microtubule and a globular structure (spoke head) that projects toward the central pair of microtubules.
Radial spokes are involved in some types of beating motions of the cilium. The radial spoke is usually a T-shaped structure comprised of a short base that attaches to the A-microtubule of an axonemal outer microtubule doublet (MTD) of a cilium, an elongated stalk, a neck complex, and an orthogonal head structure that extends perpendicularly towards the inner sheath and the central pair (CP) microtubules. Groups of radial spokes (RSs) repeat along the MTD with regular spacing. In most organisms, each group of radial spokes is comprised of a triplet of spokes: RS1, RS2, and RS3. In some organisms (e.g. Chlamydomonas and Sarcophaga bullata), each group contains a doublet of radial spokes: RS1 and RS2, while RS3 is represented only as a stump (referred to as RS3S) attached to the A-microtubule but lacking the rest of the stalk structure and entirely lacking the head structure.
Cell motility due to movement of eukaryotic cilia or bacterial-type flagella or archaeal-type flagella.
ciliary or bacterial-type flagellar motility
Note that we deem eukaryotic cilia and microtubule-based flagella to be equivalent, while the bacterial- and archaeal-type flagella have a different structure. The former are microtubule-based structures that lash back and forth and are present only in eukaryotes, while the latter achieve motility by rotation. Bacterial- and archaeal-type flagella are superficially similar but have a different molecular composition and fine structure. These three structures never co-exist in the same organism. Therefore, GO:0001539 'cilium or flagellum-dependent cell motility' is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term. Direct annotations to GO:0001539 'cilium or flagellum-dependent cell motility' may be amended during annotation QC.
cilium or flagellum-dependent cell motility
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Increase in size of primary follicles including oocyte growth and granulosa and/or theca cell proliferation until more than one layer of granulosa cells is present (preantral follicle).
Increase in size of follicles surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells up to the onset of antrum formation.
Increase in size of antral follicles due to cell proliferation and/or growth of the antral cavity.
The process in which a subpopulation of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte acquires the specialized features of an ovarian cumulus cell.
A periodic process in which immature ovarian follicles degenerate and are subsequently re-absorbed.
The set of processes resulting in differentiation of theca and granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the formation of a corpus luteum after ovulation.
The developmental growth process in which an oocyte irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
Any process in which external signals modulate the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time.
interpretation of external signals that regulate cell growth
regulation of cell growth by detection of exogenous stimulus
regulation of cell growth by sensing of exogenous stimulus
regulation of growth by exogenous signal
regulation of growth by exogenous stimuli
regulation of growth by exogenous stimulus
regulation of growth by external stimuli
regulation of growth by external stimulus
regulation of cell growth by extracellular stimulus
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system.
branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.
A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.
Combining with a purine nucleotide and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with ADP and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
ADP-activated nucleotide receptor activity
ADP-activated adenosine receptor activity
The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone.
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular peptide to initiate a change in cell activity.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureteric bud over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.
branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis
A homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature.
Binding to a G protein-coupled receptor.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'response to anoxia ; GO:0034059'. Note that in laboratory studies, hypoxia is typically studied at O2 concentrations ranging from 0.1 - 5%.
Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
Note that this term refers to a mode of migration rather than to any particular cell type.
A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome.
The nucleus of a male germ cell, a reproductive cell in males.
The nucleus of the female germ cell, a reproductive cell in females.
The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi.
Formation of a complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator).
translation initiation ternary complex assembly
formation of translation initiation ternary complex
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of glucose within a cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
The regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through syncytial blastoderm to the hatching of the first instar larva. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
embryonic development via the syncytial blastoderm
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the anus and the mouth forms second.
A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the mouth and the anus forms second.
The formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation.
The formation of ectoderm during gastrulation.
The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation.
The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oenocyte. Oenocytes are large secretory cells found in clusters underlying the epidermis of larval abdominal segments.
The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of an eye.
The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of the compound eye are generated and organized. The adult compound eye is a precise assembly of 700-800 ommatidia. Each ommatidium is composed of 20 cells, identified by cell type and position. An example of compound eye morphogenesis is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an eye photoreceptor cell.
compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, as found in the eye, the primary visual organ of most organisms.
The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo.
The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.
The process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes.
The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.
The directed orientation of lymphocyte signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with an appropriate activating cell.
The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell.
The directed orientation of B cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient of a contact point with an antigen displaying cell.
Note that 'antigen displaying cell' in this term encompasses cell types such as follicular dendritic cells which display the unprocessed antigens of a B cell, leading to activation of the B cells and antigen uptake and processing by the B cells.
The directed orientation of natural killer cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with a cell displaying natural killer cell activating ligands.
establishment of natural killer cell polarity
The change in morphology and behavior of a dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
A multicellular organismal process by which exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand results in a change in the morphology or behavior of a cell.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Note that this term represents the return of immune system cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The non-specific expansion of T cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of T cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell.
Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils such that the total number of neutrophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Note that this term represents the return of neutrophil levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Any apoptotic process in a neutrophil, any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.
neutrophil programmed cell death by apoptosis
programmed cell death of neutrophils by apoptosis
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Note that this term represents the return of B cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of B cells required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
B cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
B lymphocyte programmed cell death by apoptosis
B-cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
B-lymphocyte programmed cell death by apoptosis
programmed cell death of B cells by apoptosis
programmed cell death of B lymphocytes by apoptosis
programmed cell death of B-cells by apoptosis
programmed cell death of B-lymphocytes by apoptosis
The expansion of a natural killer cell population by cell division.
The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select one of the 'regulation' children terms.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a cytokine.
regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine.
down regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process
down-regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process
downregulation of cytokine biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cytokine anabolism
negative regulation of cytokine biosynthesis
negative regulation of cytokine formation
negative regulation of cytokine synthesis
inhibition of cytokine biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cytokine secretion
negative regulation of cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine.
positive regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process
positive regulation of cytokine secretion
positive regulation of cytokine production
The regulated release of serotonin by a cell. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine synthesized in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system, enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and some immune system cells.
The regulated release of histamine by a cell or tissue. It is formed by decarboxylation of histidine and it acts through receptors in smooth muscle and in secretory systems.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence.
See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS5, embryo ; EMAP:23', 'TS5, inner cell mass ; EMAP:24' and 'TS5, trophectoderm; EMAP:28'.
The initial formation of a blastocyst from a solid ball of cells known as a morula.
See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology term 'TS3, compacted morula ; EMAP:9'.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an inner cell mass cell.
See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, inner cell mass ; EMAP:14'.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trophectoderm cell.
See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, trophectoderm ; EMAP:19'.
The morphogenesis of trophectoderm cells.
See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, trophectoderm ; EMAP:19', 'TS5, trophectoderm ; EMAP:28' and 'TS6, trophectoderm ; EMAP:39'.
An increase in size of a blastocyst due to expansion of the blastocoelic cavity cell shape changes and cell proliferation.
See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, blastocoelic cavity ; EMAP:17', 'TS5, blastocoelic cavity ; EMAP:27' and 'TS6, blastocoelic cavity ; EMAP:36'.
The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass.
See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, inner cell mass ; EMAP:14' and 'TS5, inner cell mass ; EMAP:24'.
The proliferation of cells in the trophectoderm.
A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
mesenchymal cell differentiation from epithelial cell
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) during gastrulation
The morphogenesis of an embryonic epithelium into a tube-shaped structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the neural plate are generated and organized. The neural plate is a specialized region of columnar epithelial cells in the dorsal ectoderm that will give rise to nervous system tissue.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural plate over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neural plate is a flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system.
The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system.
The process in which the neural fold is formed. The edges of the neural plate thicken and move up to form a U-shaped structure called the neural groove.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a NK T cell.
Note that NK T cells are a distinct lineage of T cells expressing natural killer cell markers and having T cell receptors characterized by the usage of a restricted repertoire of variable region gene segments. Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'.
The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division.
Note that NK T cells are a distinct lineage of T cells expressing natural killer cell markers and having T cell receptors characterized by the usage of a restricted repertoire of variable region gene segments.
Combining with a polysaccharide and transmitting the signal to initiate an innate immune response. A polysaccharide is a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.
The embryonically driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.
Maternally driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.
Any process in an organism that results in the killing of its own cells or those of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.
The directed killing of a target cell by a leukocyte.
Note that this term and its children describe contact-dependent killing of target cells by lymphocytes and myeloid cells of the immune system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
regulation of immune cell mediated cell death
regulation of immune cell mediated cell killing
regulation of immune cell mediated cytotoxicity
regulation of leucocyte mediated cytotoxicity
regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
down regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
down-regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
downregulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of immune cell mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of leucocyte mediated cytotoxicity
inhibition of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
positive regulation of immune cell mediated cytotoxicity
positive regulation of leucocyte mediated cytotoxicity
up regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
up-regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
upregulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
activation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
stimulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
positive regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
Note that either or both mechanisms mentioned in the definition may be used in this process. Note that both granule release and the engagement of death receptors on target cells result in the induction of apoptosis in the target cell. Note that both CD4 and CD8 positive T cells can mediate apoptosis of target cells, independently of their definition as 'helper' T cells or not.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
regulation of T cell mediated cell death
regulation of T cell mediated cell killing
regulation of T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity
regulation of T-cell mediated cell death
regulation of T-cell mediated cell killing
regulation of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity
regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity
regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
down regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
down-regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
downregulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of T cell mediated apoptosis
negative regulation of T cell mediated cell death
negative regulation of T cell mediated cell killing
negative regulation of T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of T-cell mediated apoptosis
negative regulation of T-cell mediated cell death
negative regulation of T-cell mediated cell killing
negative regulation of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity
inhibition of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of T cell mediated cytolysis
negative regulation of T-cell mediated cytolysis
negative regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
positive regulation of T cell mediated apoptosis
positive regulation of T cell mediated cell death
positive regulation of T cell mediated cell killing
positive regulation of T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity
positive regulation of T-cell mediated apoptosis
positive regulation of T-cell mediated cell death
positive regulation of T-cell mediated cell killing
positive regulation of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity
up regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
up-regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
upregulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
activation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
stimulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
positive regulation of T cell mediated cytolysis
positive regulation of T-cell mediated cytolysis
positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells of the B-1 subset such that the total number of B-1 B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.
Note that this term represents the return of B-1 B cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response, as well as the proliferation and elimination of B-1 B cells in a organism required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The process in which a hemopoietic stem cell acquires the specialized features of a B-1 B cell. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B-1 B cell differentiation. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.
regulation of B-1 B lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of B-1 B-cell differentiation
regulation of B-1 B-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of B-1 B cell differentiation.
down regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation
down-regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation
downregulation of B-1 B cell differentiation
negative regulation of B-1 B lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of B-1 B-cell differentiation
negative regulation of B-1 B-lymphocyte differentiation
inhibition of B-1 B cell differentiation
negative regulation of B-1 B cell development
negative regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B-1 B cell differentiation.
positive regulation of B-1 B lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of B-1 B-cell differentiation
positive regulation of B-1 B-lymphocyte differentiation
up regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation
up-regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation
upregulation of B-1 B cell differentiation
activation of B-1 B cell differentiation
stimulation of B-1 B cell differentiation
positive regulation of B-1 B cell development
positive regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein.
regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
down regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
down-regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
downregulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
negative regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
inhibition of protein amino acid phosphorylation
negative regulation of protein phosphorylation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
positive regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
up regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
up-regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
upregulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
activation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
stimulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
positive regulation of protein phosphorylation
The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
down regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
down-regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
downregulation of endothelial cell proliferation
inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation
negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
up regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
up-regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
upregulation of endothelial cell proliferation
activation of endothelial cell proliferation
stimulation of endothelial cell proliferation
positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
The pronucleus originating from the spermatozoa that was involved in fertilization.
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynaptic membrane, the specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lymph vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Lymph vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing vessels.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized epidermal cell acquires the specialized features of a sebaceous gland cell.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a blood vessel to attain its fully functional state.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.
up regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
up-regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
upregulation of neurotransmitter secretion
activation of neurotransmitter secretion
stimulation of neurotransmitter secretion
positive regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
Direct ossification that occurs within mesenchyme or an accumulation of relatively unspecialized cells.
An instance of intramembranous ossification may also be classified as metaplastic; the former classifies based on tissue type location, and the latter based on mechanism/cell division.
Replacement ossification wherein bone tissue replaces cartilage.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
regulation of cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathway
regulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
regulation of cytokine mediated signalling pathway
regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway
RUNX1 regulates transcription of genes involved in interleukin signaling
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
down regulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
down-regulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
downregulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
negative regulation of cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathway
negative regulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
negative regulation of cytokine mediated signalling pathway
inhibition of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
negative regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
positive regulation of cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathway
positive regulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
positive regulation of cytokine mediated signalling pathway
up regulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
up-regulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
upregulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
activation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
stimulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
positive regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway
The vesicular release of dopamine. from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by detection of stimuli and a neurological response.
blood pressure regulation by neurological process
neurological process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
neurological system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
nervous system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
A slow mechanism of blood pressure regulation that responds to changes in pressure resulting from fluid and salt intake by modulating the quantity of blood in the circulatory system.
renal blood volume control of blood pressure
renal system process involved in regulation of blood volume
The process in which hormones modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action.
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by hormone
The process in which angiotensinogen metabolites in the bloodstream modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. The process begins when renin is released and cleaves angiotensinogen.
circulatory renin-angiotensin blood pressure regulation
circulatory renin-angiotensin regulation of blood pressure
circulatory renin-angiotensin control of blood pressure
control of blood pressure by circulatory renin-angiotensin
renin-angiotensin blood pressure control
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by circulatory renin-angiotensin
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the signaling molecule vasopressin. Vasopressin is produced in the hypothalamus, and affects vasoconstriction, and renal water transport.
blood pressure regulation by vasopressin
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by vasopressin
The physiological response of the kidneys to a decrease in blood flow.
renal response to blood flow during renin-angiotensin control of blood pressure
renal response to blood flow involved in circulatory renin-angiotensin regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
The regulated release of renin into the blood stream by juxtoglomerular cells.
The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube.
The process in which the anatomical structures of an epithelial sheet are generated and organized. An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
regulation of L-glutamate import across plasma membrane
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
down regulation of L-glutamate transport
down-regulation of L-glutamate transport
negative regulation of L-glutamate import
negative regulation of L-glutamate transport
negative regulation of L-glutamate uptake
negative regulation of L-glutamate import across plasma membrane
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
positive regulation of L-glutamate import
positive regulation of L-glutamate transport
positive regulation of L-glutamate uptake
positive regulation of L-glutamate import across plasma membrane
Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation.
up regulation of neuroblast proliferation
up-regulation of neuroblast proliferation
upregulation of neuroblast proliferation
positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation
The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells.
up regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
up-regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
upregulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
activation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
stimulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell development
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.
glandular epithelial cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glandular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell maturation
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a glandular epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.
The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-style eye development
optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-type eye development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an osteoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Osteoblast development does not include the steps involved in committing a cranial neural crest cell or an osteoprogenitor cell to an osteoblast fate. An osteoblast is a cell that gives rise to bone.
The membrane that surrounds the acrosomal lumen. The acrosome is a special type of lysosome in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization.
Any process that prevents the activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. Neuroepithelial cell differentiation is the process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.
negative regulation of neural plate formation
repression of premature neural plate formation
inhibition of neuroepithelial cell differentiation
A process carried out by the nervous system that is required for the proper control of respiratory gaseous exchange. This process occurs in the respiratory center of the brain in vertebrates.
regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by neurological system process
regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by nervous system process
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
Any process that alters the size or shape of an auditory receptor cell.
The multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue, which typically differentiates from monocytes.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The larva is the early, immature form of an that at birth or hatching is fundamentally unlike its parent and must metamorphose before assuming the adult characters.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the instar larva or pupa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The multiplication or reproduction of male germ cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in the cytoplasm. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein.
Note that this term applies to translation performed by cytoplasmic ribosomes, which is distinct from translation performed by organellar ribosomes. For mitochondrial translation, consider GO:0032543 'mitochondrial translation' or its child terms.
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis in the cytoplasm.
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in the cytoplasm. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome in the cytoplasm, usually in response to a termination codon.
The somatic process allowing for the production of immune receptors whose specificity is not encoded in the germline genomic sequences.
Note that this process covers somatic recombination, gene conversion, hypermutation, N-region addition, and alternate splicing processes of immune receptor diversification.
somatic diversification of immune receptors
The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, also known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus following the induction of and contributing to an immune response.
somatic recombination of antibody genes during immune response
somatic recombination of immunoglobulin genes during immune response
somatic recombination of immunoglobulin genes involved in immune response
The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins after induction, and contributes to an immune response.
somatic diversification of antibodies during immune response
somatic diversification of immunoglobulins during immune response
somatic diversification of immunoglobulins involved in immune response
A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from an insect or insects to that organism.
physiological defense response to insect
A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from a nematode or nematodes, which results in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.
physiological defense response to nematode
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.
up regulation of antimicrobial peptide production
up-regulation of antimicrobial peptide production
upregulation of antimicrobial peptide production
activation of antimicrobial peptide production
stimulation of antimicrobial peptide production
positive regulation of antimicrobial peptide production
Any process of the innate immune response that takes place in the mucosal tissues.
The promotion of an immune response by natural killer cells through direct recognition of target cells or through the release of cytokines.
The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus contributing to an inflammatory response.
immune cell chemotaxis during inflammatory response
leucocyte chemotaxis during inflammatory response
leukocyte chemotaxis during inflammatory response
leukocyte chemotaxis involved in inflammatory response
The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus a part of an immune response.
immune cell chemotaxis during immune response
leucocyte chemotaxis during immune response
leukocyte chemotaxis involved in immune response
The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells.
haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
The series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue that contribute to an inflammatory response.
wound healing involved in inflammatory response
Any process contributing to lymphocyte anergy, a state of functional inactivation.
An immune response mediated by cells expressing specific receptors for antigens produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for an enhanced secondary response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory).
An immune response taking place in an organ or tissues such as the liver, brain, mucosa, or nervous system tissues.
organ or tissue specific immune response
Any process of the immune system that executes a component of an immune response. An effector immune process takes place after its activation.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
cell activation involved in immune response
A change in the morphology or behavior of an endothelial cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
endothelial cell activation during immune response
endothelial cell activation involved in immune response
A change in the morphology or behavior of an astrocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
astrocyte activation during immune response
astrocyte activation involved in immune response
A change in the morphology or behavior of a follicular dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a follicular dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
follicular dendritic cell activation during immune response
follicular dendritic cell activation involved in immune response
The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a follicular dendritic cell.
follicular dendritic cell differentiation
A change in the morphology or behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an inflammatory response.
immune cell activation during inflammatory response
leukocyte activation during inflammatory response
leukocyte activation involved in inflammatory response
A change in the morphology or behavior of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation during immune response
plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation involved in immune response
The process in which an immature plasmacytoid dendritic cell acquires the specialized features of a mature plasmacytoid dendritic cell contributing to an immune response.
plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation during immune response
plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation involved in immune response
The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell.
plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation
A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
myeloid cell activation during immune response
myeloid cell activation involved in immune response
A change in morphology and behavior of a basophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the basophil has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
basophil activation during immune response
basophil activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a myeloid dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
myeloid dendritic cell activation during immune response
myeloid dendritic cell activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a eosinophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
eosinophil activation during immune response
eosinophil activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
mast cell activation during immune response
mast cell activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a monocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
monocyte activation during immune response
monocyte activation involved in immune response
A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
macrophage polarization involved in immune response
macrophage activation during immune response
macrophage activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
microglial cell activation during immune response
microglial cell activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
neutrophil activation during immune response
neutrophil activation involved in immune response
The process in which an immature myeloid dendritic cell acquires the specialized features of a mature myeloid dendritic cell as part of an immune response.
myeloid dendritic cell differentiation during immune response
myeloid dendritic cell differentiation involved in immune response
A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
lymphocyte activation during immune response
lymphocyte activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
T cell activation during immune response
T lymphocyte activation during immune response
T-cell activation during immune response
T-lymphocyte activation during immune response
T cell activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
alpha-beta T cell activation during immune response
alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation during immune response
alpha-beta T-cell activation during immune response
alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation during immune response
alpha-beta T cell activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
NK T cell activation during immune response
NK T lymphocyte activation during immune response
NK T-cell activation during immune response
NK T-lymphocyte activation during immune response
natural killer T lymphocyte activation during immune response
natural killer T-cell activation during immune response
natural killer T-lymphocyte activation during immune response
NK T cell activation involved in immune response
The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
NK T cell proliferation during immune response
NK T lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
NK T-cell proliferation during immune response
NK T-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
natural killer T lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
natural killer T-cell proliferation during immune response
natural killer T-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
NK T cell proliferation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a gamma-delta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
gamma-delta T cell activation during immune response
gamma-delta T lymphocyte activation during immune response
gamma-delta T-cell activation during immune response
gamma-delta T-lymphocyte activation during immune response
gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response
The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
T cell development involved in immune response
T cell differentiation during immune response
T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
T-cell differentiation during immune response
T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
T cell differentiation involved in immune response
The process in which an antigenically naive alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell during an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
alpha-beta T cell development involved in immune response
alpha-beta T cell differentiation during immune response
alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
alpha-beta T-cell differentiation during immune response
alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response
The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell development involved in immune response
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation during immune response
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell differentiation during immune response
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response
The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell as part of an immune response.
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta T cell development involved in immune response
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation during immune response
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte differentiation
alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell differentiation
alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte differentiation
alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell development
alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell differentiation
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell development
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell differentiation
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte differentiation
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell differentiation
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte differentiation
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell development
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell differentiation
The process in which an antigenically naive CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation during immune response
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell differentiation during immune response
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response
The process in which an antigenically naive gamma-delta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell and contributes to an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
gamma-delta T cell development involved in immune response
gamma-delta T cell differentiation during immune response
gamma-delta T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
gamma-delta T-cell differentiation during immune response
gamma-delta T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
gamma-delta T cell differentiation involved in immune response
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte differentiation
gamma-delta intraepithelial T-cell differentiation
gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte differentiation
gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell development
gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell differentiation
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte differentiation
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-cell differentiation
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte differentiation
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell development
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell differentiation
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte differentiation
CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-cell differentiation
CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte differentiation
CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell development
CD4-positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell differentiation
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-cell differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-lymphocyte differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell development
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell differentiation
The expansion of a T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
T cell proliferation during immune response
T lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
T-cell proliferation during immune response
T-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
T cell proliferation involved in immune response
The expansion of an alpha-beta T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
alpha-beta T cell proliferation during immune response
alpha-beta T lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
alpha-beta T-cell proliferation during immune response
alpha-beta T-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
alpha-beta T cell proliferation involved in immune response
The expansion of a gamma-delta T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
gamma-delta T cell proliferation during immune response
gamma-delta T lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
gamma-delta T-cell proliferation during immune response
gamma-delta T-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
gamma-delta T cell proliferation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell during an immune response, resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
B cell activation during immune response
B lymphocyte activation during immune response
B-cell activation during immune response
B-lymphocyte activation during immune response
B cell activation involved in immune response
The process in which a naive B cell acquires the specialized features of a mature or memory B cell during an immune response.
mature B cell development involved in immune response
mature B cell differentiation during immune response
mature B lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
mature B-cell differentiation during immune response
mature B-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
mature B cell differentiation involved in immune response
The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a germinal center B cell. Germinal center B cells are rapidly cycling B cells which have downregulated IgD expression and exhibit high levels of binding by peanut agglutinin (PNA).
germinal center B lymphocyte differentiation
germinal center B-lymphocyte differentiation
The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a marginal zone B cell. Marginal zone B cells are localized in a distinct anatomical region of the spleen that represents the major antigen-filtering and scavenging area (by specialized macrophages resident there). It appears that they are preselected to express a BCR repertoire similar to B-1 B cells, biased toward bacterial cell wall constituents and senescent self-components (such as oxidized LDL).
marginal zone B lymphocyte differentiation
marginal zone B-lymphocyte differentiation
The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a follicular B cell. Follicular B cells are major population of mature recirculating B cells in the spleen and are located in the B-cell follicle region.
The process in which a B cell acquires the specialized features of a plasma cell. A plasma cell is a lymphocyte which develops from a B cell and produces high amounts of antibody.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a myeloid progenitor cell. Myeloid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the myeloid lineages.
The process in which a B cell acquires the specialized features of a memory B cell. Memory B cells are cells that can respond rapidly to antigen re-exposure by production of high-affinity antibody.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages.
lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell progenitor.
natural killer cell progenitor differentiation
The expansion of a B cell population by cell division following B cell activation during an immune response.
B cell proliferation during immune response
B lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
B-cell proliferation during immune response
B-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
B cell proliferation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell resulting from exposure a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
NK cell activation during immune response
natural killer cell activation during immune response
natural killer cell activation involved in immune response
The expansion of a natural killer cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
NK cell proliferation during immune response
natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
natural killer cell proliferation involved in immune response
The process in which a naive natural killer cell acquires the specialized features of an effector natural killer T cell as part of an immune response.
NK cell differentiation during immune response
natural killer cell development involved in immune response
natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an immature B cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pro-B cell. Pro-B cells are the earliest stage of the B cell lineage and undergo heavy chain D and J gene rearrangements, although they are not fully committed.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pre-B cell. Pre-B cells follow the pro-B cell stage of immature B cell differentiation and undergo rearrangement of heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments.
The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow become mature B cells in the spleen. Transitional stage B cells are subdivided into transitional one (T1) and transitional two (T2) stages and are short-lived and functionally incompetent.
transitional stage B lymphocyte differentiation
transitional stage B-cell differentiation
transitional stage B-lymphocyte differentiation
transitional stage B cell differentiation
The process in which transitional stage B cells acquire the specialized features of mature B cells in the spleen.
The process in which B cells acquire the specialized features of B-1a B cells. B-1a B cells are B-1 cells that express CD5 and arise from fetal liver precursors.
The process in which B cells acquire the specialized features of B-1b B cells. B-1b B cells are B-1 cells that do not express CD5.
The process dependent upon B cell antigen receptor signaling in response to self or foreign antigen through which B cells are selected for survival.
Any B cell selection process that occurs in the periphery.
The process in which B cells produce antibodies with increased antigen affinity. This is accomplished by somatic hypermutation and selection for B cells which produce higher affinity antibodies to antigen.
The synthesis or release of histamine following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
histamine production involved in acute inflammatory response
histamine production involved in inflammatory response
The synthesis or release of serotonin following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
serotonin production involved in acute inflammatory response
serotonin production involved in inflammatory response
The non-specific expansion of B cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of B cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus.
The expansion of a B-1 B cell by cell division. Follows B cell activation.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
immune cell activation during immune response
leucocyte activation during immune response
leukocyte activation during immune response
leukocyte activation involved in immune response
The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus contributing to an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
cytokine biosynthetic process involved in immune response
cytokine production during immune response
cytokine secretion during immune response
cytokine secretion involved in immune response
cytokine production involved in immune response
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a B cell.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T cell.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a natural killer cell.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a dendritic cell.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a myeloid dendritic cell.
myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a plasmacytoid dendritic cell.
plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats.
Note that this term is a direct child of 'biological_process ; GO:0008150' because some immune system processes are types of cellular process (GO:0009987), whereas others are types of multicellular organism process (GO:0032501).
The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
immunoglobulin production involved in immunoglobulin mediated immune response
immunoglobulin biosynthetic process involved in immune response
immunoglobulin secretion involved in immune response
antibody production during immune response
antibody secretion during immune response
immunoglobulin production during immune response
immunoglobulin production involved in immune response
immunoglobulin production involved in immunoglobulin-mediated immune response
An immune response taking place in the liver.
An immune response taking place in mucosal tissues, including those of the intestinal tract, nasal and upper respiratory tract, and genital tract.
immune response in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
Immune response taking place in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). GALT includes Peyer's patches, appendix, and solitary lymph nodules.
immune response in gut-associated lymphoid tissue
Immune response taking place in the Peyer's patch, nodular lymphoid structures on the serosal surface of the small intestine.
Tolerance induction taking place in the Peyer's patches.
Tolerance induction taking place in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).
tolerance induction in gut-associated lymphoid tissue
An immune response taking place in the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). NALT includes the tonsils and adenoids.
immune response in nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC protein complex.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class II protein complex.
Tolerance induction taking place in the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT).
tolerance induction in nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue
Tolerance induction taking place in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
tolerance induction in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
Tolerance induction taking place in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) mediated by B cells.
B cell tolerance induction in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
Tolerance induction taking place in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) mediated by T cells.
T cell tolerance induction in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
The movement of a dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.
The movement of a myeloid dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.
The movement of a Langerhans cell in response to an external stimulus.
The movement of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.
Tolerance induction taking place in the mucosal tissues.
The formation of nodular inflammatory lesions, usually small or granular, firm, persistent, well-structured, and containing compactly grouped T lymphocytes and modified phagocytes such as epithelioid cells, giant cells, and other macrophages. Granuloma formation represents a chronic inflammatory response initiated by various infectious and noninfectious agents. The center of a granuloma consists of fused macrophages, which can become necrotic.
The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
production of cellular mediator of immune response
production of molecular mediator of immune response
The regulated release of histamine by a cell as part of an inflammatory response.
histamine secretion involved in acute inflammatory response
histamine secretion involved in inflammatory response
The regulated release of serotonin by a cell as part of an inflammatory response.
serotonin secretion involved in acute inflammatory response
serotonin release involved in inflammatory response
serotonin secretion involved in inflammatory response
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte.
myeloid leucocyte immune effector process
myeloid leukocyte immune effector process
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a neutrophil.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by an eosinophil.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a mast cell.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a lymphocyte.
The process in which a B cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
B lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
B-cell antigen processing and presentation
B-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
B cell antigen processing and presentation
Tolerance induction of mature B cells in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: the blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.
peripheral B lymphocyte tolerance induction
peripheral B-lymphocyte tolerance induction
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell.
The process in which a T cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
T lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
T-cell antigen processing and presentation
T-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
T cell antigen processing and presentation
Tolerance induction of T cells in the periphery, in this case, any location in the body other than the thymus.
peripheral T lymphocyte tolerance induction
peripheral T-lymphocyte tolerance induction
An immune response mediated by lymphocytes expressing specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of germline gene segments encoding immunoglobulin superfamily domains. Recombined receptors for antigen encoded by immunoglobulin superfamily domains include T cell receptors and immunoglobulins (antibodies) produced by B cells. The first encounter with antigen elicits a primary immune response that is slow and not of great magnitude. T and B cells selected by antigen become activated and undergo clonal expansion. A fraction of antigen-reactive T and B cells become memory cells, whereas others differentiate into effector cells. The memory cells generated during the primary response enable a much faster and stronger secondary immune response upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). An example of this is the adaptive immune response found in Mus musculus.
adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains
Tolerance induction dependent upon an immune response, typically a response by a mature T or B cell in the periphery resulting tolerance towards an antigen via induction of anergy, cellular deletion, or regulatory T cell activation.
immune response-dependent tolerance induction
tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
Tolerance induction in response to nonself antigens.
Tolerance induction in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues.
The process in which germinal centers form. A germinal center is a specialized microenvironment formed when activated B cells enter lymphoid follicles. Germinal centers are the foci for B cell proliferation and somatic hypermutation.
The process in which a dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
The process in which a myeloid dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
The process in which a plasmacytoid dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
The process in which a monocyte expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
monocyte antigen processing and presentation
The process in which a macrophage expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
macrophage antigen processing and presentation
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I
antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell.
exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell.
endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.
endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.
peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein contributing to antigen processing and presentation.
proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein by lysosomal resident proteases contributing to antigen processing and presentation.
lysosomal proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
proteolysis within lysosome associated with antigen processing and presentation
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex.
peptide or polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation of via MHC class II
antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
A process that directly activates any of the steps required for tolerance, a physiologic state in which the immune system does not react destructively against the components of an organism that harbors it or against antigens that are introduced to it.
A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in B cells.
Any process contributing to anergy in B cells, a state of functional inactivation which is part of B cell tolerance induction.
The apoptotic death of B cells which is part of B cell tolerance induction.
A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in T cells.
Tolerance induction of natural killer cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.
The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body as part of an immune response.
immune cell migration during immune response
immune cell trafficking during immune response
leucocyte migration during immune response
leucocyte trafficking during immune response
leukocyte trafficking during immune response
leukocyte migration involved in immune response
The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response.
immune cell migration during inflammatory response
immune cell trafficking during inflammatory response
leucocyte migration during inflammatory response
leucocyte trafficking during inflammatory response
leukocyte migration during inflammatory response
leukocyte trafficking during inflammatory response
leukocyte migration involved in inflammatory response
Inflammation which comprises a rapid, short-lived, relatively uniform response to acute injury or antigenic challenge and is characterized by accumulations of fluid, plasma proteins, and granulocytic leukocytes. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.
Any process that modulates the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid contributing to an acute inflammatory response.
regulation of vascular permeability during acute inflammatory response
regulation of vascular permeability involved in acute inflammatory response
The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
production of molecular mediator involved in acute inflammatory response
production of cellular mediator of acute inflammation
production of molecular mediator involved in inflammatory response
The synthesis or release of a cytokine following a inflammatory stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
cytokine production involved in acute inflammatory response
cytokine production involved in inflammatory response
A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels.
oxidative burst during acute inflammatory response
production of reactive oxygen species during acute inflammatory response
respiratory burst involved in acute inflammatory response
respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response
The synthesis or release of nitric oxide following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
nitric oxide production involved in acute inflammatory response
production of nitric oxide involved in acute inflammatory response
production of nitric oxide involved in inflammatory response
nitric oxide production involved in inflammatory response
The synthesis or release of products of arachidonic acid metabolism following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels.
arachidonic acid metabolite production involved in acute inflammatory response
production of arachidonic acid metabolites involved in acute inflammatory response
arachidonic acid metabolite production involved in inflammatory response
production of arachidonic acid metabolites involved in inflammatory response
arachidonate metabolite production involved in inflammatory response
The synthesis or release of any prostaglandin following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
prostaglandin production involved in acute inflammatory response
prostaglandin production involved in inflammatory response
The synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
leukotriene production involved in acute inflammatory response
leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response
Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair are proceeding simultaneously. Although it may follow acute inflammation, chronic inflammation frequently begins insidiously, as a low-grade, smoldering, often asymptomatic response.
The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus.
The movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.
The regulated release of serotonin by a mast cell or group of mast cells.
The regulated release of histamine by a mast cell or group of mast cells.
The regulated release of serotonin by a platelet or group of platelets.
The regulated release of histamine by a platelet or group of platelets.
The regulated release of serotonin by a basophil or group of basophils.
The regulated release of histamine by a basophil or group of basophils.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a basophil.
The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and neutral proteases by a basophil.
The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through recombination of the germline genetic elements within a single genetic locus.
somatic diversification of immune receptors via germline recombination within a single locus
The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through somatic mutation.
somatic diversification of immune receptors via somatic mutation
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pro-T cell. Pro-T cells are the earliest stage of the T cell lineage but are not fully committed.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a thrombocyte, a nucleated cell found in all vertebrates but mammals involved in hemostasis.
Note that platelets are the non-nucleated mammalian functional equivalent of the nucleated thrombocytes of non-mammalian vertebrates and are sometimes also referred to as thrombocytes. Platelet formation in mammals is covered by the biological_process term platelet formation ; GO:0030220.
The movement of a basophil in response to an external stimulus.
The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine and serotonin by a platelet.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
up regulation of antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of antigen processing and presentation
activation of antigen processing and presentation
stimulation of antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
regulation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
down regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
down-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
downregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
negative regulation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
inhibition of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
positive regulation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
up regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
up-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
upregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
activation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
stimulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation
regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
down regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
down-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
downregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
negative regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
positive regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation
up regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
up-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
upregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
activation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
stimulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
down regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
down-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
downregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
negative regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
inhibition of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
positive regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
up regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
up-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
upregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
activation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
stimulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I
regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
down regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
down-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
downregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
negative regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I
inhibition of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
positive regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I
up regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
up-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
upregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
activation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
stimulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
up regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
activation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
stimulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
up regulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
activation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
stimulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
up regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
stimulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte antigen processing and presentation.
up regulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
activation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
stimulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of macrophage antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of macrophage antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of macrophage antigen processing and presentation.
up regulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
activation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
stimulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of B lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
regulation of B-cell antigen processing and presentation
regulation of B-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
regulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of B lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of B-cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of B-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of B cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
positive regulation of B lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of B-cell antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of B-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
up regulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
activation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
stimulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of T lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
regulation of T-cell antigen processing and presentation
regulation of T-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of T lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of T-cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of T cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of T-cell antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
up regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
activation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
stimulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation.
up regulation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
activation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
stimulation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.
negative regulation of granuloma formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.
positive regulation of granuloma formation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.
down regulation of germinal center formation
down-regulation of germinal center formation
downregulation of germinal center formation
negative regulation of germinal center formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.
up regulation of germinal center formation
up-regulation of germinal center formation
upregulation of germinal center formation
stimulation of germinal center formation
positive regulation of germinal center formation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.
regulation of immunoglobulin biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.
down regulation of immunoglobulin production
down-regulation of immunoglobulin production
downregulation of immunoglobulin production
negative regulation of immunoglobulin biosynthetic process
negative regulation of immunoglobulin secretion
negative regulation of immunoglobulin production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.
up regulation of immunoglobulin production
up-regulation of immunoglobulin production
upregulation of immunoglobulin production
positive regulation of immunoglobulin biosynthetic process
positive regulation of immunoglobulin secretion
stimulation of immunoglobulin production
positive regulation of immunoglobulin production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.
negative regulation of tolerance induction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.
positive regulation of tolerance induction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.
regulation of immune response-dependent tolerance induction
regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.
down regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
down-regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
downregulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
negative regulation of immune response-dependent tolerance induction
inhibition of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
negative regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.
positive regulation of immune response-dependent tolerance induction
up regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
up-regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
upregulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
activation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
stimulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
positive regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to nonself antigen.
regulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to nonself antigen.
down regulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
down-regulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
downregulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
inhibition of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
negative regulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to nonself antigen.
up regulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
up-regulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
upregulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
activation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
stimulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
positive regulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.
regulation of peripheral tolerance induction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.
down regulation of peripheral tolerance induction
down-regulation of peripheral tolerance induction
downregulation of peripheral tolerance induction
inhibition of peripheral tolerance induction
negative regulation of peripheral tolerance induction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.
up regulation of peripheral tolerance induction
up-regulation of peripheral tolerance induction
upregulation of peripheral tolerance induction
activation of peripheral tolerance induction
stimulation of peripheral tolerance induction
positive regulation of peripheral tolerance induction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
regulation of B lymphocyte tolerance induction
regulation of B-cell tolerance induction
regulation of B-lymphocyte tolerance induction
regulation of B cell tolerance induction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
down regulation of B cell tolerance induction
down-regulation of B cell tolerance induction
downregulation of B cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of B lymphocyte tolerance induction
negative regulation of B-cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of B-lymphocyte tolerance induction
inhibition of B cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of B cell tolerance induction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
positive regulation of B lymphocyte tolerance induction
positive regulation of B-cell tolerance induction
positive regulation of B-lymphocyte tolerance induction
up regulation of B cell tolerance induction
up-regulation of B cell tolerance induction
upregulation of B cell tolerance induction
activation of B cell tolerance induction
stimulation of B cell tolerance induction
positive regulation of B cell tolerance induction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
regulation of T lymphocyte tolerance induction
regulation of T-cell tolerance induction
regulation of T-lymphocyte tolerance induction
regulation of T cell tolerance induction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
down regulation of T cell tolerance induction
down-regulation of T cell tolerance induction
downregulation of T cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of T lymphocyte tolerance induction
negative regulation of T-cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte tolerance induction
inhibition of T cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of T cell tolerance induction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte tolerance induction
positive regulation of T-cell tolerance induction
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte tolerance induction
up regulation of T cell tolerance induction
up-regulation of T cell tolerance induction
upregulation of T cell tolerance induction
activation of T cell tolerance induction
stimulation of T cell tolerance induction
positive regulation of T cell tolerance induction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
negative regulation of T lymphocyte anergy
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte anergy
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte anergy
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte anergy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
negative regulation of B lymphocyte anergy
negative regulation of B-lymphocyte anergy
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
positive regulation of B lymphocyte anergy
positive regulation of B-lymphocyte anergy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
regulation of acute inflammatory response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
down regulation of acute inflammatory response
down-regulation of acute inflammatory response
downregulation of acute inflammatory response
inhibition of acute inflammatory response
negative regulation of acute inflammatory response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
up regulation of acute inflammatory response
up-regulation of acute inflammatory response
upregulation of acute inflammatory response
activation of acute inflammatory response
stimulation of acute inflammatory response
positive regulation of acute inflammatory response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.
regulation of chronic inflammatory response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.
down regulation of chronic inflammatory response
down-regulation of chronic inflammatory response
downregulation of chronic inflammatory response
inhibition of chronic inflammatory response
negative regulation of chronic inflammatory response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.
up regulation of chronic inflammatory response
up-regulation of chronic inflammatory response
upregulation of chronic inflammatory response
activation of chronic inflammatory response
stimulation of chronic inflammatory response
positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response
A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as part of a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
respiratory burst involved in defense response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
down regulation of immune system process
down-regulation of immune system process
negative regulation of immune system process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
positive regulation of immune system process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
negative regulation of immune cell migration
negative regulation of leucocyte migration
negative regulation of leukocyte migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
positive regulation of immune cell migration
positive regulation of leucocyte migration
positive regulation of leukocyte migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
negative regulation of immune cell chemotaxis
negative regulation of leucocyte chemotaxis
negative regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
positive regulation of immune cell chemotaxis
positive regulation of leucocyte chemotaxis
positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
negative regulation of immune cell activation
negative regulation of leucocyte activation
negative regulation of leukocyte activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
positive regulation of immune cell activation
positive regulation of leucocyte activation
positive regulation of leukocyte activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
down regulation of immune effector process
down-regulation of immune effector process
downregulation of immune effector process
negative regulation of immune effector process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
up regulation of immune effector process
up-regulation of immune effector process
positive regulation of immune effector process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
down regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
down-regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
downregulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
inhibition of production of molecular mediator of immune response
negative regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
up regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
up-regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
upregulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
activation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
stimulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
positive regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
regulation of immune cell mediated immunity
regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity
regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
down regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
down-regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
downregulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of immune cell mediated immunity
negative regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity
inhibition of leukocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
positive regulation of immune cell mediated immunity
positive regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity
up regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
up-regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
upregulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
activation of leukocyte mediated immunity
stimulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
positive regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
down regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
down-regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
downregulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
inhibition of lymphocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
up regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
up-regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
upregulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
activation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
stimulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
positive regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
regulation of T lymphocyte mediated immunity
regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated immunity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
down regulation of T cell mediated immunity
down-regulation of T cell mediated immunity
downregulation of T cell mediated immunity
negative regulation of T lymphocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of T-cell mediated immunity
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of T cell mediated immunity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte mediated immunity
positive regulation of T-cell mediated immunity
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated immunity
up regulation of T cell mediated immunity
up-regulation of T cell mediated immunity
upregulation of T cell mediated immunity
positive regulation of T cell mediated immunity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
regulation of B lymphocyte mediated immunity
regulation of B-lymphocyte mediated immunity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
down regulation of B cell mediated immunity
down-regulation of B cell mediated immunity
downregulation of B cell mediated immunity
negative regulation of B lymphocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of B-cell mediated immunity
negative regulation of B-lymphocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of B cell mediated immunity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
positive regulation of B lymphocyte mediated immunity
positive regulation of B-cell mediated immunity
positive regulation of B-lymphocyte mediated immunity
up regulation of B cell mediated immunity
up-regulation of B cell mediated immunity
upregulation of B cell mediated immunity
positive regulation of B cell mediated immunity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
regulation of natural killer cell activity
regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
down regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
down-regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
downregulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
negative regulation of NK cell mediated immunity
inhibition of natural killer cell mediated immunity
negative regulation of natural killer cell activity
negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
positive regulation of NK cell mediated immunity
up regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
up-regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
upregulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
activation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
stimulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
positive regulation of natural killer cell activity
positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.
regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process involved in immune response
regulation of cytokine secretion involved in immune response
regulation of cytokine production during immune response
regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production contributing to an immune response.
down-regulation of cytokine production during immune response
negative regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process involved in immune response
negative regulation of cytokine secretion involved in immune response
down regulation of cytokine production during immune response
downregulation of cytokine production during immune response
inhibition of cytokine production during immune response
negative regulation of cytokine production during immune response
negative regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.
activation of cytokine production during immune response
positive regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process involved in immune response
positive regulation of cytokine secretion involved in immune response
stimulation of cytokine production during immune response
positive regulation of cytokine production during immune response
up regulation of cytokine production during immune response
up-regulation of cytokine production during immune response
upregulation of cytokine production during immune response
positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
regulation of B lymphocyte cytokine production
regulation of B-cell cytokine production
regulation of B-lymphocyte cytokine production
regulation of B cell cytokine production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
down regulation of B cell cytokine production
down-regulation of B cell cytokine production
downregulation of B cell cytokine production
negative regulation of B lymphocyte cytokine production
negative regulation of B-cell cytokine production
negative regulation of B-lymphocyte cytokine production
inhibition of B cell cytokine production
negative regulation of B cell cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
positive regulation of B lymphocyte cytokine production
positive regulation of B-cell cytokine production
positive regulation of B-lymphocyte cytokine production
up regulation of B cell cytokine production
up-regulation of B cell cytokine production
upregulation of B cell cytokine production
activation of B cell cytokine production
stimulation of B cell cytokine production
positive regulation of B cell cytokine production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
regulation of T lymphocyte cytokine production
regulation of T-cell cytokine production
regulation of T-lymphocyte cytokine production
regulation of T cell cytokine production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
down regulation of T cell cytokine production
down-regulation of T cell cytokine production
downregulation of T cell cytokine production
negative regulation of T lymphocyte cytokine production
negative regulation of T-cell cytokine production
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte cytokine production
inhibition of T cell cytokine production
negative regulation of T cell cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte cytokine production
positive regulation of T-cell cytokine production
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte cytokine production
up regulation of T cell cytokine production
up-regulation of T cell cytokine production
upregulation of T cell cytokine production
activation of T cell cytokine production
stimulation of T cell cytokine production
positive regulation of T cell cytokine production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.
regulation of NK cell cytokine production
regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.
down regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production
down-regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production
downregulation of natural killer cell cytokine production
negative regulation of NK cell cytokine production
inhibition of natural killer cell cytokine production
negative regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.
positive regulation of NK cell cytokine production
up regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production
up-regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production
upregulation of natural killer cell cytokine production
activation of natural killer cell cytokine production
stimulation of natural killer cell cytokine production
positive regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
down regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
down-regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
downregulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
inhibition of dendritic cell cytokine production
negative regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
up regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
up-regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
upregulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
activation of dendritic cell cytokine production
stimulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
positive regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production.
regulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production.
down regulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
down-regulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
downregulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
inhibition of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
negative regulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production.
up regulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
up-regulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
upregulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
activation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
stimulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
positive regulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.
regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.
down regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
down-regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
downregulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
inhibition of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
negative regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.
up regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
up-regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
upregulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
stimulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
positive regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.
regulation of antimicrobial humoral response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.
up regulation of antimicrobial humoral response
up-regulation of antimicrobial humoral response
upregulation of antimicrobial humoral response
activation of antimicrobial humoral response
stimulation of antimicrobial humoral response
positive regulation of antimicrobial humoral response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
down regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
down-regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
downregulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
inhibition of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
up regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
up-regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
upregulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
activation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
stimulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
The synthesis or release of an antimicrobial peptide during an immune response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa.
The regulated release of an antimicrobial peptide from a cell or a tissue. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.
regulation of antimicrobial peptide production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.
down regulation of antimicrobial peptide production
down-regulation of antimicrobial peptide production
downregulation of antimicrobial peptide production
inhibition of antimicrobial peptide production
negative regulation of antimicrobial peptide production
The controlled release of a peptide from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
negative regulation of peptide secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
positive regulation of peptide secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide secretion.
regulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide secretion.
down regulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
down-regulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
downregulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
inhibition of antimicrobial peptide secretion
negative regulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide secretion.
up regulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
up-regulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
upregulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
activation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
stimulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
positive regulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
down regulation of adaptive immune response
down-regulation of adaptive immune response
downregulation of adaptive immune response
negative regulation of adaptive immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
up regulation of adaptive immune response
up-regulation of adaptive immune response
upregulation of adaptive immune response
positive regulation of adaptive immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.
regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.
negative regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.
positive regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.
regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.
down regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response
down-regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response
downregulation of T-helper 1 type immune response
inhibition of T-helper 1 type immune response
negative regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.
up regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response
up-regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response
upregulation of T-helper 1 type immune response
activation of T-helper 1 type immune response
stimulation of T-helper 1 type immune response
positive regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
regulation of T-helper 2 type immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
down regulation of type 2 immune response
down-regulation of type 2 immune response
downregulation of type 2 immune response
negative regulation of T-helper 2 type immune response
negative regulation of Th2 immune response
negative regulation of type 2 immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
positive regulation of T-helper 2 type immune response
positive regulation of Th2 immune response
positive regulation of type 2 immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
regulation of response to biotic stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
down regulation of response to biotic stimulus
down-regulation of response to biotic stimulus
downregulation of response to biotic stimulus
inhibition of response to biotic stimulus
negative regulation of response to biotic stimulus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
up regulation of response to biotic stimulus
up-regulation of response to biotic stimulus
upregulation of response to biotic stimulus
activation of response to biotic stimulus
stimulation of response to biotic stimulus
positive regulation of response to biotic stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral T cell tolerance induction.
regulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral T cell tolerance induction.
down regulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
down-regulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
downregulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
inhibition of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral T cell tolerance induction.
up regulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
up-regulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
upregulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
activation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
stimulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
positive regulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
negative regulation of B lymphocyte deletion
negative regulation of B-lymphocyte deletion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
positive regulation of B lymphocyte deletion
positive regulation of B-lymphocyte deletion
Any process contributing to anergy in T cells, a state of functional inactivation which is part of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell tolerance induction.
regulation of NK cell tolerance induction
regulation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell tolerance induction.
down regulation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
down-regulation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
downregulation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of NK cell tolerance induction
inhibition of natural killer cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell tolerance induction.
positive regulation of NK cell tolerance induction
up regulation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
up-regulation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
upregulation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
activation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
stimulation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
positive regulation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
down regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
down-regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
downregulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
inhibition of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
up regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
up-regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
upregulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
activation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
stimulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
down regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
down-regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
downregulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
inhibition of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
negative regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
up regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
up-regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
upregulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
activation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
stimulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
positive regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
mature B cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
mature B lymphocyte programmed cell death by apoptosis
mature B-cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
mature B-lymphocyte programmed cell death by apoptosis
programmed cell death of mature B cells by apoptosis
programmed cell death of mature B lymphocytes by apoptosis
programmed cell death of mature B-cells by apoptosis
programmed cell death of mature B-lymphocytes by apoptosis
programmed cell death, mature B lymphocytes
programmed cell death, mature B-lymphocytes
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of B cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of B cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.
regulation of mature B cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of mature B cell apoptosis
down-regulation of mature B cell apoptosis
downregulation of mature B cell apoptosis
negative regulation of mature B cell apoptosis
negative regulation of mature B cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.
up regulation of mature B cell apoptosis
up-regulation of mature B cell apoptosis
positive regulation of mature B cell apoptosis
positive regulation of mature B cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.
negative regulation of lymphocyte anergy
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.
positive regulation of lymphocyte anergy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.
down regulation of humoral immune response
down-regulation of humoral immune response
downregulation of humoral immune response
negative regulation of humoral immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.
up regulation of humoral immune response
up-regulation of humoral immune response
positive regulation of humoral immune response
The progression of the trabecular meshwork over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trabecular meshwork is a fenestrated endothelial-like tissue situated at the intersection of the cornea and the iris. The trabecular meshwork provides drainage for the aqueous humor.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon sheath over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon sheath is a layer of membrane around a tendon. It permits the tendon to move.
The multiplication or reproduction of type B synoviocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A type B synoviocyte is a fibroblast-like cell found in synovial tissues.
The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.
A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism, germline or somatic, specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring.
developmental process involved in reproduction
The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective.
A process in which force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control.
An organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers.
An organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves extracellular fluids to and from tissue within a multicellular organism.
An organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system maintains fluid balance, and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels; in other species, the renal system may comprise related structures (e.g., nephrocytes and malpighian tubules in Drosophila).
A circulatory system process carried out by the heart. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
A process carried out by the organs or tissues of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is an organ system responsible for respiratory gaseous exchange.
A circulatory process that occurs at the level of the vasculature.
The series of events in which an oxygen stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by biochemical signaling: hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.
blood pressure regulation mediated by a chemical signal
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure mediated by a chemical signal
Renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.
renal regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
renal system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
The process in which renin-angiotensin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.
blood pressure regulation by renin-angiotensin
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renin-angiotensin
Renal process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water in the body.
Vasopressin regulates renal water homeostasis via Aquaporins
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the process in which blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.
The process in which plasma is filtered through the glomerular membrane which consists of capillary endothelial cells, the basement membrane, and epithelial cells. The glomerular filtrate is the same as plasma except it has no significant amount of protein.
The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) by the renal system.
The directed movement of water (H2O) by the renal system.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the process whereby blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.
positive regulation of glomerular filtration
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the process whereby blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.
negative regulation of glomerular filtration
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from mesodermal cells to endodermal cells.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from endodermal cells to mesodermal cells.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the cardiogenic plate are generated and organized. The cardiogenic plate is the first recognizable structure derived from the heart field.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic heart tube are generated and organized. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.
The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.
The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube by the cells of the heart field along a linear axis.
embryonic heart tube formation via epithelial folding
The characteristic movement of a cell from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube towards the heart and that contributes to heart formation.
neural crest cell migration involved in heart formation
The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract septum are generated and organized. The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract.
The process in which the membranous septum is generated and organized. The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum.
The process in which the muscular septum is generated and organized. The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.
The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis, contributing to embryonic heart tube formation.
morphogenesis of an epithelial fold involved in embryonic heart tube formation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of animal organ formation. Organ formation is the process pertaining to the initial formation of an organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.
The process in which the anatomical structure of an endothelium is generated and organized. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardium is generated and organized. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac conduction system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat.
cardiac impulse conducting system development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the atrioventricular (AV) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The AV node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of ventricle contraction by receiving electrical signals from the sinoatrial (SA) node and relaying them to the His-Purkinje system.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sinoatrial (SA) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The SA node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the His-Purkinje system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Purkinje myocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber) is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bundle of His over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The bundle of His is part of the His-Purkinje system that transmits signals from the AV node to the cardiac Purkinje fibers.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell of the atrioventricular bundle. These cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that transmit signals from the AV node to the cardiac Purkinje fibers.
atrioventricular bundle cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber cell). These cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that receive signals from the bundle of His and innervate the ventricular cardiac muscle.
cardiac Purkinje fiber cell differentiation
The process in which the anatomical structures of veins of the heart are generated and organized.
The progression of a heart valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A heart valve is a structure that restricts the flow of blood to different regions of the heart and forms from an endocardial cushion.
The process in which the structure of a heart valve is generated and organized.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a heart valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The progression of a cardiac cushion over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardial cushion is generated and organized. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
The progression of the cardiac skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac skeleton is a specialized extracellular matrix that separates the atria from the ventricles and provides physical support for the heart.
The progression of a cardiac chamber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.
The process in which a cardiac chamber is generated and organized. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac chamber from unspecified parts. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.
The process in which the cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.
The process in which the cardiac atrium is generated and organized. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac atrium from unspecified parts. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.
The process in which the left cardiac atrium is generated and organized.
The process in which the right cardiac atrium is generated and organized.
The process in which the left cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.
The process in which the right cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac atrium from unspecified parts.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac right atrium from unspecified parts.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a right cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts.
The process in which the anatomical structures of left cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
left ventricular myocardium morphogenesis
left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the right cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
right ventricle myocardium morphogenesis
right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
ventricular trabecula myocardium morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac left ventricular trabecular myocardium are generated and organized.
left ventricular trabecular myocardium morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the right ventricular myocardium are generated and organized.
right ventricular trabecular myocardium morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle of the atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
atrial cardiac muscle tissue development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of ventricular cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
ventricular cardiac muscle tissue development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.
The progression of the sinus venosus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart.
The process in which the sinus venosus is generated and organized. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the sinus venosus from unspecified parts. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart.
The progression of the conus arteriosus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk.
The process in which the conus arteriosus is generated and organized. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the conus arteriosus from unspecified parts. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk.
Developmental growth that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
The developmental growth of cardiac muscle tissue that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
cardiac muscle tissue growth involved in heart morphogenesis
The increase in heart capillaries that accompanies physiological hypertrophy of cardiac muscle.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.
cell proliferation involved in heart valve morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart valve morphogenesis
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.
positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart valve morphogenesis
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.
negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart valve morphogenesis
The orderly movement of a neural crest cell from one site to another that will contribute to the morphogenesis of the outflow tract.
cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
The orderly movement of a cardiac progenitor cell to form the heart field. Cardiac progenitor cells are non-terminally differentiated, mesoderm-derived cells that are committed to differentiate into cells of the heart. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
cell migration involved in endocardial cushion formation
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.
apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.
apoptosis involved in heart valve morphogenesis
apoptotic process involved in heart valve morphogenesis
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
apoptosis involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis
apoptotic process involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
apoptosis involved in heart morphogenesis
apoptotic process involved in heart morphogenesis
The progression of a cardiac septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the atrial septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.
The process in which an endocardial cushion cell becomes a cell of a cardiac septum.
The process in which an endocardial cushion cell give rise to a cell that is part of a heart valve.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division. This process contributes to the developmental growth of the heart.
physiological cardiac muscle hypertrophy
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic A cell. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features that characterize a pancreatic delta cell. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell. A pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell is a cell in the pancreas that produces pancreatic polypeptide.
pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell differentiation
The progression of the heart rudiment over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The heart rudiment is a cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the heart rudiment are generated and organized.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart rudiment.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic A cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a type B pancreatic cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic delta cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic PP cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell is a cell in the pancreas that produces pancreatic polypeptide.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.
regulation of extracellular matrix constituent secretion
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.
positive regulation of extracellular matrix constituent secretion
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.
negative regulation of extracellular matrix constituent secretion
The process in which an amino acid is transported across a membrane.
Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a keratinocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Differentiation of keratinocytes in interfollicular epidermis in mammalian skin
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the corneocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A corneocyte is the last stage of development of a keratinocyte where the keratinocyte flattens, loses its nucleus and eventually delaminates from the epidermis.
A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.
metanephric mesenchyme to epithelial transition
mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephros are generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.
regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.
negative regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent.
The progression of the proepicardium from its formation to the mature structure. The proepicardium is an outpouching of the septum transversum.
The progression of the septum transversum from its initial formation to the mature structure. The septum transversum is a portion of the trunk mesenchyme.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the pericardium is generated and organized.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac endothelial cell.
cardiac endothelial cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
regulation of microtubule-based flagellum movement
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
positive regulation of microtubule-based flagellum movement
positive regulation of flagellar movement
positive regulation of flagellum movement
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
negative regulation of microtubule-based flagellum movement
negative regulation of flagellum movement
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron, a neuron that secretes noradrenaline.
norepinephrine secreting neuron differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a noradrenergic neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
norepinephrine secreting neuron development
The progression of the brainstem from its formation to the mature structure. The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron that is part of the brainstem.
noradrenergic neuron differentiation involved in brainstem development
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell.
establishment of cell polarity involved in ameboidal cell migration
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures that contribute to the cell polarity of a migrating ameboid cell.
establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity involved in ameboidal cell migration
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation.
establishment of cell polarity involved in gastrulation cell migration
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures that contribute to the cell polarity of a migrating ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation.
establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity involved in gastrulation
The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from it initial formation to its mature state, contributing to the process of gastrulation.
epithelial cell morphogenesis involved in gastrulation
The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the optic vesicle from the lateral wall of the forebrain. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup.
The developmental process pertaining to the formation and shaping of the optic vesicle. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup.
The progression of the retinal pigment epithelium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The retinal pigment epithelium is the melanin-containing layer of cells between the retina and the choroid that absorbs scattered and reflected light and removes waste products produced by the photoreceptor cells.
The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.
Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another and contributes to the physical shaping or formation of the camera-type eye.
cell motility involved in camera-type eye morphogenesis
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
chondrocyte differentiation involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis
The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte that will contribute to bone development are generated and organized.
chondrocyte morphogenesis involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis
The growth of a chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the progression of the chondrocyte over time.
The increase in size or mass of an endochondral bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones as they elongate or grow.
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the growth of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
growth plate cartilage chondrocyte differentiation
The process in which the anatomical structures of growth plate cartilage are generated and organized.
The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte in the growth plate cartilage are generated and organized.
growth plate cartilage chondrocyte morphogenesis
The growth of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the progression of the chondrocyte over time from one condition to another.
growth plate cartilage chondrocyte hypertrophy
growth plate cartilage chondrocyte growth
The progression of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte over time from after its fate commitment to the mature cell.
growth plate cartilage chondrocyte development
The growth of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the shaping of the chondrocyte over time.
cell growth involved in growth plate cartilage chondrocyte morphogenesis
The progression of a chondrocyte over time from after its commitment to its mature state where the chondrocyte will contribute to the shaping of an endochondral bone.
chondrocyte development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix and contributes to the shaping of the growth plate cartilage of an endochondral bone.
regulation of cell adhesion involved in growth plate cartilage morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication that contributes to the shaping of the growth plate cartilage.
regulation of cell communication involved in growth plate cartilage morphogenesis
A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs.
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the molecular function ontology, this term is recommended for the annotation of gene products whose molecular function is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the molecular function of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this. Despite its name, this is not a type of 'function' in the sense typically defined by upper ontologies such as Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). It is instead a BFO:process carried out by a single gene product or complex.
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Binding to chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
nuclear membrane vesicle binding to chromatin
Binding to an RNA molecule or a portion thereof.
Exportin-5 recognizes 3' overhang of pre-miRNA
Generation of force resulting in movement, for example along a microfilament or microtubule, or in torque resulting in membrane scission or rotation of a flagellum. The energy required is obtained either from the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate or by an electrochemical proton gradient (proton-motive force).
Extension of pseudopodia by myosin-X in a PI3K dependent manner
A motor activity that generates movement along a microtubule, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
ATP-dependent microtubule motor activity
Consider also annotating to the molecular function term 'microtubule binding ; GO:0008017'.
Insulin secretory granule translocates to cell cortex
KIF17 transports GluN1:GluN2B (GRIN1:GRIN2B) NMDA receptors to the plasma membrane
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
Note that 'tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity ; GO:0009022', also known as 'ribonuclease PH', and 'DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase activity ; GO:0003906' do not have parentage in the 'nuclease activity' branch of the ontology because both GO and the Enzyme Commission define nuclease activity as a type of hydrolysis.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.
caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease activity
Long-range resection of DNA DSBs by EXO1 or DNA2
DNA nucleases unhook the interstrand crosslink (ICL)
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.
Note that triphosphate is used as a phosphate donor by at least one kinase.
INF-gamma induced phosphorylation of L13a
GTP-bound RAC1 contributes to MAPK8 activation
JAK1-activated RAF1 phosphorylates MAPKs
IRAK1 phosphorylates Pellino upon TLR7/8 or 9 activation
p-PKR dimer phosphorylates TP53 tetramer
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.
SRC autophosphorylation is positively regulated by InlA-bound CDH1
Fyn/Lyn-mediated phosphorylation of FcR1 gamma
Trans-autophosphorylation of activated ligand-responsive EGFR mutant dimers
Phosphorylation of SHC1 by ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants
Phosphorylation of CBL by ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants
Phosphorylation of PLCG1 by ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants
Trans-autophosphorylation of EGFRvIII mutant dimers
Trans-autophosphorylation of ERBB2 homodimer
SHC1 phosphorylation by ERBB2 heterodimers
Trans-autophosphorylation of ERBB4 homodimers
Phosphorylation of SHC1 by ERBB4 homodimers
IL7:p-Y449-IL7R:JAK1:IL2RG:p-JAK3:STAT5A,STAT5B phosphorylates STAT5
SRC phosphorylates SPRY2 on Y55 and Y227
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of BetaKlotho-bound FGFR4
Phosphorylation of p-KIT on Y900 by Src kinases
Wee1-mediated phosphorylation of Cyclin B1:phospho-Cdc2 complexes
Wee1-mediated phosphorylation of Cyclin A:phospho-Cdc2 complexes
Phosphorylation of Cyclin A:Cdk2 at Tyr 15
Phosphorylation of cytosolic FGFR1 fusion dimers
Phosphorylation of BCR moiety of BCR-FGFR1
Activated FGFR1 mutants and fusions phosphorylate PLCG1
Phosphorylation of STAT5 by cytosolic FGFR1 fusions
Autophosphorylation of PDGF beta receptors
FGFR1OP-FGFR1 phosphorylates STAT1 and STAT3
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of Klotho-bound FGFR1c
Trans-autophosphorylation of p-Y877-ERBB2 heterodimers
Trans-autophosphorylation of ERBB2 heterodimers
Ligand-independent phosphorylation of overexpressed FGFR1
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR3c P250R mutant
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR3 cysteine mutants
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR4 Y367C mutant
Phosphorylation of ITAM motifs in CD3 complexes
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR1c P252X mutant dimers
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR1 mutants with enhanced kinase activity
Sequestering and phosphorylation Fc gamma receptors in the lipid rafts
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR2 ligand-independent mutants
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of overexpressed FGFR2 variants
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR3 point mutants with enhanced kinase activity
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR2c mutants with enhanced ligand binding
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR2b mutants with enhanced ligand binding
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR2 point mutants with enhanced kinase activity
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR3 t(4;14) translocation mutants
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR4 mutants with enhanced kinase activity
Phosphorylation of PECAM-1 by Fyn or Lyn or c-Src
EGFR activates PLC-gamma1 by phosphorylation
Phosphorylation and activation of VAV2/VAV3 by SYK
Phosphorylation of PLC-gamma by p-BTK/p-SYK
IGF1,2:p-Y1161,1165,1166-IGF1R phosphorylates IRS1,2,4
Phosphorylation of beta and gamma subunits by LYN
JAK2 Autophosphorylates in Response to Leptin
JAK2 Phosphorylates SHP2 (PTPN11) in Response to Leptin
JAK2 Phosphorylates STAT5 in Response to Leptin
JAK2 Phosphoryates STAT3 in Response to Leptin
PRMT5 is tyrosine phosphorylated by JAK2 V617F
Phosphorylation of BCAR1 by SRC-PTK2 complex
Autophosphorylation of PDGF alpha receptors
Autophosphorylation of PDGF alpha/beta receptors
CSF1R trans-autophosphorylates on multiple tyrosine and serine residues
Phosphorylation of ITIM motif in SIRP alpha
Recruitment of FAK to NCAM1:Fyn in lipid rafts
Tyrosine phosphorylation of CRMPs by Fes
Activated SRC-1 activates MAPKs (in F2R:ARRB1:MAPKs:active SRC-1)
Syk activation leads to SLP-76 activation
Within the IL-2R complex JAK3 phosphorylates JAK1
SHC1 bound to IL2 receptor is phosphorylated
JAK1 phosphorylates Y338, Y392 and Y510 of IL2RB
PTK2 and SRC-1 phosphorylate PXN on Y31 and Y118
p-Y402-PTK2B phosphorylates p-5Y,S732-PTK2 on Y407
1,3-beta-D-glucan:p-Y15-CLEC7A:SYK phosphorylates PLCG
SRC kinase phosphorylates CLEC7A:1,3-beta-D-glucan
LYN and FYN phosphorylate FCER1G in CLEC6A:FCERG and CLEC4E:FCERG
SYK phosphorylates PLCG2 in p-6Y-SYK:p-Y65,Y76-FCER1G:PLCG2
Phosphorylation of PLC-gamma 1 by p-EGFRvIII mutant
Phosphorylation of SHC1 by p-5Y-EGFRvIII
Ligand-independent phosphorylation of overexpressed FGFR1c
Activated FGFR1:p-FRS phosphorylates PPTN11
Activated FGFR3 point and translocation mutants phosphorylate PLCG1
Activated FGFR2 mutants phosphorylate FRS2
Activated FGFR3 point, translocation and fusion mutants phosphorylate FRS2
Activated FGFR1 mutants phosphorylate FRS2
Activated FGFR4 mutants phosphorylate FRS2
Activated FGFR2 mutants phosphorylate PLCG1
Activated FGFR4 mutants phosphorylate PLCG1
STAT3 is phosphorylated by p-Y-JAK1,P-Y-TYK2
Phosphorylation of Cyclin E:CDK2 complexes by WEE1
Phosphorylation of IFNGR1 by JAK kinases
Tyrosine kinases phosphorylate the receptor
SHC1 bound to the common beta chain becomes tyrosine phosphorylated
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR3 fusions
Plasma membrane FGFR1 fusions autophosphorylate
FYN phosphorylates DAB1 in RELN:VLDLR:DAB1:SH3KBP1
LINC01139 facilitates PTK6 autophosphorylation
LINC01139 promotes phosphorylation of HIF1A by PTK6
Inhibition of PP2A activity by phosphorylation of the catalytic subunit at tyrosine Y307
SRC phosphorylates InlA-bound CDH1 and CTNNB1
Tyrosine kinases phosphorylate Cip/Kip inhibitors bound to CDK4/6:CCND complexes
p-S13, FUNDC1 is phosphorylated by CK2 at Tyr18
G protein alpha (i)-SRC complex catalyzes SRC to p-Y419-SRC
G alpha (s):GTP:SRC catalyzes SRC to p-Y419-SRC
JAK2 bound to IL12RB2:IL12RB2 phosphorylate STAT4
JAK2 transphosphorylates and is activated in response to Erythropoietin
SRC phosphorylates ROBO3.1 in response to NTN1
JAK2 and LYN phosphorylate STAT5 in EPO:phospho-EPOR:phospho-JAK2:LYN:IRS2
LYN phosphorylates CRKL in EPO:p-8Y-EPOR:p-12Y-JAK2:LYN:IRS2:CRKL:RAPGEF1
BDNF-bound NTRK2 dimers trans-autophosphorylate
NTF3-bound NTRK2 dimers trans-autophosphorylate
NTF4-bound NTRK2 dimers trans-autophosphorylate
EPO:phospho-EPOR:phospho-JAK2:LYN:IRS2 phosphorylates IRS2
JAK2 phosphorylates GAB1 in EPO:phospho-EPOR:phospho-JAK2:LYN:IRS2:GAB1
LYN phosphorylates PLCG1,2 in EPO:phospho-EPOR:phospho-JAK2:LYN:IRS2:PLCG1,2
JAK2 phosphorylates VAV1 in EPO:p-8Y-EPOR:p-12Y-JAK2:LYN:IRS2:p-Y-CRKL:RASGEF1:p-Y-SHC1:GRB2:VAV1
JAK2 phosphorylates SHC1 in EPO:p-8Y-EPOR:p-12Y-JAK2:LYN:p-CRKL:RABGEF1:SHC1
Activated NTRK3 promotes SRC autophosphorylation
FLT3LG dimer:FLT3 dimer autophosphorylates
SRC phosphorylates GluN2 (GRIN2) subunits of NMDARs
NTRK1,2 in ADCYAP1(2-742):ADCYAP1R1:NTRK1,2 autophosphorylates
NTRK1,2 in Ade-Rib:ADORA2A:NTRK1,2 autophosphorylates
SHC1 is phosphorylated downstream of estrogen stimulation of GPER1
PTK2 autophosphorylates downstream of EGFR
Src phosphorylate SYK in IgG:Leishmania surface:p-FCGR3A:SYK
Src phosphorylates CD3 dimers in IgG:Lma antigens:FCGR3A:CD3 dimers
Phosphorylation and activation of PLCG due to FCGR3A effect
ERBB2 KD mutants trans-autophosphorylate
Phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 KD mutants phosphorylate SHC1
Phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 KD mutants and EGFR phosphorylate PLCG1
Heterodimers of ERBB2 ECD mutants and EGFR trans-autophosphorylate
Phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 ECD mutants and EGFR phosphorylate PLCG1
Phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 TMD/JMD mutants and EGFR phosphorylate PLCG1
Phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 TMD/JMD mutants phosphorylate SHC1
ERBB2 TMD/JMD heterodimers trans-autophosphorylate
Constitutive phosphorylation of kinase domain KIT mutants
Phosphorylation of juxtamembrane domain KIT mutants
Phosphorylation of STATs downstream of KIT mutants
Phosphorylation of JAK2 downstream of KIT mutants
Autophosphorylation of PDGFRA extracellular domain dimers
Autophosphorylation of PDGFR mutant dimers
Autophosphorylation of cytosolic PDGFRA and PDGFRB fusion proteins
Autophosphorylation of membrane-tethered fusions of PDGFRA or PDGFRB
p-Y-JAK1 phosphorylates CSF3R in CSF3 dimer:2xCSF3R:LYN:p-Y-JAK1
p-Y-JAK1,2 phosphorylates STAT1,3,5 in CSF3 dimer:2xp-4Y-CSF3R:LYN:p-Y-JAK1:p-Y-JAK2:p-TYK2
Phosphorylation of extracellular domain KIT mutants
Constitutive phosphorylation of FLT3 mutants
Autophosphorylation of point mutants of ALK
CSF1R trans-autophosphorylates on tyrosine-561
Src family kinases phosphorylate CBL in CSF1 dimer:p-Y561-CSF1R dimer:CBL
SYK autophosphorylates at the activated BCR
LYN, FYN, BLK phosphorylate ITAMs of Ig-alpha (CD79A) and Ig-beta (CD79B)
Autophosphorylation of LTK dimer:ALKAL1,2
Phosphorylation of KDR (VEGFR2) and FLT4 (VEGFR3) and PECAM1 in PECAM1:CDH5:KDR:FLT4:CTNNB1
p-T816-PKN2 phosphorylates AKT1 on serine-308
p-Y397-PTK2 (FAK) phosphorylates CHUK (IKKA)
p-Y393-ABL1 phosphorylates tyrosine-407 of YAP1
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.
receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity
receptor protein-tyrosine kinase activity
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity
SHC, complexed with TrkA, is tyrosine-phosphorylated
ARMS is phosphorylated by active TrkA receptor
SHC1 phosphorylation by phosphorylated EGFR
STAT3, STAT4 are phosphorylated by p-JAK2, p-TYK2 in IL23:IL23 receptor
IL27RA and IL6ST are phosphorylated after IL27:IL27 receptor interaction and JAK's phosphorylation
STAT4 is phosphorylated by p-JAK2 and/or p-Y-TYK2 after IL12:IL12R interaction
IL23R in IL23:IL23 receptor complex is phosphorylated
JAK1/JAK2 bound to IL35:IL6ST:IL12RB2 receptor are phosphorylated
JAK2, TYK2 in IL12A:IL12RB1:TYK2:IL12B:IL12RB2:JAK2 are phosphorylated
JAK1/JAK2 bound to IL12RB2:IL6ST receptor phosphorylates STAT1 and STAT4
STAT3 and STAT1 are phosphorylated by JAKs after IL27:IL27R interaction
JAK1, JAK2, TYK2 in IL27:EBI3:IL27RA:JAK1:IL6ST:(JAK1,JAK2,TYK2) are phosphorylated
JAK2, TYK2 in IL23A:IL12B:IL23R:JAK2:IL12RB1:TYK2 are phosphorylated
IL12RB2 in IL12A:IL12RB1:p-Y-TYK2:IL12B:IL12RB2:p-JAK2 is phosphorylated
IL19:IL20RA:p-JAK1:IL20RB:STAT3 phosphorylates STAT3
IL15RA:IL15:IL2RB:JAK1:IL2RG:JAK3 phosphorylates JAK3 and JAK1
IL15:IL15RA:p-Y-IL2RB:p-Y-JAK1:p-Y-IL2RG:p-Y-JAK3 phosphorylates SHC1
IL15:IL15RA:p-Y-IL2RB:p-Y-JAK1:p-Y-IL2RG:p-Y-JAK3 phosphorylates STAT3 and STAT5
IL15:IL15RA:p-Y-IL2RB:p-Y-JAK1:p-Y-IL2RG:p-Y-JAK3:p-Y-SHC1:GRB2:GAB2 phosphorylates GAB2
IFNL1:p-Y343,Y517-IFNLR1:p-JAK1:IL10RB:p-TYK2:STAT1 phosphorylates STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4 and STAT5
IL26:IL20RA:JAK1:IL10RB:TYK2 phosphorylates JAK1, TYK2
IL22:IL22RA1:p-JAK1:IL10RB:p-TYK2 phosphorylates IL22RA
IL24:IL22RA1:JAK1:IL20RB phosphorylates JAK1
IFNL1:IFNLR1:p-JAK1:IL10RB:p-TYK2 phosphorylates IFNLR1
IL22:IL22RA1:JAK1:IL10RB:TYK2 phosphorylates JAK1,TYK2
IL22:p-Y251,p-Y301-IL22RA1:p-JAK1:IL10RB:p-TYK2:STAT3 phosphorylates STAT3
IL19:IL20RA:JAK1:IL20RB phosphorylates JAK1
IL24:IL22RA1:p-JAK1:IL20RB:STAT3 phosphorylates STAT3
JAK1 in IL24:IL20RA:JAK1:IL20RB is phosphorylated
IL20:IL20RA:JAK1:IL20RB:p-JAK3,p-JAK2:STAT3 phosphorylates STAT3
IL24:IL20RA:p-JAK1:IL20RB:STAT1,STAT3 phosphorylates STAT1 or STAT3
IL20:IL20RA:JAK1:IL20RB:JAK2,JAK3 phosphorylates JAK2,JAK3
IFNL1:IFNLR1:JAK1:IL10RB:TYK2 phosphorylates JAK1,TYK2
IL26:IL10RB:p-TYK2:IL20RA:p-JAK1:STAT1,STAT3 phosphorylates STAT1,STAT3
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction.
transmembrane signalling receptor activity
This term includes intracellular membrane receptors, e.g. IP3 triggered release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores.
transmembrane signaling receptor activity
Sphingomyelinase is activated by the NGF:p75NTR complex
Combining with a cytokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
hematopoietin/interferon-class (D200-domain) cytokine receptor activity
Combining with prolactin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Epstein-Barr Virus-induced receptor activity
G-protein coupled receptor activity, unknown ligand
orphan G protein coupled receptor activity
orphan G-protein coupled receptor activity
super conserved receptor expressed in brain receptor activity
The high affinity receptor complex binds to G-protein
Combining with calcitonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with cholecystokinin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein to initiate a change in cell activity. Cholecystokinin can act as a neuropeptide or as a gastrointestinal hormone.
Combining with glucagon and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with histamine to initiate a change in cell activity. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product. Consider also annotating to the molecular function terms 'glutamate-gated ion channel activity ; GO:0005234' and 'cation channel activity ; GO:0005261'.
Combining with melanocortin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with corticotropin to initiate a change in cell activity.
adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor activity
Combining with oxytocin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the biogenic amine serotonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a neurotransmitter and hormone found in vertebrates and invertebrates.
G protein coupled serotonin receptor activity
G-protein coupled serotonin receptor activity
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity
Combining with somatostatin to initiate a change in cell activity. Somatostatin is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system by signaling via G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors. Somatostatin has two active forms produced by proteolytic cleavage: a 14 amino acid peptide (SST-14) and a 28 amino acid peptide (SST-28).
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone receptor activity
somatotrophin release inhibiting factor receptor activity
Combining with vasopressin to initiate a change in cell activity.
vasopressin activated calcium mobilizing receptor activity
Combining with insulin receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with any modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or other polyanionic ligand and delivering the ligand into the cell via endocytosis. Ligands include acetylated and oxidized LDL, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, apoptotic cells, amyloid-beta fibrils, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs).
Note that many gene products that are called scavenger receptors have a broad range of potential ligands and also can be annotated to 'pattern recognition receptor activity ; GO:0038187' or its child terms, or to 'lipoprotein receptor activity ; GO:0030228' or its child terms. For receptors that transduce a signal rather than endocytose their ligand, consider instead the terms 'signaling receptor activity ; GO:0038023' and its children.
Binding to one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
Where appropriate, also consider annotating to 'receptor agonist activity ; GO:0048018'.
Binding to a torso (tor) protein, a receptor tyrosine kinase.
hematopoietin/interferon-class (D200-domain) cytokine receptor binding
hematopoietin/interferon-class (D200-domain) cytokine receptor ligand
Binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor ligand
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor binding
Binding to a stem cell factor receptor (SCFR), a type III transmembrane kinase receptor.
Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, accross or in between cells.
Some transporters, such as certain members of the SLC family, are referred to as 'carriers'; however GO uses carrier with a different meaning: a carrier binds to and transports the substance (see GO:0140104 molecular carrier activity), whereas a transporter forms some pore that allows the passing of molecules.
Enables the facilitated diffusion of a monoatomic ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. May be either selective (it enables passage of a specific ion only) or non-selective (it enables passage of two or more ions of same charge but different size).
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an inorganic cation by a channel that opens when a calcium cation has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
calcium activated cation channel activity
intracellular calcium-activated potassium channel
calcium-activated cation channel activity
TRPM4 transports Na+ from the extracellular region to the cytosol
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
extracellular ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts, where channel opening contributes to an increase in membrane potential.
excitatory extracellular ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity
Activation of Ca impermeable AMPA receptors
Activation of Ca permeable AMPA receptors
Membrane depolarization upon activation of Ca impermeable AMPA receptors
Enables the energy-independent facilitated diffusion of a monoatomic cation through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.
IP3R:I(1,4,5)P3 tetramer transports Ca2+ from ER lumen to cytosol
TRPC1 translocates calcium from the extracellular region to the cytosol
Decreasing cGMP concentration promotes intracellular Ca2+ release in response to WNT
cAMP:olfactory CNG channel translocates Na+ and Ca2+ from the extracellular region to the cytosol
Enables the energy-independent facilitated diffusion of a calcium ion through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.
IP3R tetramer:I(1,4,5)P3:4xCa2+ transports Ca2+ from platelet dense tubular system to cytosol
Ca2+ influx through voltage gated Ca2+ channels
TRPs transport extracellular Ca2+ to cytosol
VDAC1,2,3 translocate calcium from the cytosol to the mitochondrial intermembrane space
MCU translocates calcium from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix
CHRNA9:CHRNA10:AcCho transports Ca2+ from the extracellular region to the cytosol
TRPV4 tetramer:CALM1:Ca2+ transports calcium ions (Ca2+) from the extracellular region to the cytosol
Enables the energy-independent facilitated diffusion of a potassium ion through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.
Activation of ATP sensitive Potassium channels in neuroendocrine cells
Activation of Ca2+ activated Potassium channels with Intermediate conductance
Activation of Ca2+ activated Potassium channels with large conductance
Activation of Ca2+ activated Potassium channels with small conductance
Activation of TWIK-related K+ channel (TREK)
Activation of tandem pore domain in a weak inwardly rectifying K+ channels
KCNK dimers transport K+ from cytosol to extracellular region
Enables the energy-independent facilitated diffusion of a sodium ion through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.
UNC79:UNC80:NALCN transports Na+ extracellular region to cytosol
TRPM4,5 transport extracellular Na+ to cytosol
SCN3A:SCN2B,4B transports Na+ from the extracellular region to the cytosol
SCN9A:SCN1B,2B,4B transports Na+ from the extracellular region to the cytosol
TRPM5 transports Na+ from the extracellular region to the cytosol
SCN2A:SCN1B,2B,4B transports Na+ from the extracellular region to the cytosol
Enables the transfer of amines, including polyamines, from one side of a membrane to the other. Amines are organic compounds that are weakly basic in character and contain an amino (-NH2) or substituted amino group.
amine/polyamine transmembrane transporter activity
amino acid-polyamine transmembrane transporter activity
amine transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of acetylcholine from one side of a membrane to the other. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.
acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity
Loading of acetylcholine in synaptic vesicles
Enables the transfer of L-histidine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-histidine is 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
histidine/arginine/lysine/ornithine porter activity
L-histidine transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of L-glutamate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-glutamate is the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.
glutamate transmembrane transporter activity
glutamate/aspartate:sodium symporter activity
L-glutamate transmembrane transporter activity
SLC17A6,7,8 exchange cytosolic L-Glu for synaptic vesicle H+
Defective SLC17A8 does not exchange cytosolic L-Glu for synaptic vesicle H+
Enables the transfer of phosphate ions from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.
inorganic phosphate transmembrane transporter activity
phosphate transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
ApoB-48 + 40 triacylglycerol + 60 phospholipid => ApoB-48:TG:PL complex
ABCA12 transports lipids from cytosol to extracellular region
Defective ABCA12 does not transport lipids from cytosol to extracellular region
Defective ABCA3 does not transport PC, PG from ER membrane to lamellar body
ABCA3 transports PC, PG from ER membrane to lamellar body
TRIAP1:PRELID1, PRELID3A transports PA from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane
ABCA5 transports CHOL from lysosomal lumen to cytosol
MTTP lipidates APOB-100, forming a pre-VLDL
Enables the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activity
Noradrenaline clearance from the synaptic cleft
Enables the transfer of organic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic acids are acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
organic acid transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside (a purine organic base attached to a ribose sugar) esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
purine ribonucleotide transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
CALHM1:CALHM3 transports ATP from the cytosol to the extracellular region
Enables the transfer of water (H2O) from one side of a membrane to the other.
water transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of iron (Fe) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
transmembrane iron ion permease activity
multicopper ferroxidase iron transport mediator activity
An example of this is mouse ferroportin (UniProtKB:Q9JHI9), which transports iron out of the cell.
iron ion transmembrane transporter activity
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC11A2 does not cotransport Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC40A1 does not transport Fe2+ from cytosol to extracellular region
SLC40A1:CP:6Cu2+ transports Fe2+ from cytosol to extracellular region
MCOLN1 transports Fe2+ from endosome lumen to cytosol
The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
Binding to a steroid, any of a large group of substances that have in common a ring system based on 1,2-cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene.
Binding to a juvenile hormone, a sesquiterpenoid derivative that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.
Binding to a fatty acid, an aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.
Intermediate II binds CYC1, UQCRC1, UQCRC2, UQCRH
Binding to collagen, a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).
Binding to ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
KCNJ11 tetramer:ABCC8 tetramer binds 4xATP, closing the channel
Binding to a glycan (polysaccharide) containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues.
Binding to hyaluronic acid, a polymer composed of repeating dimeric units of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine.
A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine. There are three types of cellular components described in the gene ontology: (1) the cellular anatomical entity where a gene product carries out a molecular function (e.g., plasma membrane, cytoskeleton) or membrane-enclosed compartments (e.g., mitochondrion); (2) virion components, where viral proteins act, and (3) the stable macromolecular complexes of which gene product are parts (e.g., the clathrin complex).
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the cellular component ontology, this term is recommended for the annotation of gene products whose cellular component is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the cellular component of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this.
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
Note that this term is intended to annotate gene products that are not attached to the cell surface. For gene products from multicellular organisms which are secreted from a cell but retained within the organism (i.e. released into the interstitial fluid or blood), consider the cellular component term 'extracellular space ; GO:0005615'.
A highly soluble, elongated protein complex found in blood plasma and involved in clot formation. It is converted into fibrin monomer by the action of thrombin. In the mouse, fibrinogen is a hexamer, 46 nm long and 9 nm maximal diameter, containing two sets of nonidentical chains (alpha, beta, and gamma) linked together by disulfide bonds.
A protein complex consisting of three collagen chains assembled into a left-handed triple helix. These trimers typically assemble into higher order structures.
Any triple helical collagen trimer that forms fibrils.
A collagen trimer containing alpha(I) chains. The most common form of type I collagen is a heterotrimer containing two alpha1(I) chains and one alpha2(I) chain; homotrimers containing three alpha1(I) chains are also found. Type I collagen triple helices associate to form banded fibrils.
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(II) chains; type II collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.
A collagen heterotrimer containing type IV alpha chains; [alpha1(IV)]2alpha2(IV) trimers are commonly observed, although more type IV alpha chains exist and may be present in type IV trimers; type IV collagen triple helices associate to form 3 dimensional nets within basement membranes.
A collagen-containing extracellular matrix consisting of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers.
Note that this term has no relationship to 'membrane ; GO:0016020' because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer.
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.
Note that for multicellular organisms, the extracellular space refers to everything outside a cell, but still within the organism (excluding the extracellular matrix). Gene products from a multi-cellular organism that are secreted from a cell into the interstitial fluid or blood can therefore be annotated to this term.
A component of a cell contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
The double lipid bilayer that encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm. It consists of an inner and outer nuclear membrane, with an intermembrane space (20-40 nm wide, also called the perinuclear space) between them. The envelope is supported by the nuclear lamina and contains nuclear pore complexes, which regulate molecular transport.
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes.
A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.
The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.
The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm.
A lysosome before it has fused with a vesicle or vacuole.
A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.
The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.
The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane.
A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways.
Note that the Golgi apparatus can be located in various places in the cytoplasm. In plants and lower animal cells, the Golgi apparatus exists as many copies of discrete stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, while the Golgi apparatus of interphase mammalian cells is a juxtanuclear, often pericentriolar reticulum, where the discrete Golgi stacks are stitched together to form a compact and interconnected ribbon, sometimes called the Golgi ribbon.
Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell.
Note that this definition includes vesicles that are transiently associated with the Golgi.
A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many eukaryotic cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle.
In most eukaryotic cells, 'ciliary basal body' (GO:0036064) and 'centriole' (GO:0005814) represent a common entity that cycles through its function in cell division, then ciliogenesis, then cell division again. However, these structures are modified extensively as they transition into each other, and may contain different proteins, specific to each component.
An intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules by interacting with their minus ends, plus ends or sides.
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins.
A cellular structure that forms the internal framework of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The cytoskeleton includes intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.
A dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella; the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion.
axonemal dynein intermediate light chain
Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle.
Any multimeric complex connected to a microtubule.
A microtubule in the axoneme of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules, which may or may not surround a pair of single microtubules.
Any microtubule in the nucleus of a cell.
Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell.
non-spindle-associated astral microtubule
A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins.
intermediate filament associated protein
type I intermediate filament associated protein
type II intermediate filament associated protein
A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane.
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
A disulfide-bonded, heterotetrameric receptor complex. The alpha chains are entirely extracellular, while each beta chain has one transmembrane domain. The ligand binds to the alpha subunit extracellular domain and the kinase is associated with the beta subunit intracellular domain.
Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells.
Note that this term refers to a projection from a single cell, and should not be confused with 'microvillus' as used to refer to a multicellular structure such as that found in the placenta.
The dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of an epithelial cell in tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and choroid plexus; the microvilli aid absorption by increasing the surface area of the cell.
A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects.
An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes.
A cell-substrate junction found at the terminal anchorage site of skeletal muscle cells to tendons.
A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body.
Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. In most eukaryotic species, intracellular sub-components of the cilium, such as the ciliary base and rootlet, are located near the plasma membrane. In Diplomonads such as Giardia, instead, the same ciliary parts are located further intracellularly. Also, 'cilium' may be used when axonemal structure and/or motility are unknown, or when axonemal structure is unusual. For all other cases, please refer to children of 'cilium'. Finally, note that any role of ciliary proteins in sensory events should be captured by annotating to relevant biological process terms.
The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.
Note that cilia and eukaryotic flagella are deemed to be equivalent. In diplomonad species, such as Giardia, the axoneme may extend intracellularly up to 5um away from the plane of the plasma membrane.
The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
multicellular organismal polysaccharide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.
regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.
regulation of glycogen catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of linear polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of linear polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.
generation of precursor metabolites and energy
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates.
regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.
regulation of glucose biosynthetic process
regulation of gluconeogenesis involved in cellular glucose homeostasis
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from stored compounds such as fats or glycogen.
Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic process
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.
regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides.
The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one.
The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments.
DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
DNA fragmentation in response to apoptotic signals is achieved through the activity of apoptotic nucleases. In human, these include DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) or caspase-activated DNase (CAD) and endonuclease G (Endo G) (reviewed in PMID:15723341). Caution is needed when apoptotic DNA laddering assays show presence of fragmented DNA. A positive assay may simply reflect the end point of a whole apoptotic process. Unless clear experimental evidence is available to show that a gene product is directly involved in fragmenting DNA, please do not annotate to GO:0006309 'apoptotic DNA fragmentation' and consider annotating instead to a more upstream process such as, e.g., GO:0042981 'regulation of apoptotic process', GO:0006915 'apoptotic process', GO:0097190 'apoptotic signaling pathway'. Also, note that gene products involved in compartmentalization of apoptotic nucleases and in activation or repression of their enzymatic activity should be annotated to the regulation term GO:1902510 'regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation' or to one of its children (see PMID:15723341).
Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Interchromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction.
The assembly or remodeling of chromatin composed of DNA complexed with histones, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA.
establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
DNA replication-independent chromatin assembly
DNA replication-independent chromatin organization
DNA replication-independent nucleosome organisation
DNA replication-independent nuclesome assembly
transcription-coupled nucleosome assembly
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of RNA localization
The import of RNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
The directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis.
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or accuracy of translational elongation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.
down regulation of protein kinase activity
down-regulation of protein kinase activity
downregulation of protein kinase activity
negative regulation of protein kinase activity
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.
This term was intentionally placed under 'protein metabolic process ; GO:0019538' rather than 'protein catabolic process ; GO:0030163' to cover all processes centered on breaking peptide bonds, including those involved in protein processing.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.
cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids.
regulation of amino acid metabolic process
Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.
glutamate biosynthesis, using glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+)
glutamate biosynthesis, using glutamate synthase (NADPH)
glutamate biosynthetic process, using glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+)
glutamate biosynthetic process, using glutamate synthase (NADPH)
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycine, aminoethanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine, aminoethanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, aminoethanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
cellular amino acid derivative metabolic process
cellular amino acid derivative metabolism
cellular modified amino acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.
cellular biogenic amine metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
The formation of either of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, mainly thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This is achieved by the iodination and joining of tyrosine molecules to form the precursor thyroglobin, proteolysis of this precursor gives rise to the thyroid hormones.
Note that this term does not fall under the general GO definition for biosynthetic processes, which is 'The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of... ', because thyroid hormones can only be formed by the proteolysis of a larger molecule (see term definition). The word 'generation' is therefore used in place of biosynthesis.
The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
establishment of protein localization to nucleus
protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
protein transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
copper-induced protein export from nucleus
Protein processing that takes place in the vacuole. Most protein processing in the vacuole represents proteolytic cleavage of precursors to form active enzymes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.
Intracellular metabolism of fatty acids regulates insulin secretion
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolipids, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). Some substances classified as bacterial glycolipids have the sugar group acylated by one or more fatty acids and the glycerol group may be absent.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.
C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid compounds, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure and including derivatives with various functional groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any phosphorylated nucleoside.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid.
phosphate-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species.
superoxide free radical metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or a transporter complex, a pore or a motor protein.
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. It should be possible to make a more specific annotation to one of the children of this term, for e.g. to transmembrane transport, to microtubule-based transport or to vesicle-mediated transport.
The directed movement of a monoatomic ion into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.
Transport of inorganic cations/anions and amino acids/oligopeptides
The directed movement of a monoatomic cation, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are positively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom.
di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transport
The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
low voltage-dependent potassium channel auxiliary protein activity
low voltage-gated potassium channel auxiliary protein activity
The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
mitochondrial sodium/calcium ion exchange
sodium channel auxiliary protein activity
The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of phosphate ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.
Serotonin Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
Norepinephrine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.
The transport of substances that occurs outside cells.
The directed extracellular movement of amino acids.
The directed movement of a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.
The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Amino acid transport across the plasma membrane
The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of monoatomic ions within a cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.
intracellular monoatomic ion homeostasis
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of calcium ions within a cell.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of iron ions within a cell.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of sodium ions within a cell.
Any process involved in maintaining the steady state of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell.
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.
copper-induced intracellular protein transport
A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for example of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell.
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles.
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release their contents by exocytosis.
Golgi to plasma membrane vesicle-mediated transport
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the vacuole.
Golgi to vacuole vesicle-mediated transport
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a part of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.
The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.
The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo.
Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane.
A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.
The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Note that transport through the nuclear pore complex is not transmembrane because the nuclear membrane is a double membrane, and is not traversed.
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.
The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis.
cellular component disassembly involved in apoptotic process
cellular component disassembly involved in apoptosis
cellular component disassembly involved in execution phase of apoptosis
Any apoptotic process in an inflammatory cell, any cell participating in the inflammatory response to a foreign substance e.g. neutrophil, macrophage.
inflammatory cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
programmed cell death of inflammatory cells by apoptosis
programmed cell death, inflammatory cells
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.
regulation of striated muscle contraction
The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
An immune response mediated through a body fluid.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope.
nuclear envelope organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleolus.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.
plasma membrane organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
cytoskeletal organization and biogenesis
cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.
regulation of actin filament localization
Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.
The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule.
microtubule depolymerization during nuclear congression
The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation).
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol.
down regulation of microtubule depolymerization
down-regulation of microtubule depolymerization
downregulation of microtubule depolymerization
negative regulation of microtubule disassembly
inhibition of microtubule depolymerization
negative regulation of microtubule catastrophe
negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the depolymerization of the specialized microtubules of the axoneme.
negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization in axoneme
negative regulation of axonemal microtubule depolymerization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a vacuole.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions in the vacuole or between a vacuole and its surroundings.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in the vacuole, usually by the action of vacuolar proteases.
protein catabolic process in the vacuole
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases.
The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a lysosome.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate.
cell-substrate adherens junction assembly
The primary label for merged term was 'cell-substrate adherens junction assembly' GO:0007045. The term was merged into the parent 'cell-substrate junction assembly', because, based on the most recent litarature, 'adherens junction' is always a 'cell-cell junction' (PMID:20571587, PMID:17854762, PMID:21422226, PMID:28096264, PMID:28401269, PMID:26923917).
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.
The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells.
Condensation of Prometaphase Chromosomes
The mitotic cell cycle process in which the controlled partial or complete breakdown of the nuclear membranes during occurs during mitosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.
The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell.
establishment of cell nucleus localization
establishment of localization of nucleus
A mitotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are replicated and sister chromatids separate, but spindle formation, nuclear membrane breakdown and nuclear division do not occur, resulting in an increased number of chromosomes in the cell.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'abortive mitotic cell cycle ; GO:0033277'. Although abortive mitosis is sometimes called endomitosis, GO:0033277 refers to a process in which a mitotic spindle forms and chromosome separation begins.
The second nuclear division of meiosis, in which the two chromatids in each chromosome are separated, resulting in four daughter nuclei from the two nuclei produced in meiosis II.
A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis II, the second meiotic division in the male germline.
A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline.
Note that female germ lines can be found in female or hermaphroditic organisms, so this term can be used to annotate gene products from hermaphrodites such as those of C. elegans. See also the biological process term 'meiotic nuclear division; GO:0140013'.
The cell cycle process in which the second meiotic division occurs in the female germline.
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.
The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.
cell adhesion receptor inhibitor activity
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
establishment and/or maintenance of cell polarity
establishment and/or maintenance of cell polarization
establishment or maintenance of cell polarity
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.
Note that signal transduction is defined broadly to include a ligand interacting with a receptor, downstream signaling steps and a response being triggered. A change in form of the signal in every step is not necessary. Note that in many cases the end of this process is regulation of the initiation of transcription. Note that specific transcription factors may be annotated to this term, but core/general transcription machinery such as RNA polymerase should not.
EGFR interacts with phospholipase C-gamma
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor located on the cell surface. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
cell surface receptor linked signaling pathway
cell surface receptor linked signalling pathway
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
enzyme linked receptor protein signaling pathway
enzyme linked receptor protein signalling pathway
enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signalling pathway
cell surface receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to its receptor, in which the activated receptor promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane.
G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway
G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway via GPCR dimer
dimeric G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
dimeric G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an acetylcholine receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway
acetylcholine receptor signalling, muscarinic pathway
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to its receptor on the surface of a target cell.
gamma-aminobutyric acid signalling pathway
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of glutamate to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.
G-protein coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway
metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway
metabotropic glutamate receptor signalling pathway
G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a neuropeptide binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.
The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
CREB1 phosphorylation through the activation of Adenylate Cyclase
CREB1 phosphorylation through the activation of CaMKII/CaMKK/CaMKIV cascasde
CREB1 phosphorylation through NMDA receptor-mediated activation of RAS signaling
Activation of Na-permeable kainate receptors
Activation of Ca-permeable Kainate Receptor
The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission.
A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin.
The vesicular release of acetylcholine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
The process in which glial cells envelop neuronal cell bodies and/or axons to form an insulating layer. This can take the form of myelinating or non-myelinating ensheathment.
ionic insulation of neurons by glial cells
The process of synaptic transmission from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
Note that this term was 'developmental process'.
The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pole cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Formation of a small group of cells (pole cells) at the posterior pole of the insect blastula. They are the first cells to cellularize after the arrival of nuclei at the end of the syncytial blastula stage and are the precursors to the insect germ cells.
See also the Cell Ontology term 'pole cell ; CL:0000301'.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.
Any of the rounds of incomplete mitosis undergone by a cystoblast to form a cyst of interconnected cells.
The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa.
The mitotic divisions of the primary spermatogonial cell (a primordial male germ cell) to form secondary spermatogonia (primary spermatocytes).
See also the Cell Ontology terms 'spermatogonium ; CL:0000020' and 'primary spermatocyte ; CL:0000656'.
The phase of growth and gene expression that male germ cells undergo as they enter the spermatocyte stage. The cells grow in volume and transcribe most of the gene products needed for the morphological events that follow meiosis.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellar axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of the eukaryotic sperm flagellum, and is responsible for movement.
The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization.
See also the Cell Ontology term 'spermatid ; CL:0000018'.
Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.
Construction of a stage-1 egg chamber in the anterior part of the germarium, from the progeny of germ-line and somatic stem cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The directed movement of an ovarian follicle cell that takes place during oogenesis. During egg chamber formation, follicle cells migrate to envelop the germ-line cysts and move in between cysts. At stage 10B, follicle cells migrate centripetally between the nurse cells and the oocyte, enclosing the anterior of the egg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The directed movement of a border cell through the nurse cells to reach the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The synthesis, deposition, and organization of the materials in a cell of an ovary; where the cell can then undergo meiosis and form an ovum. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of an axis in the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Polarization of the oocyte along its anterior-posterior axis. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
oocyte anterior/posterior axis determination
oocyte anterior/posterior axis specification
The introduction of semen or sperm into the genital tract of a female.
The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
The process in which the egg becomes metabolically active, initiates protein and DNA synthesis and undergoes structural changes to its cortex and/or cytoplasm.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle.
modulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
The separation of a multi-nucleate cell or syncytium into individual cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster embryo development.
The hierarchical steps resulting in the progressive subdivision of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo.
Subdivision of the embryo along the anterior/posterior axis into anterior, posterior and terminal regions.
The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by products of genes expressed in the zygote; exemplified in insects by the gap genes, pair rule genes and segment polarity gene cascade.
zygotic determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo
A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
Formation of the amnioserosa, an epithelium that occupies a hole in the embryonic dorsal epidermis. This occurs by the transformation of a narrow strip of cells at the dorsal midline of the blastoderm from columnar to squamous cells, accompanied by a lateral shift.
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.
The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts.
down regulation of neuroblast proliferation
down-regulation of neuroblast proliferation
downregulation of neuroblast proliferation
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation
A change in the morphology or behavior of a neuroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.
Note that 'axonogenesis' differs from 'axon development' in that the latter also covers other processes, such as axon regeneration (regrowth after loss or damage, not necessarily of the whole axon).
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral midline over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) as well as deuterostomes (vertebrates), the midline is an embryonic region that functions in patterning of the adjacent nervous tissue. The ventral midline in insects is a cell population extending along the ventral surface of the embryo and is the region from which cells detach to form the ventrally located nerve cords. In vertebrates, the midline is originally located dorsally. During development, it folds inwards and becomes the ventral part of the dorsally located neural tube and is then called the ventral midline, or floor plate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an open tracheal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An open tracheal system is a respiratory system, a branched network of epithelial tubes that supplies oxygen to target tissues via spiracles. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'tracheal system ; FBbt:00005024'.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the salivary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Salivary glands include any of the saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the salivary gland are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the oenocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The oenocytes are large secretory cells found in clusters underlying the epidermis of larval abdominal segments.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectodermal digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ectodermal digestive tract includes those portions that are derived from ectoderm.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the Malpighian tubule are generated and organized. This process takes place entirely during the embryonic phase. A Malpighian tubule is a fine, thin-walled excretory tubule in insects which leads into the posterior part of the gut.
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'Malpighian tubule ; FBbt:00005786'.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the imaginal disc over time, from its formation to the metamorphosis to form adult structures. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult structures (legs, antennae, wings, etc.).
The increase in mass of imaginal discs by cell proliferation prior to metamorphosis. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult structures (legs, antennae, wings, etc.) during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the histoblast disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of histoblast cells into adult structures during pupal metamorphosis. Histoblast cells are cells founded in the embryo that are the progenitors to the adult abdomen.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonadal mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonadal mesoderm is the middle layer of the three primary germ layers of the embryo which will go on to form the gonads of the organism.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hemocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work.
The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction.
The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation.
A biological process in which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's form or structure. Examples include the change from tadpole to frog, and the change from larva to adult. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving ecdysteroids, a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids which initiate post-embryonic development, including the metamorphosis of immature forms and the development of the reproductive system and the maturation of oocytes in adult females.
regulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysteroids.
regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of ecdysteroid from a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving juvenile hormone.
regulation of juvenile hormone metabolism
regulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of juvenile hormone.
regulation of juvenile hormone anabolism
regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthesis
regulation of juvenile hormone formation
regulation of juvenile hormone synthesis
regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of juvenile hormone secretion.
regulation of juvenile hormone secretion
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from an imaginal disc are generated and organized. The imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult appendages (legs, antennae, wings, etc.) during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.
The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth.
Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining.
The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms.
respiratory gaseous exchange by respiratory system
The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds.
The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or tissue in an animal.
The regulated release of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.
The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers.
The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image.
The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process.
The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity.
1. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation reviews. 2. While a broader definition of behavior encompassing plants and single cell organisms would be justified on the basis of some usage (see PMID:20160973 for discussion), GO uses a tight definition that limits behavior to animals and to responses involving the nervous system, excluding plant responses that GO classifies under development, and responses of unicellular organisms that has general classifications for covering the responses of cells in multicellular organisms (e.g. cell chemotaxis).
The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time.
Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience.
The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task).
The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes.
The act of sexual union between male and female, involving the transfer of sperm.
The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.
locomotory behavioral response to stimulus
locomotory behavioural response to stimulus
Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals.
behavioral response to chemical stimulus
behavioural response to chemical stimulus
The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.
Binding to a microtubule, a filament composed of tubulin monomers.
Viral UL47:UL48 Proteins Bind HCMV Tegumented Virion to Host Microtuble and Dynein complexs
Enables the transfer of monocarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A monocarboxylic acid is an organic acid with one COOH group.
prostaglandin/thromboxane transporter activity
monocarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity
SLC5A8 transports monocarboxylates from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC16A3,7,8 cotransport monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC16A1 does not cotransport monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC16A1:BSG cotransports monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Combining with glutamate and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
The orderly movement of mesodermal cells from one site to another.
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections.
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons.
Binding to a protein component of a cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton).
Catalytic activity that acts to modify DNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
DNA-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase activity
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of asymmetric protein localization
establishment and maintenance of protein localization
Binding to a transcription factor, a protein required to initiate or regulate transcription.
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. Please consider one of the more specific descendants, GO:0140297 ; DNA-binding transcription factor binding, GO:0140296 ; general transcription initiation factor binding or GO:0001221 ; transcription coregulator binding.
A biological process is the execution of a genetically-encoded biological module or program. It consists of all the steps required to achieve the specific biological objective of the module. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence.
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this.
A cellular process consisting of the biochemical pathways by which a living organism transforms chemical substances. This includes including anabolism (biosynthetic process) and catabolism (catabolic process). Metabolic processes includes the transformation of small molecules, as well macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, protein synthesis and degradation.
Note that metabolic processes do not include single functions or processes such as protein-protein interactions, protein-nucleic acids, nor receptor-ligand interactions.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction requires the presence of RNA, and it drives another reaction.
RNA-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase activity
Spliceosomal P complex dissociates yielding the intron-containing complex (ILS) and the spliced mRNP (new)
Disassembly of the Intron Lariat Spliceosome (new)
Combining with a neuropeptide to initiate a change in cell activity.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance.
Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.
Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538).
This term should not be used for direct annotation, it is currently kept in GO as a placeholder for describing cell death phenotypes in uPHENO. When information is provided on a programmed cell death mechanism, annotations should be made to the appropriate descendant of 'cell death' (such as, but not limited to, GO:0097300 'programmed necrotic cell death' or GO:0006915 'apoptotic process'). Unintentional cell death, i.e. cell death caused by injury, ageing, or cell phenotypes observed as a result of a pathological mutation in an essential gene should NOT be annotated using GO terms.
Combining with an extracellular amine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
G-protein coupled amine receptor activity
amine receptor activity, G-protein coupled
G protein-coupled amine receptor activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.
regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
regulation of GPCR protein signaling pathway
regulation of GPCR protein signalling pathway
regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
This term was moved out from being a child of 'cellular process' because it is a cell population-level process, and cellular processes are restricted to those processes that involve individual cells. Also note that this term is intended to be used for the proliferation of cells within a multicellular organism, not for the expansion of a population of single-celled organisms.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
positive regulation of cell proliferation
positive regulation of cell population proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
negative regulation of cell proliferation
negative regulation of cell population proliferation
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect).
Enables the transfer of a protein from one side of a membrane to the other.
protein transmembrane transporter activity
TOMM40 complex translocates proteins from the cytosol to the mitochondrial intermembrane space
TIMM23 PAM translocates proteins from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix
Monoubiquitinated N-myristoyl GAG polyprotein is targeted to the late endosomal vesicle membrane by the ESCRT-I complex
Pink1 is recruited from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria
pagA(197-794):ANTRX2 oligomer transports cya and lef (target cell endosome to cytosol)
pagA(197-794):ANTRX1 oligomer transports cya and lef (target cell endosome to cytosol)
tetX HC transports tetX LC from target cell endosome membrane into cytosol
AP4 transports APP from trans-Golgi network to endosome lumen
botB HC transports botB LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol
botA HC transports botA LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol
botE HC transports botE LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol
botC HC transports botC LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane to cytosol
botD HC transports botD LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol
botF HC transports botF LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol
botG HC transports botG LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol
DT fragment B transports DT fragment A from target cell endosome membrane
SecA2 transports SapM from cytoplasm to cytosol
Enables the transfer of cation from one side of a membrane to the other.
cation transmembrane transporter activity
transmembrane cation transporter activity
monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity
A multimeric assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand-gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex.
The orderly movement of a glial cell, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.
attenuation of antimicrobial humoral response
down regulation of antimicrobial humoral response
down-regulation of antimicrobial humoral response
downregulation of antimicrobial humoral response
inhibition of antimicrobial humoral response
negative regulation of antimicrobial humoral response
The orderly movement of a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form.
Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs in response to (repeated) exposure to an olfactory cue.
The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity.
The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by gradients of maternally-transcribed gene products; exemplified in insects by the morphogens, bicoid and nanos.
maternal determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo
Any process that modulates the size of a cell.
Any process in which the axon of a neuron is insulated, and that insulation maintained, thereby preventing dispersion of the electrical signal.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones.
Combining with melatonin, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, to initiate a change in cell activity. Melatonin is a neuroendocrine substance that stimulates the aggregation of melanosomes in melanophores, thus lightening the skin.
Enables the transfer of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), from one side of a membrane to the other.
monoamine transmembrane transporter activity
Loading of dopamine into synaptic veiscles
SLC6A3 cotransports DA, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
loading of Serotonin in synaptic vesicles
VMAT1/2 can mediate the transport of biogenic amines
Defective SLC6A3 does not cotransport DA, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Enables the transfer of organic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.
organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Growing HA is extruded from the cell by ABCC5
OAT1-3 transport organic anions with antiport of dicarboxylic acids
SLC22A8 transports Cipro into renal cell
Enables the energy-independent facilitated diffusion of ammonium through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.
ammonia transmembrane transporter activity
ammonium transmembrane transporter activity
RhCG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells
RHAG transports NH4+ from cytosol to extracellular region (red blood cells)
RhBG mediates ammonium effflux out of kidney collecting duct cells
RhCG mediates ammonium efflux out of kidney collecting duct cells
RhBG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells
Defective RHAG does not transport NH4+ from cytosol to extracellular region (rbc)
Combining with a peptide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
G protein coupled peptide receptor activity
G-protein coupled peptide receptor activity
peptide receptor activity, G protein coupled
peptide receptor activity, G-protein coupled
G protein-coupled peptide receptor activity
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Transcriptional regulation of testis differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the structures of a photoreceptor cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by the products of genes expressed maternally and genes expressed in the zygote.
anterior/posterior axis determination, embryo
anterior/posterior axis specification, embryo
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
The process in which hexose is transported across a membrane. Hexoses are aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
cellular amino acid biosynthetic process
A cellular process consisting of the biochemical pathways by which a living organism breaks down substances. This includes the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
multicellular organismal macromolecule catabolic process
cellular macromolecule catabolic process
A cellular process consisting of the biochemical pathways by which a living organism synthesizes chemical substances. This typically represents the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.
multicellular organismal biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
glutamine family amino acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
glutamine family amino acid catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.
serine family amino acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.
serine family amino acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.
serine family amino acid catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
aromatic amino acid family metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
aromatic amino acid family biosynthetic process, shikimate pathway
aromatic amino acid family biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
aromatic amino acid family catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
glutamine family amino acid biosynthesis
glutamine family amino acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
nucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
purine nucleoside diphosphate metabolism
purine nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
purine nucleoside diphosphate biosynthesis
purine nucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
purine nucleoside diphosphate catabolism
purine nucleoside diphosphate degradation
purine nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
nucleoside triphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolism
purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine nucleoside triphosphate anabolism
purine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis
purine nucleoside triphosphate formation
purine nucleoside triphosphate synthesis
purine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine nucleoside triphosphate breakdown
purine nucleoside triphosphate catabolism
purine nucleoside triphosphate degradation
purine nucleoside triphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
purine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolism
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate anabolism
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthesis
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate formation
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate synthesis
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate breakdown
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolism
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate degradation
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
ribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis
ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
ribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolism
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate anabolism
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate formation
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate synthesis
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate breakdown
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate catabolism
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate degradation
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus.
The controlled release of proteins from a cell.
protein secretion during cell fate commitment
protein secretion resulting in cell fate commitment
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.
response to electromagnetic radiation stimulus
Note that 'radiation' refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength.
The process in which nitrogen is taken from its relatively inert molecular form (N2) in the atmosphere and converted into ammonium, which is more biologically available.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
response to ultraviolet radiation stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a water deprivation stimulus, prolonged deprivation of water.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
See also the biological process term 'neurotransmitter metabolic process ; GO:0042133'.
gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
See also the biological process term 'neurotransmitter biosynthetic process ; GO:0042136'.
gamma-aminobutyric acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
See also the biological process term 'neurotransmitter catabolic process ; GO:0042135'.
gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process
The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.
The series of events in which an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
detection of ultraviolet radiation stimulus
The series of events in which a gravitational stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (not derived from living organisms) stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gravitational stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.
The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent.
catechol-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.
catechol-containing compound biosynthetic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hexose stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.
The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.
Activation of HOX genes during differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell.
embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or around a point.
The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo.
The process, occurring after animal embryonic development, by which anatomical structures are generated and organized.
post-embryonic morphogenesis of an anatomical structure
Morphogenesis of an animal organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
negative regulation of biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
positive regulation of biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
negative regulation of organismal metabolism
inhibition of organismal metabolic process
negative regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process
negative regulation of metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
positive regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process
positive regulation of organismal metabolism
stimulation of organismal metabolic process
up-regulation of organismal metabolic process
positive regulation of metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
negative regulation of catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
positive regulation of catabolic process
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis.
The directed movement of hormones into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.
The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.
anterior/posterior pattern specification
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
positive regulation of signaling pathway
positive regulation of signalling pathway
positive regulation of signal transduction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
negative regulation of signaling pathway
negative regulation of signalling pathway
negative regulation of signal transduction
Catalysis of the transfer of proteins from one side of a membrane to the other. Transportation is dependent on pH gradient across the membrane.
arginine targeting transmembrane transporter activity
delta-pH-dependent protein transporter activity
pH-dependent protein transporter activity
twin-arginine targeting transmembrane transporter activity
proton motive force dependent protein transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
This term should not be used for direct annotation. It should be possible to make a more specific annotation to one of the children of this term.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of water within a cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements, including germ band extension, that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
gastrulation involving germ band extension
Compaction of chromatin structure prior to meiosis in eukaryotic cells.
chromosome condensation involved in meiotic cell cycle
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron ion stimulus.
The division of the zygote into two daughter cells that will adopt developmentally distinct potentials.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of photosynthesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proton transport into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The regionalization process that specifies animal organ primordium boundaries resulting in a restriction of organogenesis to a limited spatial domain and keeping the organ separate from surrounding tissues.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the soma are generated and organized.
The directed movement of substances, into, out of or within a cell, either in a vascular tissue or in the vascular membrane.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
negative regulation of cell fate commitment
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
positive regulation of cell fate commitment
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the dorsal spinal cord cell population.
cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, as well as translation and maturation for protein-coding genes.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).
This class covers any process that regulates the rate of production of a mature gene product, and so includes processes that regulate that rate by regulating the level, stability or availability of intermediates in the process of gene expression. For example, it covers any process that regulates the level, stability or availability of mRNA or circRNA for translation and thereby regulates the rate of production of the encoded protein via translation.
PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of key metabolic factors
Expression and translocation of olfactory receptors
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling receptor activity. Receptor activity is when a molecule combines with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity.
regulation of signalling receptor activity
regulation of signaling receptor activity
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals.
Any process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis, into daughter cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell into daughter cells. An epidermal cell is any of the cells that make up the epidermis.
The movement of substances between cells.
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.
negative regulation of platelet activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane disassembly.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
positive regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
negative regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
negative regulation of phosphorus metabolic process
Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
Any process that modulates the chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ketone, carried out by individual cells.
regulation of ketone biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ketone, carried out by individual cells.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.
positive regulation of platelet activation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
regulation of endothelial cell migration
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
positive regulation of endothelial cell migration
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
negative regulation of endothelial cell migration
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript.
posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression
post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.
regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy
Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy
Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation
Any process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation
The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development.
programmed cell death involved in development
This process is part of the natural developmental program of some cell types, but it does not always happen as part of the development or shaping of a gross anatomical structure.
programmed cell death involved in cell development
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.
regulation of Schwann cell proliferation
Any process that increases the frequency or rate of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.
positive regulation of Schwann cell proliferation
Any process that decreases the frequency or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.
negative regulation of Schwann cell proliferation
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).
This term covers any process that negatively regulates the rate of production of a mature gene product, and so includes processes that negatively regulate that rate by reducing the level, stability or availability of intermediates in the process of gene expression. For example, it covers any process that reduces the level, stability or availability of mRNA or circRNA for translation and thereby reduces the rate of production of the encoded protein via translation.
The orderly movement of an epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.
negative regulation of epithelial cell migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.
positive regulation of epithelial cell migration
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
positive regulation of organelle organisation
positive regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of organelle organization
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
negative regulation of organelle organisation
negative regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of organelle organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
positive regulation of cell communication
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
negative regulation of cell communication
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.
negative regulation of muscle cell apoptosis
negative regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte, that forms one of three kinds of muscle.
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. Striated muscle cells make up striated muscle fibers which are divided by transverse bands into striations.
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.
regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.
positive regulation of muscle cell apoptosis
positive regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis
regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that increases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
positive regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis
positive regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
down regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis
down-regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis
downregulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis
inhibition of striated muscle cell apoptosis
negative regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis
negative regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis
regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that increases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
down regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis
down-regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis
downregulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis
inhibition of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis
negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis
negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an ectodermal cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretion
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.
positive regulation of norepinephrine secretion
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
regulation of collagen catabolic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
down regulation of collagen catabolic process
down-regulation of collagen catabolic process
downregulation of collagen catabolic process
negative regulation of collagen breakdown
negative regulation of collagen catabolism
negative regulation of collagen degradation
inhibition of collagen catabolic process
negative regulation of collagen catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
regulation of collagen metabolic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
negative regulation of collagen metabolic process
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
positive regulation of collagen metabolism
positive regulation of collagen metabolic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
regulation of extracellular matrix breakdown
regulation of extracellular matrix degradation
regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
down regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly
down-regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly
downregulation of extracellular matrix disassembly
negative regulation of extracellular matrix breakdown
negative regulation of extracellular matrix degradation
inhibition of extracellular matrix disassembly
negative regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
negative regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of primitive erythrocyte differentiation. Primitive erythrocyte differentiation occurs as part of the process of primitive hemopoiesis.
regulation of primitive RBC differentiation
regulation of primitive red blood cell differentiation
regulation of primitive erythrocyte differentiation
The process in which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
macrophage derived foam cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.
positive regulation of macrophage chemotaxis
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.
negative regulation of macrophage chemotaxis
Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a fibroblast pseudopodium. A fibroblast is a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
positive regulation of fibroblast cell migration
positive regulation of fibroblast migration
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
negative regulation of fibroblast cell migration
negative regulation of fibroblast migration
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of sodium ion transport
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of sodium ion transport
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.
positive regulation of cell morphogenesis
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.
negative regulation of cell morphogenesis
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the peptide calcitonin.
Any process that modulates the levels of hormone within an organism or a tissue. A hormone is any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action.
The directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus.
positive regulation of T cell chemotaxis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of glucose transmembrane transport
regulation of D-glucose transmembrane transport
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of glucose transmembrane transport
positive regulation of glucose transport
positive regulation of D-glucose transmembrane transport
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of glucose transmembrane transport
negative regulation of glucose transport
negative regulation of D-glucose transmembrane transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
positive regulation of myotube differentiation
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
negative regulation of myotube differentiation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
regulation of keratinocyte proliferation
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
positive regulation of keratinocyte proliferation
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
negative regulation of keratinocyte proliferation
The process in which the vertebrate retina is organized into three laminae: the outer nuclear layer (ONL), which contains photoreceptor nuclei; the inner nuclear layer (INL), which contains amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells; and the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. Spanning all layers of the retina are the radially oriented Mueller glia.
Any process in which a lipid is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction by changing the calcium ion signals that trigger contraction.
regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by calcium ion signalling
regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
positive regulation of steroid biosynthetic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
negative regulation of steroid biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.
positive regulation of glucose metabolism
positive regulation of glucose metabolic process
The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression.
cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis
A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in macrophages.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of macrophage tolerance induction.
regulation of macrophage tolerance induction
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
positive regulation of macrophage tolerance induction
The appearance of a macrophage cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
regulation of macrophage cytokine production
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
negative regulation of macrophage cytokine production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization.
regulation of cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization
The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a cytoplasmic microtubule.
cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
negative regulation of cell cycle process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage.
positive regulation of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage
positive regulation of protein processing
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage.
negative regulation of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage
negative regulation of protein processing
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amino acid import into a cell.
regulation of amino acid import across plasma membrane
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of metal ion transport. Metal ion transport is the directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of glucan biosynthesis. Glucan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
regulation of glucan biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transport. Phosphate transport is the directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell.
The movement of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along microtubules, driven by motor activity.
establishment of localization by movement along microtubule
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
regulation of neuron projection development
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
positive regulation of neurite biosynthesis
positive regulation of neurite development
positive regulation of neurite formation
positive regulation of neuron projection development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
negative regulation of neurite biosynthesis
negative regulation of neurite development
negative regulation of neurite formation
negative regulation of neuron projection development
A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell.
Note that this term should be used to annotate gene products in the organism undergoing the programmed cell death. To annotate genes in another organism whose products modulate programmed cell death in a host organism, consider the term 'modulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death ; GO:0052040'. Also, note that 'programmed cell death ; GO:0012501' should be used to refer to instances of caspase-independent cell death mechanisms, in the absence of further indications on the process taking place. At present, caspase-independent cell death is not yet represented in GO due to the lack of consensus and in-depth research on the topic. 'programmed cell death ; GO:0012501' may also be used to annotate gene products in taxa where apoptosis as defined in GO:0006915 does not occur, such as plants. You may also consider these specific children: GO:0097468 'programmed cell death in response to reactive oxygen species' (with descendants GO:0010421 'hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death' and GO:0010343 'singlet oxygen-mediated programmed cell death'), and GO:0009626 'plant-type hypersensitive response' and its children.
A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles.
The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the morula over time. The morula is a spherical embryonic mass of blastomeres formed before the blastula and resulting from cleavage of the fertilized ovum.
The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.
The process aimed at the progression of an oligodendrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons in the central nervous system.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell. Microglia are glial cells that act as the immune cells of the central nervous system. They form part of the supporting structure of this system.
The process aimed at the progression of a microglial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell.
regulation of microglial cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell.
down regulation of microglia differentiation
down-regulation of microglia differentiation
downregulation of microglia differentiation
negative regulation of microglial cell differentiation
negative regulation of microglia differentiation
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell.
positive regulation of microglial cell differentiation
up regulation of microglia differentiation
up-regulation of microglia differentiation
upregulation of microglia differentiation
stimulation of microglia differentiation
positive regulation of microglia differentiation
The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others.
The multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroblast. There are at least four stages through which the pluripotent cells of epiblast or blastula become neuroblasts.
The process aimed at the progression of a neuroblast over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific state, to the mature neuroblast. It does not include processes where the neuroblast turns into a glial cell or a neuron.
The formation of the neural tube from an epithelial cell sheet (the neuroepithelium or neural plate). In primary neurulation, the cells surrounding the neural plate direct the neural plate cells to proliferate, invaginate, and pinch off from the surface to form a hollow epithelial tube. Primary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the anterior neural tube.
The formation of a solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts.
The formation of a thickened region of the neurectoderm that is roughly triangular in cross section. The neural keel develops from the neural plate and develops into the neural rod. Neural keel formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts.
The formation of the notochord from the chordamesoderm. The notochord is composed of large cells packed within a firm connective tissue sheath and is found in all chordates at the ventral surface of the neural tube. In vertebrates, the notochord contributes to the vertebral column.
The formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation proceeds.
The process aimed at the progression of a mesenchymal cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neural crest cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Schwann cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation.
regulation of Schwann cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation.
down regulation of Schwann cell differentiation
down-regulation of Schwann cell differentiation
downregulation of Schwann cell differentiation
inhibition of Schwann cell differentiation
negative regulation of Schwann cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation.
up regulation of Schwann cell differentiation
up-regulation of Schwann cell differentiation
upregulation of Schwann cell differentiation
activation of Schwann cell differentiation
stimulation of Schwann cell differentiation
positive regulation of Schwann cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
positive regulation of neuron maturation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
negative regulation of neuron maturation
The process aimed at the progression of a Schwann cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.
The regulated release of dopamine by a cell. Dopamine is a catecholamine and a precursor of adrenaline and noradrenaline. It acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system but it is also produced peripherally and acts as a hormone.
The controlled release of glutamate by a cell. The glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
positive regulation of glutamate secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
negative regulation of glutamate secretion
The regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a cell or a tissue. The gamma-aminobutyric acid is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain but is also found in several extraneural tissues.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
down regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
down-regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
downregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
negative regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
up regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
up-regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
upregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
stimulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
positive regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell. The acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter that acts in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS).
acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
up regulation of acetylcholine secretion
up-regulation of acetylcholine secretion
positive regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
down regulation of acetylcholine secretion
down-regulation of acetylcholine secretion
downregulation of acetylcholine secretion
negative regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
positive regulation of serotonin release
negative regulation of serotonin secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
positive regulation of serotonin secretion
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purine-containing compound stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the branchiomeric skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The branchiomeric muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls facial expression, pharyngeal and laryngeal function, operating the jaw. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. Branchiomeric muscles of mammals correspond to the gill musculature of fish.
branchiomeric skeletal muscle development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development. Branchiomeric skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the branchiomeric skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
regulation of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development. Branchiomeric skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the branchiomeric skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
positive regulation of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development. Branchiomeric skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the branchiomeric skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
negative regulation of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development
Skeletal muscle satellite cell asymmetric division that occurs during a process in which damaged muscle tissue is being rebuilt.
satellite cell asymmetric division involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
Occurrence of this process outside of the context of muscle repair is probably very rare, so there is a good case for merging this with the parent class.
skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell activation. The satellite cell activation is the process that initiates satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate.
regulation of satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation of satellite cell involved in skeletal muscle regeneration. The activation of satellite cell is the process that initiates satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate.
positive regulation of satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
The change of a skeletal muscle satellite cell from a mitotically quiescent to a mitotically active state following exposure to some activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.
skeletal muscle satellite cell activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by changing the calcium ion signals that trigger contraction.
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by calcium ion signalling
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling
Any process in which skeletal muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
regulation of skeletal muscle plasticity
regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size (not length) of individual muscle fibers without cell division. In the case of skeletal muscle cells this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hypertrophy.
negative regulation of muscle hypertrophy
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy.
positive regulation of muscle hypertrophy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation.
positive regulation of muscle plasticity
positive regulation of muscle adaptation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle adaptation.
negative regulation of muscle plasticity
negative regulation of muscle adaptation
Any process in which smooth muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitogenesis.
The orderly movement of a muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a satellite cell.
skeletal muscle satellite cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction.
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction
A process in which force is generated within phasic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the phasic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Phasic smooth muscle contraction occurs in a series of discrete contractions and relaxations.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the intestine. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The intestine is the section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anal canal. It includes the large intestine and small intestine.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the gastro-intestinal system. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The gastro-intestinal system generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the mouth to anus, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (liver, pancreas and biliary tract).
gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary bladder. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary bladder is a musculomembranous sac along the urinary tract.
urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction
The asymmetric division of a skeletal muscle satellite stem cell to produce two daughter cells, one of which is destined to differentiate and the other to be a quiescent cell that restocks the satellite cell pool.
skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division
Any process by which the number of skeletal muscle satellite cells in a skeletal muscle is maintained during muscle regeneration. There are at least three mechanisms by which this is achieved. Skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division ensures satellite stem cell numbers are kept constant. Symmetric division of these cells amplifies the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells. Some adult skeletal muscle myoblasts (descendants of activated satellite cells) can develop back into quiescent satellite cells, replenishing the overall pool of satellite cells.
satellite cell compartment self-renewal involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
skeletal muscle satellite cell maintenance involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
The process in which a relatively unspecialized satellite cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
myoblast differentiation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
The process in which a myoblast migrates along an entire fiber to the site of injury. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
mononucleate cell migration involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
myoblast migration involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
The multiplication or reproduction of satellite cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. Satellite cells are quiescent cells that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fiber, which are the main contributors to postnatal muscle growth. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.
skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation.
regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary tract. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary tract consists of organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the ureter. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The ureter is one of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by variation of the pattern of stimulation by nervous system.
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by neural stimulation via neuromuscular junction
Any process, involved in skeletal muscle contraction, that modulates the establishment or extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.
regulation of excitatory post-synaptic membrane potential involved in skeletal muscle contraction
regulation of excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential involved in skeletal muscle contraction
The multiplication or reproduction of striated muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Striated muscles contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.
The multiplication or reproduction of skeletal muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.
regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.
positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.
negative regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation
The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft involved in skeletal muscle contraction. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin.
neurotransmitter secretion involved in control of skeletal muscle contraction
neurotransmitter secretion involved in regulation of skeletal muscle contraction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by depolarization of muscle membrane and ionic fluxes.
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction via membrane action potential
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction via regulation of action potential
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A skeletal myofibril is a myofibril specific to skeletal muscle cells.
The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a myoblast into daughter cells. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
response to stimulus involved in regulation of muscle plasticity
response to stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
response to electrical stimulus involved in regulation of muscle plasticity
response to electrical stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation
The series of events by which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
detection of electrical stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation
The process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
Any process in which striated muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of its smooth muscle cells without cell division. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development, and can also occur in mature structures on demand. In the uterus, smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy.
The muscle system process that results in enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development (it stops in cardiac muscle after adolescence) and can also be brought on in response to demand. In athletes cardiac and skeletal muscles undergo hypertrophy stimulated by increasing muscle activity on exercise. Smooth muscle cells in the uterus undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of muscle cells without cell division. In the case of striated muscle, this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils.
The process that initiates skeletal muscle satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.
satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. This occurs as part of the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
myotube cell development involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. This process occurs as part of the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
myotube differentiation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
The orderly movement of a smooth muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.
regulation of smooth muscle cell migration
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell migration
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other.
monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of a proton from one side of a membrane to the other.
hydrogen ion transmembrane transporter activity
proton transmembrane transporter activity
Intraphagosomal pH is lowered to 5 by V-ATPase
Virion-associated M2 protein mediated ion infusion
Acidification of Tf:TfR1 containing endosome
Enables the transfer of potassium ions (K+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
potassium uptake transmembrane transporter activity
potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of sodium ions (Na+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of calcium (Ca) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity
CatSper Channel Mediated Calcium Transport
Enables the transfer of organic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that contain carbon in covalent linkage.
organic cation transmembrane transporter activity
abacavir [extracellular] => abacavir [cytosol]
OCT1 transports organic cations into hepatic cells
OCT2 mediates tubular uptake of organic cations in the kidney
OCT3 mediates renal clearance of organic cations
OCT1 transports organic cations out of hepatic cells
OCT2 mediates tubular secretion of organic cations in the kidney
OCT3 mediates renal uptake of organic cations
SLCO1A2 transports Cipro(1+) into the cytosol
SLC22A1 transports Cipro into renal cell
SLC22A1 transports Cipro into hepatic cell
Enables the transfer of inorganic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.
inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of bicarbonate from one side of a membrane to the other. Bicarbonate is the hydrogencarbonate ion, HCO3-.
hydrogencarbonate transmembrane transporter activity
bicarbonate transmembrane transporter activity
BESTs transport cytosolic HCO3- to extracellular region
Enables the transfer of bile acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.
bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
SLCO1B3 transports ALB:(GCCA, TCCA) from extracellular region to cytosol
SLCO1B1 transports ALB:(GCCA,TCCA) from extracellular region to cytosol
Transport (influx) of bile salts and acids by OATP-A
Defective SLCO1B1 does not transport BIL from extracellular region (blood) to cytosol (hepatocyte)
Defective SLCO1B3 does not transport BIL from extracellular region (blood) to cytosol (hepatocyte)
SLC51A:SLC51B transports bile salts from cytosol to extracellular region
Enables the transfer of carbohydrate from one side of a membrane to the other.
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of a monosaccharide from one side of a membrane to the other.
monosaccharide transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of a hexose sugar, a monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms, from one side of a membrane to the other.
hexose transmembrane transporter activity
SLC2A2 tetramer transports Fru, Gal, Glc from cytosol to extracellular region
Defective SLC2A2 does not transport Fru, Gal, Glc from cytosol to extracellular region
Enables the transfer of polysaccharides from one side of a membrane to the other. A polysaccharide is a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
polysaccharide transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Amino acids are organic molecules that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group.
amino acid/choline transmembrane transporter activity
hydroxy/aromatic amino acid permease activity
amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
SLC6A18 transports Gly from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC6A6-mediated uptake of taurine and beta-alanine
SLC6A12 (BGT-1)-mediated uptake of GABA and betaine
SLC6A20 cotransports L-Pro, Na+ from the extracellular region to cytosol
SLC43A1 (LAT3)-mediated uptake of large neutral amino acids
SLC43A2 (LAT4)-mediated uptake of large neutral amino acids
SLC38A2 (ATA2)-mediated uptake of neutral amino acids
SLC38A1 (ATA1)-mediated uptake of neutral amino acids
SLC38A4 (ATA3)-mediated uptake of arginine and lysine
SLC16A10-mediated uptake of aromatic amino acids
SLC38A3-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and alanine
SLC38A5-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and serine
SLC7A8-mediated uptake of neutral amino acids
SLC7A5:SLC3A2 transports neutral amino acids from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC1A4-mediated exchange of extracellular serine for cytosolic alanine, threonine, or cysteine
SLC1A4-mediated exchange of extracellular cysteine for cytosolic alanine, serine, or threonine
SLC1A4-mediated exchange of extracellular alanine for cytosolic serine, threonine, or cysteine
SLC1A4-mediated exchange of extracellular threonine for cytosolic alanine, serine, or cysteine
SLC1A5-mediated exchange of alanine and glutamine across the plasma membrane
SLC1A5-mediated exchange of glutamine and alanine across the plasma membrane
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine
SLC6A19 cotransports neutral amino acids, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC6A14 cotransports SLC6A14 ligands, Cl-, 2Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC7A2, isoform B (CAT-2B)-mediated uptake of cationic amino acids
SLC7A3 (CAT-3)-mediated uptake of cationic amino acids
SLC7A1 (CAT-1)-mediated uptake of cationic amino acids
SLC7A2, isoform A (CAT-2A)-mediated uptake of cationic amino acids
SLC7A10-mediated uptake of small neutral amino acids
SLC7A11-mediated exchange of extracellular cysteine and cytosolic glutamate
SLC7A7:SLC3A2 exchanges L-Arg for L-Leu, Na+ across the plasma membrane
SLC7A6 (y+LAT2)-mediated exchange of extracellular leucine for cytosolic arginine
SLC7A9:SLC3A1 exchanges L-Arg, CySS-, L-Lys for L-Leu
Defective SLC36A2 does not cotransport Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC3A1 (in SLC7A9:SLC3A1) does not exchange L-Arg, CySS-, L-Lys for L-Leu
Variant SLC6A14 cotransports SLC6A14 ligands, Cl-, 2Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC6A19 does not cotransport neutral amino acids, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC6A18 does not transport Gly from extracellular region to cytosol
Variant SLC6A20 does not cotransport L-Pro, Na+ from extracellulare region to cytosol
Defective SLC7A9 (in SLC7A9:SLC3A1) does not exchange L-Arg, CySS-, L-Lys for L-Leu
Defective SLC7A7 does not exchange L-Arg for L-Leu, Na+ across the plasma membrane
Loading of GABA into clathrin sculpted GABA transport vesicle lumen
SLC38A9 transports L-Arg from lysosomal lumen to cytosol
Enables the transfer of acidic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Acidic amino acids have side chains with a negative charge at pH 7.3.
acidic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of aromatic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Aromatic amino acids have an aromatic ring.
aromatic amino acid transporter activity
valine/tyrosine/tryptophan permease activity
aromatic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of basic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Basic amino acids have side chains with a positive charge at pH 7.3.
cationic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
basic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
PQLC2 transports L-Arg,L-His,L-Lys from lysosomal lumen to cytosol
SLC25A29 transports basic amino acids from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix
Enables the transfer of neutral L-amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Neutral amino acids have side chains with no charge at pH 7.3.
neutral amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
neutral L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of an L-amino acid from one side of a membrane to the other. L-amino acids are the L-enantiomers of amino acids.
L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of gamma-aminobutyric acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Gamma-aminobutyric acid is 4-aminobutyrate (GABA).
gamma-aminobutyric acid transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of glycine from one side of a membrane to the other. Glycine is aminoethanoic acid.
proline/glycine/betaine:hydrogen/sodium symporter activity
glycine transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of a purine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of ADP, adenosine diphosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.
fatty acid transmembrane transporter activity
Defective SLC27A4 does not transport LCFAs from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC27A1,4,6 transport LCFAs from extracellular region to cytosol
oxo-DHAs translocate from cytosol to extracellular region
oxo-DPAn-3s translocate from cytosol to extracellular region
Enables the energy-independent facilitated diffusion of water through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.
Aquaporin-1 passively transports water into cell
Aquaporin-1 passively transports water out of cell
p-S256-Aquaporin-2 passively transports water into cell
Aquaporin-4 passively transports water out of cell
Aquaporin-3 passively transports water out of cell
Aquaporins passively transport water into cells
Aquaporins passively transport water out of cells
Enables the facilitated diffusion of a hydrogen ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
OTOP1 transports H+ from the extracellular region to the cytosol
Enables the energy-independent facilitated diffusion of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel. Stereospecificity is not exhibited but this transport may be specific for a particular molecular species or class of molecules.
H2O2 diffuses from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol
PXMP2 trimer transports glycolate from cytosol to peroxisomal matrix
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium cation by a channel that opens when a calcium cation has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
calcium-activated potassium channel activity
KCNN2 transports K+ from the cytosol to the extracellular region
KCNMA1:KCNMB1 transports potassium ions from the cytosol to the extracellular region
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity
Activation of Ca-permeable Kainate receptors
Activation of highly sodium permeable postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Activation of highly calcium permeable nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Activation of highly calcium permeable postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
An ionotropic glutamate receptor activity that exhibits fast gating by glutamate, acts by opening a cation channel permeable to sodium and potassium, and for which kainate is an agonist.
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product. Consider also annotating to the molecular function terms 'ionotropic glutamate receptor activity ; GO:0004970' and 'cation channel activity ; GO:0005261'.
kainate selective glutamate receptor activity
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
SCNN channels transport extracellular Na+ to cytosol
Enables the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy, not direct ATP coupling. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.
electrochemical potential-driven transporter activity
energizer of outer membrane receptor-mediated transport activity
multidrug endosomal transmembrane transporter activity
galactose/glucose (methylgalactoside) porter activity
secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of an inorganic molecular entity from the outside of a cell to the inside of the cell across a membrane. An inorganic molecular entity is a molecular entity that contains no carbon.
inorganic solute uptake transmembrane transporter activity
inorganic molecular entity transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the movement of a monocarboxylate, any compound containing a single carboxyl group (COOH or COO-), by uniport, symport or antiport across a membrane by a carrier-mediated mechanism.
secondary active monocarboxylate transmembrane transporter activity
Combining with an acetylcholine receptor ligand and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
For nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that act as ion channels, instead use 'acetylcholine-gated cation channel activity ; GO:0022848'.
Enables the transfer of organophosphate esters from one side of a membrane to the other. Organophosphate esters are small organic molecules containing phosphate ester bonds.
organophosphate ester transmembrane transporter activity
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes.
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins.
Binding to monomeric or multimeric forms of tubulin, including microtubules.
Enables the transfer of short-chain fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A short-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing fewer than 6 carbons.
short-chain fatty acid transporter activity
short-chain fatty acid uptake transporter activity
While there is not universal consensus on the lengths of short-, medium-, long- and very-long-chain fatty acids, the GO uses the definitions in ChEBI (see CHEBI:26666, CHEBI:59554, CHEBI:15904 and CHEBI:27283).
short-chain fatty acid transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of an alcohol from one side of a membrane to the other. An alcohol is any carbon compound that contains a hydroxyl group.
alcohol transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of substances that are gaseous in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.
The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.
The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.
The directed movement of monocarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of organophosphate esters into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organophosphate esters are small organic molecules containing phosphate ester bonds.
The process in which a monosaccharide is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates; they are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.
The directed movement of polysaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A polysaccharide is a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
The directed movement of acidic amino acids, amino acids with a pH below 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of aromatic amino acids, amino acids with aromatic ring, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of basic amino acids, amino acids with a pH above 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of neutral amino acids, amino acids with no net charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of L-enantiomer amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
See also the biological process term 'neurotransmitter transport ; GO:0006836'.
The directed movement of L-glutamate across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or a pore.
mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate transport
The directed movement of glycine, aminoethanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of an organic hydroxy compound (organic alcohol) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic hydroxy compound is an organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.
The directed movement of a purine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.
The directed movement of ADP, adenosine diphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside (a purine organic base attached to a ribose sugar) esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.
The directed movement of acetylcholine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.
The directed movement of dopamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
The directed movement of norepinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
The directed movement of fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.
The directed movement of short-chain fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A short-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing fewer than 6 carbons.
The directed movement of short-chain fatty acids into a cell or organelle. A short-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing fewer than 6 carbons.
short-chain fatty acid transmembrane transport
The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
nucleobase-containing compound transport
Enables the transfer of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids from one side of a membrane to the other.
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transmembrane transporter activity
nucleobase-containing compound transmembrane transporter activity
The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide (CO2) using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from organic compounds; results in the oxidation of the compounds from which energy is released.
energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it and attached to it.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
multicellular organism lipid catabolic process
multicellular organismal lipid catabolic process
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.
cellular component organisation at cellular level
cellular component organisation in other organism
cellular component organization at cellular level
cellular component organization in other organism
The series of events in which a temperature stimulus (hot or cold) is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
metabolic process resulting in cell growth
non-developmental growth of a unicellular organism
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
catabolic carbohydrate metabolic process
multicellular organismal carbohydrate catabolic process
single-organism carbohydrate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
Hyperpolarization (vertebrates) or depolarization (invertebrates) of the photoreceptor cell membrane via closing/opening of cation specific channels as a result of signals generated by rhodopsin activation by a photon.
changes in polarization state of photoreceptor cell membrane
regulation of membrane potential in photoreceptor cell
An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution.
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetraterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with eight isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetraterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with eight isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tetraterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with eight isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving xanthophylls, oxygen-containing carotenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xanthophylls, oxygen-containing carotenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xanthophylls, oxygen-containing carotenoids.
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.
regulation of striated muscle tissue development
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Note that this term encompasses all activities that transfer a single phosphate group; although ATP is by far the most common phosphate donor, reactions using other phosphate donors are included in this term.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mushroom body over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mushroom body is composed of the prominent neuropil structures of the insect central brain, thought to be crucial for olfactory associated learning. These consist mainly of a bulbous calyx and tightly packaged arrays of thin parallel fibers of the Kenyon cells.
The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a female.
Formation and maintenance of a polarized microtubule array originating from a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton organisation
oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton organization
The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Recombination occurring within or between DNA molecules in somatic cells.
The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins.
somatic diversification of immunoglobulins
Mutations occurring somatically that result in amino acid changes in the rearranged V regions of immunoglobulins.
somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes
The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, as known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus.
somatic recombination of antibody gene segments
somatic recombination of immunoglobulin gene segments
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond (diphosphate bond) between two phosphate groups.
The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues.
The directed movement of substances or organelles within the cytosol.
Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. Protein maturation is the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.
protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage
protein maturation by peptide bond hydrolysis
The generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone.
Incretin synthesis, secretion, and inactivation
Synthesis, secretion, and deacylation of Ghrelin
Combining with a protein hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. A nucleotide is a compound that consists of a nucleoside esterified with a phosphate molecule.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.
The cytoplasm of a muscle cell; includes the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Binding to glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.
Binding to an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
TRAF2 ubiquitinates cIAP1,2 in cIAP1,2:TRAF1:TRAF2:TRAF3:NIK
TSR3 transfers aminocarboxypropyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to N(1)-methylpseudouridine-1248 of 18SE rRNA yielding N(1)-methyl-N(3)-aminocarboxypropylpseudouridine-1248
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Note that this term encompasses all kinase activities, as well as activities that transfer other phosphorus-containing groups such as diphosphate or nucleotides.
transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to an alcohol group (acceptor).
phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor
abacavir + AMP => abacavir monophosphate + adenosine
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc.
Partial proteolysis of antigen in phagolysosomes
Production of AA by iPLA2 upon FCGR activation
Phospholipid phosphatase 6 hydrolyses Presqualene diphosphate to presqualene monophosphate
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ester bond.
hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds
uPAR-acyl-GPI + H2O -> uPAR + long-chain fatty acid
Butyrylcholinesterase hydrolyzes acyl Ghrelin
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PLA2G7) hydrolyzes acyl Ghrelin
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride.
hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, involved in cellular and subcellular movement
hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride which contains phosphorus.
hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides
NUDT1 hydrolyzes O6-methyl-dGTP to O6-methyl-dGMP
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dATP to N6-methyl-dAMP
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-ATP to N6-methyl-AMP
Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.
TSTA3 dimer epimerises GDP-DHDMan to GDP-KDGal
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + H+ phosphate. ATP hydrolysis is used in some reactions as an energy source, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient.
Note that this term is meant to specifically represent the ATPase activity of proteins using ATP as a source of energy to drive a reaction. If possible, gene products should also be annotated to a child of 'ATP-dependent activity ; GO:0140657', to capture their overall function.
NXF1:NXT1 (TAP:p15) binds capped mRNA:CBC:EJC:TREX (minus DDX39B)
Trafficking of GluR2-containing AMPA receptors to synapse
SPRTN:VCP-mediated release of POLH from monoUb:K164-PCNA
NSF ATPase activity dissociates cis-SNARE
NSF ATPase activity dissociates cis-SNARE at cis-Golgi
NSF ATPase activity dissociates cis-SNARE at the ER
ATP hydrolysis by RHOBTB3 promotes PLIN3 dissociation
ATP hydrolysis by NSF disassembles the cis-SNARE at the TGN
NSF-dependent ATP hydrolysis disassembles the cis-SNARE at the TGN
ATP hydrolysis by NSF disassembles the cis-SNARE at the Golgi membrane
HSPA8-mediated ATP hydrolysis promotes vesicle uncoating
HSP90-dependent ATP hydrolysis promotes release of ESR:ESTG from chaperone complex
Progesterone stimulation promotes PGR:P4 binding to ESR1:ESTG
Tail-anchored protein:SGTA:BAG6:GET4:UBL4A:ASNA1:ATP dissociates and ASNA1 hydrolyzes ATP yielding Tail-anchored protein:ASNA1:ADP
VPS4 mediates disassembly of ESCRTIII subunits to promote sealing of holes in the nuclear envelope
ATP-dependent release of CDT1 from the OCCM complex
Combining with acetylcholine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
G protein coupled acetylcholine receptor activity
G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor activity
acetylcholine receptor activity, G-protein coupled
metabotropic acetylcholine receptor activity
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activity
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activity
Acetylcholine binds Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor M3
Combining with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) is an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor activity
See also the molecular function term 'neurotransmitter receptor activity ; GO:0030594'.
Binding to a nuclear receptor protein. Nuclear receptor proteins are DNA-binding transcription factors which are regulated by binding to a ligand.
ligand-dependent nuclear receptor binding
ligand-dependent nuclear receptor interactor activity
Binding to a peptide with hormonal activity in animals.
Binding to a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a ribonucleoside triphosphate + H2O = a ribonucleoside diphosphate + H+ + phosphate.
nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase activity
nucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity
nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase activity
nucleoside-5-triphosphate phosphohydrolase activity
ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity
NTPDase1 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates
NTPDase2 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates
NTPDase3 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates
NTPDase4 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates
NTPDase7 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates
NTPDase8 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a nucleolus, a small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.
down regulation of protein biosynthetic process
down-regulation of protein biosynthetic process
downregulation of protein biosynthetic process
negative regulation of protein anabolism
negative regulation of protein biosynthesis
negative regulation of protein biosynthetic process
negative regulation of protein formation
negative regulation of protein synthesis
inhibition of protein biosynthetic process
protein biosynthetic process inhibitor activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine.
The alteration of an amino acid residue in a peptide.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.
Note that phenol metabolism is not included as a child of 'xenobiotic metabolism' because although it is synthesized industrially, phenol is also found naturally in animal wastes and other organic materials. It is often formed by the activity of microorganisms, which can chemically modify a variety of xenobiotic and naturally occurring phenolic compounds.
phenol-containing compound metabolic process
The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction.
reproductive behavior in a multicellular organism
multicellular organism reproductive behavior
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.
transmembrane receptor protein kinase activity
STAT3 is phosphorylated by TSLP:IL7R:CRLF2:STAT3 complex
JAK3 in IL7:p-Y449-IL7R:JAK1:IL2RG:JAK3 is phosphorylated
Binding to an intermediate filament, a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of higher eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
Activation of gene expression by SREBF (SREBP)
Regulation of lipid metabolism by PPARalpha
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.
regulation of fatty acid metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.
Any cellular process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
regulation of phosphate metabolic process
The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathway
Signaling by CSF1 (M-CSF) in myeloid cells
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process
regulation of organismal metabolic process
The neurological system process in which a signal is transmitted through the nervous system by a combination of action potential propagation and synaptic transmission.
An action potential that occurs in a neuron.
The series of events by which an organism senses the position, location, orientation, and movement of the body and its parts. Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, sensory nerve terminals found in muscles, tendons, and joint capsules, which give information concerning movements and position of the body. The receptors in the labyrinth are sometimes also considered proprioceptors.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. A painful stimulus is any physical or chemical event that has the potential to cause tissue damage (actual or perceived) and activates the nociceptive system.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.
phenol-containing compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification.
protein metabolic process and modification
multicellular organismal protein metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.
catechol-containing compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a short-chain fatty acid. A short-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing fewer than 6 carbons.
short-chain fatty acid catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organophosphates, any phosphate-containing organic compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ribose phosphate, any phosphorylated ribose sugar.
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions.
Any process involved with the carrying out of an immune response by a B cell, through, for instance, the production of antibodies or cytokines, or antigen presentation to T cells.
B lymphocyte mediated immune effector process
B-lymphocyte mediated immune effector process
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the cell.
An immune response against microbes mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are seen in the antimicrobial humoral response of Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoids.
regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in many of the chemical changes of compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. In multicellular organisms secondary metabolism is generally carried out in specific cell types, and may be useful for the organism as a whole. In unicellular organisms, secondary metabolism is often used for the production of antibiotics or for the utilization and acquisition of unusual nutrients.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
Glyoxylate metabolism and glycine degradation
A protein complex that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds and sometimes complexed with additional proteins. An immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.
Note that an immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available.
An immunoglobulin complex that is present in the plasma membrane of B cells and that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins.
B cell receptor accessory molecule complex
The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of stem cells of a single type. This can be achieved by a number of mechanisms: stem cell asymmetric division maintains stem cell numbers; stem cell symmetric division increases them; maintenance of a stem cell niche maintains the conditions for commitment to the stem cell fate for some types of stem cell; stem cells may arise de novo from other cell types.
Binding to an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
The external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or certain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts; freely permeable to most ions and metabolites.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
antigen presentation, endogenous antigen
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous antigen
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous antigen
A type of reproduction that combines the genetic material of two gametes (such as a sperm or egg cell or fungal spores). The gametes have an haploid genome (with a single set of chromosomes, the product of a meiotic division) and combines with one another to produce a zygote (diploid).
Note that gametes may come from two organisms or from a single organism in the case of self-fertilizing hermaphrodites, e.g. C. elegans, or self-fertilization in plants. Note also that sexual reproduction may be seen as the regular alternation, in the life cycle of haplontic, diplontic and diplohaplontic organisms, of meiosis and fertilization which provides for the production offspring. In diplontic organisms there is a life cycle in which the products of meiosis behave directly as gametes, fusing to form a zygote from which the diploid, or sexually reproductive polyploid, adult organism will develop. In diplohaplontic organisms a haploid phase (gametophyte) exists in the life cycle between meiosis and fertilization (e.g. higher plants, many algae and Fungi); the products of meiosis are spores that develop as haploid individuals from which haploid gametes develop to form a diploid zygote; diplohaplontic organisms show an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. In haplontic organisms meiosis occurs in the zygote, giving rise to four haploid cells (e.g. many algae and protozoa), only the zygote is diploid and this may form a resistant spore, tiding organisms over hard times.
Binding to a cytokine, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity.
The formation of the prechordal plate. The prechordal plate is a thickening of the endoderm at the cranial end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells. The prechordal plate and the notochord induce the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells.
The formation of a ventral region of glial cells in the neural tube that provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types. The floor plate is evident at the ventral midline by the neural fold stage.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spinal cord primarily conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous tissues.
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of ventral spinal cord interneurons. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
ventral spinal cord interneuron differentiation
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the spinal cord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dorsal region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The dorsal region of the mature spinal cord contains neurons that process and relay sensory input.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output.
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of motor neurons. Motor neurons innervate an effector (muscle or glandular) tissue and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
spinal cord motor neuron differentiation
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of somatic motor neurons. Somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle targets and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The process in which differentiating motor neurons in the neural tube acquire the specialized structural and/or functional features of lateral motor column neurons. Lateral motor column neurons are generated only on limb levels and send axons into the limb mesenchyme. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
lateral motor column neuron differentiation
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of radial glial cells. Radial cell precursors differentiate into both neuronal cell types and mature radial glial cells. Mature radial glial cells regulate the axon growth and pathfinding processes that occur during white matter patterning of the developing spinal cord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
radial glial cell differentiation in spinal cord
spinal cord radial glial cell differentiation
The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth that establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the neural tube.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cells of the hindbrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the hindbrain.
The orderly movement of a cell that will reside in the hindbrain.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the diencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The diencephalon is the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus are derived; these regions regulate autonomic, visceral and endocrine function, and process information directed to the cerebral cortex.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the telencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The telencephalon is the paired anteriolateral division of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis from which the olfactory lobes, cerebral cortex, and subcortical nuclei are derived.
The progression of the epithalamus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The epithalamus is the small dorsomedial area of the thalamus including the habenular nuclei and associated fiber bundles, the pineal body, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ammon gyrus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ammon gyrus, often subdivided into the CA1 and CA3 regions, is one of the two interlocking gyri of the hippocampus that is rich in large pyramidal neurons.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dentate gyrus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The dentate gyrus is one of two interlocking gyri of the hippocampus. It contains granule cells, which project to the pyramidal cells and interneurons of the CA3 region of the ammon gyrus.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pallium is the roof region of the telencephalon.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the subpallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cranial nerves over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the rhombomere over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.
The regionalization process that gives rise to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
midbrain-hindbrain boundary biosynthesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pons over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the medulla oblongata over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the central nervous system is generated and organized. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The olfactory nerve is a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. This nerve conducts odor information to the brainstem.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the optic nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary is generated and organized. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
midbrain-hindbrain boundary morphogenesis
The process that gives rise to the central nervous system. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the facial nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial ophthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives off nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vestibulocochlear nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.
Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vagus nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the accessory nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mice, the spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hypoglossal nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 1 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the hindbrain is generated and organized. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.
The process that gives rise to the hindbrain. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the hindbrain to attain its fully functional state. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the medulla oblongata is generated and organized. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate.
The process that gives rise to the medulla oblongata. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the medulla oblongata to attain its fully functional state. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the pons is generated and organized. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.
The process that gives rise to the pons. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the pons to attain its fully functional state. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellum is generated and organized. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.
The process that gives rise to the cerebellum. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellum to attain its fully functional state. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain ventricular system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain ventricular system consists of four communicating cavities within the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. These cavities include two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the ventricles and is produced by the choroid plexus.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fourth ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fourth ventricle is an irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the rhombomere is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.
The process that gives rise to the rhombomere. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
The process that gives rise to the cranial nerves. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cranial nerve to attain its fully functional state. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the accessory nerve to attain its fully functional state. The spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the accessory nerve is generated and organized. The spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve.
The process that gives rise to the accessory nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the facial nerve is generated and organized. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial ophthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.
The process that gives rise to the facial nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial ophthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the facial nerve to attain its fully functional state. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial ophthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the glossopharyngeal nerve to attain its fully functional state. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the glossopharyngeal nerve is generated and organized. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion.
The process that gives rise to the glossopharyngeal nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the hypoglossal nerve is generated and organized. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the hypoglossal nerve to attain its fully functional state. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
The process that gives rise to the hypoglossal nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the central nervous system to attain its fully functional state. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the olfactory nerve is generated and organized. The olfactory nerve is a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. This nerve conducts odor information to the brainstem.
The process that gives rise to the olfactory nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The olfactory nerve is a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. This nerve conducts odor information to the brainstem.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the olfactory nerve to attain its fully functional state. The olfactory nerve is a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. This nerve conducts odor information to the brainstem.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the optic nerve is generated and organized. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the optic nerve to attain its fully functional state. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.
The process that gives rise to the optic nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the trigeminal nerve to attain its fully functional state. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the trigeminal nerve is generated and organized. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
The process that gives rise to the trigeminal nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the vagus nerve to attain its fully functional state. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the vagus nerve is generated and organized. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis.
The process that gives rise to the vagus nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the vestibulocochlear nerve to attain its fully functional state. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the vestibulocochlear nerve is generated and organized. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.
The process that gives rise to the vestibulocochlear nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.
The process in which the anatomical structure of rhombomere 1 is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.
The process that gives rise to rhombomere 1. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process that gives rise to a rhombomere boundary. This process pertains to the initial formation of a boundary delimiting a rhombomere. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon that are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral ventricles over time, from the formation to the mature structure. The two lateral ventricles are a cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of the embryonic neural tube. They are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the third ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The third ventricle is the narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma, and it communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar molecular layer nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.
cerebellar Purkinje cell layer development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar granule layer over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a nerve to attain its fully functional state.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellar granular layer is generated and organized. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.
The process that gives rise to the cerebellar granule layer. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellar granular layer to attain its fully functional state. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellar molecular layer is generated and organized. The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells.
cerebellar molecular layer morphogenesis
The process that gives rise to the cerebellar molecular layer. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellar molecular layer to attain its fully functional state. The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer to attain its fully functional state. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.
cerebellar Purkinje cell layer maturation
The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer is generated and organized. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.
cerebellar Purkinje cell layer morphogenesis
The process that gives rise to the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.
cerebellar Purkinje cell layer formation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.
The process that gives rise to the cerebellar cortex. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellar cortex to attain its fully functional state. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state.
The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar Golgi cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a Golgi cell fate. A cerebellar Golgi cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.
The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar Purkinje cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a Purkinje cell fate. A Purkinje cell is an inhibitory GABAergic neuron found in the cerebellar cortex that projects to the deep cerebellar nuclei and brain stem.
cerebellar Purkinje cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the locus ceruleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the locus ceruleus is generated and organized. In mice, the locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.
The process that gives rise to the locus ceruleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. In mice, the locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the locus ceruleus to attain its fully functional state. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.
The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar granule cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a granule cell fate. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.
The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature Lugaro cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a Lugaro cell fate. A Lugaro cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.
The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar stellate cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a cerebellar stellate cell fate. A cerebellar stellate cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.
cerebellar stellate cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior olivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the superior olivary nucleus is generated and organized. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound.
The process that gives rise to the superior olivary nucleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the superior olivary nucleus to attain its fully functional state. The superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the midbrain-hindbrain boundary to attain its fully functional state. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hypoglossal nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cochlear nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dorsal cochlear nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral cochlear nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a salivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior salivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the facial nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature eurydendroid cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a eurydendroid cell fate. A eurydendroid cell is an efferent neuron found in the cerebellar cortex of teleosts.
The progression of the striatum over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The striatum is a region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati.
The progression of the caudate nucleus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The caudate nucleus is the C-shaped structures of the striatum containing input neurons involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain.
The progression of the putamen over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The putamen is the lens-shaped basal ganglion involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain.
The progression of the limbic system over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The limbic system is a collection of structures in the brain involved in emotion, motivation and emotional aspects of memory.
The progression of the substantia nigra over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The substantia nigra is the layer of gray substance that separates the posterior parts of the cerebral peduncles (tegmentum mesencephali) from the anterior parts; it normally includes a posterior compact part with many pigmented cells (pars compacta) and an anterior reticular part whose cells contain little pigment (pars reticularis).
The progression of the amygdala over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The amygdala is an almond-shaped set of neurons in the medial temporal lobe of the brain that play a key role in processing emotions such as fear and pleasure.
The progression of the hippocampus over time from its initial formation until its mature state.
The progression of the mammillary body over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The mammillary body is a protrusion at the posterior end of the hypothalamus that contains hypothalamic nuclei.
The progression of the nucleus accumbens over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The nucleus accumbens is a collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia.
The progression of the lateral geniculate nucleus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The lateral geniculate nucleus is the primary processor of visual information received from the retina.
The progression of the olfactory bulb over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory bulb coordinates neuronal signaling involved in the perception of smell. It receives input from the sensory neurons and outputs to the olfactory cortex.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a medium spiny neuron residing in the striatum.
medium-sized spiny neuron differentiation
striatal medium spiny neuron differentiation
The process aimed at the progression of a glial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a preganglionic parasympathetic fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A preganglionic parasympathetic fiber is a cholinergic axonal fiber projecting from the CNS to a parasympathetic ganglion.
preganglionic parasympathetic fiber development
The process in which the thalamus changes over time, from its initial formation to its mature state.
The orderly movement of cells from one site to another in the cerebral cortex.
The migration of cells in the developing cerebral cortex in which cells move from the ventricular and/or subventricular zone toward the surface of the brain.
cerebral cortex radially oriented cell migration
The radial migration of neuronal or glial precursor cells along radial glial cells during the development of the cerebral cortex.
cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
cerebral cortex radial glia-dependent cell migration
cerebral cortex radial glia-guided migration
The movement of a cell along the process of a radial glial cell involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration.
cell locomotion involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration
cell locomotion involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
cell motility involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
Rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton that contribute to the movement of cells along radial glial cells as a component of the process of cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration.
modulation of microtubule cytoskeleton involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration
modulation of microtubule cytoskeleton involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
The detachment of cells from radial glial fibers at the appropriate time when they cease to migrate and form distinct layer in the cerebral cortex.
The intracellular signaling pathway that results in the cessation of cell movement involved in lamination of the cerebral cortex.
down regulation of cell locomotion involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial cell migration
down-regulation of cell locomotion involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial cell migration
downregulation of cell locomotion involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial cell migration
negative regulation of cell locomotion involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration
inhibition of cell locomotion involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial cell migration
negative regulation of cell locomotion involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
negative regulation of cell motility involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
The process where neuronal precursors migrate tangentially in the telencephalon, primarily guided by interactions that do not require cell-cell contact.
substrate-independent telencephalic tangential migration
The directed movement of interneurons from the subpallium to the cortex during forebrain development.
interneuron migration from the subpallium to the cortex
The directional movement of tangentially migrating interneurons that are not guided by attaching to extracellular substrates.
substrate-independent telencephalic tangential interneuron migration
The creation of greater cell numbers in the forebrain due to cell division of progenitor cells.
The division of neuroblasts in the subpallium area of the forebrain. The interneuron precursors that these cells give rise to include GABAergic interneurons and will migrate tangentially.
neuroblast division in the ventral telencephalon
The migration of a pyramidal neuron precursor from the ventricular zone to the correct layer of the cerebral cortex.
pyramidal neuron migration to cerebral cortex
The migration of GABAergic interneuron precursors from the subpallium to the cerebral cortex.
cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migration
The progression of the hypothalamus region of the forebrain, from its initial formation to its mature state.
The process in which a neuroblast or one of its progeny commits to a pyramidal neuron fate, migrates from the ventricular zone to the appropriate layer in the cortex and develops into a mature neuron.
The progression of a pyramidal neuron from its initial formation to its mature state.
The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the forebrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
radial glial cell differentiation in forebrain
forebrain radial glial cell differentiation
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of basal progenitor cells, neuroblasts that lose their contacts with the ventricular surface. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
abventricular progenitor cell differentiation
intermediate progenitor cell differentiation
non-surface dividing progenitor cell differentiation
The process in which a neuroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Cajal-Retzius cell, one of a transient population of pioneering neurons in the cerebral cortex. These cells are slender bipolar cells of the developing marginal zone. One feature of these cells in mammals is that they express the Reelin gene.
The process in which nerve cells are generated in the forebrain. This includes the production of neuroblasts from and their differentiation into neurons.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron that will reside in the forebrain.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron that resides in the forebrain, from its initial commitment to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the forebrain.
The process in which a neuroblast acquires specialized features of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb.
olfactory bulb interneuron differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb, from its initial commitment, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex.
cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron over time, from initial commitment to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron development
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron residing in the cerebral cortex.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an astrocyte residing in the forebrain. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.
The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte that resides in the forebrain, from initial commitment of the cell to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.
The process in which the neural tube is divided into specific regions along the rostrocaudal axis.
anterior-posterior neural tube patterning
The process whose specific outcome is the creation of the forebrain-midbrain boundary.
The process whose specific outcome is the formation of the hindbrain-spinal cord boundary.
hindbrain-spinal cord boundary formation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium.
The process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the dorsal spinal cord.
regulation of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord
Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells in a different central nervous system region.
central nervous system axon tract development
central nervous system projection neuron axonogenesis
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system.
central nervous system neuron differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.
central nervous system neuron development
Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. The process carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.
central nervous system neuron axonogenesis
Generation of a long process of a pyramidal cell, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in cerebral cortex layer V towards target cells in the gray matter of the spinal cord. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the corticospinal tract.
The progression of the pineal gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pineal gland is an endocrine gland that secretes melatonin and is involved in circadian rhythms.
The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands.
The progression of the adenohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus.
The progression of the neurohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The neurohypophysis is the part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones involved in blood pressure regulation.
The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon.
The progression of the olfactory lobe over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory lobe is the area of the brain that process the neural inputs for the sense of smell.
The progression of the olfactory cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory cortex is involved in the perception of smell. It receives input from the olfactory bulb and is responsible for the identification of odors.
The formation of the flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system.
The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate.
neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation
neural plate anterior/posterior regionalization
Generation of cells within the nervous system.
The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes in the central nervous system. The capillary endothelial cells in the brain are specialized to form the blood-brain barrier.
The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.
The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.
myelination in peripheral nervous system
The multiplication or reproduction of subpallium cells in the forebrain, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
subpallium cell proliferation in forebrain
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the telencephalon.
The orderly movement of glial cells through the telencephalon.
The orderly movement of an astrocyte cell through the telencephalon.
The multiplication or reproduction of telencephalon oligodendrocyte cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
telencephalon oligodendrocyte cell migration
The orderly movement of microglial cells through the telencephalon.
The movement of a cell within a rhombomere. This process is known to occur as an early step in the generation of anatomical structure from a rhombomere.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The cellular process that ensures successive accurate and complete genome replication and chromosome segregation.
One of the distinct periods or stages into which the cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events.
A multicellular organismal process involved in the periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin.
A multicellular organismal process involved in the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.
The initial attachment of a membrane or protein to a target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.
negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.
positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion
A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component.
cellular component disassembly at cellular level
A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular organism.
reproductive cellular process in multicellular organism
cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism
A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a single-celled organism.
reproductive process in single-celled organism
A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.
A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
A process involved in the sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis.
regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized.
negative regulation of cell shape and cell size
positive regulation of cell shape and cell size
A reproductive process that is a step in the formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component.
cellular component assembly at cellular level
The process in which the anatomical structures of a gland are generated and organized.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a complex containing RNA and proteins. Includes the biosynthesis of the constituent RNA and protein molecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the ribonucleoprotein complex.
ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis and assembly
A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex.
Enables the transfer of a single solute from one side of a membrane to the other by a mechanism involving conformational change, either by facilitated diffusion or in a membrane potential dependent process if the solute is charged.
passive transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.
active transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific neurotransmitter has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
ionotropic neurotransmitter receptor activity
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens when a specific neurotransmitter has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
extracellular substance gated channel activity
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific stimulus.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific ion stimulus.
Selectively enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens upon binding acetylcholine.
acetylcholine-gated cation-selective channel activity
acetylcholine-activated cation-selective channel activity
acetylcholine-gated cation channel activity
ionotropic acetylcholine receptor activity
nicotinergic acetylcholine receptor activity
nicotinic acetylcholine-activated cation-selective channel activity
acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activity
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
glutamate-gated calcium ion channel activity
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when serotonin has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
serotonin-gated cation-selective channel activity
serotonin-activated cation-selective channel activity
serotonin-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activity
5-hydroxytryptamine-gated receptor-channel
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product. Consider also annotating to the molecular function term 'G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity ; GO:0004993'.
serotonin-gated monoatomic cation channel activity
HTR3A pentamer:5HT transports Na+,K+,Ca2+
HTR3 pentamers:5HT transport Na+,K+,Ca2+
Enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.
substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity
uptake transmembrane transporter activity
Egress of internalized antigen to the cytosol via sec61
Defective SLC2A9 does not transport Fru, Glc, urate
Fe3+ dissociates from SLC22A17:LCN2:2,5DHBA
An unknown carrier transports cytosolic glyoxylate to the peroxisome
An unknown carrier transports mitochondrial glyoxylate to the cytosol
Enables the transfer of a macromolecule from one side of a membrane to the other.
macromolecule transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of inorganic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.
di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity
divalent inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity
monovalent inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity
trivalent inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity
inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane transporter activity.
regulation of transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another.
regulation of gene expression as a consequence of signal transmission
signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression
Binding to a major histocompatibility complex.
Binding to a class II major histocompatibility complex.
Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecules.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered.
Note that a signal is any variable property or parameter that serves to convey information, and may be a physical entity such as a gene product or small molecule, a photon, or a change in state such as movement or voltage change.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
positive regulation of signalling process
positive regulation of signaling process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
negative regulation of signaling process
negative regulation of signalling process
The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source.
The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of monoatomic cations within a cell. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are cations consisting of exactly one atom.
intracellular monoatomic cation homeostasis
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of potassium ions within a cell.
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
bud site selection/establishment of cell polarity
The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism.
The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
cell projection organization and biogenesis
cell surface structure organization and biogenesis
Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
Formation of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.
Movement of a vesicle along an actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.
A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or between two membrane-bound components of a cell, such as flagella.
A cell junction that forms a connection between a cell and the extracellular matrix.
The formation of mature insulin by proteolysis of the precursor preproinsulin. The signal sequence is first cleaved from preproinsulin to form proinsulin; proinsulin is then cleaved to release the C peptide, leaving the A and B chains of mature insulin linked by disulfide bridges.
The regulated release of a peptide hormone from a cell.
The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin. In vertebrates, insulin is secreted from B granules in the B cells of the vertebrate pancreas and from insulin-producing cells in insects.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of a lymphocyte. A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.
The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The regulated release of vasopressin from secretory granules into the blood.
Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell.
constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle
Note that the term 'secretory vesicle' is sometimes used in this sense, but can also mean 'secretory granule ; GO:0030141'.
A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules.
Note that the term 'secretory vesicle' is sometimes used in this sense, but can also mean 'transport vesicle ; GO:0030133'.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
The cellular developmental process in which a relatively unspecialized cell, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize a specific cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix.
cell adhesion receptor regulator activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
multicellular organismal protein catabolic process
This term refers to the breakdown of mature proteins. For cleavage events involved in generating a mature protein from a precursor, consider instead the term 'protein maturation ; GO:0051604' and its children.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.
A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.
Adrenaline signalling through Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor
ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 12
ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 1
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. A B cell is a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Enables the transfer of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide, from one side of a membrane to the other.
nitric oxide transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.
positive regulation of blood coagulation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.
negative regulation of blood coagulation
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix.
extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving heparin proteoglycans, which consist of a core protein linked to a heparin glycosaminoglycan. The heparin chain is composed of the repeating disaccharide unit beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-alpha-(1,4)-hexuronic acid, the former being either sulfated or deacetylated on its amino group as well as sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups, and the latter being e a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic and L-iduronic acids. Heparin is similar to heparan sulfate but it contains more N-sulfate and O-sulfate groups. Heparin proteoglycans are stored selectively in the secretory granules of mammalian mast cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of linear polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heparin proteoglycans, which consist of a core protein linked to a heparin glycosaminoglycan. The heparin chain is composed of the repeating disaccharide unit beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-alpha-(1,4)-hexuronic acid, the former being either sulfated or deacetylated on its amino group as well as sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups, and the latter being a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic and L-iduronic acids. Heparin is similar to heparan sulfate but it contains more N-sulfate and O-sulfate groups. Heparin chains are covalently linked to serine/threonine residues (O-linked) of the core protein via a tetrasaccharide linker sequence (xylose-galactose-galactose-glucuronate).
heparin proteoglycan biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronan is a type of non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan composed of the repeating disaccharide unit beta(1,4)-D-glucuronic acid-beta(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronan is a type of non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan composed of the repeating disaccharide unit beta(1,4)-D-glucuronic acid-beta(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronan is a type of non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan composed of the repeating disaccharide unit beta(1,4)-D-glucuronic acid-beta(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.
Note that the term 'thymocyte differentiation' was merged into this term because thymocytes are T cells, and thus the term was essentially redundant. Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'.
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte.
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of a megakaryocyte.
The process in which platelets bud from long processes extended by megakaryocytes.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of a basophil cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specializes features of an eosinophil.
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a neutrophil.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a monocyte.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage.
Combining with a lipoprotein particle and delivering the lipoprotein particle into the cell via endocytosis. A lipoprotein particle, also known as a lipoprotein, is a clathrate complex consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids.
plasma lipoprotein particle receptor activity
This term is intended for cell surface receptors that bind and internalize a lipoprotein particle. For members of the lipoprotein receptor family that transduce a signal rather than endocytose their ligand, consider instead the terms 'signaling receptor activity ; GO:0038023' and its children, or 'reelin receptor activity ; GO:0038025'.
Formation of myofibrils, the repeating units of striated muscle.
Binding to a carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.
Binding to a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
polysaccharide assembly with MHC class II protein complex
The regulated release of growth hormone from secretory granules into the blood.
The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.
Alterations undergone by nuclei at the molecular and morphological level as part of the execution phase of apoptosis.
The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis.
The breakdown of the nucleus into small membrane-bounded compartments, or blebs, each of which contain compacted DNA.
nuclear fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.
negative regulation of bone biosynthesis
The deposition of hydroxyapatite, a form of calcium phosphate with the formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, in bone tissue.
Any of several large complexes that contain two or three dynein heavy chains and several light chains, and have microtubule motor activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell or cells. This does not include the periplasmic space.
The outer membrane (of gram negative bacteria) or cell wall (of yeast or Gram positive bacteria) are defined as parts of this structure, see 'external encapsulating structure part'.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of an osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium (aka flagellum) that contributes to the movement of a flagellated sperm.
sperm flagellum movement involved in flagellated sperm motility
sperm flagellum movement involved in flagellated sperm movement
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the respiratory tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The respiratory tube is assumed to mean any tube in the respiratory tract.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adrenal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.
The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy.
The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.
A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.
A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along a tubelike structure, such as the intestine, impelling the contents onwards.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a cellular spore, a cell form that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and desiccation resistance, and/or for reproduction.
Note that the synonym 'spore differentiation', like the term name and definition, refers to differentiation into a spore rather than any subsequent developmental changes that a spore may undergo.
sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
The process in which cells that are products of meiosis acquire the specialized features of ascospores. Ascospores are generally found in clusters of four or eight spores within a single mother cell, the ascus, and are characteristic of the ascomycete fungi (phylum Ascomycota).
Note that ascospores and asci are separate biological structures. The ascus is the structure that contain the ascospores, but the development of the ascus is a different process than the formation of the ascospores themselves; for instance, some mutations affect sporulation without affecting ascus development. For this reason, GO:0030437 ascospore formation and GO:0075317 ascus development are different terms and are not linked.
The directed movement of the nucleus along microtubules within the cell, mediated by motor proteins.
microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
The contractile fiber of smooth muscle cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.
positive regulation of bone mineralization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.
negative regulation of bone mineralization
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female genitalia over time, from formation to the mature structure.
Binding to an adenyl nucleotide, an adenosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.
bile acid 7alpha-dehydroxylation pathway
The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells.
The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.
Combining with a neurotransmitter and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.
A strict definition of neurotransmitter receptor activity would limit its use to receptor activity at the postsynaptic membrane as part of synaptic transmission, but we recognize that usage is often much broader than this. For the strict use case, please see 'postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor activity'
The movement of a leukocyte in response to an external stimulus.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of phosphate ions within a cell.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a transport vesicle.
constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle membrane
The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle associated with the Golgi apparatus.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a chitosome.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule.
The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell.
cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport
The process that occurs during oogenesis involving the ovarian follicle cells, somatic cells which surround the germ cells of an ovary. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
follicle cell of egg chamber development
Any process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of germ-line stem cells.
germ-line stem cell population maintenance
Directed movement of the oocyte, following its specification, from its original central position in the cyst to a posterior position relative to the nurse cells of the egg chamber, and its maintenance in this posterior location. This is the first sign of anterior-posterior asymmetry in the developing egg chamber.
establishment and maintenance of oocyte localization in egg chamber
establishment and maintenance of oocyte position during oogenesis
oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation
oogenesis, establishment and maintenance of oocyte localization
oocyte localization during germarium-derived egg chamber formation
oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.
regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.
down regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
down-regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
downregulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of nucleotide anabolism
negative regulation of nucleotide biosynthesis
negative regulation of nucleotide formation
negative regulation of nucleotide synthesis
inhibition of nucleotide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.
positive regulation of nucleotide anabolism
positive regulation of nucleotide biosynthesis
positive regulation of nucleotide formation
positive regulation of nucleotide synthesis
up regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
up-regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
upregulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
activation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
stimulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
positive regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides.
regulation of nucleotide catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides.
down regulation of nucleotide catabolic process
down-regulation of nucleotide catabolic process
downregulation of nucleotide catabolic process
negative regulation of nucleotide breakdown
negative regulation of nucleotide catabolism
negative regulation of nucleotide degradation
inhibition of nucleotide catabolic process
negative regulation of nucleotide catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides.
positive regulation of nucleotide breakdown
positive regulation of nucleotide catabolism
positive regulation of nucleotide degradation
up regulation of nucleotide catabolic process
up-regulation of nucleotide catabolic process
upregulation of nucleotide catabolic process
activation of nucleotide catabolic process
stimulation of nucleotide catabolic process
positive regulation of nucleotide catabolic process
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prostate gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid.
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a granulocyte. Granulocytes are a class of leukocytes characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are active in allergic immune reactions such as arthritic inflammation and rashes. This class includes basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils.
Transcriptional regulation of granulopoiesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.
regulation of granulocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.
down regulation of granulocyte differentiation
down-regulation of granulocyte differentiation
downregulation of granulocyte differentiation
inhibition of granulocyte differentiation
negative regulation of granulocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.
up regulation of granulocyte differentiation
up-regulation of granulocyte differentiation
upregulation of granulocyte differentiation
activation of granulocyte differentiation
stimulation of granulocyte differentiation
positive regulation of granulocyte differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.
regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.
down regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
down-regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
downregulation of epithelial cell differentiation
inhibition of epithelial cell differentiation
negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.
up regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
up-regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
upregulation of epithelial cell differentiation
activation of epithelial cell differentiation
stimulation of epithelial cell differentiation
positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thyroid gland is an endoderm-derived gland that produces thyroid hormone.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk. Its development starts with the formation of the mammary line and ends as the mature gland cycles between nursing and weaning stages.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of myeloid dendritic cell activation.
regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid dendritic cell activation.
down regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
down-regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
downregulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
inhibition of myeloid dendritic cell activation
negative regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of myeloid dendritic cell activation.
up regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
up-regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
upregulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
activation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
stimulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
positive regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell proliferation.
regulation of B lymphocyte proliferation
regulation of B-lymphocyte proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of B cell proliferation.
negative regulation of B lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of B-cell proliferation
negative regulation of B-lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of B cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation.
positive regulation of B lymphocyte proliferation
positive regulation of B-cell proliferation
positive regulation of B-lymphocyte proliferation
positive regulation of B cell proliferation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the notochord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column.
The formation of a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.
The process resulting in the transition of the otic placode into the otic vesicle, a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages.
isthmomesencephalic boundary development
midbrain-hindbrain orgainizer development
Any collagen trimer that passes through a lipid bilayer membrane.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized microtubule-based cytoskeletal structures.
establishment or maintenance of microtubule cytoskeleton polarity
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures.
establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity
A nonmembrane-bound oligomeric protein complex that participates in bidirectional transport of molecules (cargo) along axonemal microtubules.
Note that we deem cilia and microtubule-based flagella to be equivalent.
A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating hormones.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the exocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The exocrine pancreas produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.
The directed movement of the nucleus along microfilaments within the cell, mediated by motor proteins.
nuclear migration, microfilament-mediated
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microtubule organizing center, a structure from which microtubules grow.
microtubule organising center organisation
microtubule organizing center organization and biogenesis
microtubule organizing center organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments.
actomyosin structure organization and biogenesis
Note that this term is a child of 'actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis ; GO:0030036' because the actin cytoskeleton is defined as actin filaments and associated proteins.
Electron-dense organelle with a granular internal matrix; contains proteins destined to be secreted.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized.
The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle.
The regrowth of a lost or destroyed body part, such as an organ or tissue. This process may occur via renewal, repair, and/or growth alone (i.e. increase in size or mass).
The regrowth of a lost or destroyed animal organ.
Assembly or disassembly of microtubules by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.
microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.
regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.
down regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
down-regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
downregulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
inhibition of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
negative regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.
up regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
up-regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
upregulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
activation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
stimulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
positive regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.
regulation of microtubule polymerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.
regulation of microtubule depolymerization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.
down regulation of microtubule polymerization
down-regulation of microtubule polymerization
downregulation of microtubule polymerization
inhibition of microtubule polymerization
negative regulation of microtubule polymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.
up regulation of microtubule polymerization
up-regulation of microtubule polymerization
upregulation of microtubule polymerization
activation of microtubule polymerization
stimulation of microtubule polymerization
positive regulation of microtubule polymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.
positive regulation of microtubule disassembly
up regulation of microtubule depolymerization
up-regulation of microtubule depolymerization
upregulation of microtubule depolymerization
activation of microtubule depolymerization
positive regulation of microtubule catastrophe
stimulation of microtubule depolymerization
positive regulation of microtubule depolymerization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell.
cytoplasmic microtubule organization and biogenesis
A developmental process involving two tissues in which one tissue (the inducer) produces a signal that directs cell fate commitment of cells in the second tissue (the responder).
A temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with flowing movements of the protoplasm, and serving for locomotion and feeding.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
Formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds, and also contain a small amounts of organic matrices that are believed to play important roles in their formation.
The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a plasma membrane bounded cell surface projection.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the leading edge of a motile cell.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pseudopodium, a temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with cellular movement.
pseudopodium organization and biogenesis
The assembly of a pseudopodium by rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and overlying membrane.
The myosin-based contraction and retraction of a pseudopodium.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia.
down regulation of pseudopodium formation
down-regulation of pseudopodium formation
downregulation of pseudopodium formation
negative regulation of pseudopodium formation
negative regulation of pseudopodium assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia.
positive regulation of pseudopodium formation
positive regulation of pseudopodium assembly
The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the B- or T cell receptor to augment B- or T cell activation.
The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the T cell receptor to augment T cell activation.
The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the B cell receptor to augment B cell activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
down regulation of protein complex assembly
down-regulation of protein complex assembly
downregulation of protein complex assembly
negative regulation of protein complex assembly
negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
up regulation of protein complex assembly
up-regulation of protein complex assembly
upregulation of protein complex assembly
positive regulation of protein complex assembly
positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing, the process in which a cell brings about the death of another cell, either in the same or a different organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
regulation of cell projection organisation
regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis
regulation of cell projection organization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
down regulation of cell projection organization
down-regulation of cell projection organization
downregulation of cell projection organization
negative regulation of cell projection organisation
inhibition of cell projection organization
negative regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of cell projection organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
positive regulation of cell projection organisation
up regulation of cell projection organization
up-regulation of cell projection organization
upregulation of cell projection organization
activation of cell projection organization
stimulation of cell projection organization
positive regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of cell projection organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
regulation of protein modification process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
negative regulation of protein modification process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
positive regulation of protein modification process
Binding to a carboxylic acid, an organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
Binding to a pigment, a general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.
Binding to an alkali metal ion; alkali metals are those elements in group Ia of the periodic table, with the exception of hydrogen.
The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns.
A localization process that acts on a protein complex; the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of protein complex localization
cellular protein-containing complex localization
establishment and maintenance of cellular protein complex localization
A cilium which may have a variable arrangement of axonemal microtubules and also contains molecular motors. It may beat with a whip-like pattern that promotes cell motility or transport of fluids and other cells across a cell surface, such as on epithelial cells that line the lumenal ducts of various tissues; or they may display a distinct twirling motion that directs fluid flow asymmetrically across the cellular surface to affect asymmetric body plan organization. Motile cilia can be found in single as well as multiple copies per cell.
The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential.
In vertebrates, the term 'neuromuscular junction' is limited to synapses targeting skeletal muscle fibers - all of which are cholinergic and excitatory. Both inhibitory and excitatory neuromuscular junctions exist in invertebrates, utilizing a range of neurotransmitters including glutamate, GABA and 5-HT.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the nervous system.
regulation of neurological system process
regulation of neurophysiological process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.
negative regulation of neurological process
negative regulation of neurological system process
negative regulation of neurophysiological process
negative regulation of nervous system process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.
positive regulation of neurological process
positive regulation of neurological system process
positive regulation of neurophysiological process
positive regulation of nervous system process
stromal cell-derived factor 1 receptor binding
monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 receptor binding
type 1 EBV-induced G-protein coupled receptor binding
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids.
regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids.
down regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
down-regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
downregulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
negative regulation of glucocorticoid metabolism
inhibition of glucocorticoid metabolic process
negative regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids.
positive regulation of glucocorticoid metabolism
up regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
up-regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
upregulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
activation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
stimulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
positive regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids.
regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids.
down regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
down-regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
downregulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
inhibition of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids.
up regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
up-regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
upregulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
activation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
stimulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucocorticoids.
regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucocorticoids.
down regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
down-regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
downregulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
inhibition of glucocorticoid catabolic process
negative regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucocorticoids.
up regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
up-regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
upregulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
activation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
stimulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
positive regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosteroid hormone stimulus. A corticosteroid is a steroid hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. They include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.
A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes.
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing in a cellular organelle, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope.
The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen.
The volume enclosed by the nuclear inner membrane.
Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane.
Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.
positive regulation of insulin secretion
Acetylcholine regulates insulin secretion
Binding to a bile acid, a steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a ciliary basal body, a short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium (also called flagellum).
microtubule basal body organization and biogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
down regulation of translation in response to stress
down-regulation of translation in response to stress
downregulation of translation in response to stress
inhibition of translation in response to stress
negative regulation of translation in response to stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
up regulation of translation in response to stress
up-regulation of translation in response to stress
upregulation of translation in response to stress
activation of translation in response to stress
stimulation of translation in response to stress
positive regulation of translation in response to stress
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
down regulation of translation initiation in response to stress
down-regulation of translation initiation in response to stress
downregulation of translation initiation in response to stress
inhibition of translation initiation in response to stress
negative regulation of translational initiation in response to stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
up regulation of translation initiation in response to stress
up-regulation of translation initiation in response to stress
upregulation of translation initiation in response to stress
activation of translation initiation in response to stress
stimulation of translation initiation in response to stress
positive regulation of translational initiation in response to stress
A cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Blebs are formed during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses.
The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses.
A process in which a protein or protein complex is maintained in a specific location in the cell cortex.
maintenance of protein location in cell cortex
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
negative regulation of nuclease activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
positive regulation of nuclease activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.
down regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
down-regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
downregulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
inhibition of deoxyribonuclease activity
negative regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.
up regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
up-regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
upregulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
activation of deoxyribonuclease activity
stimulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
positive regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus.
regulation of response to external stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus.
down regulation of response to external stimulus
down-regulation of response to external stimulus
downregulation of response to external stimulus
inhibition of response to external stimulus
negative regulation of response to external stimulus
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus.
up regulation of response to external stimulus
up-regulation of response to external stimulus
upregulation of response to external stimulus
activation of response to external stimulus
stimulation of response to external stimulus
positive regulation of response to external stimulus
The lipid bilayer surrounding a dense core granule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
down regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
down-regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
downregulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
inhibition of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
up regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
up-regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
upregulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
activation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
stimulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.
regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.
up regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
up-regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
upregulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
activation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
stimulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.
down regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
down-regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
downregulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
inhibition of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
down regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
down-regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
downregulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
inhibition of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
up regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
up-regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
upregulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
activation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
stimulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.
regulation of actin filament bundle formation
regulation of actin filament bundle assembly
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.
down regulation of actin filament bundle formation
down-regulation of actin filament bundle formation
downregulation of actin filament bundle formation
inhibition of actin filament bundle formation
negative regulation of actin filament bundle assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.
up regulation of actin filament bundle formation
up-regulation of actin filament bundle formation
upregulation of actin filament bundle formation
activation of actin filament bundle formation
stimulation of actin filament bundle formation
positive regulation of actin filament bundle assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
down regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
down-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
downregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
inhibition of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
up regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
up-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
upregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
activation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
stimulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport
Any process in which a secretory granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
Any process in which a dense core granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.
down regulation of protein polymerization
down-regulation of protein polymerization
downregulation of protein polymerization
negative regulation of protein polymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.
positive regulation of protein polymerization
The regulated release of a gonadotropin, any hormone that stimulates the gonads, especially follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.
The regulated release of luteinizing hormone, a gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.
down regulation of gonadotropin secretion
down-regulation of gonadotropin secretion
downregulation of gonadotropin secretion
negative regulation of gonadotrophin secretion
negative regulation of gonadotropin secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.
positive regulation of gonadotrophin secretion
positive regulation of gonadotropin secretion
The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon in the central or peripheral nervous system.
The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by an oligodendrocyte in the central nervous system.
central nervous system myelin sheath formation
myelin formation in central nervous system
The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system.
myelin formation in peripheral nervous system
peripheral nervous system myelin sheath formation
peripheral nervous system myelin formation
The process in which a glial cell membrane closes around an axon in the central nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction.
ensheathment of axons in central nervous system
axon ensheathment in central nervous system
The process in which a Schwann cell membrane closes around an axon in the peripheral nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction.
ensheathment of axons in peripheral nervous system
peripheral nervous system axon ensheathment
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.
regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.
down regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
down-regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
downregulation of chondrocyte differentiation
inhibition of chondrocyte differentiation
negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.
up regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
up-regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
upregulation of chondrocyte differentiation
activation of chondrocyte differentiation
stimulation of chondrocyte differentiation
positive regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone.
regulation of aldosterone metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone.
down regulation of aldosterone metabolic process
down-regulation of aldosterone metabolic process
downregulation of aldosterone metabolic process
negative regulation of aldosterone metabolism
inhibition of aldosterone metabolic process
negative regulation of aldosterone metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone.
positive regulation of aldosterone metabolism
up regulation of aldosterone metabolic process
up-regulation of aldosterone metabolic process
upregulation of aldosterone metabolic process
activation of aldosterone metabolic process
stimulation of aldosterone metabolic process
positive regulation of aldosterone metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone.
regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone.
down regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
down-regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
downregulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
inhibition of aldosterone biosynthetic process
negative regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone.
up regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
up-regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
upregulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
activation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
stimulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
positive regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.
down regulation of hormone metabolic process
down-regulation of hormone metabolic process
downregulation of hormone metabolic process
negative regulation of hormone metabolism
negative regulation of hormone metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.
positive regulation of hormone metabolism
up regulation of hormone metabolic process
up-regulation of hormone metabolic process
upregulation of hormone metabolic process
stimulation of hormone metabolic process
positive regulation of hormone metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.
down regulation of hormone biosynthetic process
down-regulation of hormone biosynthetic process
downregulation of hormone biosynthetic process
inhibition of hormone biosynthetic process
negative regulation of hormone biosynthetic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of oxygen within a cell.
The directed movement of lipids within cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.
regulation of intracellular lipid transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.
down regulation of intracellular lipid transport
down-regulation of intracellular lipid transport
downregulation of intracellular lipid transport
inhibition of intracellular lipid transport
negative regulation of intracellular lipid transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.
up regulation of intracellular lipid transport
up-regulation of intracellular lipid transport
upregulation of intracellular lipid transport
activation of intracellular lipid transport
stimulation of intracellular lipid transport
positive regulation of intracellular lipid transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
down regulation of intracellular transport
down-regulation of intracellular transport
downregulation of intracellular transport
negative regulation of intracellular transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
up regulation of intracellular transport
up-regulation of intracellular transport
positive regulation of intracellular transport
Combining with an MHC class Ib protein complex and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families.
Note that this term is intended for annotation of gene products that act as receptors for MHC class Ib protein complexes, not for components of the MHC class Ib protein complexes themselves.
Any process in which a melanosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
The directed movement of a melanosome to a specific location.
establishment of melanosome localisation
establishment of melanosome localization
The directed movement of melanosomes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the activity of a transporter.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a transporter.
negative regulation of transporter activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a transporter.
positive regulation of transporter activity
Any process that modulates the activity of an ion transporter.
regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity
regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an ion transporter.
down regulation of ion transporter activity
down-regulation of ion transporter activity
downregulation of ion transporter activity
negative regulation of ion transporter activity
negative regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of an ion transporter.
positive regulation of ion transporter activity
up regulation of ion transporter activity
up-regulation of ion transporter activity
upregulation of ion transporter activity
positive regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process in which a lysosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
An assembly of actin filaments that are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a melanosome. A melanosome is a tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the Golgi apparatus of a cell or between the Golgi and its surroundings.
Golgi calcium ion concentration regulation
regulation of Golgi calcium ion concentration
regulation of calcium ion concentration in Golgi
The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon type I production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
regulation of type I interferon production
Regulation of innate immune responses to cytosolic DNA
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
down regulation of type I interferon production
down-regulation of type I interferon production
downregulation of type I interferon production
negative regulation of type I IFN production
inhibition of type I interferon production
negative regulation of type I interferon production
Negative regulators of DDX58/IFIH1 signaling
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
positive regulation of type I IFN production
up regulation of type I interferon production
up-regulation of type I interferon production
upregulation of type I interferon production
activation of type I interferon production
stimulation of type I interferon production
positive regulation of type I interferon production
Cytosolic sensors of pathogen-associated DNA
Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function.
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition.
Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.
maintenance of protein localization in cell
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus on a follicle cell. A microvillus is a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments.
follicle cell microvillus organization and biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus.
regulation of microvillus organization and biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus on a follicle cell.
regulation of follicle cell microvillus organisation
regulation of follicle cell microvillus organization and biogenesis
regulation of follicle cell microvillus organization
A process that modulates the formation of a microvillus.
A process that modulates the size of a cellular component.
Binding to a ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a ribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.
Binding to a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.
Binding to an adenyl ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of adenosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a progesterone stimulus.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a neuron projection.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a dendrite.
The directed movement of a protein from one location to another within a lipid bilayer.
The appearance of type I interferon due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
The appearance of interferon-gamma due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.
The appearance of interleukin-1 beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-10 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-13 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 8 production
The appearance of interleukin-2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-22 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-4 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-5 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-6 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-8 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-9 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of tumor necrosis factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Tumor necrosis factor is an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis.
tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process
Note that this term refers only to the specific, original 'tumor necrosis factor' protein (TNF) and not other members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (those with the gene symbol root 'TNFSF'). That this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select one of the 'regulation' children terms.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.
regulation of interferon-gamma production
regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process
regulation of interferon-gamma secretion
regulation of type II interferon production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.
regulation of interleukin-1 beta biosynthetic process
regulation of interleukin-1 beta secretion
regulation of interleukin-1 beta production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.
regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production.
regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.
regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.
regulation of Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 8 secretion
regulation of interleukin-17 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.
regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-22 production.
regulation of interleukin-22 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.
regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production.
regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.
regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.
regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-9 production.
regulation of interleukin-9 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.
regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production
regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process
regulation of tumor necrosis factor secretion
Note that this term refers only to the specific, original 'tumor necrosis factor' protein (TNF) and not other members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (those with the gene symbol root 'TNFSF').
regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.
down regulation of interferon-gamma production
down-regulation of interferon-gamma production
downregulation of interferon-gamma production
negative regulation of interferon-gamma production
inhibition of interferon-gamma production
negative regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion
negative regulation of type II interferon production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.
down regulation of interleukin-1 beta production
down-regulation of interleukin-1 beta production
downregulation of interleukin-1 beta production
negative regulation of IL-1 beta production
inhibition of interleukin-1 beta production
negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta secretion
negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.
down regulation of interleukin-1 production
down-regulation of interleukin-1 production
downregulation of interleukin-1 production
negative regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-1 secretion
negative regulation of interleukin-1 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production.
down regulation of interleukin-10 production
down-regulation of interleukin-10 production
downregulation of interleukin-10 production
negative regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-10 secretion
negative regulation of interleukin-10 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.
down regulation of interleukin-13 production
down-regulation of interleukin-13 production
downregulation of interleukin-13 production
negative regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-13 secretion
negative regulation of interleukin-13 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.
down regulation of interleukin-17 production
downregulation of interleukin-17 production
negative regulation of Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 8 secretion
negative regulation of CTLA-8 production
negative regulation of interleukin-17 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-17 secretion
negative regulation of interleukin-17 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.
down regulation of interleukin-2 production
down-regulation of interleukin-2 production
downregulation of interleukin-2 production
negative regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-2 secretion
negative regulation of interleukin-2 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-22 production.
down regulation of interleukin-22 production
down-regulation of interleukin-22 production
downregulation of interleukin-22 production
negative regulation of interleukin-22 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-22 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.
down regulation of interleukin-4 production
down-regulation of interleukin-4 production
downregulation of interleukin-4 production
negative regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-4 secretion
negative regulation of interleukin-4 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production.
down regulation of interleukin-5 production
down-regulation of interleukin-5 production
downregulation of interleukin-5 production
negative regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-5 secretion
negative regulation of interleukin-5 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.
down regulation of interleukin-6 production
down-regulation of interleukin-6 production
downregulation of interleukin-6 production
negative regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-6 secretion
negative regulation of interleukin-6 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.
down regulation of interleukin-8 production
down-regulation of interleukin-8 production
downregulation of interleukin-8 production
negative regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-8 secretion
negative regulation of interleukin-8 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-9 production.
down regulation of interleukin-9 production
down-regulation of interleukin-9 production
downregulation of interleukin-9 production
negative regulation of interleukin-9 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-9 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.
down regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
downregulation of tumor necrosis factor production
negative regulation TNF-alpha production
negative regulation tumor necrosis factor-alpha production
inhibition of tumor necrosis factor production
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor secretion
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.
positive regulation of interferon-gamma production
up regulation of interferon-gamma production
up-regulation of interferon-gamma production
upregulation of interferon-gamma production
activation of interferon-gamma production
positive regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interferon-gamma secretion
stimulation of interferon-gamma production
positive regulation of type II interferon production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.
positive regulation of IL-1 beta production
up regulation of interleukin-1 beta production
up-regulation of interleukin-1 beta production
upregulation of interleukin-1 beta production
activation of interleukin-1 beta production
positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta secretion
stimulation of interleukin-1 beta production
positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.
up regulation of interleukin-1 production
up-regulation of interleukin-1 production
upregulation of interleukin-1 production
positive regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-1 secretion
positive regulation of interleukin-1 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production.
up regulation of interleukin-10 production
up-regulation of interleukin-10 production
upregulation of interleukin-10 production
positive regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-10 secretion
stimulation of interleukin-10 production
positive regulation of interleukin-10 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.
up regulation of interleukin-13 production
up-regulation of interleukin-13 production
upregulation of interleukin-13 production
positive regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-13 secretion
stimulation of interleukin-13 production
positive regulation of interleukin-13 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.
positive regulation of CTLA-8 production
positive regulation of Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 8 production
up regulation of interleukin-17 production
up-regulation of interleukin-17 production
upregulation of interleukin-17 production
positive regulation of interleukin-17 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-17 secretion
stimulation of interleukin-17 production
positive regulation of interleukin-17 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.
up regulation of interleukin-2 production
up-regulation of interleukin-2 production
upregulation of interleukin-2 production
positive regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-2 secretion
positive regulation of interleukin-2 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-22 production.
up regulation of interleukin-22 production
up-regulation of interleukin-22 production
upregulation of interleukin-22 production
positive regulation of interleukin-22 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-22 production
positive regulation of interleukin-22 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.
up regulation of interleukin-4 production
up-regulation of interleukin-4 production
upregulation of interleukin-4 production
positive regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-4 secretion
positive regulation of interleukin-4 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production.
up regulation of interleukin-5 production
up-regulation of interleukin-5 production
upregulation of interleukin-5 production
positive regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-5 secretion
positive regulation of interleukin-5 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.
up regulation of interleukin-6 production
up-regulation of interleukin-6 production
upregulation of interleukin-6 production
positive regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-6 secretion
positive regulation of interleukin-6 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.
up regulation of interleukin-8 production
up-regulation of interleukin-8 production
upregulation of interleukin-8 production
positive regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-8 secretion
positive regulation of interleukin-8 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-9 production.
up regulation of interleukin-9 production
up-regulation of interleukin-9 production
upregulation of interleukin-9 production
positive regulation of interleukin-9 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-9 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.
positive regulation of TNF-alpha production
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production
up regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
upregulation of tumor necrosis factor production
activation of tumor necrosis factor production
positive regulation of cachectin secretion
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor formation
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor secretion
stimulation of tumor necrosis factor production
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a mast cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production.
regulation of mast cell cytokine production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production.
down regulation of mast cell cytokine production
down-regulation of mast cell cytokine production
downregulation of mast cell cytokine production
inhibition of mast cell cytokine production
negative regulation of mast cell cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production.
up regulation of mast cell cytokine production
up-regulation of mast cell cytokine production
upregulation of mast cell cytokine production
activation of mast cell cytokine production
stimulation of mast cell cytokine production
positive regulation of mast cell cytokine production
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. Refers not only to transcription but also to e.g. viral RNA replication.
double-stranded RNA biosynthetic process
Note that, in some cases, viral RNA replication and viral transcription from RNA actually refer to the same process, but may be called differently depending on the focus of a specific research study.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.
negative regulation of adenosinetriphosphatase activity
negative regulation of ATP-dependent activity
Any process that activates or increases the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.
positive regulation of adenosinetriphosphatase activity
positive regulation of ATP-dependent activity
The regulated release of bile acid, composed of any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, by a cell or a tissue.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).
The disaggregation of a ribosome into its constituent components; includes the dissociation of ribosomal subunits.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lacrimal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lacrimal gland produces secretions that lubricate and protect the cornea of the eye.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.
down regulation of epinephrine secretion
down-regulation of epinephrine secretion
negative regulation of adrenaline secretion
negative regulation of epinephrine secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.
positive regulation of adrenaline secretion
positive regulation of epinephrine secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.
regulation of natural killer cell activation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.
down regulation of natural killer cell activation
down-regulation of natural killer cell activation
downregulation of natural killer cell activation
negative regulation of NK cell activation
inhibition of natural killer cell activation
negative regulation of natural killer cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.
positive regulation of NK cell activation
up regulation of natural killer cell activation
up-regulation of natural killer cell activation
upregulation of natural killer cell activation
activation of natural killer cell activation
stimulation of natural killer cell activation
positive regulation of natural killer cell activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation.
regulation of natural killer cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation.
down regulation of natural killer cell proliferation
down-regulation of natural killer cell proliferation
downregulation of natural killer cell proliferation
negative regulation of NK cell proliferation
inhibition of natural killer cell proliferation
negative regulation of natural killer cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation.
positive regulation of NK cell proliferation
up regulation of natural killer cell proliferation
up-regulation of natural killer cell proliferation
upregulation of natural killer cell proliferation
activation of natural killer cell proliferation
stimulation of natural killer cell proliferation
positive regulation of natural killer cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation as part of an immune response.
regulation of NK cell proliferation during immune response
regulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
regulation of natural killer cell proliferation involved in immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation as part of an immune response.
inhibition of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
down regulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
down-regulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
downregulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
negative regulation of NK cell proliferation during immune response
negative regulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
negative regulation of natural killer cell proliferation involved in immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation as part of an immune response.
activation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
stimulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
positive regulation of NK cell proliferation during immune response
positive regulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
up regulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
up-regulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
upregulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
positive regulation of natural killer cell proliferation involved in immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.
regulation of natural killer cell development
regulation of natural killer cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.
down regulation of natural killer cell differentiation
down-regulation of natural killer cell differentiation
downregulation of natural killer cell differentiation
negative regulation of NK cell differentiation
inhibition of natural killer cell differentiation
negative regulation of natural killer cell development
negative regulation of natural killer cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.
positive regulation of NK cell differentiation
up regulation of natural killer cell differentiation
up-regulation of natural killer cell differentiation
upregulation of natural killer cell differentiation
activation of natural killer cell differentiation
stimulation of natural killer cell differentiation
positive regulation of natural killer cell development
positive regulation of natural killer cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation as part of an immune response.
regulation of NK cell differentiation during immune response
regulation of natural killer cell development involved in immune response
regulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
regulation of natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation as part of an immune response.
inhibition of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
down regulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
down-regulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
downregulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
negative regulation of NK cell differentiation during immune response
negative regulation of natural killer cell development involved in immune response
negative regulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
negative regulation of natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation as part of an immune response.
activation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
stimulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
positive regulation of NK cell differentiation during immune response
positive regulation of natural killer cell development involved in immune response
positive regulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
up regulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
up-regulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
upregulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
positive regulation of natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells.
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells.
down regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
down-regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
downregulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation
inhibition of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells.
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation
up regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
up-regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
upregulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
activation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
stimulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells as part of an immune response.
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development involved in immune response
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation during immune response
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells as part of an immune response.
inhibition of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
down regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
down-regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
downregulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development involved in immune response
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation during immune response
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells as part of an immune response.
activation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
stimulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development involved in immune response
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation during immune response
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
up regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
up-regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
upregulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response
The progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney. The glomerulus is part of the nephron and is restricted to one body segment.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular basement membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular basement membrane is the basal laminal portion of the glomerulus which performs the actual filtration.
glomerular basement membrane development
All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection.
plasma membrane bounded cell projection cytoplasm
All of the contents of a dendrite, excluding the surrounding plasma membrane.
Binding to calcitonin, a peptide hormone responsible for reducing serum calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclastic bone reabsorption and promoting renal calcium excretion. It is synthesized and released by the C cells of the thyroid.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of karyogamy, the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of membrane fusion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
regulation of establishment or maintenance of cell polarity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
regulation of cellular protein localisation
regulation of cellular protein localization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides.
regulation of polysaccharide metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides.
regulation of polysaccharide biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
down regulation of organic acid transport
down-regulation of organic acid transport
downregulation of organic acid transport
negative regulation of organic acid transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of organic acid transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.
regulation of superoxide anion generation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.
negative regulation of superoxide release
negative regulation of superoxide anion generation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.
positive regulation of superoxide release
positive regulation of superoxide anion generation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
negative regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
up regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
up-regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
upregulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
activation of translation in response to oxidative stress
stimulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
positive regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
The controlled release of a substance by a cell.
The controlled release of a substance by a tissue.
The expansion of a mononuclear cell population by cell division. A mononuclear cell is a leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form.
peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.
regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation
regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.
negative regulation of PBMC proliferation
negative regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation
negative regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.
up regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
up-regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
upregulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
activation of mononuclear cell proliferation
positive regulation of PBMC proliferation
positive regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation
stimulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organisation
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization
The chemical reactions and pathways involving collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
regulation of collagen biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
negative regulation of collagen anabolism
negative regulation of collagen biosynthesis
negative regulation of collagen formation
negative regulation of collagen synthesis
negative regulation of collagen biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
positive regulation of collagen anabolism
positive regulation of collagen biosynthesis
positive regulation of collagen formation
positive regulation of collagen synthesis
positive regulation of collagen biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton.
regulation of actin filament-based process
The directed movement of amino acids from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.
amino acid export across plasma membrane
The directed movement of amino acids out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane.
amino acid transmembrane export from vacuole
The directed movement of amino acids into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane.
amino acid transmembrane import into vacuole
A change in the morphology or behavior of a keratinocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. Upon activation, keratinocytes become migratory and hyperproliferative, and produce growth factors and cytokines.
An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. Kainate receptors are multimeric assemblies of GluK1-3 (also called GluR5-7), GluK4 (KA1) and GluK5 (KA2) subunits.
kainate selective glutamate receptor complex
The disaggregation of a protein-containing macromolecular complex into its constituent components.
cellular macromolecule complex disassembly
The disaggregation of a protein-lipid complex into its constituent components.
The disaggregation of a protein-RNA complex into its constituent components.
The process in which a cellular entity is generated and organized. A cellular entity has granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system.
cellular anatomical entity morphogenesis
A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.
A protein complex in this context is meant as a stable set of interacting proteins which can be co-purified by an acceptable method, and where the complex has been shown to exist as an isolated, functional unit in vivo. Acceptable experimental methods include stringent protein purification followed by detection of protein interaction. The following methods should be considered non-acceptable: simple immunoprecipitation, pull-down experiments from cell extracts without further purification, colocalization and 2-hybrid screening. Interactions that should not be captured as protein complexes include: 1) enzyme/substrate, receptor/ligand or any similar transient interactions, unless these are a critical part of the complex assembly or are required e.g. for the receptor to be functional; 2) proteins associated in a pull-down/co-immunoprecipitation assay with no functional link or any evidence that this is a defined biological entity rather than a loose-affinity complex; 3) any complex where the only evidence is based on genetic interaction data; 4) partial complexes, where some subunits (e.g. transmembrane ones) cannot be expressed as recombinant proteins and are excluded from experiments (in this case, independent evidence is necessary to find out the composition of the full complex, if known). Interactions that may be captured as protein complexes include: 1) enzyme/substrate or receptor/ligand if the complex can only assemble and become functional in the presence of both classes of subunits; 2) complexes where one of the members has not been shown to be physically linked to the other(s), but is a homologue of, and has the same functionality as, a protein that has been experimentally demonstrated to form a complex with the other member(s); 3) complexes whose existence is accepted based on localization and pharmacological studies, but for which experimental evidence is not yet available for the complex as a whole.
A macromolecular complex containing separate protein and lipid molecules. Separate in this context means not covalently bound to each other.
Macromolecular complexes in which the lipid component is all covalently bound to protein are not considered protein-lipid complexes.
A protein complex composed of a subunit or subunits capable of binding the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin with additional signaling components. The complex functions as a receptor for immunoglobulin.
A protein complex composed of an Fc-gamma RIII alpha chain and an Fc-epsilon RI gamma chain dimer with or without an Fc-epsilon RI beta chain and additional signaling components. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgG.
The expansion of a muscle cell population by cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.
negative regulation of mast cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.
positive regulation of mast cell activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.
regulation of mast cell activation during immune response
regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.
negative regulation of mast cell activation during immune response
negative regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.
positive regulation of mast cell activation during immune response
positive regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of mast cells such that the total number of mast cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Note that this term represents the return of mast cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of mast cells required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Any apoptotic process in a mast cell, a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell apoptotic process.
regulation of mast cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of mast cell apoptosis
negative regulation of mast cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of mast cell apoptosis
positive regulation of mast cell apoptotic process
Any apoptotic process in a myeloid cell, a cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil apoptotic process.
regulation of neutrophil apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil apoptotic process.
negative regulation of neutrophil apoptosis
negative regulation of neutrophil apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil apoptotic process.
positive regulation of neutrophil apoptosis
positive regulation of neutrophil apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process.
regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a myeloid cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis
down-regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis
downregulation of myeloid cell apoptosis
negative regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis
negative regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis
positive regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process
Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process in which a polysaccharide is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome.
regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.
regulation of sister chromatid segregation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.
negative regulation of sister chromatid segregation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.
regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.
negative regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation
The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in a cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus.
The expansion of an immature T cell population by cell division.
The expansion of an immature T cell population by cell division in the thymus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.
regulation of thymic T cell differentiation
regulation of thymocyte cell differentiation
regulation of T cell development in thymus
regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation.
regulation of immature T cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus.
regulation of thymic T cell proliferation
regulation of thymocyte cell proliferation
regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.
negative regulation of thymic T cell differentiation
negative regulation of thymocyte cell differentiation
negative regulation of thymocyte differentiation
negative regulation of T cell development in thymus
negative regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation.
negative regulation of immature T cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus.
negative regulation of thymic T cell proliferation
negative regulation of thymocyte cell proliferation
negative regulation of thymocyte proliferation
negative regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.
positive regulation of thymic T cell differentiation
positive regulation of thymocyte cell differentiation
positive regulation of thymocyte differentiation
positive regulation of T cell development in thymus
positive regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation.
positive regulation of immature T cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus.
positive regulation of thymic T cell proliferation
positive regulation of thymocyte cell proliferation
positive regulation of thymocyte proliferation
positive regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleotides.
regulation of purine nucleotide breakdown
regulation of purine nucleotide catabolism
regulation of purine nucleotide degradation
regulation of purine nucleotide catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleotides.
negative regulation of purine nucleotide breakdown
negative regulation of purine nucleotide catabolism
negative regulation of purine nucleotide degradation
negative regulation of purine nucleotide catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleotides.
positive regulation of purine nucleotide breakdown
positive regulation of purine nucleotide catabolism
positive regulation of purine nucleotide degradation
positive regulation of purine nucleotide catabolic process
The process in which immune receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific receptor, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS).
The process in which immunoglobulin gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). For immunoglobulin heavy chains V, D, and J gene segments are joined, and for immunoglobulin light chains V and J gene segments are joined.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.
regulation of intracellular protein transport
The lipid bilayer surrounding a melanosome.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) stimulus.
The directed movement of iron ions from outside of a cell into the cytoplasmic compartment. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.
Binding to an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform amines.
regulation of cellular amine metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.
negative regulation of cellular amine metabolic process
negative regulation of amine metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.
positive regulation of cellular amine metabolic process
positive regulation of amine metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.
regulation of cellular amine catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.
negative regulation of amine degradation
negative regulation of cellular amine catabolic process
negative regulation of amine catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.
positive regulation of amine degradation
positive regulation of amine catabolic process
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the midbrain.
Binding to a monocarboxylic acid, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).
The regulated release of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the choroid plexus of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles. The cerebrospinal fluid is a clear liquid that located within the ventricles, spinal canal, and subarachnoid spaces.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Leydig cell. A Leydig cell is a testosterone-secreting cell in the interstitial area, between the seminiferous tubules, in the testis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collagen binding.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.
secretory granule organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule in a mast cell. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.
mast cell secretory granule organisation
mast cell secretory granule organization and biogenesis
mast cell secretory granule organization
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule.
protein localisation in secretory granule
protein localization in secretory granule
protein localization to secretory granule
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule in a T cell. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.
T lymphocyte secretory granule organization
T-lymphocyte secretory granule organization
T cell secretory granule organization and biogenesis
T-lymphocyte secretory granule maturation
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule in a T cell.
protein localisation in T cell secretory granule
protein localization in T cell secretory granule
protein localization in T lymphocyte secretory granule
protein localization in T-cell secretory granule
protein localization in T-lymphocyte secretory granule
protein localization to T cell secretory granule
Any process in which a protease is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule in a T cell.
protease localisation in T cell secretory granule
protease localization in T cell secretory granule
protease localization in T lymphocyte secretory granule
protease localization in T-cell secretory granule
protease localization in T-lymphocyte secretory granule
protease localization to T cell secretory granule
Any process in which the protease granzyme B is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule in a T cell.
granzyme B localisation in T cell secretory granule
granzyme B localization in T cell secretory granule
granzyme B localization in T lymphocyte secretory granule
granzyme B localization in T-cell secretory granule
granzyme B localization in T-lymphocyte secretory granule
granzyme B localization to T cell secretory granule
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of nitric oxide within a cell.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a carbohydrate within an organism or cell.
The progression of the floor plate over time from its initial formation until its mature state.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the floor plate is generated and organized.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
Combining with lactoferrin and delivering lactoferrin into the cell via endocytosis. Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein which binds ferric iron most efficiently at low pH.
Enables the transfer of lactoferrin from one side of a membrane to the other.
lactoferrin transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of lactoferrin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a testosterone stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.
negative regulation of dopamine secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.
positive regulation of dopamine secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.
down regulation of catecholamine secretion
down-regulation of catecholamine secretion
downregulation of catecholamine secretion
negative regulation of catecholamine secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.
up regulation of catecholamine secretion
up-regulation of catecholamine secretion
positive regulation of catecholamine secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of luteinizing hormone.
regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of luteinizing hormone.
down regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
down-regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
downregulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion
negative regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of luteinizing hormone.
up regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
up-regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
upregulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
activation of luteinizing hormone secretion
stimulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
positive regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
The multiplication or reproduction of osteoblasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoblast cell population. An osteoblast is a bone-forming cell which secretes an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.
down regulation of osteoblast proliferation
down-regulation of osteoblast proliferation
downregulation of osteoblast proliferation
negative regulation of osteoblast proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.
up regulation of osteoblast proliferation
up-regulation of osteoblast proliferation
upregulation of osteoblast proliferation
positive regulation of osteoblast proliferation
A process in which a ribosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the Golgi apparatus.
establishment of protein localisation to Golgi
establishment of protein localization in Golgi
establishment of protein localization to Golgi
establishment of protein localization to Golgi apparatus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.
Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism.
The selective elimination of erythrocytes from the body by autoregulatory mechanisms.
Note that this term is intended for annotation of self-gene products that lead to elimination of erythrocytes without the involvement of a symbiont.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.
negative regulation of tissue remodelling
negative regulation of tissue remodeling
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.
positive regulation of tissue remodelling
positive regulation of tissue remodeling
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of erythrocyte clearance.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of erythrocyte clearance.
negative regulation of red blood cell clearance
negative regulation of erythrocyte clearance
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of erythrocyte clearance.
positive regulation of red blood cell clearance
positive regulation of erythrocyte clearance
The process in which a carbohydrate is transported across a membrane.
A process in which a monoatomic ion is transported across a membrane. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.
ATP hydrolysis coupled ion transmembrane transport
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
negative regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.
regulation of cellular amide metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.
negative regulation of cellular amide metabolic process
negative regulation of amide metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.
positive regulation of cellular amide metabolic process
positive regulation of amide metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amides.
regulation of cellular amide catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amides.
negative regulation of cellular amide catabolic process
negative regulation of amide degradation
negative regulation of amide catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amides.
positive regulation of cellular amide catabolic process
positive regulation of amide degradation
positive regulation of amide catabolic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monosaccharide stimulus.
The formation of spores derived from the products of meiosis.
The process in which spores form outside a specialized end cell known as a basidium. Basidia are characteristic of the basidiomycete fungi (phylum Basidiomycota), and give rise to spores that each contain a haploid nucleus that is the product of meiosis. The spores are usually attached to the basidium by short spikes called sterigmata (singular: sterigma). In most basidiomycetes there are four sterigmata (and four spores) to a basidium.
Note that basidiospores and basidia are separate biological structures. The basidium is the structure that bear the basidiospores, but the development of the basidium is a different process than the formation of the basidiospores themselves. For this reason, GO:0034295 basidiospore formation and GO:0075313 basidium development are different terms and are not linked.
The process in which zygospores are formed. Zygospores are characteristic of the zygomycete fungi (phylum Zygomycota) thick-walled and darkly colored, and usually heavily ornamented as well, with many spines or ridges. It is formed between two specialized organs called suspensors, which are themselves usually heavily ornamented, one from each mating partner. The zygospore forms between them and then breaks away.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spore formation from the products of meiosis. An example of this is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ascospore formation. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell junction.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell junction. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.
Any apoptotic process in a glial cell, a non-neuronal cell of the nervous system.
glial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
programmed cell death of glia by apoptosis
programmed cell death of glial cells by apoptosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.
regulation of glial cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of glial cell apoptosis
negative regulation of glial cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of glial cell apoptosis
positive regulation of glial cell apoptotic process
Any apoptotic process in a smooth muscle cell. Smooth muscle consists of non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels.
programmed cell death of smooth muscle cells by apoptosis
programmed cell death, smooth muscle cells
smooth muscle cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
down-regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
downregulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
inhibition of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
up regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
up-regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
upregulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
activation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
stimulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
The directed movement of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process in which a solute is transported from one side of the vacuolar membrane to the other.
The process in which an amino acid is transported from one side of the vacuolar membrane to the other.
vacuolar amino acid transmembrane transport
The directed movement of basic amino acids out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane.
basic amino acid transmembrane export from vacuole
The directed movement of neutral amino acids out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane.
neutral amino acid transmembrane export from vacuole
The directed movement of basic amino acids into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane.
basic amino acid transmembrane import into vacuole
The directed movement of neutral amino acids into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane.
neutral amino acid transmembrane import into vacuole
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a specific location on a chromosome.
A process in which a protein transports or maintains the localization of another protein to the nucleus.
The process in which calcium salts are deposited into calcareous tooth structures such as dental enamel, dentin and cementum.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.
cellular response to active oxygen species
cellular response to reactive oxidative species
cellular response to reactive oxygen intermediate
cellular response to reactive oxygen species
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid anabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid biosynthesis
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid formation
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis
nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid breakdown
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid catabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid degradation
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid catabolic process
nucleobase-containing compound catabolic process
The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the pronephros along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in pronephric kidney development
anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in pronephros development
A protein complex that spans a membrane and forms a water-filled channel across the phospholipid bilayer allowing selective monoatomic ion transport down its electrochemical gradient.
An ion channel complex through which cations pass.
An ion channel complex through which calcium ions pass.
An ion channel complex through which potassium ions pass.
An ion channel complex through which sodium ions pass.
A process in which an iron ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
high affinity ferrous ion transmembrane transport
high-affinity ferrous ion transmembrane transport
high-affinity iron ion transmembrane transport
low-affinity iron ion transmembrane transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions (Fe) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of iron ion transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of iron ion transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions (Fe) from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of iron ion membrane transport
regulation of transmembrane Fe transport
regulation of transmembrane iron ion transport
regulation of transmembrane iron transport
regulation of iron ion transmembrane transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
down regulation of transmembrane iron ion transport
down-regulation of transmembrane iron ion transport
downregulation of transmembrane iron ion transport
negative regulation of iron ion membrane transport
negative regulation of transmembrane iron ion transport
negative regulation of transmembrane iron transport
inhibition of transmembrane iron ion transport
negative regulation of iron ion transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of iron ion membrane transport
positive regulation of transmembrane iron ion transport
positive regulation of transmembrane iron transport
up regulation of transmembrane iron ion transport
up-regulation of transmembrane iron ion transport
upregulation of transmembrane iron ion transport
activation of transmembrane iron ion transport
stimulation of transmembrane iron ion transport
positive regulation of iron ion transmembrane transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
down regulation of transmembrane transport
down-regulation of transmembrane transport
downregulation of transmembrane transport
negative regulation of membrane transport
negative regulation of transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
positive regulation of membrane transport
up regulation of transmembrane transport
up-regulation of transmembrane transport
positive regulation of transmembrane transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
regulation of ion transmembrane transport
regulation of transmembrane ion transport
regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
negative regulation of ion transmembrane transport
down regulation of transmembrane ion transport
down-regulation of transmembrane ion transport
downregulation of transmembrane ion transport
negative regulation of ion membrane transport
negative regulation of transmembrane ion transport
inhibition of transmembrane ion transport
negative regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
positive regulation of ion transmembrane transport
positive regulation of ion membrane transport
positive regulation of transmembrane ion transport
up regulation of transmembrane ion transport
up-regulation of transmembrane ion transport
upregulation of transmembrane ion transport
activation of transmembrane ion transport
stimulation of transmembrane ion transport
positive regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport
The controlled breakdown of the basement membrane in the context of a normal process such as imaginal disc eversion.
Note that this term has no relationship to 'membrane disassembly ; GO:0030397' because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a histamine stimulus. Histamine, the biogenic amine 2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethanamine, is involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.
Events resulting in the formation of a multilayered cellular sheath surrounding an invader and thus preventing its development. This defense mechanism is often seen in insects in response to nematodes or parasitoids, which are too large to be phagocytosed by individual hemocytes. In some organisms the capsule is blackened due to melanization.
Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.
somatic stem cell population maintenance
Transcriptional regulation of pluripotent stem cells
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of leading edge cells, cells at the front of a migrating epithelial sheet.
The conversion at fertilization of the inactive sperm nucleus into a male pronucleus with its chromosomes processed for the first zygotic division.
Removal of the sperm nuclear envelope, allowing entry of maternal factors into the sperm nucleus.
The gradual disintegration of the sperm plasma membrane following insemination. This process is seen in Drosophila after entry of the entire sperm, surrounded by its plasma membrane, into the egg.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryonic heart tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart tube forms as the heart rudiment from the heart field.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual.
The assembly and organization of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.
Note that cilia and eukaryotic flagella are deemed to be equivalent.
The directed movement of a hemocyte within the embryo. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. In Drosophila, embryonic hemocytes originate from the head mesoderm as a cluster of cells. The cluster splits into two and one group of cells crosses the amnioserosa. Both populations then spread toward the middle of the embryo and then disperse evenly throughout the embryo.
The process in which the anatomical structures of appendages are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb are generated and organized. A limb is a paired appendage of a tetrapod used for locomotion or grasping.
The process in which the anatomical structures of genitalia are generated and organized. The genitalia are the organs of reproduction or generation, external and internal.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindlimb are generated and organized.
Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure through which gases and/or liquids flow.
lumen formation in an anatomical structure
The stages of blood cell formation that take place within the embryo.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell derived from the embryonic head mesoderm acquires the specialized features of a mature hemocyte. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen.
embryonic arthropod blood cell differentiation
The process in which an embryonic mesoderm-derived hemocyte precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a crystal cell. Crystal cells are a class of cells that contain crystalline inclusions and are involved in the melanization of pathogenic material in the hemolymph.
The stages of blood cell formation that take place after completion of embryonic development.
The production of blood cells from the larval lymph gland. The lymph gland consists of three to six bilaterally paired lobes that are attached to the cardioblasts during larval stages, and it degenerates during pupal stages.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell derived from the larval lymph gland acquires the specialized features of a mature hemocyte. The lymph gland consists of three to six bilaterally paired lobes that are attached to the cardioblasts during larval stages, and it degenerates during pupal stages. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
larval lymph gland arthropod blood cell differentiation
larval lymph gland hemocyte differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized larval lymph gland-derived hemocyte precursor cell acquires the specialized features of the phagocytic blood-cell type, the plasmatocyte.
lymph gland plasmatocyte cell differentiation
lymph gland plasmatocyte differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized larval lymph gland-derived hemocyte precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a crystal cell. Crystal cells are a class of cells that contain crystalline inclusions and are involved in the melanization of pathogenic material in the hemolymph.
lymph gland crystal cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemocyte precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a lamellocyte. Lamellocytes are a hemocyte lineage that exists only in larvae, but are seldom observed in healthy animals. Lamellocytes differentiate massively in the lymph glands after parasitization and are large flat cells devoted to encapsulation of invaders too large to be phagocytosed by plasmatocytes.
The multiplication or reproduction of hemocytes, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen.
The directed movement of nuclei within the syncytial embryo of insects. These precise temporal and spatial patterns of nuclear movement are coordinated with mitotic divisions and are required during blastoderm formation to reposition dividing nuclei from the interior of the syncytial embryo to the cortex.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lamellocyte differentiation. Lamellocytes differentiate massively in the lymph glands after parasitization and are large flat cells devoted to encapsulation of invaders too large to be phagocytosed by plasmatocytes.
regulation of lamellocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lamellocyte differentiation. Lamellocytes differentiate massively in the lymph glands after parasitization and are large flat cells devoted to encapsulation of invaders too large to be phagocytosed by plasmatocytes.
down regulation of lamellocyte differentiation
down-regulation of lamellocyte differentiation
downregulation of lamellocyte differentiation
inhibition of lamellocyte differentiation
negative regulation of lamellocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lamellocyte differentiation. Lamellocytes differentiate massively in the lymph glands after parasitization and are large flat cells devoted to encapsulation of invaders too large to be phagocytosed by plasmatocytes.
up regulation of lamellocyte differentiation
up-regulation of lamellocyte differentiation
upregulation of lamellocyte differentiation
activation of lamellocyte differentiation
stimulation of lamellocyte differentiation
positive regulation of lamellocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemocyte proliferation. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
regulation of arthropod blood cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of hemocyte proliferation. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
down regulation of hemocyte proliferation
down-regulation of hemocyte proliferation
downregulation of hemocyte proliferation
negative regulation of arthropod blood cell proliferation
negative regulation of hemocyte proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of hemocyte proliferation. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) that are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
positive regulation of arthropod blood cell proliferation
positive regulation of hemocyte proliferation
Programmed cell death of an errant germ line cell that is outside the normal migratory path or ectopic to the gonad. This is an important mechanism of regulating germ cell survival within the embryo.
programmed cell death of ectopic germ cells
programmed cell death, ectopic germ cells
The series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
ionotropic glutamate receptor signalling pathway
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.
Binding to dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter formed by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase from 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine.
The vesicular release of glutamate from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of glutamate receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the internal genitalia are generated and organized. The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the external genitalia are generated and organized. The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the gonads are generated and organized. A gonad is an animal organ producing gametes, e.g. the testes or the ovary in mammals.
The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.
The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function.
Progression of the endocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The endocrine system is a system of hormones and ductless glands, where the glands release hormones directly into the blood, lymph or other intercellular fluid, and the hormones circulate within the body to affect distant organs. The major glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathryoids, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive glands which include the ovaries and testes.
Progression of the exocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The exocrine system is a system of hormones and glands, where the glands secrete straight to a target site via ducts or tubes. The human exocrine system includes the salivary glands, sweat glands and many glands of the digestive system.
The regionalization process that divides an organism or part of an organism into a series of semi-repetitive parts, or segments, often arranged along a longitudinal axis.
Partitioning of the blastoderm embryo into trunk segmental units. In Drosophila, the trunk segments include thoracic segments and abdominal segments A1 to A8.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tube over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hair cell.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of non-sensory hairs. These hairs are polarized cellular extensions that cover much of the insect epidermis.
non-sensory hair organization and biogenesis
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'trichome ; FBbt:00004979'.
The orderly movement of a mesenchymal cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of a limb bud.
mesenchymal cell migration involved in limb bud formation
An immunoglobulin-like complex that is present in at least the plasma membrane of pre-B cells, and that is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two surrogate light chains, each composed of the lambda-5 and VpreB proteins, and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins.
Despite its name, the pre-BCR is not a receptor complex, as it appears to provide a low level of signal not dependent on a ligand, but rather simply on correct assembly of the complex as a measure for correct Ig heavy chain recombination and folding. A significant proportion of pre-BCR complexes fail to reach the cell surface, and in some cases may provide their signaling function from the trans-Golgi network or lysosome.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a microtubule.
Binding to chondroitin sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan made up of two alternating monosaccharides: D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc).
The directed movement of water (H2O) from one side of an epithelium to the other.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when ATP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.
The process in which a phosphate is transported across a membrane.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form de novo blood vessels and tubes.
cell migration involved in vasculogenesis
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response.
regulation of leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response.
positive regulation of leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response.
negative regulation of leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell.
intracellular signal transduction pathway
signal transmission via intracellular cascade
Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
negative regulation of chromatin binding
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
positive regulation of chromatin binding
The lipid bilayer surrounding an azurophil granule, a primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes that contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid.
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by an extracellular purine nucleotide binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.
G-protein coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway
G-protein coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor signalling pathway
G protein-coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular purine nucleotide binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
purinergic nucleotide receptor signalling pathway
purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway
Purinergic signaling in leishmaniasis infection
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location within the extracellular region.
establishment of protein localisation in extracellular region
establishment of protein localization in extracellular region
establishment of protein localization to extracellular region
The progression of the intrahepatic bile ducts over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Intrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts within the liver) collect bile from bile canaliculi in the liver, and connect to the extrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts outside the liver).
The progression of the cystic duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cystic duct runs from the gallbladder to the common bile duct.
The deposition of hydroxyapatite, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.
Bone mineralization can also occur after a fracture and as a response to stress; in these cases, consider using the term 'bone mineralization ; GO:0030282'.
bone mineralization involved in bone maturation
Binding to a purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell of the intestine.
intestinal smooth muscle cell differentiation
enteric smooth muscle cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuromast hair cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell development
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when a neuromast hair cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface.
The directed movement of an astrocyte guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell from one site to another. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of monocytes such that the total number of monocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The directed movement of a helper T cell in response to an external stimulus.
The directed movement of a T-helper 17 cell in response to an external stimulus.
The directed movement of a T-helper 1 cell in response to an external stimulus.
The directed movement of a T-helper 2 cell in response to an external stimulus.
The change in morphology and behavior of a memory T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
The change in morphology and behavior of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation
The change in morphology and behavior of a T-helper 1 cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
The change in morphology and behavior of a T helper 2 cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
A process in which a sodium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a hepatic stellate cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, hormone, cellular ligand or soluble factor.
The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium that contributes to cilium assembly.
intraciliary transport involved in cilium morphogenesis
intraflagellar transport involved in cilium morphogenesis
intraciliary transport involved in cilium assembly
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to compound eye morphogenesis.
cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis
The expansion of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation
The expansion of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation
The expansion of an activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation
The expansion of an activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell cytokine production
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T-helper 1 cell.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T-helper 2 cell.
The directed movement of a natural killer cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
The directed movement of a B cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
The directed movement of an endothelial cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin, in response to a glucose stimulus.
insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose
insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.
positive regulation of insulin secretion in response to glucose
positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus
The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephric glomerulus are generated and organized. The pronephric glomerulus is part of the pronephric nephron and is restricted to one body segment.
This term is intended for annotation of fish and other organisms which contain a glomerulus as part of the pronephric nephron. It should not be used for annotation of Xenopus, which contains a pronephric glomus rather than a glomerulus.
The progression of the pronephric proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephros.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric distal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephros.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the pronephric nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
pronephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an angioblast cell. Angioblasts are one of the two products formed from hemangioblast cells (the other being pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells).
angioblastic mesenchymal cell differentiation
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
cell migration involved in kidney development
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the metanephric kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
cell migration involved in metanephric kidney development
cell migration involved in metanephros development
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the ureter to attain its fully functional state. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adrenal cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The adrenal cortex is located at the periphery of the adrenal gland and controls glucose and electrolyte metabolism, response to stress and sexual development through the production of different classes of steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and androgens).
The process that gives rise to the adrenal cortex. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The adrenogonadal primordium from which the adrenal cortex is formed derives from a condensation of coelomic epithelial cells (the urogenital ridge; the same structure from which gonads and kidney also originate).
Any process that modulates the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cloaca over time, from it's formation to the mature structure. The cloaca is the common chamber into which intestinal, genital and urinary canals open in vertebrates.
The progression of the oviduct epithelium over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism. The oviduct epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the oviduct.
The progression of an epithelium of the uterus over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
The process in which anatomical structures of the oviduct are generated and organized. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an epithelial cell that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a megakaryocyte cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Megakaryocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a megakaryocyte fate. A megakaryocyte is a giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a potassium ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a potassium ion stimulus.
A region of the cilium between the basal body and proximal segment that is characterized by Y-shaped assemblages that connect axonemal microtubules to the ciliary membrane. The ciliary transition zone appears to function as a gate that controls ciliary membrane composition and separates the cytosol from the ciliary plasm.
Depending on the species, this region may have a distinct geometrically shaped electron-dense structure within the axonemal lumen visible in electron microscopy images; most animals don't display this inner structure. The axoneme extends through the ciliary transition zone, but only consists of the outer doublets. The central pair, axonemal spokes, and dynein complexes are not found in this part of the ciliary shaft. Note that the connecting cilium of the photoreceptor cells is thought to be equivalent to the transition zone.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nail over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the outer end of a finger or toe, and consists of the nail plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it, and the grooves surrounding it.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an amacrine cell, an interneuron generated in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the vertebrate retina. Amacrine cells integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the retinal ganglion cells, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer. Amacrine cells lack large axons.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an enteroendocrine cell. Enteroendocrine cells are hormonally active epithelial cells in the gut that constitute the diffuse neuroendocrine system.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a vascular smooth muscle cell.
vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell surrounding the aorta.
aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
The regulated release of parathyroid hormone into the circulatory system.
The progression of the aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
The progression of the ascending aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.
The progression of the descending aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.
The progression of the dorsal aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once.
The process in which the anatomical structures of an aorta are generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the ascending aorta are generated and organized. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the descending aorta are generated and organized. The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the dorsal aorta are generated and organized. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle cell, a somatic cell located in skeletal muscle.
The regulated release of any steroid that acts as a hormone into the circulatory system.
The regulated release of any corticosteroid hormone into the circulatory system.
The regulated release of any mineralocorticoid into the circulatory system. Mineralocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate water and electrolyte metabolism.
The regulated release of aldosterone into the circulatory system. Aldosterone is a pregnane-based steroid hormone produced by the outer-section (zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland, and acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney to cause the conservation of sodium, secretion of potassium, increased water retention, and increased blood pressure. The overall effect of aldosterone is to increase reabsorption of ions and water in the kidney.
The regulated release of any glucocorticoid hormone into the circulatory system. Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate a variety of physiological processes, in particular control of the concentration of glucose in blood.
The regulated release of an androgen into the circulatory system. Androgens are steroid hormones that stimulate or control the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates.
The regulated release of testosterone into the circulatory system. Testosterone is an androgen having 17beta-hydroxy and 3-oxo groups, together with unsaturation at C-4-C-5.
The regulated release of estradiol into the circulatory system.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a tongue muscle cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an endoderm cell, a cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon is a fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone or integument and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons and muscles work together to exert a pulling force.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a tendon cell. Tendon cell are elongated fibrocytes in which the cytoplasm is stretched between the collagen fibres of the tendon. Tendon cells have a central cell nucleus with a prominent nucleolus, a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, and are responsible for synthesis and turnover of tendon fibres and ground substance.
The process that gives rise to a tendon. This process pertains to the initial formation of a tendon from unspecified parts.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the deltoid tuberosity over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The deltoid tuberosity is the region on the shaft of the humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches. The deltoid tuberosity develops through endochondral ossification in a two-phase process; an initiating tendon-dependent phase, and a muscle-dependent growth phase.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb joint are generated and organized. A limb joint is a flexible region that separates the rigid sections of a limb to allow movement in a controlled manner.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a osteoclast from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.
The change in morphology and behavior of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation
A large plasma membrane-lined circular pore that perforates the flattened glomerular endothelium and, unlike those of other fenestrated capillaries, is not spanned by diaphragms; the density and size of glomerular fenestrae account, at least in part, for the high permeability of the glomerular capillary wall to water and small solutes.
glomerular endothelial cell fenestration
A membrane-tethered, short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium (also called flagellum) that is similar in structure to a centriole and derives from it. The cilium basal body is the site of assembly and remodeling of the cilium and serves as a nucleation site for axoneme growth. As well as anchoring the cilium, it is thought to provide a selective gateway regulating the entry of ciliary proteins and vesicles by intraflagellar transport.
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance, that does not require the replacement of preexisting tissues.
Ossification that requires the replacement of a preexisting tissue prior to bone tissue formation.
The multiplication or reproduction of germ cells, reproductive cells in multicellular organisms, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
Binding to a small molecule, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
Small molecules in GO include monosaccharides but exclude disaccharides and polysaccharides.
The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of male germ-line stem cells.
male germ-line stem cell population maintenance
The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of female germ-line stem cells.
female germ-line stem cell population maintenance
The orderly movement of a Schwann cell from one site to another. A Schwann cell is a glial cell that ensheathes axons of neuron in the peripheral nervous system and is necessary for their maintenance and function.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of dendritic cells such that the total number of dendritic cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Inner arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes. The structure of inner dynein arms is complex and may vary within the axoneme. Inner dynein arms are heteromeric, comprising 8 different heavy chains and various subunits. Inner and outer dynein arms have different functions in the generation of microtubule-based motility.
Outer arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes. Outer dynein arms contain 2-3 heavy chains, two or more intermediate chains and a cluster of 4-8 light chains. Inner and outer dynein arms have different functions in the generation of microtubule-based motility.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein outer arm, an outer arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein inner arm, an inner arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes.
The regulated release of a melanocyte-stimulating hormone, any of a group of peptide hormones that are produced by cells in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland, and stimulate the production of melanin to increase pigmentation.
melanocyte-stimulating hormone secretion
The regulated release of calcitonin, a peptide hormone that participates in calcium and phosphorus metabolism, from a cell.
The appearance of oxytocin, a cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG, due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Oxytocin is the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary, and together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, is believed to influence social cognition and behavior. It also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain.
Note that this term is intended for use when a gene product is seen to cause apparent increases in intracellular or extracellular oxytocin levels, without specific regard as to whether the increase is due to increased biosynthesis, increased secretion of preexisting oxytocin molecules, or increased conversion from precursor molecules.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an osteoclast cell to attain its fully functional state. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue, and which typically differentiates from monocytes.
A prolongation or process extending from a muscle cell. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a muscle cell projection.
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification).
process resulting in protein modification
The change in morphology and behavior of a granulocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting a decline in the level of oxygen.
This term should be used when a decrease in oxygen levels is not considered a stress response. For a hypoxic stress response, consider instead 'response to hypoxia ; GO:0001666'.
The process in which the anatomical structures of lymph vessels are generated and organized. The lymph vessel is the vasculature carrying lymph.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the umbilical cord are generated and organized. The umbilical cord is an organ or embryonic origin consisting of the 2 umbilical arteries and the one umbilical vein. The umbilical cord connects the cardiovascular system of the fetus to the mother via the placenta.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an ameloblast, a cylindrical epithelial cell in the innermost layer of the enamel organ.
The regulated release of ghrelin from a cell. Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid hunger-stimulating peptide hormone.
The regulated release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) from a cell. Pancreatic polypeptide is a 36 amino acid polypeptide secreted by islets of Langerhans cells in the pancreas.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hepatocytes within a population of cells. Hepatocytes are specialized epithelial cells of the liver that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of epidermal stem cells within a population of cells.
The movement of a dendritic cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
The process in which a post-anal tail is generated and organized. A post-anal tail is a muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus. The post-anal tail may aid locomotion and balance.
Generation and organization of a platelet, a non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a platelet to attain its fully functional state. A platelet is a non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation.
The directed movement of sodium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.
sodium ion export across plasma membrane
Any of the smallest contractile units of a myofibril (striated muscle fiber).
The process in which an undifferentiated cell acquires the features of a myofibroblast cell.
The region of a neuron that includes the cell body (cell soma) and dendrite(s), but excludes the axon.
The characteristic movement of trunk neural crest cells from the neural tube to other locations in the vertebrate embryo.
The joining of two lipid bilayers that surround the Golgi apparatus to form a single Golgi membrane.
membrane fusion involved in Golgi reassembly
Cell-cell signaling that mediates the transfer of information from an astrocyte to a dopaminergic neuron.
astrocyte-dopaminergic neuron cell signaling
mesencephalic dopaminergic neuron-astrocyte crosstalk
midbrain dopaminergic neuron-astrocyte crosstalk
Receiving a signal and transmitting it in the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response.
receptor activity involved in signal transduction
Binding specifically to a substance (cargo) to deliver it to a transport vesicle. Cargo receptors span membranes (for instance the plasma membrane or the endoplasmic reticulum membrane), binding simultaneously to cargo molecules and coat adaptors, to efficiently recruit the cargo molecules to nascent vesicles.
receptor activity involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis
Notes: (1) For receptors binding a molecule but coupled to a signal transduction pathway, consider instead the term 'signaling receptor activity ; GO:0038023' and its children. (2) Cargo receptors transport substances by vesicular transport, not by transmembrane transport. For transmembrane transporters, consider instead the term 'transmembrane transporter activity ; GO:0022857'.
eNOS:Caveolin-1 complex binds to Nostrin
CD320-mediated TCN2:RCbl uptake and delivery to lysosome
CUBN:AMN-mediated CBLIF:RCbl uptake and delivery to lysosome
LRP2-mediated uptake of extracellular CUBN:GC:25(OH)D
LRP2-mediated TCN2:RCbl uptake and delivery to lysosome
The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the peptide hormone prolactin to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by somatostatin binding to the somatostatin receptor (SSTR) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.
In addition to somatostatin (SST), the somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) can also be activated by the agonist cortistatin (CST). For signal transduction specifically initiated by the ligand somatostatin, consider instead annotating to the child term 'somatostatin signaling pathway ; GO:0038170'.
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by somatostatin binding to a somatostatin receptor (SSTR), and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
somatostatin-activated somatostatin receptor signaling pathway
somatotrophin release inhibiting factor signaling pathway
Combining with a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), a structure conserved among microbial species to initiate an innate immune response.
microbe-associated molecular pattern receptor activity
pathogen associated molecular pattern receptor activity
signaling pattern recognition receptor activity
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by cholecystokinin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
cholecystokinin receptor signaling pathway
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a pronephric nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of a nephron in the pronephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephric nephron are generated and organized. A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a pronephric nephron tubule are generated and organized from an epithelium. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a pronephric nephron proximal tubule are generated and organized. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephros.
pronephros proximal tubule morphogenesis
pronephric proximal tubule morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of a pronephric nephron distal tubule are generated and organized. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephros.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the pronephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
cell differentiation involved in pronephric kidney development
cell differentiation involved in pronephros development
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the pronephros.
cell proliferation involved in pronephric kidney development
cell proliferation involved in pronephros development
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the pronephros over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
cell-cell signaling involved in pronephric kidney development
cell-cell signalling involved in pronephros development
cell-cell signaling involved in pronephros development
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the pronephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
pattern specification involved in pronephric kidney development
pattern specification involved in pronephros development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pronephric nephron tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct.
The progression of the glomerulus of the pronephric kidney over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pronephric glomerulus is part of the pronephric nephron and is restricted to one body segment.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pronephric duct collects the filtrate from the pronephric tubules and opens to the exterior of the pronephric kidney.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephric duct are generated and organized. The pronephric duct collects the filtrate from the pronephric tubules and opens to the exterior of the kidney.
The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell.
See also the biological process term 'cell growth ; GO:0016049'.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development.
Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size.
regulation of multicellular organism growth
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.
negative regulation of multicellular organism growth
The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.
positive regulation of multicellular organism growth
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
positive regulation of embryonic development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic nuclear division, the process in which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes.
Any process that modulates the consistent predetermined time point at which an integrated living unit or organism progresses from an initial condition to a later condition and the rate at which this time point is reached.
regulation of development, heterochronic
The directed movement of substances that are in liquid form in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of fluid across epithelia.
The behavior of an organism in response to an odor.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a light-responsive receptor in the compound eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.
regulation of dopamine metabolic process
The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
The process that results in the generation of glial cells. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia.
Growth of glial cells, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamines.
regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins.
intraflagellar transport involved in cilium organization
intraflagellar transport involved in microtubule-based flagellum organisation
The migration of individual cells within the blastocyst to help establish the multi-layered body plan of the organism (gastrulation). For example, the migration of cells from the surface to the interior of the embryo (ingression).
The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the gametes.
An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis, and which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 1 cells, most notably interferon-gamma, IL-2, and lymphotoxin.
An immune response which is associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths and pathological conditions such as allergy, which is orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines, most notably IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, by any of a variety of cell types including T-helper 2 cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and nuocytes, resulting in enhanced production of certain antibody isotypes and other effects.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized thymocyte acquires specialized features of a T-helper cell.
The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation.
The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation.
A protein complex that contains a disulfide-linked heterodimer of T cell receptor (TCR) chains, which are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and mediates antigen recognition, ultimately resulting in T cell activation. The TCR heterodimer is associated with the CD3 complex, which consists of the nonpolymorphic polypeptides gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and, in some cases, eta (an RNA splice variant of zeta) or Fc epsilon chains.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte proliferation
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte proliferation
positive regulation of T cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
positive regulation of T-cell homeostatic proliferation
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
positive regulation of resting T cell proliferation
up regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
up-regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
upregulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
activation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
stimulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
positive regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
A T cell receptor complex in which the TCR heterodimer comprises alpha and beta chains, associated with the CD3 complex; recognizes a complex consisting of an antigen-derived peptide bound to a class I or class II MHC protein.
alpha-beta T lymphocyte receptor complex
alpha-beta T-lymphocyte receptor complex
A T cell receptor complex in which the TCR heterodimer comprises gamma and delta chains, associated with the CD3 complex; recognizes antigen directly, without a requirement for processing and presentation by an MHC protein.
gamma-delta T lymphocyte receptor complex
gamma-delta T-lymphocyte receptor complex
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The change in morphology and behavior of a monocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The change in morphology and behavior of an endothelial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.
regulation of cell population proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell proliferation.
regulation of T lymphocyte proliferation
regulation of T-lymphocyte proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.
negative regulation of T lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of T-cell proliferation
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of T cell proliferation
An organelle found in cnidoblast (nematoblast) cells. When matured, these stinging organelles store toxins and can deliver them when the cnidocil (a short extension of the cnidocyst) is stimulated by a prey or another stimulus.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
Binding to acetylcholine, an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline that functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spore formation.
regulation of sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sporulation.
negative regulation of sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
The continuous network of membranes encompassing the nuclear outer membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
nuclear membrane-endoplasmic reticulum continuum
nuclear envelope-endoplasmic reticulum continuum
nuclear envelope-endoplasmic reticulum network
nuclear outer membrane-endoplasmic reticulum membrane network
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
regulation of cellular protein breakdown
regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
regulation of cellular protein catabolism
regulation of cellular protein degradation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process.
down regulation of cellular protein breakdown
down regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
down regulation of cellular protein catabolism
down regulation of cellular protein degradation
down regulation of protein catabolic process
down-regulation of cellular protein breakdown
down-regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
down-regulation of cellular protein catabolism
down-regulation of cellular protein degradation
down-regulation of protein catabolic process
downregulation of cellular protein breakdown
downregulation of cellular protein catabolic process
downregulation of cellular protein catabolism
downregulation of cellular protein degradation
downregulation of protein catabolic process
negative regulation of cellular protein breakdown
negative regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
negative regulation of cellular protein catabolism
negative regulation of cellular protein degradation
negative regulation of protein breakdown
negative regulation of protein catabolism
negative regulation of protein degradation
inhibition of cellular protein breakdown
inhibition of cellular protein catabolic process
inhibition of cellular protein catabolism
inhibition of cellular protein degradation
negative regulation of protein catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
cellular amino acid derivative breakdown
cellular amino acid derivative catabolic process
cellular amino acid derivative catabolism
cellular amino acid derivative degradation
cellular modified amino acid catabolic process
cellular modified amino acid degradation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.
The regrowth of lost or destroyed tissues.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits.
The directed killing of a target cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
natural killer cell mediated cell killing
Note that either or both mechanisms mentioned in the definition may be used in this process. Note that both granule release and the engagement of death receptors on target cells result in induction of apoptosis in the target cell.
natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.
regulation of NK cell mediated cell death
regulation of NK cell mediated cell killing
regulation of natural killer cell mediated cell death
regulation of natural killer cell mediated cell killing
regulation of NK cell mediated cytolysis
regulation of NK cell mediated cytotoxicity
regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytolysis
regulation of natural killer-cell mediated cytolysis
regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
Binding to a peptide, an organic compound comprising two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Binding to a major histocompatibility complex molecule; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation.
major histocompatibility complex binding
Note that this term does not include binding to the antigen peptide bound to the MHC protein, for this also annotate to 'peptide antigen binding ; GO:0042605' or one of its children.
The periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin, etc.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils.
regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
AMPK inhibits chREBP transcriptional activation activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
regulation of protein import into cell nucleus
regulation of protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
regulation of protein import into nucleus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
positive regulation of protein import into cell nucleus
positive regulation of protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
positive regulation of protein-nucleus import
up regulation of protein import into nucleus
up-regulation of protein import into nucleus
upregulation of protein import into nucleus
activation of protein import into nucleus
stimulation of protein import into nucleus
positive regulation of protein import into nucleus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
down regulation of protein import into nucleus
down-regulation of protein import into nucleus
downregulation of protein import into nucleus
negative regulation of protein import into cell nucleus
negative regulation of protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
negative regulation of protein-nucleus import
inhibition of protein import into nucleus
negative regulation of protein import into nucleus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule.
Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to an external stimulus.
directed movement in response to stimulus
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the characteristics of a mature hemocyte. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen.
The process in which a hemocyte precursor cell acquires the characteristics of the phagocytic blood-cell type, the plasmatocyte. Plasmatocytes are a class of arthropod hemocytes important in the cellular defense response.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
amino acid derivative biosynthetic process
cellular amino acid derivative anabolism
cellular amino acid derivative biosynthesis
cellular amino acid derivative biosynthetic process
cellular amino acid derivative formation
cellular amino acid derivative synthesis
cellular modified amino acid biosynthesis
modified amino acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the formation of any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.
cellular biogenic amine biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the breakdown of biogenic amines, any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
Enzymatic degradation of dopamine by COMT
Enzymatic degradation of Dopamine by monoamine oxidase
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.
indole-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.
indole-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.
indole-containing compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.
Development of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light.
Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve.
A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosomes are synthesized in melanocyte cells.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the ear are generated and organized. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the outer ear are generated and organized. The outer ear is the part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the middle ear are generated and organized. The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentin-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentin-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and is composed mainly of dentin, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel.
odontogenesis of dentine-containing teeth
odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth
Note that placoid scales found in the cartilaginous fishes presumably develop through the same processes, but are found on the dermis, rather than in the mouth or pharynx. See Wikipedia:Placoid_scale#Placoid_scales.
odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.
odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development.
regulation of eye photoreceptor development
regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development.
positive regulation of eye photoreceptor development
up regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
up-regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
upregulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
activation of eye photoreceptor cell development
stimulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
positive regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development.
down regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
down-regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
downregulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
negative regulation of eye photoreceptor development
inhibition of eye photoreceptor cell development
negative regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.
regulation of odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.
positive regulation of tooth development
positive regulation of odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.
negative regulation of tooth development
negative regulation of odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates.
regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing teeth
regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth
regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages that are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates.
positive regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing teeth
positive regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth
positive regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx.
negative regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing teeth
negative regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth
negative regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mechanoreceptor, a cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized inner cell acquires specialized features of an auditory hair cell.
Note that this term refers to the mechanosensory hair cells of the inner ear.
inner ear auditory receptor cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic cell acquires specialized features of a gamma-delta T cell. A gamma-delta T cell is a T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex.
gamma-delta T lymphocyte differentiation
gamma-delta T-lymphocyte differentiation
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state.
The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.
The enzymatic generation of superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species, by a cell in response to environmental stress, thereby mediating the activation of various stress-inducible signaling pathways.
Binding to an hormone, a naturally occurring substance secreted by specialized cells that affect the metabolism or behavior of cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. Hormones may be produced by the same, or different, cell as express the receptor.
An immunoglobulin complex that is secreted into extracellular space and found in mucosal areas or other tissues or circulating in the blood or lymph. In its canonical form, a circulating immunoglobulin complex is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Some forms of are polymers of the basic structure and contain additional components such as J-chain and the secretory component.
Primary lysosomal granule readily stainable with a Romanowsky stain.
The enlarged, fluid filled nucleus of a primary oocyte, the development of which is suspended in prophase I of the first meiotic division between embryohood and sexual maturity.
A membrane-bounded, cytoplasmic secretory granule found in enzyme-secreting cells and visible by light microscopy. Contain zymogen, an inactive enzyme precursor, often of a digestive enzyme.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a zymogen granule.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
antigen presentation, exogenous antigen via MHC class I
antigen presentation, exogenous antigen via major histocompatibility complex class I
exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state.
negative regulation of homeostatic process
positive regulation of homeostatic process
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell.
A membrane-bounded organelle, specialized for the storage and secretion of various substances (surfactant phospholipids, glycoproteins and acid phosphates) which are arranged in the form of tightly packed, concentric, membrane sheets or lamellae. Has some similar properties to, but is distinct from, a lysosome.
Binding to a T cell receptor, the antigen-recognizing receptor on the surface of T cells.
A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC alpha chain and, in most cases, either an MHC class II beta chain or an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide, lipid, or polysaccharide antigen.
A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC class II alpha and MHC class II beta chain, and with or without a bound peptide or polysaccharide antigen.
Coarse, bluish-black staining cytoplasmic granules, bounded by a plasma membrane and found in mast cells and basophils. Contents include histamine, heparin, chondroitin sulfates, chymase and tryptase.
The cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair.
Any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal cone cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a compound eye cone cell, a cone-shaped cell, that focuses light in a compound eye.
The process in which a hemocyte precursor cell acquires the characteristics of a crystal cell, a class of cells that contain crystalline inclusions and are involved in the melanization of pathogenic material in the hemolymph.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of crystal cell differentiation.
regulation of crystal cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of crystal cell differentiation.
down regulation of crystal cell differentiation
down-regulation of crystal cell differentiation
downregulation of crystal cell differentiation
inhibition of crystal cell differentiation
negative regulation of crystal cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of crystal cell differentiation.
up regulation of crystal cell differentiation
up-regulation of crystal cell differentiation
upregulation of crystal cell differentiation
activation of crystal cell differentiation
stimulation of crystal cell differentiation
positive regulation of crystal cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell.
The type of sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.
The regulated release of progesterone, a steroid hormone, by the corpus luteum of the ovary and by the placenta.
The regrowth of the endometrium and blood vessels in the uterus following menstruation, resulting from a rise in progesterone levels.
The expulsion of seminal fluid, thick white fluid containing spermatozoa, from the male genital tract.
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.
defense response to bacterium, incompatible interaction
resistance response to pathogenic bacteria
resistance response to pathogenic bacterium
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur, the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur.
The directed movement of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, from one side of a membrane to the other.
amide transmembrane transporter activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with neuropeptides, peptides with direct synaptic effects (peptide neurotransmitters) or indirect modulatory effects on the nervous system (peptide neuromodulators).
The directed movement of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.
This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used.
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Cell Death Genes
A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
down regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
down-regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
downregulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
inhibition of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
negative regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
up regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
up-regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
upregulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
activation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
stimulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
positive regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane.
Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.
The process in which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell, an immunocompetent cell of the lymphoid and hemopoietic systems and skin.
Binding to a complex of RNA and protein.
The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.
Note that 'cell body' and 'cell soma' are not used in the literature for cells that lack projections, nor for some cells (e.g. yeast with mating projections) that do have projections.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of T cells such that the total number of T cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Note that this term represents the return of T cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of T cells required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of macrophage activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage activation.
down regulation of macrophage activation
down-regulation of macrophage activation
negative regulation of macrophage polarization
negative regulation of macrophage activation
Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of macrophage activation.
positive regulation of macrophage polarization
positive regulation of macrophage activation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. This may include the translation of a precursor protein and its subsequent processing into a functional peptide.
The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of the vertebrate inner ear. The otic placode forms as a thickening of the head ectoderm adjacent to the developing hindbrain.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
extracellular structure organization and biogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is positively regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used.
positive regulation of apoptotic process
NRIF signals cell death from the nucleus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is negatively regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used.
negative regulation of apoptotic process
Regulation of PAK-2p34 activity by PS-GAP/RHG10
Regulation of activated PAK-2p34 by proteasome mediated degradation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
positive regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death
positive regulation of programmed cell death
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
down regulation of programmed cell death
down-regulation of programmed cell death
negative regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death
negative regulation of programmed cell death
The nucleus of a germ cell, a reproductive cell in multicellular organisms.
The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes, into which neurotransmitter is released.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme.
positive regulation of metalloenzyme activity
positive regulation of catalytic activity
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme.
down-regulation of metalloenzyme activity
down regulation of metalloenzyme activity
downregulation of metalloenzyme activity
negative regulation of metalloenzyme activity
negative regulation of catalytic activity
Any process that modulates the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.
Any process that reduces the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.
down regulation of vascular permeability
down-regulation of vascular permeability
negative regulation of vascular permeability
Any process that increases the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.
positive regulation of vascular permeability
Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of a surface-active agent that maintains the surface tension of a liquid.
regulation of surface tension of a liquid
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the hindgut. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The hindgut is the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine.
Any process in which proteins and protein complexes involved in translation are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of translational machinery localization
establishment and maintenance of translational protein localization
regulation of translation by machinery localisation
regulation of translation by machinery localization
The cellular developmental process by which a cell becomes a heterocyst, a cell that carries out nitrogen fixation. This process involves changes to the cell wall, expression of nitrogenase and other proteins involved in nitrogen fixation, and degradation of photosystem II, which produces oxygen. This process is known to occur in some cyanobacteria.
Binding to an ion, a charged atoms or groups of atoms.
Binding to an anion, a charged atom or group of atoms with a net negative charge.
Binding to a cation, a charged atom or group of atoms with a net positive charge.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
multicellular organismal macromolecule metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.
Binding to an amine, a weakly basic organic compound that contains an amino or a substituted amino group.
Binding to an organic acid, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
Binding to an alcohol, any of a class of alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group.
Binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2.
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 binding
Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external biotic stimulus, an external stimulus caused by, or produced by living things.
Binding to glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.
An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring outside the cell. Includes, for example, extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) and the cellulosomes of anaerobic bacteria and fungi.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
intracellular membrane-enclosed organelle
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.
intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle
intracellular non-membrane-enclosed organelle
The internal volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle; includes the volume enclosed by a single organelle membrane, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the volume enclosed by the innermost of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope, e.g. nuclear lumen.
Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.
down regulation of protein complex disassembly
down-regulation of protein complex disassembly
downregulation of protein complex disassembly
inhibition of protein complex disassembly
negative regulation of protein complex disassembly
negative regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.
up regulation of protein complex disassembly
up-regulation of protein complex disassembly
upregulation of protein complex disassembly
activation of protein complex disassembly
stimulation of protein complex disassembly
positive regulation of protein complex disassembly
positive regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.
regulation of protein complex disassembly
regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
regulation of protein-containing complex assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates.
regulation of carbohydrate biosynthetic process
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell.
extracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle
extracellular non-membrane-enclosed organelle
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
down regulation of potassium ion transport
down-regulation of potassium ion transport
downregulation of potassium ion transport
negative regulation of potassium transport
negative regulation of potassium ion conductance
transmembrane conductance regulator activity
negative regulation of potassium ion transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of potassium transport
up regulation of potassium ion transport
up-regulation of potassium ion transport
positive regulation of potassium conductance
positive regulation of potassium ion conductance
positive regulation of potassium ion transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of monoatomic ion transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of monoatomic ion transport
The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.
Note that unlike mammals or Drosophila, C. elegans (and many lower organisms) do not have professional macrophages/phagocytes, instead cell corpses are engulfed by neighboring cells. Cell types that can function as engulfing cells include hypodermal cells, gonadal sheath cells, pharyngeal muscle cells, and intestinal cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pharyngeal muscle is any muscle that forms part of the pharynx.
Fibers, composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle.
A functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells, which in vertebrates is composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens, and desmosomes and in some invertebrates, such as Drosophila, is composed of the subapical complex (SAC), the zonula adherens and the septate junction. Functions in the regulation of cell polarity, tissue integrity and intercellular adhesion and permeability.
The formation of an apical junction, a functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens junction and the desmosomes, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents.
The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules by a leukocyte.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte degranulation.
regulation of immune cell granule exocytosis
regulation of leukocyte granule exocytosis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte degranulation.
down regulation of leukocyte degranulation
down-regulation of leukocyte degranulation
downregulation of leukocyte degranulation
negative regulation of immune cell degranulation
negative regulation of leucocyte degranulation
negative regulation of leukocyte degranulation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte degranulation.
positive regulation of immune cell degranulation
positive regulation of leucocyte degranulation
up regulation of leukocyte degranulation
up-regulation of leukocyte degranulation
positive regulation of leukocyte degranulation
The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and neutral proteases by a mast cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell degranulation.
regulation of mast cell granule exocytosis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of mast cell degranulation.
down regulation of mast cell degranulation
down-regulation of mast cell degranulation
downregulation of mast cell degranulation
negative regulation of mast cell granule exocytosis
negative regulation of mast cell degranulation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mast cell degranulation.
positive regulation of mast cell granule exocytosis
up regulation of mast cell degranulation
up-regulation of mast cell degranulation
positive regulation of mast cell degranulation
The change in morphology and behavior of a eosinophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil cationic protein by an eosinophil.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of eosinophil degranulation.
regulation of eosinophil granule exocytosis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of eosinophil degranulation.
down regulation of eosinophil degranulation
down-regulation of eosinophil degranulation
downregulation of eosinophil degranulation
negative regulation of eosinophil granule exocytosis
negative regulation of eosinophil degranulation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil degranulation.
positive regulation of eosinophil granule exocytosis
up regulation of eosinophil degranulation
up-regulation of eosinophil degranulation
upregulation of eosinophil degranulation
positive regulation of eosinophil degranulation
The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as proteases, lipases, and inflammatory mediators by a neutrophil.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil degranulation.
regulation of neutrophil granule exocytosis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of neutrophil degranulation.
down regulation of neutrophil degranulation
down-regulation of neutrophil degranulation
downregulation of neutrophil degranulation
negative regulation of neutrophil granule exocytosis
negative regulation of neutrophil degranulation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil degranulation.
positive regulation of neutrophil granule exocytosis
up regulation of neutrophil degranulation
up-regulation of neutrophil degranulation
upregulation of neutrophil degranulation
positive regulation of neutrophil degranulation
The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as perforin and granzymes by a cytotoxic T cell.
cytotoxic T lymphocyte granule exocytosis
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte granule exocytosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytotoxic T cell degranulation.
regulation of cytotoxic T cell granule exocytosis
regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte degranulation
regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte granule exocytosis
regulation of cytotoxic T-cell degranulation
regulation of cytotoxic T-cell granule exocytosis
regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte degranulation
regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte granule exocytosis
regulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of cytotoxic T cell degranulation.
down regulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
down-regulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
downregulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
negative regulation of cytotoxic T cell granule exocytosis
negative regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte degranulation
negative regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte granule exocytosis
negative regulation of cytotoxic T-cell degranulation
negative regulation of cytotoxic T-cell granule exocytosis
negative regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte degranulation
negative regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte granule exocytosis
inhibition of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
negative regulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell degranulation.
positive regulation of cytotoxic T cell granule exocytosis
positive regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte degranulation
positive regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte granule exocytosis
positive regulation of cytotoxic T-cell degranulation
positive regulation of cytotoxic T-cell granule exocytosis
positive regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte degranulation
positive regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte granule exocytosis
up regulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
up-regulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
upregulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
activation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
stimulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
positive regulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as perforin and granzymes by a natural killer cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell degranulation.
regulation of NK cell granule exocytosis
regulation of natural killer cell granule exocytosis
regulation of natural killer cell degranulation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of natural killer cell degranulation.
down regulation of natural killer cell degranulation
down-regulation of natural killer cell degranulation
downregulation of natural killer cell degranulation
negative regulation of NK cell degranulation
negative regulation of NK cell granule exocytosis
negative regulation of natural killer cell granule exocytosis
inhibition of natural killer cell degranulation
negative regulation of natural killer cell degranulation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell degranulation.
positive regulation of NK cell degranulation
positive regulation of NK cell granule exocytosis
positive regulation of natural killer cell granule exocytosis
up regulation of natural killer cell degranulation
up-regulation of natural killer cell degranulation
upregulation of natural killer cell degranulation
activation of natural killer cell degranulation
stimulation of natural killer cell degranulation
positive regulation of natural killer cell degranulation
The chemical reactions and pathways involving biological pigments e.g. melanin, occurring as part of the development of an organ or organism.
pigment metabolic process during developmental pigmentation
pigment metabolism during developmental pigmentation
pigment metabolic process involved in developmental pigmentation
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of an erythrocyte without a nucleus. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
enucleate red blood cell differentiation
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an enucleate erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. An enucleate erythrocyte is an erythrocyte without a nucleus.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a nucleate erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. A nucleate erythrocyte is an erythrocyte with a nucleus.
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte with a nucleus, as found in non-mammalian vertebrates such as birds.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.
CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell differentiation
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell development
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
The process of sparing immature T cells which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
regulation of CD4-positive T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of CD4-positive T-cell differentiation
regulation of CD4-positive T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-cell differentiation
regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell development
regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
down regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
down-regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
downregulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD4-positive T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD4-positive T-lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
inhibition of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell development
negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
positive regulation of CD4-positive T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of CD4-positive T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of CD4-positive T-lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
up regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
up-regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
upregulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
activation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
stimulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell development
positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell development
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
regulation of CD8-positive T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of CD8-positive T-cell differentiation
regulation of CD8-positive T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T-cell differentiation
regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell development
regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
down regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
down-regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
downregulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD8-positive T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of CD8-positive T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD8-positive T-lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
inhibition of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell development
negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
positive regulation of CD8-positive T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of CD8-positive T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of CD8-positive T-lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
up regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
up-regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
upregulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
activation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
stimulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell development
positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
The process in which a newly activated T cell acquires specialized features of a memory T cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of memory T cell differentiation.
regulation of memory T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of memory T-cell differentiation
regulation of memory T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of memory T cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of memory T cell differentiation.
down regulation of memory T cell differentiation
down-regulation of memory T cell differentiation
downregulation of memory T cell differentiation
negative regulation of memory T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of memory T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of memory T-lymphocyte differentiation
inhibition of memory T cell differentiation
negative regulation of memory T cell development
negative regulation of memory T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of memory T cell differentiation.
positive regulation of memory T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of memory T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of memory T-lymphocyte differentiation
up regulation of memory T cell differentiation
up-regulation of memory T cell differentiation
upregulation of memory T cell differentiation
activation of memory T cell differentiation
stimulation of memory T cell differentiation
positive regulation of memory T cell development
positive regulation of memory T cell differentiation
A receptor complex found on immature T cells consisting of a T cell receptor beta chain and the pre-TCR-alpha chain, along with additional signaling components including CD3 family members and additional signaling proteins.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.
Binding to a proteoglycan, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.
The regrowth of skeletal muscle tissue to repair injured or damaged muscle fibers in the postnatal stage.
The covalent alteration of one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule, resulting in a change in its properties.
Any process that activates or increase the rate of skeletal muscle regeneration.
up regulation of skeletal muscle regeneration
up-regulation of skeletal muscle regeneration
upregulation of skeletal muscle regeneration
activation of skeletal muscle regeneration
stimulation of skeletal muscle regeneration
positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue regeneration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle.
regulation of skeletal muscle tissue regeneration
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle regeneration.
down regulation of skeletal muscle regeneration
down-regulation of skeletal muscle regeneration
downregulation of skeletal muscle regeneration
inhibition of skeletal muscle regeneration
negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue regeneration
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.
response to polypeptide hormone stimulus
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any oxoacid; an oxoacid is a compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon.
regulation of secondary metabolic process
Any process that modulates the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.
regulation of adenosinetriphosphatase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and the processes involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.
regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates.
regulation of carbohydrate catabolic process
The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, resulting in the deposition or aggregation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell.
pigment metabolic process during pigmentation
pigment metabolic process involved in pigmentation
A process in which muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
Any process in which skeletal muscles change their phenotypic profiles in response to altered functional demands and a variety of signals.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation.
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.
regulation of apoptosis of neuronal cells
regulation of neuron programmed cell death
regulation of neuronal cell programmed cell death
regulation of programmed cell death of neuronal cells
regulation of programmed cell death, neurons
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.
negative regulation of programmed cell death, neurons
negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process.
positive regulation of programmed cell death, neurons
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process
Binding to ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.
The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels during angiogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.
regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.
up regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
up-regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
upregulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
activation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
stimulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.
down regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
down-regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
downregulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
inhibition of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
regulation of translation in response to stress
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
regulation of translation initiation in response to stress
regulation of translational initiation in response to stress
Binding to insulin, a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment.
regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nose over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity).
The process in which the anatomical structures of the nose are generated and organized. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tongue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the tongue are generated and organized. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in man other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the skin are generated and organized. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner, sensitive and vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
The orderly movement of an astrocyte, a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord.
The multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Keratinocytes are epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo a characteristic change as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal button is a specialized region of it.
The series of events in which a pheromone stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.
ossification involved in skeletal development
ossification involved in bone maturation
The formation or growth of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in response to injury or other physical, physiological or environmental stress stimuli.
ossification involved in bone remodelling
ossification involved in bone remodeling
Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein complex.
cellular macromolecular complex organization
cellular macromolecular complex subunit organisation
cellular macromolecular complex subunit organization
macromolecular complex subunit organisation
macromolecular complex subunit organization
protein-containing complex subunit organization
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure. A spore is a structure that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and desiccation resistance, and/or for reproduction.
The formation of spores derived from the products of meiosis. A cellular spore is a cell form that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and desiccation resistance, and/or for reproduction.
sexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sporulation, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sporulation, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sporulation, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of cellular spores derived from the products of meiosis.
regulation of sexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of cellular spores derived from the products of meiosis.
positive regulation of sexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of cellular spores derived from the products of meiosis.
negative regulation of sexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an endocrine process, a process involving the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of excretion, the elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a respiratory system process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the respiratory system.
regulation of respiratory system process
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component.
cellular component biogenesis at cellular level
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component.
regulation of cellular component biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component.
positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
positive regulation of vacuole organisation
positive regulation of vacuole biogenesis
positive regulation of vacuole organization
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a membrane.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
negative regulation of molecular function
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
positive regulation of molecular function
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator).
translation initiation (ternary) complex
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
The reason for obsoletion is that this term is now redundant with GO:0008152, metabolic process
Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport
The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown into fatty acids and monoglycerides of lipids in the small intestine. Lipids are broken down by lipases released by the pancreas.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
A structure at the distal end of a dendrite adapted to carry out a specific function, e.g. dendriole.
Small dendrites that makes up a brush structure found as the terminal specialization of a dendrite of a unipolar brush cell (UBC).
The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections.
The specialized, terminal region of a neuron projection such as an axon or a dendrite.
A specialized axon terminus which is produced by retinal cone cells. Pedicles are large, conical, flat end-feet (8-10 micrometers diameter) of the retinal cone axon that lie more or less side by side on the same plane at the outer edge of the outer plexiform layer (OPL).
The multiplication or reproduction of pancreatic B cells, resulting in the expansion of an pancreatic B cell population. Pancreatic B cell are cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin.
Any apoptotic process in a fibroblast, a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the cytoskeleton.
Any process evolved to enable an interaction with an organism of a different species.
interspecies interaction between organisms
interspecies interaction with other organisms
biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a motile cilium.
The expansion of a dendritic cell population by cell division. A dendritic cell is a cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a chondrocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals, involving another organism.
A multicellular organism process which involves another multicellular organism of the same or different species.
The directed movement of proteins into an intracellular organelle, across a membrane.
protein transmembrane import into intracellular organelle
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
microtubule-based flagellum organization
A distinct period or stage in a biological process or cycle.
Note that phases are is_a disjoint from other biological processes. happens_during relationships can operate between phases and other biological processes e.g. DNA replication happens_during S phase.
Any process in which a lipoprotein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
A process in which a lipoprotein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane.
A process in which a lipoprotein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in an outer membrane.
lipoprotein localization to outer membrane
An intracellular membrane-bounded particle found in fungi and containing chitin synthase; it synthesizes chitin microfibrils. Chitin synthase activity exists in chitosomes and they are proposed to act as a reservoir for regulated transport of chitin synthase enzymes to the division septum.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.
down regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
down-regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
downregulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of nitric oxide anabolism
negative regulation of nitric oxide biosynthesis
negative regulation of nitric oxide formation
negative regulation of nitric oxide synthesis
inhibition of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane that surround a cell with that of another cell, producing a single cell.
Combining with a purine nucleotide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
G protein coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor activity
G-protein coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor activity
purinergic nucleotide receptor activity, G protein coupled
purinergic nucleotide receptor activity, G-protein coupled
G protein-coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor activity
Combining with ATP and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
ATP-activated nucleotide receptor activity
ATP-activated adenosine receptor activity
A process of exocytosis in which soluble proteins and other substances are initially stored in secretory vesicles for later release. It is found mainly in cells that are specialized for secreting products such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or digestive enzymes rapidly on demand.
The process in which T cells that express T cell receptors that are restricted by self MHC protein complexes and tolerant to self antigens are selected for further maturation.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires the specialized features of a T-helper 1 (Th1) cell. A Th1 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive and produces interferon-gamma.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a T-helper 2 (Th2) cell. A Th2 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive and produces interleukin-4.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a cytotoxic T cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a regulatory T cell. Regulatory T cells control or suppress immune responses through a variety of mechanisms and subsets include the CD4+CD25+ cell type as well as certain CD8+ cell types.
Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.
positive regulation of innate immune response
A filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells. The keratins are the most diverse classes of IF proteins, with a large number of keratin isoforms being expressed. Each type of epithelium always expresses a characteristic combination of type I and type II keratins.
Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins.
intermediate filament cytoskeleton organisation
intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization
Control of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.
The formation of the bundles of intermediate filaments. Intermediate filament-associated proteins (IFAPs) cross-link intermediate filaments with one another, forming a bundle or a network, and with other cell structures, including the plasma membrane. The organization of intermediate filaments and their supportive function in various cells types depends in large part on their linkage to other cell structures via IFAPs.
Cytoskeletal structure made from intermediate filaments, typically organized in the cytosol as an extended system that stretches from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane. Some intermediate filaments run parallel to the cell surface, while others traverse the cytosol; together they form an internal framework that helps support the shape and resilience of the cell.
The directed movement of azoles, heterocyclic compounds found in many biologically important substances, across a lipid bilayer, across a membrane.
The nucleus of either the ovum or the spermatozoon following fertilization. Thus, in the fertilized ovum, there are two pronuclei, one originating from the ovum, the other from the spermatozoon that brought about fertilization; they approach each other, but do not fuse until just before the first cleavage, when each pronucleus loses its membrane to release its contents.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone tissue loss (resorption).
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary sexual characteristics are the testes in males and the ovaries in females and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.
development of primary sexual characteristics
The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and randomly apportioned to two sets during the second division of the meiotic cell cycle.
The cellular developmental process by which a cell establishes the intrinsic character of a cell or tissue region irreversibly committing it to a particular fate.
Note that this term was 'cell fate determination' but the term name was changed to better match its existing definition and the child term 'cell fate determination; GO:0001709' was also created.
Signaling at long or short range between cells that results in the commitment of a cell to a certain fate.
cell fate commitment, cell-cell signaling
cell fate commitment, cell-cell signalling
cell-cell signaling during in cell fate commitment
cell-cell signaling resulting in cell fate commitment
cell-cell signalling during cell fate commitment
cell-cell signalling resulting in cell fate commitment
cell-cell signalling involved in cell fate specification
cell-cell signaling involved in cell fate commitment
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location.
Any process in which a protein is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration, stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that do move away.
The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of other isotypes of immunoglobulin, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion involving switch regions that reside 5' of each constant region gene segment in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.
Note that IgM and IgD can be coexpressed by B cells via an alternate splicing mechanism, but true recombinational isotype switching to IgD has been demonstrated as well. Note that this term is best used to annotate gene products which are involved in the mechanism of DNA recombination used in isotype switching, like the B cell specific Swap70 factor in the mouse, rather than gene products which promote isotype switching such as cytokines or co-stimulatory molecules, which should instead be annotated to 'regulation of isotype switching ; GO:0045191'.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.
regulation of class switch recombination
regulation of isotype switch recombination
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.
establishment and/or maintenance of neuroblast cell polarity
establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity
The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.
establishment of neuroblast cell polarity
The junction between an axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another neuron, a muscle fiber or a glial cell. As the axon approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic terminal bouton, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the terminal bouton is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic terminal bouton secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.
A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.
The myofibril assembly process that results in the organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells.
cell-cell junction assembly and maintenance
intercellular junction assembly and maintenance
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of external structures that lie outside the plasma membrane and surround the entire cell.
external encapsulating structure organisation
external encapsulating structure organization and biogenesis
external encapsulating structure organization
Binding to a chemokine receptor in the CXCR family.
Binding to cadherin, a type I membrane protein involved in cell adhesion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor development.
regulation of compound eye photoreceptor development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor development.
activation of eye photoreceptor development
stimulation of eye photoreceptor development
up regulation of eye photoreceptor development
up-regulation of eye photoreceptor development
upregulation of eye photoreceptor development
positive regulation of compound eye photoreceptor development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor development.
down regulation of eye photoreceptor development
down-regulation of eye photoreceptor development
downregulation of eye photoreceptor development
inhibition of eye photoreceptor development
negative regulation of compound eye photoreceptor development
A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.
regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.
positive regulation of nitric oxide anabolism
positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthesis
positive regulation of nitric oxide formation
positive regulation of nitric oxide synthesis
up regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
up-regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
upregulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
activation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
stimulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
The regulated release of juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into striated muscle fibers.
The process in which a mesodermal, bone marrow or neural crest cell acquires specialized features of an endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell. A layer of such cells lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.
The process in which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ecdysteroids, a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids ubiquitous in insects and other arthropods, in which they initiate post-embryonic development, including the metamorphosis of immature forms and the development of the reproductive system and the maturation of oocytes in adult females.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysteroids, a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids which initiate post-embryonic development.
The regulated release of ecdysteroids, a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids which initiate post-embryonic development.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the R8 photoreceptor over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The R8 photoreceptor is the founding receptor of each ommatidium.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of the R8 photoreceptor.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of the R7 photoreceptor.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the R7 photoreceptor over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The R7 photoreceptor is the last photoreceptor to develop in the ommatidium.
Any apoptotic process in a nurse cell. During late oogenesis, following the transfer of substances from the nurse cells to the oocyte, nurse cell remnants are cleared from the egg chamber by apoptotic process.
nurse cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
programmed cell death of nurse cells by apoptosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nurse cell apoptotic process.
regulation of nurse cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of the imaginal disc.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of imaginal disc growth.
negative regulation of imaginal disc growth
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of imaginal disc growth.
positive regulation of imaginal disc growth
The change in morphology and behavior of a basophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the basophil has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.
regulation of B lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of B-lymphocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.
down regulation of B cell differentiation
down-regulation of B cell differentiation
downregulation of B cell differentiation
negative regulation of B lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of B-cell differentiation
negative regulation of B-lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of B cell development
negative regulation of B cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.
positive regulation of B lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of B-cell differentiation
positive regulation of B-lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of B cell development
positive regulation of B cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.
regulation of T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of T-lymphocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.
down regulation of T cell differentiation
down-regulation of T cell differentiation
downregulation of T cell differentiation
negative regulation of T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of T cell development
negative regulation of T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of T cell development
positive regulation of T cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell differentiation.
regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of cytotoxic T-cell differentiation
regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of cytotoxic T cell development
regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell differentiation.
down regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
down-regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
downregulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
negative regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of cytotoxic T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte differentiation
inhibition of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
negative regulation of cytotoxic T cell development
negative regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell differentiation.
positive regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of cytotoxic T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte differentiation
up regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
up-regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
upregulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
activation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
stimulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
positive regulation of cytotoxic T cell development
positive regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell differentiation.
regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of gamma-delta T-cell differentiation
regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of gamma-delta T cell development
regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell differentiation.
down regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
down-regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
downregulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte differentiation
inhibition of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T cell development
negative regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell differentiation.
positive regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of gamma-delta T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte differentiation
up regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
up-regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
upregulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
activation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
stimulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell development
positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells.
regulation of regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of regulatory T-cell differentiation
regulation of regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of suppressor T cell differentiation
regulation of suppressor T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of suppressor T-cell differentiation
regulation of suppressor T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of regulatory T cell development
regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
RUNX1 and FOXP3 control the development of regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs)
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of differentiation of regulatory T cells.
down regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
down-regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
downregulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
negative regulation of regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of regulatory T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of suppressor T cell differentiation
negative regulation of suppressor T-cell differentiation
inhibition of regulatory T cell differentiation
negative regulation of regulatory T cell development
negative regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells.
positive regulation of regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of regulatory T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of suppressor T cell differentiation
positive regulation of suppressor T-cell differentiation
up regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
up-regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
upregulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
activation of regulatory T cell differentiation
stimulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
positive regulation of regulatory T cell development
positive regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ovarian cumulus cell differentiation.
regulation of ovarian cumulus cell differentiation
regulation of cumulus cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ovarian cumulus cell differentiation.
down regulation of cumulus cell differentiation
down-regulation of cumulus cell differentiation
downregulation of cumulus cell differentiation
negative regulation of ovarian cumulus cell differentiation
inhibition of cumulus cell differentiation
negative regulation of cumulus cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ovarian cumulus cell differentiation.
positive regulation of ovarian cumulus cell differentiation
up regulation of cumulus cell differentiation
up-regulation of cumulus cell differentiation
upregulation of cumulus cell differentiation
activation of cumulus cell differentiation
stimulation of cumulus cell differentiation
positive regulation of cumulus cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.
negative regulation of cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.
positive regulation of cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.
regulation of adipocyte cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.
down regulation of fat cell differentiation
down-regulation of fat cell differentiation
downregulation of fat cell differentiation
negative regulation of adipocyte cell differentiation
negative regulation of adipocyte differentiation
negative regulation of fat cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of adipocyte cell differentiation
positive regulation of adipocyte differentiation
up regulation of fat cell differentiation
up-regulation of fat cell differentiation
upregulation of fat cell differentiation
positive regulation of fat cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.
regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.
down regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
down-regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
downregulation of endothelial cell differentiation
inhibition of endothelial cell differentiation
negative regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.
up regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
up-regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
upregulation of endothelial cell differentiation
activation of endothelial cell differentiation
stimulation of endothelial cell differentiation
positive regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.
regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation
regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.
down regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
down-regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
downregulation of epidermal cell differentiation
inhibition of epidermal cell differentiation
negative regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation
negative regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.
up regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
up-regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
upregulation of epidermal cell differentiation
activation of epidermal cell differentiation
stimulation of epidermal cell differentiation
positive regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation
positive regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation.
regulation of auditory hair cell differentiation
regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
regulation of inner ear auditory receptor cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation.
down regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
down-regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
downregulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
negative regulation of auditory hair cell differentiation
inhibition of auditory receptor cell differentiation
negative regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
negative regulation of inner ear auditory receptor cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation.
positive regulation of auditory hair cell differentiation
up regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
up-regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
upregulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
activation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
stimulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
positive regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
positive regulation of inner ear auditory receptor cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemocyte differentiation.
regulation of arthropod blood cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemocyte differentiation.
down regulation of hemocyte differentiation
down-regulation of hemocyte differentiation
downregulation of hemocyte differentiation
negative regulation of arthropod blood cell differentiation
negative regulation of hemocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of arthropod blood cell differentiation
up regulation of hemocyte differentiation
up-regulation of hemocyte differentiation
upregulation of hemocyte differentiation
positive regulation of hemocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasmatocyte differentiation.
regulation of plasmatocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of plasmatocyte differentiation.
down regulation of plasmatocyte differentiation
down-regulation of plasmatocyte differentiation
downregulation of plasmatocyte differentiation
inhibition of plasmatocyte differentiation
negative regulation of plasmatocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plasmatocyte differentiation.
up regulation of plasmatocyte differentiation
up-regulation of plasmatocyte differentiation
upregulation of plasmatocyte differentiation
activation of plasmatocyte differentiation
stimulation of plasmatocyte differentiation
positive regulation of plasmatocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.
regulation of keratinocyte differentiation
RUNX1 regulates transcription of genes involved in differentiation of keratinocytes
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.
down regulation of keratinocyte differentiation
down-regulation of keratinocyte differentiation
downregulation of keratinocyte differentiation
inhibition of keratinocyte differentiation
negative regulation of keratinocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.
up regulation of keratinocyte differentiation
up-regulation of keratinocyte differentiation
upregulation of keratinocyte differentiation
activation of keratinocyte differentiation
stimulation of keratinocyte differentiation
positive regulation of keratinocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.
regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.
down regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
down-regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
downregulation of lymphocyte differentiation
inhibition of lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of lymphocyte development
negative regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.
up regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
up-regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
upregulation of lymphocyte differentiation
activation of lymphocyte differentiation
stimulation of lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of lymphocyte development
positive regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.
regulation of T-helper cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.
down regulation of T-helper cell differentiation
down-regulation of T-helper cell differentiation
downregulation of T-helper cell differentiation
inhibition of T-helper cell differentiation
negative regulation of T-helper cell development
negative regulation of T-helper cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.
up regulation of T-helper cell differentiation
up-regulation of T-helper cell differentiation
upregulation of T-helper cell differentiation
activation of T-helper cell differentiation
stimulation of T-helper cell differentiation
positive regulation of T-helper cell development
positive regulation of T-helper cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.
regulation of T-helper 1 cell development
regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.
down regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
down-regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
downregulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
inhibition of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
negative regulation of T-helper 1 cell development
negative regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.
up regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
up-regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
upregulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
activation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
stimulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
positive regulation of T-helper 1 cell development
positive regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.
regulation of T-helper 2 cell development
regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.
down regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
down-regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
downregulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
inhibition of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell development
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.
up regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
up-regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
upregulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
activation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
stimulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell development
positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mechanoreceptor differentiation.
regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mechanoreceptor differentiation.
down regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
down-regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
downregulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
inhibition of mechanoreceptor differentiation
negative regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mechanoreceptor differentiation.
up regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
up-regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
upregulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
activation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
stimulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
positive regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of melanocyte differentiation.
regulation of melanophore differentiation
regulation of melanocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of melanocyte differentiation.
down regulation of melanocyte differentiation
down-regulation of melanocyte differentiation
downregulation of melanocyte differentiation
negative regulation of melanophore differentiation
inhibition of melanocyte differentiation
negative regulation of melanocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of melanocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of melanophore differentiation
up regulation of melanocyte differentiation
up-regulation of melanocyte differentiation
upregulation of melanocyte differentiation
activation of melanocyte differentiation
stimulation of melanocyte differentiation
positive regulation of melanocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.
regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
RUNX1 regulates transcription of genes involved in differentiation of myeloid cells
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.
down regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
down-regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
downregulation of myeloid cell differentiation
inhibition of myeloid cell differentiation
negative regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.
up regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
up-regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
upregulation of myeloid cell differentiation
activation of myeloid cell differentiation
stimulation of myeloid cell differentiation
positive regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of basophil differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of basophil differentiation.
down regulation of basophil differentiation
down-regulation of basophil differentiation
downregulation of basophil differentiation
negative regulation of basophil differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of basophil differentiation.
up regulation of basophil differentiation
up-regulation of basophil differentiation
upregulation of basophil differentiation
positive regulation of basophil differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil differentiation.
regulation of eosinophil differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil differentiation.
down regulation of eosinophil differentiation
down-regulation of eosinophil differentiation
downregulation of eosinophil differentiation
inhibition of eosinophil differentiation
negative regulation of eosinophil differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil differentiation.
up regulation of eosinophil differentiation
up-regulation of eosinophil differentiation
upregulation of eosinophil differentiation
activation of eosinophil differentiation
stimulation of eosinophil differentiation
positive regulation of eosinophil differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.
regulation of red blood cell differentiation
regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.
down regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
down-regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
downregulation of erythrocyte differentiation
negative regulation of RBC differentiation
negative regulation of red blood cell differentiation
inhibition of erythrocyte differentiation
negative regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of RBC differentiation
positive regulation of red blood cell differentiation
up regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
up-regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
upregulation of erythrocyte differentiation
activation of erythrocyte differentiation
stimulation of erythrocyte differentiation
positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.
regulation of macrophage differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.
down regulation of macrophage differentiation
down-regulation of macrophage differentiation
downregulation of macrophage differentiation
inhibition of macrophage differentiation
negative regulation of macrophage differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.
up regulation of macrophage differentiation
up-regulation of macrophage differentiation
upregulation of macrophage differentiation
activation of macrophage differentiation
stimulation of macrophage differentiation
positive regulation of macrophage differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.
regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
RUNX1 regulates genes involved in megakaryocyte differentiation and platelet function
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.
down regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
downregulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
inhibition of megakaryocyte differentiation
negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.
up regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
up-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
upregulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
activation of megakaryocyte differentiation
stimulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.
down regulation of monocyte differentiation
down-regulation of monocyte differentiation
downregulation of monocyte differentiation
negative regulation of monocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.
up regulation of monocyte differentiation
up-regulation of monocyte differentiation
upregulation of monocyte differentiation
positive regulation of monocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil differentiation.
regulation of neutrophil differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil differentiation.
down regulation of neutrophil differentiation
down-regulation of neutrophil differentiation
downregulation of neutrophil differentiation
inhibition of neutrophil differentiation
negative regulation of neutrophil differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil differentiation.
up regulation of neutrophil differentiation
up-regulation of neutrophil differentiation
upregulation of neutrophil differentiation
activation of neutrophil differentiation
stimulation of neutrophil differentiation
positive regulation of neutrophil differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
down regulation of myoblast differentiation
down-regulation of myoblast differentiation
downregulation of myoblast differentiation
negative regulation of myoblast differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
up regulation of myoblast differentiation
up-regulation of myoblast differentiation
upregulation of myoblast differentiation
positive regulation of myoblast differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
down regulation of neuron differentiation
down-regulation of neuron differentiation
downregulation of neuron differentiation
negative regulation of neuron differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
positive regulation of neuron differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.
regulation of osteoblast differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.
down regulation of osteoblast differentiation
down-regulation of osteoblast differentiation
downregulation of osteoblast differentiation
inhibition of osteoblast differentiation
negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.
up regulation of osteoblast differentiation
up-regulation of osteoblast differentiation
upregulation of osteoblast differentiation
activation of osteoblast differentiation
stimulation of osteoblast differentiation
positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.
regulation of osteoclast differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.
down regulation of osteoclast differentiation
down-regulation of osteoclast differentiation
downregulation of osteoclast differentiation
inhibition of osteoclast differentiation
negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.
up regulation of osteoclast differentiation
up-regulation of osteoclast differentiation
upregulation of osteoclast differentiation
activation of osteoclast differentiation
stimulation of osteoclast differentiation
positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of R7 differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of R7cell differentiation.
negative regulation of R7 differentiation
negative regulation of R7 cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of R7 cell differentiation.
positive regulation of R7 differentiation
positive regulation of R7 cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of R8 differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of R8 cell differentiation.
negative regulation of R8 differentiation
negative regulation of R8 cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of R8 cell differentiation.
positive regulation of R8 differentiation
positive regulation of R8 cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.
down regulation of epidermis development
down-regulation of epidermis development
negative regulation of epidermal development
negative regulation of hypodermis development
negative regulation of epidermis development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.
positive regulation of epidermal development
positive regulation of hypodermis development
positive regulation of epidermis development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.
regulation of glial cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.
down regulation of glial cell differentiation
down-regulation of glial cell differentiation
downregulation of glial cell differentiation
negative regulation of glia cell differentiation
negative regulation of neuroglia differentiation
inhibition of glial cell differentiation
negative regulation of glial cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.
positive regulation of glia cell differentiation
positive regulation of neuroglia differentiation
up regulation of glial cell differentiation
up-regulation of glial cell differentiation
upregulation of glial cell differentiation
activation of glial cell differentiation
stimulation of glial cell differentiation
positive regulation of glial cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation.
regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation.
down regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
down-regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
downregulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
inhibition of spermatid nuclear differentiation
negative regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation.
up regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
up-regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
upregulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
activation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
stimulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
positive regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids.
down regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
down-regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
downregulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of fatty acid anabolism
negative regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis
negative regulation of fatty acid formation
negative regulation of fatty acid synthesis
inhibition of fatty acid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.
down regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
down-regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
downregulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
negative regulation of glycogen anabolism
negative regulation of glycogen biosynthesis
negative regulation of glycogen formation
negative regulation of glycogen synthesis
inhibition of glycogen biosynthetic process
negative regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids.
positive regulation of fatty acid anabolism
positive regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis
positive regulation of fatty acid formation
positive regulation of fatty acid synthesis
up regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
up-regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
upregulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
activation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
stimulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a cilium.
positive regulation of flagellum assembly
positive regulation of flagellum biogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.
positive regulation of glycogen anabolism
positive regulation of glycogen biosynthesis
positive regulation of glycogen formation
positive regulation of glycogen synthesis
up regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
up-regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
upregulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
activation of glycogen biosynthetic process
stimulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.
positive regulation of protein anabolism
positive regulation of protein biosynthesis
positive regulation of protein biosynthetic process
positive regulation of protein formation
positive regulation of protein synthesis
up regulation of protein biosynthetic process
up-regulation of protein biosynthetic process
upregulation of protein biosynthetic process
activation of protein biosynthetic process
stimulation of protein biosynthetic process
The phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases, that occurs at fertilization. An enhanced uptake of oxygen leads to the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. Capacitation, a necessary prerequisite event to successful fertilization, can be induced by reactive oxygen species in vitro; hydrogen peroxide is used as an extracellular oxidant to cross-link the protective surface envelopes.
A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
positive regulation of cellular protein breakdown
positive regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
positive regulation of cellular protein catabolism
positive regulation of cellular protein degradation
positive regulation of protein breakdown
positive regulation of protein catabolism
positive regulation of protein degradation
up regulation of cellular protein breakdown
up regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
up regulation of cellular protein catabolism
up regulation of cellular protein degradation
up regulation of protein catabolic process
up-regulation of cellular protein breakdown
up-regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
up-regulation of cellular protein catabolism
up-regulation of cellular protein degradation
up-regulation of protein catabolic process
upregulation of cellular protein breakdown
upregulation of cellular protein catabolic process
upregulation of cellular protein catabolism
upregulation of cellular protein degradation
upregulation of protein catabolic process
activation of cellular protein breakdown
activation of cellular protein catabolic process
activation of cellular protein catabolism
activation of cellular protein degradation
positive regulation of cyclin catabolic process
positive regulation of cyclin catabolism
positive regulation of cyclin degradation
positive regulation of degradation of cyclin
stimulation of protein catabolic process
positive regulation of protein catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.
down regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
down-regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
downregulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
negative regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
negative regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
negative regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
negative regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
negative regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
negative regulation of GPCR protein signaling pathway
negative regulation of GPCR protein signalling pathway
inhibition of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway activity.
positive regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
positive regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
positive regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
positive regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
positive regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
positive regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
positive regulation of GPCR protein signaling pathway
positive regulation of GPCR protein signalling pathway
up regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
up-regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
upregulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
activation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
stimulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid.
down regulation of amino acid metabolic process
down-regulation of amino acid metabolic process
downregulation of amino acid metabolic process
negative regulation of amino acid metabolism
inhibition of amino acid metabolic process
negative regulation of amino acid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid.
positive regulation of amino acid metabolism
positive regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process
up regulation of amino acid metabolic process
up-regulation of amino acid metabolic process
upregulation of amino acid metabolic process
activation of amino acid metabolic process
stimulation of amino acid metabolic process
positive regulation of amino acid metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
down regulation of asymmetric cell division
down-regulation of asymmetric cell division
downregulation of asymmetric cell division
negative regulation of asymmetric cell division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
up regulation of asymmetric cell division
up-regulation of asymmetric cell division
upregulation of asymmetric cell division
positive regulation of asymmetric cell division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.
positive regulation of bone biosynthesis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
down regulation of progression through cell cycle
down-regulation of progression through cell cycle
downregulation of progression through cell cycle
negative regulation of cell cycle progression
negative regulation of progression through cell cycle
inhibition of progression through cell cycle
p75NTR negatively regulates cell cycle via SC1
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
positive regulation of cell cycle progression
positive regulation of progression through cell cycle
up regulation of progression through cell cycle
up-regulation of progression through cell cycle
upregulation of progression through cell cycle
activation of progression through cell cycle
stimulation of progression through cell cycle
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.
down regulation of glycogen catabolic process
down-regulation of glycogen catabolic process
downregulation of glycogen catabolic process
negative regulation of glycogen breakdown
negative regulation of glycogen catabolism
negative regulation of glycogen degradation
inhibition of glycogen catabolic process
negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.
positive regulation of glycogen breakdown
positive regulation of glycogen catabolism
positive regulation of glycogen degradation
up regulation of glycogen catabolic process
up-regulation of glycogen catabolic process
upregulation of glycogen catabolic process
activation of glycogen catabolic process
stimulation of glycogen catabolic process
positive regulation of glycogen catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction.
negative regulation of cardiac contraction
negative regulation of heart contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction.
positive regulation of cardiac contraction
positive regulation of heart contraction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response.
down regulation of innate immune response
down-regulation of innate immune response
downregulation of innate immune response
negative regulation of innate immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid.
down regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
down-regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
downregulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
negative regulation of isoprenoid metabolism
inhibition of isoprenoid metabolic process
negative regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid.
positive regulation of isoprenoid metabolism
up regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
up-regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
upregulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
activation of isoprenoid metabolic process
stimulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
positive regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.
negative regulation of class switch recombination
negative regulation of isotype switch recombination
negative regulation of isotype switching
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.
positive regulation of class switch recombination
positive regulation of isotype switch recombination
positive regulation of isotype switching
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
down regulation of lipid metabolic process
down-regulation of lipid metabolic process
downregulation of lipid metabolic process
negative regulation of lipid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
up regulation of lipid metabolic process
up-regulation of lipid metabolic process
positive regulation of lipid metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.
negative regulation of meiotic nuclear division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.
positive regulation of meiotic nuclear division
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mitosis. Mitosis is the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother.
negative regulation of mitotic nuclear division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.
down regulation of striated muscle development
down-regulation of striated muscle development
downregulation of striated muscle development
inhibition of striated muscle development
negative regulation of striated muscle tissue development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.
up regulation of striated muscle development
up-regulation of striated muscle development
upregulation of striated muscle development
activation of striated muscle development
stimulation of striated muscle development
positive regulation of striated muscle tissue development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nurse cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of nurse cell apoptosis
negative regulation of nurse cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nurse cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of nurse cell apoptosis
positive regulation of nurse cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.
up regulation of protein kinase activity
up-regulation of protein kinase activity
positive regulation of protein kinase activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sporulation.
positive regulation of sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation.
down regulation of translational elongation
down-regulation of translational elongation
downregulation of translational elongation
negative regulation of translational elongation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation.
up regulation of translational elongation
up-regulation of translational elongation
upregulation of translational elongation
positive regulation of translational elongation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.
down regulation of translational termination
down-regulation of translational termination
downregulation of translational termination
negative regulation of translational termination
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.
up regulation of translational termination
up-regulation of translational termination
upregulation of translational termination
stimulation of translational termination
positive regulation of translational termination
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination.
negative regulation of DNA recombination
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination.
positive regulation of DNA recombination
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate.
down regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
down-regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
downregulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
inhibition of carbohydrate metabolic process
negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate.
positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
up regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
up-regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
upregulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
activation of carbohydrate metabolic process
stimulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine.
down regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
down-regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
downregulation of catecholamine metabolic process
negative regulation of catecholamine metabolism
inhibition of catecholamine metabolic process
negative regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine.
positive regulation of catecholamine metabolism
up regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
up-regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
upregulation of catecholamine metabolic process
activation of catecholamine metabolic process
stimulation of catecholamine metabolic process
positive regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.
down regulation of fatty acid metabolic process
down-regulation of fatty acid metabolic process
downregulation of fatty acid metabolic process
negative regulation of fatty acid metabolism
inhibition of fatty acid metabolic process
negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.
positive regulation of fatty acid metabolism
up regulation of fatty acid metabolic process
up-regulation of fatty acid metabolic process
upregulation of fatty acid metabolic process
activation of fatty acid metabolic process
stimulation of fatty acid metabolic process
positive regulation of fatty acid metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving juvenile hormone.
down regulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
down-regulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
downregulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
negative regulation of juvenile hormone metabolism
inhibition of juvenile hormone metabolic process
negative regulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving juvenile hormone.
positive regulation of juvenile hormone metabolism
up regulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
up-regulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
upregulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
activation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
stimulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
positive regulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.
down regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
down-regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
downregulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
negative regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
inhibition of progression through mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle
FBXL7 down-regulates AURKA during mitotic entry and in early mitosis
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
positive regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
up regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
up-regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
upregulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
activation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
stimulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.
negative regulation of muscle contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.
positive regulation of muscle contraction
Any cellular process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
down regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
down-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
downregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
inhibition of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any cellular process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
up regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
up-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
upregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
activation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
stimulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
down regulation of phosphate metabolic process
down-regulation of phosphate metabolic process
downregulation of phosphate metabolic process
negative regulation of phosphate metabolism
inhibition of phosphate metabolic process
negative regulation of phosphate metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
positive regulation of phosphate metabolism
up regulation of phosphate metabolic process
up-regulation of phosphate metabolic process
upregulation of phosphate metabolic process
activation of phosphate metabolic process
stimulation of phosphate metabolic process
positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.
down regulation of steroid metabolic process
down-regulation of steroid metabolic process
downregulation of steroid metabolic process
negative regulation of steroid metabolism
negative regulation of steroid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.
positive regulation of steroid metabolism
up regulation of steroid metabolic process
up-regulation of steroid metabolic process
upregulation of steroid metabolic process
stimulation of steroid metabolic process
positive regulation of steroid metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.
down regulation of translational initiation
down-regulation of translational initiation
downregulation of translational initiation
negative regulation of translational initiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.
up regulation of translational initiation
up-regulation of translational initiation
upregulation of translational initiation
positive regulation of translational initiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of juvenile hormone.
regulation of juvenile hormone breakdown
regulation of juvenile hormone catabolism
regulation of juvenile hormone degradation
regulation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of natural killer mediated cytotoxicity.
down regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
down-regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
downregulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of NK cell mediated cell death
negative regulation of NK cell mediated cell killing
negative regulation of NK cell mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cell death
negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cell killing
inhibition of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of NK cell mediated cytolysis
negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytolysis
negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.
positive regulation of NK cell mediated cell death
positive regulation of NK cell mediated cell killing
positive regulation of NK cell mediated cytotoxicity
positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cell death
positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cell killing
up regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
up-regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
upregulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
activation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
stimulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
positive regulation of NK cell mediated cytolysis
positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytolysis
positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.
down regulation of dopamine metabolic process
down-regulation of dopamine metabolic process
downregulation of dopamine metabolic process
negative regulation of dopamine metabolism
inhibition of dopamine metabolic process
negative regulation of dopamine metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.
positive regulation of dopamine metabolism
up regulation of dopamine metabolic process
up-regulation of dopamine metabolic process
upregulation of dopamine metabolic process
activation of dopamine metabolic process
stimulation of dopamine metabolic process
positive regulation of dopamine metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving ecdysteroids.
down regulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
down-regulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
downregulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
negative regulation of ecdysteroid metabolism
inhibition of ecdysteroid metabolic process
negative regulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving ecdysteroids.
positive regulation of ecdysteroid metabolism
up regulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
up-regulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
upregulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
activation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
stimulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
positive regulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of juvenile hormone.
down regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
down-regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
downregulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
negative regulation of juvenile hormone anabolism
negative regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthesis
negative regulation of juvenile hormone formation
negative regulation of juvenile hormone synthesis
inhibition of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
negative regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of juvenile hormone.
positive regulation of juvenile hormone anabolism
positive regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthesis
positive regulation of juvenile hormone formation
positive regulation of juvenile hormone synthesis
up regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
up-regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
upregulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
activation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
stimulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
positive regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of juvenile hormone.
down regulation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
down-regulation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
downregulation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
negative regulation of juvenile hormone breakdown
negative regulation of juvenile hormone catabolism
negative regulation of juvenile hormone degradation
inhibition of juvenile hormone catabolic process
negative regulation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of juvenile hormone.
positive regulation of juvenile hormone breakdown
positive regulation of juvenile hormone catabolism
positive regulation of juvenile hormone degradation
up regulation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
up-regulation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
upregulation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
activation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
stimulation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
positive regulation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of juvenile hormone.
down regulation of juvenile hormone secretion
down-regulation of juvenile hormone secretion
downregulation of juvenile hormone secretion
inhibition of juvenile hormone secretion
negative regulation of juvenile hormone secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of juvenile hormone.
up regulation of juvenile hormone secretion
up-regulation of juvenile hormone secretion
upregulation of juvenile hormone secretion
activation of juvenile hormone secretion
stimulation of juvenile hormone secretion
positive regulation of juvenile hormone secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.
down regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
down-regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
downregulation of nucleotide metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleotide metabolism
inhibition of nucleotide metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.
positive regulation of nucleotide metabolism
up regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
up-regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
upregulation of nucleotide metabolic process
activation of nucleotide metabolic process
stimulation of nucleotide metabolic process
positive regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
down regulation of smooth muscle contraction
down-regulation of smooth muscle contraction
downregulation of smooth muscle contraction
negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
up regulation of smooth muscle contraction
up-regulation of smooth muscle contraction
upregulation of smooth muscle contraction
stimulation of smooth muscle contraction
positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.
down regulation of striated muscle contraction
down-regulation of striated muscle contraction
downregulation of striated muscle contraction
inhibition of striated muscle contraction
negative regulation of striated muscle contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.
up regulation of striated muscle contraction
up-regulation of striated muscle contraction
upregulation of striated muscle contraction
activation of striated muscle contraction
stimulation of striated muscle contraction
positive regulation of striated muscle contraction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
down regulation of embryonic development
down-regulation of embryonic development
negative regulation of embryonic development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysteroids.
down regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
down-regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
downregulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of ecdysteroid anabolism
negative regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthesis
negative regulation of ecdysteroid formation
negative regulation of ecdysteroid synthesis
inhibition of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysteroids.
positive regulation of ecdysteroid anabolism
positive regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthesis
positive regulation of ecdysteroid formation
positive regulation of ecdysteroid synthesis
up regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
up-regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
upregulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
activation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
stimulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of ecdysteroid.
down regulation of ecdysteroid secretion
down-regulation of ecdysteroid secretion
negative regulation of ecdysteroid secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of ecdysteroid.
positive regulation of ecdysteroid secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation.
regulation of T lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
regulation of T-cell homeostatic proliferation
regulation of T-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
regulation of resting T cell proliferation
regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation.
down regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
down-regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
downregulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
negative regulation of T lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
negative regulation of T-cell homeostatic proliferation
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
negative regulation of resting T cell proliferation
inhibition of T cell homeostatic proliferation
negative regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.
phenol-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.
Metabolism of nitric oxide: NOS3 activation and regulation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ecdysteroids, a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids which initiate post-embryonic development.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ribose phosphate, any phosphorylated ribose sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organophosphates, any phosphate-containing organic compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a short-chain fatty acid. A short-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing fewer than 6 carbons.
short-chain fatty acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.
The specialization of organization of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
down regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
down regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
down-regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
down-regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
downregulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
downregulation of photoreceptor differentiation
negative regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
inhibition of photoreceptor cell differentiation
inhibition of photoreceptor differentiation
negative regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
positive regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
up regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
up regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
up-regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
up-regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
upregulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
upregulation of photoreceptor differentiation
activation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
activation of photoreceptor differentiation
stimulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
stimulation of photoreceptor differentiation
positive regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
The regulated release of saliva from the salivary glands. In man, the saliva is a turbid and slightly viscous fluid, generally of an alkaline reaction, and is secreted by the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands. In the mouth the saliva is mixed with the secretion from the buccal glands. In man and many animals, saliva is an important digestive fluid on account of the presence of the peculiar enzyme, ptyalin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary female sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structure. The primary female sexual characteristics are the ovaries, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.
development of primary female sexual characteristics
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary male sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary male sexual characteristics are the testes, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.
development of primary male sexual characteristics
Development of a rod cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Rod cells contain the photopigment rhodopsin or porphyropsin and are responsible for vision in dim light.
Development of a cone cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Cone cells contain the photopigment iodopsin or cyanopsin and are responsible for photopic (daylight) vision.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.
Enables the directed movement of sphingolipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Sphingolipids are a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
SPNS2,MFSD2B transport S1P from cytosol to extracellular region
ABCC1,ABCG2 transport C18-S1P to extracellular region
Binding to a sphingolipid, a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.
regulation of insulin receptor signalling pathway
regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.
down regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
down-regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
downregulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of insulin receptor signalling pathway
inhibition of insulin receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.
positive regulation of insulin receptor signalling pathway
up regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
up-regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
upregulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
activation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
stimulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
The change in morphology and behavior of a gamma-delta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
The expansion of a gamma-delta T cell population by cell division.
The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta T cell. An alpha-beta T cell is a T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex.
The expansion of an alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.
regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation
regulation of alpha-beta T-cell activation
regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation
regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.
positive regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation
positive regulation of alpha-beta T-cell activation
positive regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation
up regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation
up-regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation
upregulation of alpha-beta T cell activation
activation of alpha-beta T cell activation
stimulation of alpha-beta T cell activation
positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.
down regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation
down-regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation
downregulation of alpha-beta T cell activation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T-cell activation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation
inhibition of alpha-beta T cell activation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of alpha-beta T-cell differentiation
regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of alpha-beta T cell development
regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
positive regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of alpha-beta T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
up regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
up-regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
upregulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
activation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
stimulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell development
positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
down regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
down-regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
downregulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
inhibition of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell development
negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.
regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte proliferation
regulation of alpha-beta T-cell proliferation
regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte proliferation
regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.
positive regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte proliferation
positive regulation of alpha-beta T-cell proliferation
positive regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte proliferation
up regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
up-regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
upregulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
activation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
stimulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.
down regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
down-regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
downregulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T-cell proliferation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte proliferation
inhibition of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation.
regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte activation
regulation of gamma-delta T-cell activation
regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte activation
regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation.
down regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation
down-regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation
downregulation of gamma-delta T cell activation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte activation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T-cell activation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte activation
inhibition of gamma-delta T cell activation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation.
positive regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte activation
positive regulation of gamma-delta T-cell activation
positive regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte activation
up regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation
up-regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation
upregulation of gamma-delta T cell activation
activation of gamma-delta T cell activation
stimulation of gamma-delta T cell activation
positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell proliferation.
regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte proliferation
regulation of gamma-delta T-cell proliferation
regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte proliferation
regulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell proliferation.
down regulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
down-regulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
downregulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T-cell proliferation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte proliferation
inhibition of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell proliferation.
positive regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte proliferation
positive regulation of gamma-delta T-cell proliferation
positive regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte proliferation
up regulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
up-regulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
upregulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
activation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
stimulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division.
The establishment of the sex of a female organism by physical differentiation.
The establishment of the sex of a male organism by physical differentiation.
Programmed cell death that occurs in the developing retina.
Programmed cell death that occurs in the retina to remove excess cells between ommatidia, thus resulting in a hexagonal lattice, precise with respect to cell number and position surrounding each ommatidium.
compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina.
regulation of retinal programmed cell death
regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina.
regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina.
positive regulation of retinal programmed cell death
up regulation of retinal programmed cell death
up-regulation of retinal programmed cell death
upregulation of retinal programmed cell death
activation of retinal programmed cell death
stimulation of retinal programmed cell death
positive regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina.
down regulation of retinal programmed cell death
down-regulation of retinal programmed cell death
downregulation of retinal programmed cell death
negative regulation of retinal programmed cell death
inhibition of retinal programmed cell death
negative regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina.
activation of retinal cell programmed cell death
stimulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
up regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
up-regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
upregulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
positive regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina.
down regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
down-regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
downregulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
inhibition of retinal cell programmed cell death
negative regulation of retina cell programmed cell death
negative regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.
negative regulation of insulin secretion
Adrenaline,noradrenaline inhibits insulin secretion
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organophosphorus stimulus. Organophosphorus is a compound containing phosphorus bound to an organic molecule; several organophosphorus compounds are used as insecticides, and they are highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitors.
organophosphorus susceptibility/resistance
The cellular and vascular changes occurring in the endometrium of the pregnant uterus just after the onset of blastocyst implantation. This process involves the proliferation and differentiation of the fibroblast-like endometrial stromal cells into large, polyploid decidual cells that eventually form the maternal component of the placenta.
The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a muscle cell in a stable functional or structural state.
The controlled release of acid by a cell or a tissue.
The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
down regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
down-regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
downregulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
inhibition of nucleocytoplasmic transport
negative regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
up regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
up-regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
upregulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
activation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
stimulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
positive regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
regulation of protein export from cell nucleus
regulation of protein export out of nucleus
regulation of protein transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
regulation of protein export from nucleus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
down regulation of protein export from nucleus
down-regulation of protein export from nucleus
downregulation of protein export from nucleus
negative regulation of protein export from cell nucleus
negative regulation of protein export out of nucleus
negative regulation of protein transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
negative regulation of protein-nucleus export
inhibition of protein export from nucleus
negative regulation of protein export from nucleus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
positive regulation of protein export from cell nucleus
positive regulation of protein export out of nucleus
positive regulation of protein transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
positive regulation of protein-nucleus export
up regulation of protein export from nucleus
up-regulation of protein export from nucleus
upregulation of protein export from nucleus
activation of protein export from nucleus
stimulation of protein export from nucleus
positive regulation of protein export from nucleus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of RNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
regulation of RNA import into cell nucleus
regulation of RNA transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of RNA from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
down regulation of RNA import into nucleus
down-regulation of RNA import into nucleus
downregulation of RNA import into nucleus
negative regulation of RNA import into cell nucleus
negative regulation of RNA transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
negative regulation of RNA-nucleus import
negative regulation of RNA import into nucleus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of RNA from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
positive regulation of RNA import into cell nucleus
positive regulation of RNA transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
positive regulation of RNA-nucleus import
up regulation of RNA import into nucleus
up-regulation of RNA import into nucleus
positive regulation of RNA import into nucleus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
regulation of RNA export from cell nucleus
regulation of RNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
down regulation of RNA export from nucleus
down-regulation of RNA export from nucleus
downregulation of RNA export from nucleus
negative regulation of RNA export from cell nucleus
negative regulation of RNA export out of nucleus
negative regulation of RNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
negative regulation of RNA-nucleus export
negative regulation of RNA export from nucleus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
positive regulation of RNA export from cell nucleus
positive regulation of RNA export out of nucleus
positive regulation of RNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
positive regulation of RNA-nucleus export
up regulation of RNA export from nucleus
up-regulation of RNA export from nucleus
positive regulation of RNA export from nucleus
The directed movement of glycolipids, compounds containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Binding to hydroxyapatite, the calcium phosphate mineral of formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 found both in rocks of nonorganic origin and as a component of bone and dentin.
The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive bone formation (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. An imbalance in the regulation of bone resorption and bone formation results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling, the processes of bone formation and resorption that combine to maintain skeletal integrity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling.
The directed movement of isoprenoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Isoprenoids comprise a group of compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
The directed movement of terpenoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Terpenoids are a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure and include derivatives with various functional groups.
The directed movement of tetraterpenoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Tetraterpenoids are terpenoids with eight isoprene units.
The directed movement of carotenoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carotenoids are tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail.
Enables the transfer of metal ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
heavy metal ion:hydrogen symporter activity
high affinity metal ion uptake transporter activity
low affinity metal ion uptake transporter activity
metal ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva.
The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.
regulation of hormone biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.
positive regulation of hormone anabolism
positive regulation of hormone biosynthesis
positive regulation of hormone formation
positive regulation of hormone synthesis
up regulation of hormone biosynthetic process
up-regulation of hormone biosynthetic process
upregulation of hormone biosynthetic process
activation of hormone biosynthetic process
stimulation of hormone biosynthetic process
positive regulation of hormone biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.
positive regulation of hormone secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.
negative regulation of hormone secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.
positive regulation of lipid biosynthesis
up regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
up-regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
upregulation of lipid biosynthetic process
activation of lipid biosynthetic process
stimulation of lipid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.
regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
The controlled release of a substance by a cell or a tissue.
The directed movement of substances within a cell.
Binding to a transition metal ions; a transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.
Enables the transfer of transition metal ions from one side of a membrane to the other. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.
transition metal ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell.
regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.
down regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
down-regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
downregulation of neurotransmitter secretion
inhibition of neurotransmitter secretion
negative regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
A protein complex providing a discrete opening in a membrane that allows the passage of gases and/or liquids.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a pore complex. A pore complex is a small opening in a membrane that allows the passage of liquids and/or gases.
See also the cellular component term 'pore complex ; GO:0046930'.
The directed movement of carboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
Enables the transfer of carboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity
Exchange of isocitrate and 2-oxoglutarate across the peroxisomal membrane
The directed movement of a vesicle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC protein complex on its cell surface, including proteolysis and transport steps for the peptide antigen both prior to and following assembly with the MHC protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from an endogenous or exogenous protein.
peptide antigen processing and presentation
antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
Binding to a monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates; they are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H[CHOH]nC(=O)[CHOH]mH with three or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.
The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized.
The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.
regulation of pigmentation during development
regulation of developmental pigmentation
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.
down regulation of developmental pigmentation
down-regulation of developmental pigmentation
downregulation of developmental pigmentation
negative regulation of developmental pigmentation
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.
up regulation of developmental pigmentation
up-regulation of developmental pigmentation
upregulation of developmental pigmentation
activation of developmental pigmentation
stimulation of developmental pigmentation
positive regulation of developmental pigmentation
The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.
The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell in the female gonad, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the female gametes.
female germ-line stem cell asymmetric division
The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell in the male gonad, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the male gametes.
male germ-line stem cell asymmetric division
The meiotic divisions undergone by the primary and secondary spermatocytes to produce haploid spermatids.
A change in morphology and behavior of an astrocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the fibroblast population.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.
up regulation of fibroblast proliferation
up-regulation of fibroblast proliferation
upregulation of fibroblast proliferation
positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.
down regulation of fibroblast proliferation
down-regulation of fibroblast proliferation
downregulation of fibroblast proliferation
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation
The stage in oogenesis when many layers of follicle cells surround the oocyte. There is a yolk nucleus (Balbiani's Body) near the germinal vesicle.
The stage in oogenesis when the antral spaces fuse to form a single antral space. The oocyte is suspended in the cumulus oophorous and the first polar body in the perivitelline space.
The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles.
The evagination of the Golgi membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.
The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus; mediated by the addition of specific coat proteins, including COPI and COPII proteins and clathrin, to the membrane during vesicle formation.
vesicle targeting, to, from or within dictyosome
vesicle targeting, to, from or within Golgi
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or destination of vesicle-mediated transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus.
regulation of vesicle targeting, to, from or within Golgi
Generation of the male gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a female gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.
A process required for sperm to reach fertilization competence. Sperm undergo an incompletely understood series of morphological and molecular maturational processes, termed capacitation, involving, among other processes, protein tyrosine phosphorylation and increased intracellular calcium.
Avian spermatozoa do not require a period of capacitation, since they are competent to fertilize the egg without a prolonged sojourn in the oviduct or in a capacitation medium in vitro. Therefore, sperm capacitation can only be applied to Aves to refer to gene products involved in processes that occur prior to sperm being deposited from the avian male. The term cannot apply to processes occurring in the avian female reproductive tract.
The directed movement of epinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The regulated release of epinephrine by a cell. Epinephrine is a catecholamine hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter, released by certain neurons and active in the central nervous system.
The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine and it acts as a hormone and as a neurotransmitter of most of the sympathetic nervous system.
The movement of an eosinophil in response to an external stimulus.
The movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.
The directed movement of a lymphocyte in response to an external stimulus.
Assembly of the extracellular matrix fibers that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching.
The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle to the lipid bilayer membrane around the Golgi.
The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles.
The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the alveolus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The alveolus is a sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of air passageways.
The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the nucleus during the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei.
nuclear membrane fusion during karyogamy
nuclear membrane fusion involved in karyogamy
The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to IgE biosynthesis, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and IgE constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.
class switch recombination to IgE isotypes
isotype switch recombination to IgE isotypes
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes.
regulation of class switch recombination to IgE isotypes
regulation of class switching to IgE isotypes
regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgE isotypes
regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes.
down regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes
down-regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes
downregulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes
negative regulation of class switch recombination to IgE isotypes
negative regulation of class switching to IgE isotypes
negative regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgE isotypes
inhibition of isotype switching to IgE isotypes
negative regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes.
positive regulation of class switch recombination to IgE isotypes
positive regulation of class switching to IgE isotypes
positive regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgE isotypes
up regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes
up-regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes
upregulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes
activation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes
stimulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes
positive regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes
Binding to a protein or protein complex in the presence of calcium.
The partitioning of organelles between daughter cells at cell division.
The partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division.
Golgi Cisternae Pericentriolar Stack Reorganization
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the axial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the axial mesoderm are generated and organized.
The process that gives rise to the axial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesoderm are generated and organized.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mesoderm cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paraxial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the paraxial mesoderm are generated and organized.
The process that gives rise to the paraxial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the lateral mesoderm are generated and organized.
The process that gives rise to the lateral mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the intermediate mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the intermediate mesoderm are generated and organized.
The process that gives rise to the intermediate mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
The cellular developmental process in which a specific cell progresses from an immature to a mature state. Cell development start once cell commitment has taken place.
The cellular developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a specific cell to attain its fully functional state.
The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the autonomic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the enteric nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parasympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia.
parasympathetic nervous system development
The process controlling the activation and/or rate at which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized features. Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the XXX at a consistent predetermined time point during its development.
regulation of timing of cell differentiation
Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism.
Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
positive regulation of physiological process
positive regulation of biological process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
negative regulation of physiological process
negative regulation of biological process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
positive regulation of cellular physiological process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
negative regulation of cellular physiological process
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of any organ involved in hematopoiesis (also known as hemopoiesis) or lymphoid cell activation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Such development includes differentiation of resident cell types (stromal cells) and of migratory cell types dependent on the unique microenvironment afforded by the organ for their proper differentiation.
haematopoietic or lymphoid organ development
haemopoietic or lymphoid organ development
hemopoietic or lymphoid organ development
hematopoietic or lymphoid organ development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lymph nodes over time, from their formation to the mature structure. A lymph node is a round, oval, or bean shaped structure localized in clusters along the lymphatic vessels, with a distinct internal structure including specialized vasculature and B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.
mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue development
bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue development
gut-associated lymphoid tissue development
nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue development
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thymus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thymus is a symmetric bi-lobed organ involved primarily in the differentiation of immature to mature T cells, with unique vascular, nervous, epithelial, and lymphoid cell components.
Note that this term is reserved for annotation of gene products involved in the formation of the thymus itself, not for gene products involved in T cell differentiation in the thymus or elsewhere.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bone marrow over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of Peyer's patches over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Peyer's patches are typically found as nodules associated with gut epithelium with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lymph gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lymph gland is one of the sites of hemocyte differentiation. It consists of three to six bilaterally paired lobes that are attached to the cardioblasts during larval stages, and it degenerates during pupal stages.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.
Morphogenesis, during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.
Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the notochord are generated and organized. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure.
regulation of post-embryonic development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure.
down regulation of post-embryonic development
down-regulation of post-embryonic development
downregulation of post-embryonic development
inhibition of post-embryonic development
negative regulation of post-embryonic development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure.
up regulation of post-embryonic development
up-regulation of post-embryonic development
upregulation of post-embryonic development
activation of post-embryonic development
stimulation of post-embryonic development
positive regulation of post-embryonic development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.
positive regulation of response to stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.
negative regulation of response to stimulus
The growth of a cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from one condition to another.
developmental growth of a unicellular organism
The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during embryonic development.
The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants.
embryonic anatomical structure morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which the structures of an oocyte are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of an oocyte.
oocyte morphogenesis during differentiation
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of somatic structures that will be used in the process of creating new individuals from one or more parents, from their formation to the mature structures.
The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs.
reproductive process in a multicellular organism
multicellular organismal reproductive process
The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized, during the embryonic phase.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a myoblast to attain its fully functional state. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
The increase in size or mass of a skeletal muscle. This may be due to a change in the fiber number or size.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth.
regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth.
down regulation of skeletal muscle growth
down-regulation of skeletal muscle growth
downregulation of skeletal muscle growth
negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle growth.
positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development.
negative regulation of muscle organ development
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of muscle development.
positive regulation of muscle organ development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of developmental growth.
positive regulation of developmental growth
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.
negative regulation of developmental growth
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development.
regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development.
down regulation of skeletal muscle development
down-regulation of skeletal muscle development
downregulation of skeletal muscle development
inhibition of skeletal muscle development
negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle tissue development.
up regulation of skeletal muscle development
up-regulation of skeletal muscle development
upregulation of skeletal muscle development
activation of skeletal muscle development
stimulation of skeletal muscle development
positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development
The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle are generated and organized.
The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ.
initiation of an animal organ primordium
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis
Note that, for example, the formation of a pseudopod in an amoeba would not be considered formation involved in morphogenesis because it would not be thought of as the formation of an anatomical structure that was part of the shaping of the amoeba during its development. The formation of an axon from a neuron would be considered the formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis because it contributes to the creation of the form of the neuron in a developmental sense.
anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis
The multiplication or reproduction of smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.
regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.
positive regulation of SMC proliferation
up regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
up-regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
upregulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
activation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
stimulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.
down regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
down-regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
downregulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
negative regulation of SMC proliferation
inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which the structures of a neuron are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a neuron.
neuron morphogenesis involved in differentiation
cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation
The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized.
The process, occurring during instar larval or pupal development, by which anatomical structures are generated and organized.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an astrocyte. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.
up regulation of astrocyte differentiation
up-regulation of astrocyte differentiation
upregulation of astrocyte differentiation
stimulation of astrocyte differentiation
positive regulation of astrocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.
down regulation of astrocyte differentiation
down-regulation of astrocyte differentiation
downregulation of astrocyte differentiation
negative regulation of astrocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation.
regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation.
up regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation
up-regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation
upregulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation
activation of oligodendrocyte differentiation
stimulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation
positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation.
down regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation
down-regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation
downregulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation
inhibition of oligodendrocyte differentiation
negative regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tissue are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the epidermis are generated and organized. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A gland is an organ specialised for secretion.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sebaceous gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an appendage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.
regulation of skeletal muscle fibre development
regulation of skeletal myofiber development
regulation of skeletal myofibre development
regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.
positive regulation of skeletal muscle fibre development
positive regulation of skeletal myofiber development
positive regulation of skeletal myofibre development
up regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development
up-regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development
upregulation of skeletal muscle fiber development
activation of skeletal muscle fiber development
stimulation of skeletal muscle fiber development
positive regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.
down regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development
down-regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development
downregulation of skeletal muscle fiber development
negative regulation of skeletal muscle fibre development
negative regulation of skeletal myofiber development
negative regulation of skeletal myofibre development
inhibition of skeletal muscle fiber development
negative regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the compound eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The compound eye is an organ of sight that contains multiple repeating units, often arranged hexagonally. Each unit has its own lens and photoreceptor cell(s) and can generate either a single pixelated image or multiple images, per eye.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the semicircular canals are generated and organized.
embryonic semicircular canal morphogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pigment granule.
pigment granule organization and biogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in an epithelial tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder.
branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube
The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in a nerve are generated and organized. This term refers to an anatomical structure (nerve) not a cell (neuron).
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.
A small, subcellular membrane-bounded vesicle containing pigment and/or pigment precursor molecules. Pigment granule biogenesis is poorly understood, as pigment granules are derived from multiple sources including the endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, lysosomes, and endosomes.
The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a leucophore cell. Leucophores are pigment cells derived from the neural crest. They contain uric acid or other purine crystals, deposited in stacks called leucosomes. This gives them a white appearance.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an erythrophore cell. Erythrophores are pigment cells derived from the neural crest. They contain pteridine and/or carotenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or erythrosomes. This gives them an orange to red appearance.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a cyanophore cell. Cyanophores are pigment cells derived from the neural crest. They contain a blue pigment of unknown chemical composition. The pigment is stored in fibrous organelles termed cyanosomes.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leucophore differentiation.
regulation of leucophore differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leucophore differentiation.
down regulation of leucophore differentiation
down-regulation of leucophore differentiation
downregulation of leucophore differentiation
inhibition of leucophore differentiation
negative regulation of leucophore differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leucophore differentiation.
up regulation of leucophore differentiation
up-regulation of leucophore differentiation
upregulation of leucophore differentiation
activation of leucophore differentiation
stimulation of leucophore differentiation
positive regulation of leucophore differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrophore differentiation.
regulation of erythrophore differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrophore differentiation.
down regulation of erythrophore differentiation
down-regulation of erythrophore differentiation
downregulation of erythrophore differentiation
inhibition of erythrophore differentiation
negative regulation of erythrophore differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrophore differentiation.
up regulation of erythrophore differentiation
up-regulation of erythrophore differentiation
upregulation of erythrophore differentiation
activation of erythrophore differentiation
stimulation of erythrophore differentiation
positive regulation of erythrophore differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyanophore differentiation.
regulation of cyanophore differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyanophore differentiation.
down regulation of cyanophore differentiation
down-regulation of cyanophore differentiation
downregulation of cyanophore differentiation
inhibition of cyanophore differentiation
negative regulation of cyanophore differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cyanophore differentiation.
up regulation of cyanophore differentiation
up-regulation of cyanophore differentiation
upregulation of cyanophore differentiation
activation of cyanophore differentiation
stimulation of cyanophore differentiation
positive regulation of cyanophore differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an animal organ to attain its fully functional state. An organ is a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of male genitalia are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendrite are generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle maturation.
down regulation of hair follicle maturation
down-regulation of hair follicle maturation
downregulation of hair follicle maturation
negative regulation of hair follicle maturation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle maturation.
up regulation of hair follicle maturation
up-regulation of hair follicle maturation
upregulation of hair follicle maturation
positive regulation of hair follicle maturation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle maturation.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a hair follicle to attain its fully functional state.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an erythrocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process aimed at the progression of an enucleate erythrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process aimed at the progression of a nucleate erythrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of arterial blood vessels are generated and organized. Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the body and its organs.
The process in which the anatomical structures of venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the body and its organs to the heart.
The process that gives rise to adenohypophysis. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the neurohypophysis are generated and organized. The neurohypophysis is the part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones involved in blood pressure regulation.
The process that gives rise to neurohypophysis. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The neurohypophysis is the part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones involved in blood pressure regulation.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the hypophysis are generated and organized. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the hypophysis are generated and organized. The hypophysis is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the diencephalon are generated and organized. The diencephalon is the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus are derived; these regions regulate autonomic, visceral and endocrine function, and process information directed to the cerebral cortex.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the forebrain are generated and organized. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).
The process in which the anatomical structures of the brain are generated and organized. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).
The process in which the anatomical structures of the adenohypophysis are generated and organized. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neural nucleus from its initial condition to its mature state. A neural nucleus is an anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell projection are generated and organized.
The process in which the limits of an anatomical structure are generated. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a glioblast into daughter cells.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stem cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to its specific fate.
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cell over time from an initial condition to a later condition.
Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the multicellular organism.
multicellular organismal-level homeostasis
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells in a tissue.
homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sensory system over time from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mechanosensory lateral line system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mechanosensory lateral line system consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head and body of all fishes and most amphibians. The neuromasts are innervated by several lateral line nerves, which project primarily to the hindbrain. The mechanosensory lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance.
mechanosensory lateral line system development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral line over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lateral line consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head and body of all fishes and most amphibians. The lateral line develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated behind the ear and between the eye and ear.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neuromast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neuromast is the sensory organ of the lateral line and is composed of a population of sensory hair cells, and nonsensory supporting cells and mantle cells. Neuromasts are located superficially on the epithelium or in lateral line canals.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuromast hair cell. Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the neuromast and are located in a portion of the neuromast called the sensory strip. Each hair cell of the neuromast is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. There are approximately seven hair cells within each neuromast, with each hair cell innervated by afferent and efferent neurons.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuromast mantle cell. Mantle cells are non-sensory cells that surround the sensory strip, separating the neuromast from the epidermis. Mantle cells secrete the cupula in which the ciliary bundles of all of the hair cells are embedded.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuromast support cell. Support cells are non-sensory cells of the neuromast that extend between the sensory hair cells from the basement membrane to the apical surface; they are surrounded by mantle cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral line ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lateral line ganglion develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated between the eye and ear and behind the ear.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lateral line ganglion neuron.
lateral line ganglion neuron differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral line nerve over time, form its formation to the mature structure. Lateral line nerves project primarily to an octavolateralis column in the hindbrain that consists of the medial octavolateralis nucleus (MON), the caudal octavolateralis nucleus, and the magnocellular nucleus.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glial cell in a lateral line nerve.
lateral line nerve glial cell differentiation
The movement of a glial cell along the axons in a lateral line nerve.
glial cell migration in lateral line nerve
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anterior lateral line system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The anterior lateral line system develops from cranial ectodermal placodes, situated between the eye and the ear, that give rise to both the neuromasts and the anterior lateral line sensory nerves that innervate the neuromasts. The anterior lateral line system consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head of all fishes and most amphibians and are innervated by several lateral line nerves, which project to the hindbrain. The anterior lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance.
anterior lateral line system development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anterior lateral line over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The anterior lateral line consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head of all fishes and most amphibians. The anterior lateral line develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated between the eye and ear.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anterior lateral line neuromast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neuromast is the sensory receptor of the anterior lateral line system and is composed of a population of sensory hair cells, and nonsensory supporting cells and mantle cells. Neuromast are located superficially on the epithelium or in lateral line canals.
anterior lateral line neuromast development
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell. Neuromast hair cells are the sensory receptors of the neuromast and are located in a portion of the neuromast called the sensory strip. Each hair cell of the neuromast is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. There are approximately seven hair cells within each neuromast, with each hair cell innervated by afferent and efferent neurons.
anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an anterior lateral line neuromast mantle cell. Mantle cells are non-sensory cells that surround the sensory strip, separating the neuromast from the epidermis. Mantle cells secrete the cupula in which the ciliary bundles of all of the hair cells are embedded.
anterior lateral line neuromast mantle cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an anterior lateral line neuromast support cell. Support cells are non-sensory cells of the neuromast that extend between the sensory hair cells from the basement membrane to the apical surface; they are surrounded by mantle cells.
anterior lateral line neuromast support cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anterior lateral line ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The anterior lateral line ganglion develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated between the eye and ear.
anterior lateral line ganglion development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anterior lateral line nerve over time, form its formation to the mature structure. The anterior lateral line nerve contains efferent axons that innervate hair cells of the ALL and afferent axons that project to an octavolateralis column in the hindbrain. The octavolateralis column consists of the medial octavolateralis nucleus (MON), the caudal octavolateralis nucleus, and the magnocellular nucleus.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glial cell in the anterior lateral line nerve.
anterior lateral line nerve glial cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior lateral line system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The posterior lateral line system develops from cranial ectodermal placodes, situated behind the ear, that give rise to both the neuromasts and the posterior lateral line sensory nerves that innervate the neuromasts. The posterior lateral line system consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head of all fishes and most amphibians. The neuromasts are innervated by several lateral line nerves, which project primarily to the hindbrain. The posterior mechanosensory lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance.
posterior lateral line system development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior lateral line over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The posterior lateral line consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the body and trunk of all fishes and most amphibians. The posterior lateral line develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated behind the ear.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior lateral line ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The posterior lateral line ganglion develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated behind the ear.
posterior lateral line ganglion development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior lateral line nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The posterior lateral line nerve innervates hair cells of the PLL and projects to an octavolateralis column in the hindbrain that consists of the medial octavolateralis nucleus (MON), the caudal octavolateralis nucleus, and the magnocellular nucleus.
posterior lateral line nerve development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior lateral line neuromast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neuromast is the sensory receptor of the anterior lateral line system and is composed of a population of sensory hair cells, and nonsensory supporting cells and mantle cells. Neuromast are located superficially on the epithelium or in lateral line canals.
posterior lateral line neuromast development
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell. (N.B. This may be development of neuromast hair cell type or a set of cell of neuromast hair cell type. This will involve the change of a cell or set of cells from one cell identity to another). Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the neuromast and are located in a portion of the neuromast called the sensory strip. Each hair cell of the neuromast is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. There are approximately seven hair cells within each neuromast, with each hair cell innervated by afferent and efferent neurons.
posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a posterior lateral line neuromast mantle cell. (N.B. This may be development of neuromast mantle cell type or a set of cells of neuromast mantle cell type. This will involve the change of a cell or set of cells from one cell identity to another). Mantle cells are non-sensory cells that surround the sensory strip, separating the neuromast from the epidermis. Mantle cells secrete the cupula in which the ciliary bundles of all of the hair cells are embedded.
posterior lateral line neuromast mantle cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral line system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lateral line system is a network of sensory organs (neuromasts) and lateral line nerves located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head and body of all fishes and most amphibians. The lateral line system develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated between the eye and ear.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a posterior lateral line neuromast support cell. Support cells are non-sensory cells of the neuromast that extend between the sensory hair cells from the basement membrane to the apical surface; they are surrounded by mantle cells.
posterior lateral line neuromast support cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron of the posterior lateral line ganglion.
posterior lateral line ganglion neuron differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glial cell in the posterior lateral line nerve.
posterior lateral line nerve glial cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the peripheral nervous system.
peripheral nervous system neuron differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the peripheral nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.
peripheral nervous system neuron development
The process aimed at the progression of a lateral line glial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
lateral line nerve glial cell development
The process in which the structure of a glial cell in a lateral line nerve is generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a glial cell in a lateral line nerve.
lateral line nerve glial cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation
The process aimed at the progression of a glial cell in the anterior lateral line nerve over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
anterior lateral line nerve glial cell development
The process in which the structures of a glial cell in the anterior lateral line nerve are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a glial cell in the anterior lateral line nerve.
anterior lateral line nerve glial cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation
The process aimed at the progression of a glial cell in the posterior lateral line nerve over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
posterior lateral line nerve glial cell development
The process in which the structures of a glial cell in the posterior lateral line nerve are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a glial cell in the posterior lateral line nerve.
posterior lateral line nerve glial cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation
Any process in which a chromosome is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of chromosome localization
establishment and maintenance of chromosome position
The regulated release of catecholamines by a cell. The catecholamines are a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of catecholamines.
The directed movement of nucleic acids, single or double-stranded polynucleotides involved in the storage, transmission and transfer of genetic information, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of RNA, ribonucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation.
up regulation of lymphocyte proliferation
up-regulation of lymphocyte proliferation
upregulation of lymphocyte proliferation
positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation.
down regulation of lymphocyte proliferation
down-regulation of lymphocyte proliferation
downregulation of lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of lymphocyte proliferation
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances.
The multiplication or reproduction of urothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Urothelial cells make up a layer of transitional epithelium in the wall of the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis, external to the lamina propria.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of urothelial cell proliferation.
regulation of urothelial cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of urothelial cell proliferation.
down regulation of urothelial cell proliferation
down-regulation of urothelial cell proliferation
downregulation of urothelial cell proliferation
inhibition of urothelial cell proliferation
negative regulation of urothelial cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of urothelial cell proliferation.
up regulation of urothelial cell proliferation
up-regulation of urothelial cell proliferation
upregulation of urothelial cell proliferation
activation of urothelial cell proliferation
stimulation of urothelial cell proliferation
positive regulation of urothelial cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.
regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.
up regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
up-regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
upregulation of epithelial cell proliferation
activation of epithelial cell proliferation
stimulation of epithelial cell proliferation
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.
down regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
down-regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
downregulation of epithelial cell proliferation
inhibition of epithelial cell proliferation
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.
negative regulation of protein secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.
positive regulation of protein secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.
down regulation of inflammatory response
down-regulation of inflammatory response
negative regulation of inflammatory response
Biosynthesis of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs)
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.
positive regulation of inflammatory response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.
regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.
up regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
up-regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
upregulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
activation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
stimulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.
down regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
down-regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
downregulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
inhibition of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
negative regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoproteins, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoproteins, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
positive regulation of lipoprotein metabolism
up regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process
up-regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process
upregulation of lipoprotein metabolic process
activation of lipoprotein metabolic process
stimulation of lipoprotein metabolic process
positive regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoproteins, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
down regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process
down-regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process
downregulation of lipoprotein metabolic process
negative regulation of lipoprotein metabolism
inhibition of lipoprotein metabolic process
negative regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the process in which phagocytes engulf external particulate material.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells in the nervous system.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis, the generation of an axon, the long process of a neuron.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.
Axonal growth inhibition (RHOA activation)
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.
down regulation of dendrite morphogenesis
down-regulation of dendrite morphogenesis
downregulation of dendrite morphogenesis
negative regulation of dendrite morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.
positive regulation of dendrite morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.
Immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and a non-Lymphoid cell
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
regulation of cellular physiological process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monoatomic ions within an organism or cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.
negative regulation of crystal formation
Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).
regulation of synapse structure or activity
Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission.
regulation of chemical synaptic transmission
modulation of chemical synaptic transmission
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.
down regulation of synaptic transmission
down-regulation of synaptic transmission
negative regulation of synaptic transmission
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.
positive regulation of synaptic transmission
Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).
regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
regulation of steroid biosynthetic process
The process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation, the process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation.
Binding to ice, water reduced to the solid state by cold temperature. It is a white or transparent colorless substance, crystalline, brittle, and viscoidal.
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism.
defense response to fungus, incompatible interaction
resistance response to pathogenic fungus
adhesive extracellular matrix constituent
Binding to a component of the extracellular matrix.
extracellular matrix constituent binding
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling, the process in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response.
regulation of calcium-mediated signalling
regulation of calcium-mediated signaling
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling.
down regulation of calcium-mediated signaling
down-regulation of calcium-mediated signaling
downregulation of calcium-mediated signaling
negative regulation of calcium-mediated signalling
inhibition of calcium-mediated signaling
negative regulation of calcium-mediated signaling
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling.
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signalling
up regulation of calcium-mediated signaling
up-regulation of calcium-mediated signaling
upregulation of calcium-mediated signaling
activation of calcium-mediated signaling
stimulation of calcium-mediated signaling
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation, the change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.
negative regulation of T lymphocyte activation
negative regulation of T-cell activation
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte activation
negative regulation of T cell activation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation.
negative regulation of B lymphocyte activation
negative regulation of B-cell activation
negative regulation of B-lymphocyte activation
negative regulation of B cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte activation
positive regulation of T-cell activation
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte activation
positive regulation of T cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation.
positive regulation of B lymphocyte activation
positive regulation of B-cell activation
positive regulation of B-lymphocyte activation
positive regulation of B cell activation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a white adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in energy storage. White adipocytes have cytoplasmic lipids arranged in a unique vacuole.
Transcriptional regulation of white adipocyte differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.
An organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the neurological system.
Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids.
Any physiological process involved in changing the position of a multicellular organism or an anatomical part of a multicellular organism.
The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system.
Any process in which an organism voluntarily modulates its posture, the alignment of its anatomical parts.
neuromuscular process controlling posture
Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors.
neuromuscular process controlling balance
The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.
The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory.
A chemical homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of water within extracellular body fluids, such as blood, xylem or phloem, of a multicellular organism. This is distinct from maintenance of cellular homeostasis, which occurs within a cell.
multicellular organismal water homeostasis
multicellular organismal-level water homeostasis
Any neural process required for an organism to sense and interpret the dimensions of a sensory experience: modality, location, intensity and affect.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism.
The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
Cell surface interactions at the vascular wall
Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism.
The series of events involved in sensory perception in which a sensory stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
sensory perception, sensory transduction of stimulus
detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception
The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.
sensory detection of chemical stimulus during sensory perception
sensory perception, sensory detection of chemical stimulus
sensory perception, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus
sensory transduction of chemical stimulus
sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during sensory perception
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception
The series of events involved in visual perception in which a light stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
sensory detection of light during visual perception
sensory detection of light stimulus during visual perception
sensory transduction of light during visual perception
sensory transduction of light stimulus during visual perception
visual perception, detection of light stimulus
visual perception, sensory transduction during perception of light
visual perception, sensory transduction of light stimulus
detection of light stimulus involved in visual perception
The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells. This is a neurological process.
The series of events involved in the perception of sound vibration in which the vibration is received and converted into a molecular signal.
perception of sound, detection of mechanical stimulus
perception of sound, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
perception of sound, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus
sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of sound
sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of sound
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sound
The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
perception of smell, detection of chemical stimulus
perception of smell, sensory detection of chemical stimulus
perception of smell, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus
sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of smell
sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of smell
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell
The series of events involved in the perception of taste in which a gustatory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
perception of taste, detection of chemical stimulus
perception of taste, sensory detection of chemical stimulus
perception of taste, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus
sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of taste
sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of taste
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a pigmented cell, such as a melanocyte.
Note that the chromatophore mentioned here is distinct from the pigment bearing structure found in certain photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria. It is also different from the plant chromoplast, which is also sometimes called a chromatophore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pigmented cell differentiation.
regulation of pigment cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an iridophore. Iridophores are pigment cells derived from the neural crest. They contain guanidine or other purine crystals deposited in stacks called reflecting platets or iridisomes. This gives them a silver, gold, or iridescent appearance.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a xanthophore cell. Xanthophores are pigment cells derived from the neural crest. They contain pteridine and/or carotenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or xanthosomes. This makes them yellow to orange in appearance.
Note that this term refers to xanthophores in the sense of specialized pigment-producing cells, and should not be confused with the cellular component term 'xanthophore ; GO:0031633', which refers to a subcellular structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of iridophore differentiation.
regulation of iridophore differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of xanthophore differentiation.
regulation of xanthophore differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation.
down regulation of pigment cell differentiation
down-regulation of pigment cell differentiation
downregulation of pigment cell differentiation
inhibition of pigment cell differentiation
negative regulation of pigment cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation.
up regulation of pigment cell differentiation
up-regulation of pigment cell differentiation
upregulation of pigment cell differentiation
activation of pigment cell differentiation
stimulation of pigment cell differentiation
positive regulation of pigment cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of iridophore differentiation.
down regulation of iridophore differentiation
down-regulation of iridophore differentiation
downregulation of iridophore differentiation
inhibition of iridophore differentiation
negative regulation of iridophore differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of xanthophore differentiation.
down regulation of xanthophore differentiation
down-regulation of xanthophore differentiation
downregulation of xanthophore differentiation
inhibition of xanthophore differentiation
negative regulation of xanthophore differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of iridophore differentiation.
up regulation of iridophore differentiation
up-regulation of iridophore differentiation
upregulation of iridophore differentiation
activation of iridophore differentiation
stimulation of iridophore differentiation
positive regulation of iridophore differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of xanthophore differentiation.
up regulation of xanthophore differentiation
up-regulation of xanthophore differentiation
upregulation of xanthophore differentiation
activation of xanthophore differentiation
stimulation of xanthophore differentiation
positive regulation of xanthophore differentiation
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
sensory perception of temperature stimulus
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory electrical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
sensory perception of electrical stimulus
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
sensory perception of mechanical stimulus
The series of events required for an organism to receive a temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Thermoception in larger animals is mainly done in the skin; mammals have at least two types of sensor, for detecting heat (temperatures above body temperature) and cold (temperatures below body temperature).
The series of events required for an organism to receive an electrical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Many fish possess an electroception sense; for example, the electric eel uses low voltage pulses of electricity for navigation and prey location.
The series of events required for an organism to receive an orientational stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Equilibrioception refers to a combination of processes by which an organism can perceive its orientation with respect to gravity. In animals, stimuli come from labyrinth system of the inner ears, monitoring the direction of motion; visual stimuli, with information on orientation and motion; pressure receptors, which tell the organism which body surfaces are in contact with the ground; and proprioceptive cues, which report which parts of the body are in motion.
sensory perception of orientation with respect to gravity
The series of events in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of thermoception.
sensory detection of temperature stimulus during thermoception
sensory detection of thermal stimulus during thermoception
sensory transduction of temperature stimulus during thermoception
sensory transduction of thermal stimulus during thermoception
thermoception, sensory detection of temperature stimulus
thermoception, sensory detection of thermal stimulus
thermoception, sensory transduction of temperature stimulus
thermoception, sensory transduction of thermal stimulus
detection of temperature stimulus involved in thermoception
The series of events in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.
sensory detection of temperature stimulus
sensory detection of temperature stimulus during sensory perception
sensory detection of thermal stimulus during sensory perception
sensory perception, sensory detection of temperature stimulus
sensory perception, sensory detection of thermal stimulus
sensory perception, sensory transduction of temperature stimulus
sensory perception, sensory transduction of thermal stimulus
sensory transduction of temperature stimulus
sensory transduction of temperature stimulus during sensory perception
sensory transduction of thermal stimulus during sensory perception
sensory detection of heat stimulus during sensory perception
sensory perception, sensory detection of heat stimulus
sensory perception, sensory transduction of heat stimulus
sensory transduction of heat stimulus during sensory perception
detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception
The series of events in which a light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal as part of the sensory perception of light.
sensory detection of light stimulus during sensory perception
sensory perception, sensory detection of light stimulus
sensory perception, sensory transduction of light stimulus
sensory transduction of light stimulus during sensory perception
detection of light stimulus involved in sensory perception
The series of events in which an electrical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.
sensory detection of electrical stimulus
sensory detection of electrical stimulus during sensory perception
sensory perception, sensory detection of electrical stimulus
sensory perception, sensory transduction of electrical stimulus
sensory transduction of electrical stimulus
sensory transduction of electrical stimulus during sensory perception
detection of electrical stimulus involved in sensory perception
The series of events that contribute to electroception in which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
electroception, detection of electrical stimulus
electroception, sensory detection of electrical stimulus
electroception, sensory transduction of electrical stimulus
detection of electrical stimulus during electroreception
sensory detection of electrical stimulus during electroception
sensory transduction of electrical stimulus during electroception
detection of electrical stimulus involved in electroception
The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
perception of pain, detection of temperature stimulus
perception of pain, sensory detection of temperature stimulus
perception of pain, sensory transduction of temperature stimulus
sensory detection of temperature stimulus during perception of pain
sensory detection of thermal stimulus during sensory perception of pain
sensory perception of pain, sensory detection of thermal stimulus
sensory perception of pain, sensory transduction of thermal stimulus
sensory transduction of temperature stimulus during perception of pain
sensory transduction of thermal stimulus during sensory perception of pain
detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain
The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
perception of pain, detection of mechanical stimulus
perception of pain, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
perception of pain, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus
sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of pain
sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of pain
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain
The series of events that contribute to the perception of pain in which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
perception of pain, detection of electrical stimulus
perception of pain, sensory detection of electrical stimulus
perception of pain, sensory transduction of electrical stimulus
detection of electrical stimulus during sensory perception of pain
sensory detection of electrical stimulus during perception of pain
sensory transduction of electrical stimulus during perception of pain
detection of electrical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain
The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
perception of pain, detection of chemical stimulus
perception of pain, sensory detection of chemical stimulus
perception of pain, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus
sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of pain
sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of pain
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain
The series of events involved in equilibrioception in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. During equilibrioception, mechanical stimuli may be in the form of input from pressure receptors or from the labyrinth system of the inner ears.
equilibrioception, detection of mechanical stimulus
equilibrioception, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
equilibrioception, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus
sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during equilibrioception
sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during equilibrioception
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in equilibrioception
The series of events in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.
sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during sensory perception
sensory perception, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
sensory perception, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus
sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus
sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during sensory perception
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception
The series of events required for an organism to receive a touch stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. The perception of touch in animals is mediated by mechanoreceptors in the skin and mucous membranes and is the sense by which contact with objects gives evidence as to certain of their qualities. Different types of touch can be perceived (for example, light, coarse, pressure and tickling) and the stimulus may be external or internal (e.g. the feeling of a full stomach).
The series of events involved in the perception of touch in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus
perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus
sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch
The series of events by which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events by which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.
down regulation of lipid catabolic process
down-regulation of lipid catabolic process
downregulation of lipid catabolic process
negative regulation of lipid degradation
negative regulation of lipid catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.
positive regulation of lipid degradation
up regulation of lipid catabolic process
up-regulation of lipid catabolic process
positive regulation of lipid catabolic process
The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness.
The directed movement of RNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of nucleic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Nucleic acids are single or double-stranded polynucleotides involved in the storage, transmission and transfer of genetic information.
nucleic acid transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of RNA, ribonucleic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Exportin complex translocates pre-miRNA to cytosol
Enables the transfer of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
down regulation of DNA metabolic process
down-regulation of DNA metabolic process
negative regulation of DNA metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
positive regulation of DNA metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.
down regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
down-regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
downregulation of lipid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of lipid biosynthesis
inhibition of lipid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
Binding to NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters.
The cell cycle process in which the controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes during meiotic cell division occurs.
The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes during the second division of meiosis.
The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes, for example during cellular division.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
down regulation of developmental process
down-regulation of developmental process
negative regulation of developmental process
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
positive regulation of developmental process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Enables the transfer of a sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. A sugar is any member of a class of sweet, water-soluble, crystallizable carbohydrates, which are the monosaccharides and smaller oligosaccharides.
sugar transmembrane transporter activity
GLUT7 and GLUT11 transport glucose and fructose
SLC45A3 transports Glc from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC50A1 transports Glc from cytosol to extracellular region
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
regulation of cellular component organisation
regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis
regulation of cellular component organization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
negative regulation of cell organisation
negative regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of cellular component organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
positive regulation of cell organisation
positive regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of cellular component organization
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation.
regulation of NK T lymphocyte activation
regulation of NK T-lymphocyte activation
regulation of natural killer T cell activation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation.
negative regulation of NK T lymphocyte activation
negative regulation of NK T-cell activation
negative regulation of NK T-lymphocyte activation
negative regulation of NKT cell activation
negative regulation of NT cell activation
negative regulation of natural T cell activation
negative regulation of natural killer T cell activation
negative regulation of NK T cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation.
positive regulation of NK T lymphocyte activation
positive regulation of NK T-cell activation
positive regulation of NK T-lymphocyte activation
positive regulation of NKT cell activation
positive regulation of NT cell activation
positive regulation of natural T cell activation
positive regulation of natural killer T cell activation
positive regulation of NK T cell activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell differentiation.
regulation of NK T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of NK T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of natural T cell differentiation
regulation of natural killer T cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell differentiation.
down regulation of NK T cell differentiation
down-regulation of NK T cell differentiation
downregulation of NK T cell differentiation
negative regulation of NK T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of NK T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of NK T-lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of NKT cell differentiation
negative regulation of NT cell differentiation
negative regulation of natural T cell differentiation
negative regulation of natural killer T cell differentiation
negative regulation of NK T cell development
negative regulation of NK T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell differentiation.
positive regulation of NK T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of NK T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of NK T-lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of NKT cell differentiation
positive regulation of NT cell differentiation
positive regulation of natural T cell differentiation
positive regulation of natural killer T cell differentiation
up regulation of NK T cell differentiation
up-regulation of NK T cell differentiation
upregulation of NK T cell differentiation
stimulation of NK T cell differentiation
positive regulation of NK T cell development
positive regulation of NK T cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell proliferation.
regulation of NK T lymphocyte proliferation
regulation of NK T-lymphocyte proliferation
regulation of natural T cell proliferation
regulation of natural killer T cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell proliferation.
down regulation of NK T cell proliferation
down-regulation of NK T cell proliferation
downregulation of NK T cell proliferation
negative regulation of NK T lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of NK T-cell proliferation
negative regulation of NK T-lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of NKT cell proliferation
negative regulation of NT cell proliferation
negative regulation of natural T cell proliferation
negative regulation of natural killer T cell proliferation
negative regulation of NK T cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell proliferation.
positive regulation of NK T lymphocyte proliferation
positive regulation of NK T-cell proliferation
positive regulation of NK T-lymphocyte proliferation
positive regulation of NKT cell proliferation
positive regulation of NT cell proliferation
positive regulation of natural T cell proliferation
positive regulation of natural killer T cell proliferation
up regulation of NK T cell proliferation
up-regulation of NK T cell proliferation
positive regulation of NK T cell proliferation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell; smooth muscle lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of muscle cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.
down regulation of muscle cell differentiation
down-regulation of muscle cell differentiation
downregulation of muscle cell differentiation
inhibition of muscle cell differentiation
negative regulation of muscle cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.
up regulation of muscle cell differentiation
up-regulation of muscle cell differentiation
upregulation of muscle cell differentiation
activation of muscle cell differentiation
stimulation of muscle cell differentiation
positive regulation of muscle cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.
down regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation
down-regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation
downregulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation
inhibition of smooth muscle cell differentiation
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.
up regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation
up-regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation
upregulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation
activation of smooth muscle cell differentiation
stimulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.
down regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation
down-regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation
downregulation of striated muscle cell differentiation
inhibition of striated muscle cell differentiation
negative regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.
up regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation
up-regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation
upregulation of striated muscle cell differentiation
activation of striated muscle cell differentiation
stimulation of striated muscle cell differentiation
positive regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation
The directed movement of substances out of the nucleus.
The directed movement of substances into, out of, or within the nucleus.
The directed movement of substances into the nucleus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
regulation of phosphorus metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur.
down regulation of sulfur metabolic process
down-regulation of sulfur metabolic process
downregulation of sulfur metabolic process
negative regulation of sulfur metabolism
negative regulation of sulphur metabolic process
negative regulation of sulphur metabolism
negative regulation of sulfur metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur.
positive regulation of sulfur metabolism
positive regulation of sulphur metabolic process
positive regulation of sulphur metabolism
up regulation of sulfur metabolic process
up-regulation of sulfur metabolic process
upregulation of sulfur metabolic process
positive regulation of sulfur metabolic process
Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation.
establishment and maintenance of localization
establishment and maintenance of position
establishment and maintenance of cellular component location
establishment and maintenance of substance location
establishment and maintenance of substrate location
The process of binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
negative regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) transport
The process in which calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or mitochondria are released into the cytosolic compartment.
cytoplasmic release of sequestered calcium ion (Ca2+)
cytoplasmic release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+)
release of sequestered calcium ion (Ca2+)
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytoplasm
release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+) into cytoplasm
cytosolic release of sequestered calcium ion (Ca2+)
cytosolic release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+)
release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+) into cytosol
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of protein transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of protein transport
Any process that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.
Any process in which a cell, substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere.
The directed movement of RNA to a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multicellular organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of a multicellular organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.
regulation of multicellular organismal process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, any of the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.
up regulation of multicellular organismal process
up-regulation of multicellular organismal process
upregulation of multicellular organismal process
activation of multicellular organismal process
stimulation of multicellular organismal process
positive regulation of multicellular organismal process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.
down regulation of multicellular organismal process
down-regulation of multicellular organismal process
downregulation of multicellular organismal process
inhibition of multicellular organismal process
negative regulation of multicellular organismal process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.
regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
regulation of cellular protein metabolism
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.
positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
positive regulation of cellular protein metabolism
positive regulation of protein metabolism
up regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
up regulation of protein metabolic process
up-regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
up-regulation of protein metabolic process
upregulation of cellular protein metabolic process
upregulation of protein metabolic process
activation of cellular protein metabolic process
stimulation of cellular protein metabolic process
stimulation of protein metabolic process
positive regulation of protein metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.
down regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
down regulation of protein metabolic process
down-regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
down-regulation of protein metabolic process
downregulation of cellular protein metabolic process
downregulation of protein metabolic process
negative regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
negative regulation of cellular protein metabolism
negative regulation of protein metabolism
inhibition of cellular protein metabolic process
negative regulation of protein metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.
down regulation of lymphocyte activation
down-regulation of lymphocyte activation
negative regulation of lymphocyte activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.
positive regulation of lymphocyte activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.
down regulation of RNA metabolic process
down-regulation of RNA metabolic process
negative regulation of RNA metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.
positive regulation of RNA metabolic process
The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.
The process in which protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers, are broken down. Depolymerization occurs by the successive removal of monomers from an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.
regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion (Ca2+)
regulation of release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+)
regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) mobilization
regulation of cytoplasmic release of sequestered calcium ion (Ca2+)
regulation of cytoplasmic release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+)
regulation of release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+) into cytoplasm
regulation of release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+) into cytosol
regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.
negative regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) mobilization
negative regulation of calcium mobilization
negative regulation of cytoplasmic release of sequestered calcium ion (Ca2+)
negative regulation of cytoplasmic release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+)
negative regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion (Ca2+)
negative regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytoplasm
negative regulation of release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+)
negative regulation of release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+) into cytoplasm
down regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol
down-regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol
downregulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol
negative regulation of cytosolic release of sequestered calcium ion (Ca2+)
negative regulation of cytosolic release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+)
negative regulation of release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+) into cytosol
inhibition of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol
negative regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.
positive regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) mobilization
positive regulation of calcium mobilization
positive regulation of cytoplasmic release of sequestered calcium ion (Ca2+)
positive regulation of cytoplasmic release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+)
positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion (Ca2+)
positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytoplasm
positive regulation of release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+)
positive regulation of release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+) into cytoplasm
positive regulation of cytosolic release of sequestered calcium ion (Ca2+)
positive regulation of cytosolic release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+)
positive regulation of release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+) into cytosol
up regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol
up-regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol
upregulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol
activation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol
stimulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol
positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) retention
regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) sequestering
regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) sequestration
regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) storage
regulation of retention of calcium ion (Ca2+)
regulation of sequestering of calcium ion (Ca2+)
regulation of sequestration of calcium ion (Ca2+)
regulation of storage of calcium ion (Ca2+)
regulation of sequestering of calcium ion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
down regulation of sequestering of calcium ion
down-regulation of sequestering of calcium ion
downregulation of sequestering of calcium ion
negative regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) retention
negative regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) sequestering
negative regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) sequestration
negative regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) storage
negative regulation of retention of calcium ion (Ca2+)
negative regulation of sequestering of calcium ion (Ca2+)
negative regulation of sequestration of calcium ion (Ca2+)
negative regulation of storage of calcium ion (Ca2+)
inhibition of sequestering of calcium ion
negative regulation of sequestering of calcium ion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
positive regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) retention
positive regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) sequestering
positive regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) sequestration
positive regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) storage
positive regulation of retention of calcium ion (Ca2+)
positive regulation of sequestering of calcium ion (Ca2+)
positive regulation of sequestration of calcium ion (Ca2+)
positive regulation of storage of calcium ion (Ca2+)
up regulation of sequestering of calcium ion
up-regulation of sequestering of calcium ion
upregulation of sequestering of calcium ion
activation of sequestering of calcium ion
stimulation of sequestering of calcium ion
positive regulation of sequestering of calcium ion
The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells.
Note that this term differs from 'cytokinesis ; GO:0000910' in that cytokinesis does not include nuclear division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells.
The directed movement of a chromosome to a specific location.
establishment of chromosome localisation
establishment of chromosome localization
Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'GO:0140013 ; meiotic nuclear division'. 'GO:0051321 ; meiotic cell cycle represents the entire mitotic cell cycle, while 'GO:0140013 meiotic nuclear division' specifically represents the actual nuclear division step of the mitotic cell cycle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
This term is useful for grouping, but is too general for manual annotation. Please use a child term instead.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.
positive regulation of hydrolase activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.
negative regulation of hydrolase activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.
positive regulation of transferase activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.
negative regulation of transferase activity
The series of events contributing to equilibrioception by which an organism senses the position, location, orientation, and movement of the body and its parts. Proprioception plays an important role in the ability of an organism to perceive its orientation with respect to gravity.
perception of orientation with respect to gravity by proprioception
proprioception involved in equilibrioception
The series of events during equilibrioception required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual input plays an important role in the ability of an organism to perceive its orientation with respect to gravity.
perception of orientation with respect to gravity by visual perception
visual perception during equilibrioception
visual perception involved in equilibrioception
Binding to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
Binding to epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.
Binding to norepinephrine, (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol), a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
Binding to histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mineralocorticoid stimulus. Mineralocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol and characterized by their similarity to aldosterone. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance.
Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.
neuron programmed cell death by apoptosis
neuronal cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
programmed cell death of neuronal cells by apoptosis
programmed cell death of neurons by apoptosis
Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of nitrogenous compounds which are dangerous or toxic. This includes the aerobic conversion of toxic compounds to harmless substances.
The 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, mediated by the microtubule organizing center.
microtubule nucleation by microtubule organising centre
microtubule organizing center-mediated microtubule nucleation
microtubule nucleation by microtubule organizing center
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.
modulation of meiotic cell cycle progression
regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression
regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression
positive regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
up regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
up-regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
upregulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
activation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
stimulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.
down regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
down-regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
downregulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression
negative regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
inhibition of progression through meiotic cell cycle
negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle
The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a myoblast cell population. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
The orderly movement of a myoblast from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. A myoblast is a cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
Any process in which a protein is maintained in the nucleus and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration within the nucleus, protein stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that escape the nucleus.
maintenance of nuclear protein localization
maintenance of protein location in cell nucleus
maintenance of protein localization in nucleus
maintenance of protein location in nucleus
The regulated release of corticotropin by a cell. Corticotropin hormone is a polypeptide hormone synthesized and secreted from corticotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) released by the hypothalamus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropic hormone from a cell.
regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion
regulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion
regulation of adrenotropin hormone secretion
regulation of corticotropic hormone secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropic hormone from a cell.
down regulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion
down-regulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion
downregulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion
negative regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion
negative regulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion
negative regulation of adrenotropic hormone secretion
negative regulation of adrenotropin secretion
negative regulation of corticotropic hormone secretion
inhibition of adrenocorticotropin secretion
negative regulation of corticotropin secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropin hormone from a cell.
positive regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion
positive regulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion
positive regulation of adrenotropic hormone secretion
positive regulation of adrenotropin secretion
positive regulation of corticotropic hormone secretion
up regulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion
up-regulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion
upregulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion
activation of adrenocorticotropin secretion
stimulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion
positive regulation of corticotropin secretion
The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle with the lipid bilayer membrane around the vacuole.
heterotypic vacuole fusion (non-autophagic)
heterotypic vacuole fusion, non-autophagic
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
down regulation of cytoskeleton organization
down-regulation of cytoskeleton organization
downregulation of cytoskeleton organization
negative regulation of cytoskeleton organisation
negative regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of cytoskeleton organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
positive regulation of cytoskeleton organisation
up regulation of cytoskeleton organization
up-regulation of cytoskeleton organization
upregulation of cytoskeleton organization
stimulation of cytoskeleton organization
positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization
The directed movement of adenine nucleotides, ATP, ADP, and/or AMP, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of a keratinocyte, epidermal cells which synthesize keratin, from one site to another.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte migration.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte migration.
down regulation of keratinocyte migration
down-regulation of keratinocyte migration
downregulation of keratinocyte migration
negative regulation of keratinocyte migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte migration.
positive regulation of keratinocyte migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.
down regulation of neurotransmitter uptake
down-regulation of neurotransmitter uptake
downregulation of neurotransmitter uptake
negative regulation of neurotransmitter import
negative regulation of neurotransmitter uptake
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.
positive regulation of neurotransmitter import
up regulation of neurotransmitter uptake
up-regulation of neurotransmitter uptake
positive regulation of neurotransmitter uptake
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of neurotransmitter transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
down regulation of neurotransmitter transport
down-regulation of neurotransmitter transport
downregulation of neurotransmitter transport
inhibition of neurotransmitter transport
negative regulation of neurotransmitter transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
up regulation of neurotransmitter transport
up-regulation of neurotransmitter transport
upregulation of neurotransmitter transport
activation of neurotransmitter transport
stimulation of neurotransmitter transport
positive regulation of neurotransmitter transport
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus.
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein as part of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells.
peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolism
proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolism
proteolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
proteolysis during cellular protein catabolism
proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process
Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.
The series of events in which a stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal.
The directed movement of histamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
The directed movement of histamine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter histamine into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of histamine into a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of histamine into a cell.
The directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell.
down regulation of norepinephrine uptake
down-regulation of norepinephrine uptake
negative regulation of levarterenol uptake
negative regulation of noradrenaline uptake
negative regulation of norepinephrine import
negative regulation of norepinephrine uptake
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell.
positive regulation of levarterenol uptake
positive regulation of noradrenaline uptake
positive regulation of norepinephrine import
positive regulation of norepinephrine uptake
The directed movement of acetylcholine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of acetylcholine into a cell.
negative regulation of acetylcholine import
negative regulation of acetylcholine uptake
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of acetylcholine into a cell.
positive regulation of acetylcholine import
positive regulation of acetylcholine uptake
Any process in which an organelle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of organelle localization
A cellular localization process whereby a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a cell including the localization of substances or cellular entities to the cell membrane.
establishment and maintenance of cellular localization
establishment and maintenance of localization in cell or cell membrane
Any process in which the Golgi is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
establishment and maintenance of Golgi localization
Any process in which the nucleus is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
establishment and maintenance of nucleus localization
Any process in which a vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of vesicle localization
Any process, occurring in a cell, that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.
establishment of intracellular localization
establishment of localization within cell
The directed movement of a vesicle to a specific location.
Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.
maintenance of intracellular localization
Any process in which a chromosome is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
Any process in which a vesicle is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
The directed movement of an organelle to a specific location.
Any process in which an organelle is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
Any process in which the nucleus is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a membrane.
establishment and maintenance of localization in membrane
establishment and maintenance of position in membrane
Any process in which a cell is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of cell localization
establishment and maintenance of localization of cell
The directed movement of the Golgi to a specific location.
establishment of Golgi apparatus localization
establishment of Golgi body localization
Any process in which the Golgi is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
maintenance of Golgi apparatus localization
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus by a cell and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
regulation of progression through cell cycle
arrest of mitotic cell cycle progression
negative regulation of cell cycle arrest
positive regulation of cell cycle arrest
Energy dependent regulation of mTOR by LKB1-AMPK
Binding to xanthophylls, any of several neutral yellow to orange carotenoid pigments containing oxygen.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a short-chain fatty acid. A short-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing fewer than 6 carbons.
short chain fatty acid biosynthetic process
short-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.
up regulation of hair follicle development
up-regulation of hair follicle development
upregulation of hair follicle development
stimulation of hair follicle development
positive regulation of hair follicle development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.
down regulation of hair follicle development
down-regulation of hair follicle development
downregulation of hair follicle development
negative regulation of hair follicle development
Binding to a glycolipid, any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic group such as an acylglycerol, a sphingoid, a ceramide (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate.
Any process in which a pigment granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
regulation of cardioblast differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
up regulation of cardioblast differentiation
up-regulation of cardioblast differentiation
upregulation of cardioblast differentiation
activation of cardioblast differentiation
stimulation of cardioblast differentiation
positive regulation of cardioblast differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
down regulation of cardioblast differentiation
down-regulation of cardioblast differentiation
downregulation of cardioblast differentiation
inhibition of cardioblast differentiation
negative regulation of cardioblast differentiation
The directed movement of pigment granules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of a pigment granule to a specific location.
establishment of pigment granule localisation
establishment of pigment granule localization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
down regulation of calcium ion transport
down-regulation of calcium ion transport
negative regulation of calcium transport
negative regulation of calcium ion transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of calcium transport
positive regulation of calcium ion transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.
regulation of sensory perception of pain
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception, the series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.
The vesicular release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of GABA receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
synaptic transmission, gamma-aminobutyric acid mediated
synaptic transmission, gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic
The directed movement of catecholamines, a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L-enantiomer of the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into a cell or organelle.
The directed movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) into a cell or organelle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport
negative regulation of amino acid transport
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport
positive regulation of amino acid transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.
regulation of nervous system development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.
down regulation of nervous system development
down-regulation of nervous system development
downregulation of nervous system development
inhibition of nervous system development
negative regulation of nervous system development
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.
up regulation of nervous system development
up-regulation of nervous system development
upregulation of nervous system development
activation of nervous system development
stimulation of nervous system development
positive regulation of nervous system development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.
negative regulation of synapse biogenesis
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.
positive regulation of synapse biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.
regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.
down regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
down-regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
downregulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
inhibition of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.
up regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
up-regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
upregulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
activation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
stimulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.
regulation of conduction of nerve impulse
regulation of transmission of nerve impulse
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.
down regulation of transmission of nerve impulse
down-regulation of transmission of nerve impulse
downregulation of transmission of nerve impulse
negative regulation of conduction of nerve impulse
inhibition of transmission of nerve impulse
negative regulation of transmission of nerve impulse
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.
positive regulation of conduction of nerve impulse
up regulation of transmission of nerve impulse
up-regulation of transmission of nerve impulse
upregulation of transmission of nerve impulse
activation of transmission of nerve impulse
stimulation of transmission of nerve impulse
positive regulation of transmission of nerve impulse
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
positive regulation of chromosome segregation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
down regulation of chromosome segregation
down-regulation of chromosome segregation
downregulation of chromosome segregation
negative regulation of chromosome segregation
The chemical reactions and pathways involving imidazoles, five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
imidazole-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of imidazoles, five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
imidazole-containing compound catabolic process
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle cell development does not include the steps involved in committing an unspecified cell to the muscle cell fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle cells contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac cell is a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual.
The process in which a cardiac muscle precursor cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.
The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac muscle tissue are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structure of cardiac atrium muscle is generated and organized.
atrial cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized.
ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell in the atrium. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The atrium is the part of the heart that receives blood into the organ.
atrial heart muscle cell differentiation
atrial cardiac muscle cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an atrial cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The atrium is the part of the heart that receives blood into the organ.
The increase in size or mass of a cardiac muscle, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
regulation of cardiac muscle fibre development
regulation of heart muscle fiber development
regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
down regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development
down-regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development
downregulation of cardiac muscle fiber development
negative regulation of cardiac muscle fibre development
inhibition of cardiac muscle fiber development
negative regulation of heart muscle fiber development
negative regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle fibre development
positive regulation of heart muscle fiber development
up regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development
up-regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development
upregulation of cardiac muscle fiber development
activation of cardiac muscle fiber development
stimulation of cardiac muscle fiber development
positive regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
down regulation of cardiac muscle growth
down-regulation of cardiac muscle growth
negative regulation of heart muscle growth
negative regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
positive regulation of heart muscle growth
positive regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
positive regulation of heart muscle development
up regulation of cardiac muscle development
up-regulation of cardiac muscle development
upregulation of cardiac muscle development
activation of cardiac muscle development
stimulation of cardiac muscle development
positive regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
down regulation of cardiac muscle development
down-regulation of cardiac muscle development
downregulation of cardiac muscle development
negative regulation of heart muscle development
inhibition of cardiac muscle development
negative regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development
Enables the transfer of the D-enantiomer of the hexose monosaccharide glucose from one side of a membrane to the other.
D-glucose transmembrane transporter activity
SLC2A6,8,10,12 transport Glc from extracellular region to cytosol
GLUT2 (SLC2A2) transports Glc from cytosol to extracellular region
GLUT1 (SLC2A1) tetramer transports Glc from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC2A1 tetramer does not transport Glc from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC2A10 does not transport Glc from extracellular region to cytosol
GLUT14 (SLC2A14) tetramer transports Glc from extracellular region to cytosol
GLUT3 (SLC2A3) tetramer transports Glc from extracellular region to cytosol
GLUT4 (SLC2A4) tetramer transports Glc from extracellular region to cytosol
GLUT2 (SLC2A2) tetramer transports Glc from extracellular region to cytosol
The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into daughter cells. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.
The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into two daughter cells with different developmental potentials.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phosphate ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monoatomic cations within an organism or cell. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are cations consisting of exactly one atom.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of a chemical within a cell.
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.
ATP hydrolysis coupled transmembrane transport
Transmembrane transport is the transport of a solute across a lipid bilayer. Note that transport through the nuclear pore complex is not transmembrane because the nuclear membrane is a double membrane and is not traversed. For transport through the nuclear pore, consider instead the term 'nucleocytoplasmic transport ; GO:0006913' and its children. Note also that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Miscellaneous transport and binding events
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolism
nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of lipid within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of fatty acid within an organism or cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoprotein particle stimulus.
response to lipoprotein particle stimulus
The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to a secretory granule. The secretory granule is a membrane-bounded particle, usually protein, formed in the granular endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex.
The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to a transport vesicle. Continuously secreted proteins are sorted into transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents by exocytosis.
The migration of individual cells into the embryo involved in deuterostomic gastrulation.
ingression involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.
regulation of cardiac muscle contraction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle contraction
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive system is the entire structure in which digestion takes place. Digestion is all of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
The transmission of vibrations via ossicles to the inner ear.
vibrational conductance of sound to the inner ear
An automatic response to a stimulus beginning with a nerve impulse from a receptor and ending with the action of an effector such as a gland or a muscle. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness.
A reflex process in which a response to an angular or linear acceleration stimulus begins with an afferent nerve impulse from a receptor in the inner ear and ends with the compensatory action of eye muscles. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness.
A vestibular reflex by which a response to a linear acceleration stimulus begins with an afferent nerve impulse from a receptor in the otolith and ends with the compensatory action of eye muscles. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Sertoli cell. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Sertoli cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a Sertoli cell fate.
The multiplication or reproduction of Sertoli cells, resulting in the expansion of the Sertoli cell population. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules.
The vesicular release of glycine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of glycine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a granulosa cell, a supporting cell for the developing female gamete in the ovary of mammals.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a granulosa cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a granulosa cell fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parathyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parathyroid gland is an organ specialised for secretion of parathyroid hormone.
The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the brain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to Brgmann glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the cerebellum. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the roof of the mouth from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The roof of the mouth is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features cells that make up the notochord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a notochord cell fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pharyngeal system is a transient embryonic complex that is specific to vertebrates. It comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the structure it contributes to are forming: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear.
The expansion of a cardiac muscle cell population by cell division.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pericardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the aorta, vena cava and the pulmonary artery.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a bipolar cell, the last neuron to be generated in the retina.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized.
retina morphogenesis in camera-style eye
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.
regulation of heart muscle cell proliferation
regulation of cardiomyocyte proliferation
regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.
negative regulation of heart muscle cell proliferation
negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.
positive regulation of heart muscle cell proliferation
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation
The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.
Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation, contributing to the restoration of integrity to a damaged tissue following an injury.
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in wound healing
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oviduct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism.
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cervix over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vagina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The regulation of body fluids process in which parasympathetic nerves stimulate the bladder wall muscle to contract and expel urine from the body.
A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell increases the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.
Any process that modulates the potential difference across a post-synaptic membrane.
regulation of post-synaptic membrane potential
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential
A process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.
regulation of excitatory post-synaptic membrane potential
The reflex process in which a mechanical stimulus applied to the eye elicits a response of the eyelid closing.
The process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in the urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue involved in the expulsion urine from the body.
smooth muscle contraction involved in urination
urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
The process of communication from a neuron to a smooth muscle in the bladder that contributes to the expulsion of urine from the body.
synaptic transmission involved in urination
synaptic transmission involved in micturition
A compound molecular function in which an effector function is controlled by one or more regulatory components.
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules through a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric interaction, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.
protein-containing complex scaffold activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycinergic synaptic transmission. Glycinergic synaptic transmission is the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glycine.
regulation of synaptic transmission, glycinergic
Any process that stops or decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glycinergic synaptic transmission. Glycinergic synaptic transmission is the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glycine.
negative regulation of glycinergic synaptic transmission
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glycinergic
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycinergic synaptic transmission. Glycinergic synaptic transmission is the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glycine.
positive regulation of glycinergic synaptic transmission
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glycinergic
The regulated release of serotonin by a cell, in which released serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of inner ear receptor cells. Inner ear receptor cells are mechanorecptors found in the inner ear responsible for transducing signals involved in balance and sensory perception of sound.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a vestibular hair cell.
vestibular receptor cell differentiation
Any process that alters the size or shape of a vestibular receptor cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an auditory receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a vestibular receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an inner ear receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of growth hormone from a cell.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of growth hormone from a cell.
positive regulation of growth hormone secretion
Any process that decreases or stops the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of growth hormone from a cell.
negative regulation of growth hormone secretion
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a somatotropin secreting cell. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
growth hormone secreting cell differentiation
somatotrophin secreting cell differentiation
somatotropin secreting cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a prolactin secreting cell. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
prolactin secreting cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a corticotropic hormone secreting cell. An corticotropic hormone secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces corticotropin.
adrenocorticotrophic hormone secreting cell differentiation
adrenocorticotropic hormone secreting cell differentiation
corticotrophin hormone secreting cell differentiation
corticotropin hormone secreting cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell. A thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin.
thyroid stimulating hormone secreting cell differentiation
thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin.
thyroid stimulating hormone secreting cell development
thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a corticotropic hormone secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An corticotropic hormone secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces corticotropin.
adrenocorticotrophic hormone secreting cell development
adrenocorticotropic hormone secreting cell development
corticotrophin hormone secreting cell development
corticotropin hormone secreting cell development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a prolactin secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a somatotropin secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
growth hormone secreting cell development
somatotrophin secreting cell development
A reproductive process occurring in the mother that allows an embryo or fetus to develop within it.
maternal process involved in female pregnancy
A reproductive process occurring in the embryo or fetus that allows the embryo or fetus to develop within the mother.
embryonic process involved in female pregnancy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
positive regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion
A reflex that occurs in response to suckling, beginning with a nerve impulse from a receptor in the mammary gland and ending with the ejection of milk from the gland. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urinary bladder over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The urinary bladder is an elastic, muscular sac situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory pit from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the olfactory pit, which is an indentation of the olfactory placode, and ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin.
The process pertaining to the initial formation of a limb bud from unspecified parts. This process begins with the formation of a local condensation of mesenchyme cells within the prospective limb field, and ends when a limb bud is recognizable.
Formation of the endocardium of the heart. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
A first transient wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, gives rise to erythrocytes (red blood cells) and myeloid cells.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the characteristics of a mature hemangioblast. Hemangioblasts are the proposed common precursor of blood and endothelial lineages.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hematopoietic stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell in a camera-type eye.
camera-type eye photoreceptor cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal rod cell.
A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell.
epithelial cell differentiation from mesenchymal cell
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined anatomical structure of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.
positive regulation of glial cell proliferation
Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.
negative regulation of glial cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
regulation of respiratory burst involved in acute inflammatory response
regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
positive regulation of respiratory burst involved in acute inflammatory response
positive regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in acute inflammatory response
negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response
Any process that increases the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
positive regulation of respiratory burst
Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
negative regulation of respiratory burst
The cell migration process in which a follicle cell migrates as part of an epithelial sheet between the nurse cells and the oocyte. At the end of migration, they cover the anterior of the oocyte.
centripetally migrating follicle cell migration
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
positive regulation of oocyte development
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
negative regulation of oocyte development
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Cell motility due to the motion of one or more eukaryotic cilia. A eukaryotic cilium is a specialized organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
microtubule-based flagellar cell motility
Note that we deem eukaryotic cilia and microtubule-based flagella to be equivalent.
Movement of cilia mediated by motor proteins that contributes to the movement of a cell.
cilium movement involved in cell motility
Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of cilium movement involved in ciliary motility.
regulation of cilium movement involved in cell motility
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
positive regulation of sarcomere organisation
positive regulation of sarcomere organization
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
negative regulation of sarcomere organisation
negative regulation of sarcomere organization
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of blood vessel remodeling, the reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of blood vessel remodeling, the reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.
down-regulation of blood vessel remodeling
negative regulation of blood vessel remodelling
negative regulation of blood vessel remodeling
Erythrocyte differentiation which occurs as part of the process of primitive hemopoiesis.
primitive red blood cell differentiation
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a head from an initial condition to its mature state. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the head are generated and organized. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the face are generated and organized. The face is the ventral division of the head.
The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
Cell recruitment (pro-inflammatory response)
The actin filament-based movement by which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in a contraction that propels the cell from one place to another.
cytoplasmic actin-based contraction involved in cell motility
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell.
The process of creating a trabecula in an organ. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.
The process of creating a trabecula in the liver. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
The process of creating a trabecula in the spleen. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
The process of creating a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of bone over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Bone is the hard skeletal connective tissue consisting of both mineral and cellular components.
The process in which bones are generated and organized.
The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones.
cartilage development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium stimulus.
The process in which any suture between cranial bones is generated and organized.
The process in which the frontal suture is generated and organized.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.
positive regulation of mast cell differentiation
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.
negative regulation of mast cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac myoblast. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life.
myocardial precursor cell differentiation
cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation
The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of an axonemal microtubule. An axonemal microtubule is a microtubule in the axoneme of a cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.
regulation of acetylcholine metabolic process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.
positive regulation of acetylcholine metabolic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.
negative regulation of acetylcholine metabolic process
The process in which the anatomical structure of a cardiac septum is generated and organized. A cardiac septum is a partition that separates parts of the heart.
The developmental process in which a ventricular septum is generated and organized. A ventricular septum is an anatomical structure that separates the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart from one another.
The developmental process in which atrial septum is generated and organized. The atrial septum separates the upper chambers (the atria) of the heart from one another.
The process in which the structure of the smooth muscle tissue surrounding the aorta is generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
aorta smooth muscle tissue morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle tissue are generated and organized. Muscle tissue consists of a set of cells that are part of an organ and carry out a contractive function.
The increase in size or mass of the heart.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the lung are generated and organized.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lung vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of lung connective tissue from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung connective tissue and ends with the mature structure. The lung connective tissue is a material made up of fibers forming a framework and support structure for the lungs.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lung epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the inside of the lung.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
The morphogenetic process in which the foregut region specified to become the lung forms the initial left and right buds.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchus from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchus and ends with the mature structure. The bronchus is the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs.
The process in which the bronchus is generated and organized. The bronchus is the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchiole from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchiole and ends with the mature structure. A bronchiole is the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi.
The process in which a bronchiole is generated and organized. A bronchiole is the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi.
The increase in size or mass of a lung. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trachea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.
The process in which a trachea is generated and organized. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.
The process pertaining to the initial formation of a trachea from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the trachea is recognizable. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.
The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.
epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis
The process in which the branching structure of the prostate gland is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem.
branching involved in prostate gland morphogenesis
The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary gland are generated and organized. Morphogenesis refers to the creation of shape. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.
The process in which the branching structure of the mammary gland duct is generated and organized. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.
branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis
The process in which the branching structure of the salivary gland is generated and organized.
branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in the open tracheal system are generated and organized.
branching involved in open tracheal system development
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine.
positive regulation of hindgut contraction
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine.
negative regulation of hindgut contraction
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction
Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.
Any process that increases the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.
positive regulation of gastric acid secretion
Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.
negative regulation of gastric acid secretion
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
positive regulation of digestive system process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
negative regulation of digestive system process
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a right lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the right lung and ends with the mature structure. The right lung is the lung which is on the right side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a left lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the left lung and ends with the mature structure. The left lung is the lung which is on the left side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect.
The process in which anatomical structures of the left lung are generated and organized.
The process in which anatomical structures of the right lung are generated and organized.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung lobe from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of a lung lobe by branching morphogenesis and ends with the mature structure. A lung lobe is one of the rounded projections that compose the lung.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a lung lobe are generated and organized. A lung lobe is a projection that extends from the lung.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a lung lobe from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the lobe and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. A lung lobe is a projection that extends from the lung.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pharynx from an initial condition to its mature state. The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
The negative regulation of fertilization process that takes place as part of egg activation, ensuring that only a single sperm fertilizes the egg.
negative regulation of fertilization involved in egg activation
The process in which the controlled movement of a flagellated sperm cell is initiated as part of the process required for flagellated sperm to reach fertilization competence.
positive regulation of sperm motility involved in capacitation
positive regulation of flagellated sperm motility involved in capacitation
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a mature cell found in the lung. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung goblet cell. A goblet cell is a cell of the epithelial lining that produces and secretes mucins.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lobar bronchus epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lobar bronchus epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lobar bronchus epithelium is the tissue made up of epithelial cells that lines the inside of the lobar bronchus.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lobar bronchus from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lobar bronchus and ends with the mature structure. The lobar bronchus is the major airway within the respiratory tree that starts by division of the principal bronchi on both sides and ends at the point of its own subdivision into tertiary or segmental bronchi.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lobar bronchus mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lobar bronchus mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. The lobar bronchus mesenchyme is the mass of tissue composed of mesenchymal cells in the lobar bronchus.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung-associated mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung-associated mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Lung-associated mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the lung.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesenchymal tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a club cell. A club cell is an unciliated epithelial cell found in the respiratory and terminal bronchioles.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell that contributes to the epithelium of the lung.
pulmonary epithelial cell differentiation
The process in which a branch forms along the side of the lung epithelial tube.
lateral sprouting involved in lung morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell projection assembly.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the lung, from its initial state to the mature structure.
cell-cell signalling involved in lung development
cell-cell signaling involved in lung development
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell and contributes to the development of the lung.
mesenchymal-epithelial cell signalling involved in lung development
mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling involved in lung development
Any process that mediates the transfer of information between a mesenchymal cell and an endodermal cell.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of epithelial cell proliferation that results in the lung attaining its shape.
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the lung.
epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a type I pneumocyte. A type I pneumocyte is a flattened cell with greatly attenuated cytoplasm and a paucity of organelles.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a type II pneumocyte. A type II pneumocyte is a surfactant secreting cell that contains abundant cytoplasm containing numerous lipid-rich multilamellar bodies.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a prostate gland are generated and organized.
The morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.
The progression of a glandular acinus of the prostate gland over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The glandular acini are the saclike structures of the gland.
The process in which the prostate glandular acini are generated and organized. The glandular acini are the saclike structures of the gland.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell of the prostate glandular acinus.
smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in prostate glandular acinus development
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquires specialized structural and functions of a neuroendocrine cell of the prostate gland acinus.
neuroendocrine cell differentiation involved in prostate gland acinus development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lung cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
The process in which the bronchus cartilage is generated and organized. The bronchus cartilage is the connective tissue of the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tracheal cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage in the trachea are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage are generated and organized.
The progression of muscle tissue over time, from its initial formation to its mature state. Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers.
The progression of a skeletal muscle organ over time from its initial formation to its mature state. A skeletal muscle organ includes the skeletal muscle tissue and its associated connective tissue.
The progression of the diaphragm over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the diaphragm are generated and organized.
The progression of the respiratory system over time from its formation to its mature structure. The respiratory system carries out respiratory gaseous exchange.
The increase in size or mass of an anatomical structure that contributes to the structure attaining its shape.
developmental growth involved in morphogenesis
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure.
apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an epithelium. Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.
The process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of peptide hormone processing. Peptide hormone processing is the generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone.
regulation of peptide hormone processing
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of peptide hormone processing. Peptide hormone processing is the generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone.
positive regulation of peptide hormone processing
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of peptide hormone processing. Peptide hormone processing is the generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone.
negative regulation of peptide hormone processing
The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis.
The morphogenetic process in which a bud forms from an epithelial sheet. A bud is a protrusion that forms form the sheet by localized folding.
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine mature as they migrate from the intestinal crypt to the villus.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine.
intestinal epithelial cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the pulmonary venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart.
pulmonary venous blood vessel morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structure of superior vena cava generated and organized. The superior vena cava is a blood vessel that transports blood from the upper body to the heart.
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells within a field of cells that will exhibit a certain pattern of differentiation. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a developmental field resulting in specification of a cell type. Those signals are then interpreted in a cell-autonomous manner resulting in the determination of the cell type.
cell fate commitment involved in pattern specification
A chemical homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of iron within extracellular body fluids, such as blood, xylem or phloem, of a multicellular organism. This is distinct from maintenance of cellular homeostasis, which occurs within a cell.
multicellular organismal iron ion homeostasis
multicellular organismal-level iron ion homeostasis
The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes.
chondrocyte progenitor cell differentiation
The process pertaining to the initial formation of the mammary gland from unspecified parts. The process begins with formation of the mammary line and ends when the solid mammary bud invades the primary mammary mesenchyme.
The developmental process in which the mammary placode forms. The mammary placode is a transient lens shaped structure that will give rise to the mammary bud proper.
The process in which a branch forms along the side of a mammary duct.
lateral sprouting involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis
The process in which a branch forms along the side of an epithelium.
The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary ducts are generated and organized. Mammary ducts are epithelial tubes that transport milk.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mammary gland mesenchymal cell. Mammary gland mesenchymal cells form a loosely connected network of cells that surround the mammary ducts.
mammary gland mesenchymal cell differentiation
mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in mammary gland development
The progression of the mammary gland fat over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary fat is an adipose structure in the gland that is invaded by the mammary ducts.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat.
The morphogenetic process in which a bud forms from the mammary placode. A mammary bud is bulb of epithelial cells that is distinct from the surrounding epidermis.
The process in which the mammary gland cord forms by elongation of the mammary bud. The cord is formed once the elongating bud breaks through the mesenchyme and reaches the fat pad.
The progression of the nipple over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The nipple is a part of the mammary gland that protrudes from the surface ectoderm.
The orderly movement of epithelial cells within the mammary line that contributes to the formation of the mammary placode.
cell migration involved in mammary placode formation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of chromosome condensation, the progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell.
regulation of vesicle-mediated transport
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of microtubule-based movement, the movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins.
regulation of microtubule-based movement
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell where it is received and interpreted.
The process in which a preadipocyte acquires specialized features of a white adipocyte of the mammary gland. White adipocytes have cytoplasmic lipids arranged in a unique vacuole.
white fat cell differentiation involved in mammary gland fat development
The process in which a cell of the mammary placode becomes a cell of the mammary gland bud.
epithelial cell differentiation involved in mammary gland bud morphogenesis
The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell becomes a more specialized epithelial cell of the mammary gland.
mammary gland epithelial cell differentiation
The cell adhesion process in which mammary mesenchyme cells adhere to one another in the initial stages of the formation of mammary fat development.
mesenchymal cell condensation involved in mammary fat development
The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary gland buds are generated and organized. Mammary gland buds form by an outpocketing of the mammary placodes and grow to invade the mammary fat, when they form the mammary cord.
The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary gland cord are generated and organized. Mammary gland cords form when the mammary gland bud invades the mammary fat.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell becomes a more specialized epithelial cell of the mammary gland cord. Epithelial cells of the mammary cord give it its funnel-like shape and some are cornified.
epithelial cell differentiation involved in mammary gland sprout morphogenesis
epithelial cell differentiation involved in mammary gland cord morphogenesis
The process in which the branching structure of the mammary gland cord is generated and organized. The mammary gland cord is a solid epithelial structure that will hollow out, forming the mammary duct.
branching involved in mammary gland cord morphogenesis
The process in which the nipple is generated and organized.
The process in which the epidermis of the nipple sheath is uplifted to form an umbrella-like projection.
epidermis morphogenesis involved in nipple formation
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a submandibular salivary gland. This process begins with a thickening of the epithelium next to the tongue and ends when a bud linked to the oral surface is formed.
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells of the submandibular salivary gland, resulting in the expansion of a cell population and the shaping of the gland.
epithelial cell proliferation involved in salivary gland morphogenesis
The process in which the embryonic placenta is generated and organized.
The process in which the branches of the fetal placental villi are generated and organized. The villous part of the placenta is called the labyrinth layer.
branching involved in labyrinthine layer morphogenesis
The process in which a trophoblast cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell of the placental labyrinthine layer.
epithelial cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another.
cell-cell signalling involved in placenta development
cell-cell signaling involved in placenta development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the ureteric bud is generated and organized.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct. This process begins when the bud protrudes from the duct and ends when it is a recognizable bud.
The process in which a branch forms along the side of a ureteric bud.
lateral sprouting involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis
Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell where it is interpreted.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of prostatic bud formation, the morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of prostatic bud formation, the morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.
negative regulation of prostatic bud formation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of prostate gland branching, the process in which the branching structure of the prostate gland is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem.
regulation of branching involved in prostate gland morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized.
regulation of morphogenesis of a branching structure
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the salivary gland.
cell differentiation involved in salivary gland development
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an epithelial cell of the salivary gland.
epithelial cell differentiation involved in salivary gland development
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell of the salivary gland to attain its fully functional state.
epithelial cell maturation involved in salivary gland development
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell of the salivary gland. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.
mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in salivary gland development
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis in the salivary gland epithelium.
regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize an acinar cell of the salivary gland. Acinar cells are protein-secreting cells in the gland.
acinar cell differentiation involved in salivary gland development
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the neurons of the salivary gland.
neuron differentiation involved in salivary gland development
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of the embryonic placenta.
cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a trophoblast giant cell of the placenta. Trophoblast giant cells are the cell of the placenta that line the maternal decidua.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell of the ectoplacental cone acquires specialized features of a spongiotrophoblast of the placenta. A spongiotrophoblast cell is a basophilic cell.
The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta progresses, from its formation to its mature state.
The process in which the spongiotrophoblast layer of the placenta progresses from its formation to its mature state.
The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta is generated and organized.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply.
labyrinthine layer blood vessel development
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chorion from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The chorion is an extraembryonic membrane.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells of the ectoplacental cone acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer.
chorionic trophoblast cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the chorionic trophoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the embryonic placenta.
cell proliferation involved in embryonic placenta development
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell proliferation involved in embryonic placenta development.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in embryonic placenta development
The increase in size or mass of the prostate gland where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the gland, from its formation to its mature state.
The differential increase in size or mass of the prostate gland that contributes to the gland attaining its form.
prostate gland growth involved in morphogenesis
Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell where it is interpreted and contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.
epithelial-mesenchymal signalling involved in prostate gland development
epithelial-mesenchymal signaling involved in prostate gland development
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell where it is received and interpreted contributing to the progression of the prostate gland over time.
mesenchymal-epithelial cell signalling involved in prostate gland development
mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling involved in prostate gland development
The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia of the prostate gland are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube.
The process in which the prostate gland stroma is generated and organized. The prostate gland stroma is made up of the mesenchymal or fibroblast cells of the prostate gland.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell of the prostate gland.
epithelial cell differentiation involved in prostate gland development
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell of the prostate gland to attain its fully functional state. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.
prostate gland epithelial cell development
epithelial cell maturation involved in prostate gland development
The progression of the mammary gland alveolus over time, from its formation to its mature state. The mammary gland alveolus is a sac-like structure that is found in the mature gland.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell chemotaxis. Mast cell chemotaxis is the movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell chemotaxis. Mast cell chemotaxis is the movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.
positive regulation of mast cell chemotaxis
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell chemotaxis. Mast cell chemotaxis is the movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.
negative regulation of mast cell chemotaxis
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.
regulation of response to cytokine stimulus
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.
positive regulation of response to cytokine stimulus
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.
negative regulation of response to cytokine stimulus
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis.
regulation of branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the mammary gland, from its initial state to the mature structure.
cell-cell signalling involved in mammary gland development
cell-cell signaling involved in mammary gland development
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.
epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of epithelial cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.
regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of epithelial cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of epithelial cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development
The multiplication or reproduction of mesenchymal cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.
mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation resulting in the maintenance of a steady-state number of cells within a tissue.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in tissue homeostasis
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis that results in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a tissue.
regulation of apoptosis involved in tissue homeostasis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the maintenance of a steady state of a cell type within a tissue.
regulation of cell differentiation involved in tissue homeostasis
The developmental process in which an ectodermal placode forms. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm.
The developmental process in which a hair placode forms. An hair follicle placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the hair follicle bud.
The developmental process in which the tooth placode forms. A tooth placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the tooth bud.
The developmental process in which a sebaceous gland placode forms. A sebaceous gland placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the sebaceous gland bud.
The progression of the sweat gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Sweat glands secrete an aqueous solution that is used in thermoregulation.
The developmental process in which the sweat gland placode forms. An sweat gland placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the sweat gland bud.
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates of the endoderm, ectoderm, or mesoderm as a part of gastrulation.
cell fate commitment involved in formation of primary germ layer
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state.
regulation of cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state.
negative regulation of cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation of mRNAs that contribute to the specification of the anterior/posterior axis.
regulation of translation involved in anterior/posterior axis specification
The process in which a venous blood vessel endothelial cell acquires specialized features of a lymphatic vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of lymph vessels.
lymphatic endothelial cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of blood vessels.
blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation
The progression of the artery over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed.
The progression of the venous blood vessel over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. Venous blood vessels carry blood back to the heart after the capillary bed.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of an arterial endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of arteries.
arterial endothelial cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of a venous endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of veins.
The process of the coordinated growth and sprouting of lymph vessels giving rise to the organized lymphatic system.
branching involved in lymph vessel morphogenesis
The progression of the semicircular canal from its initial formation to the mature structure.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the semicircular canal from the otic vesicle. This process begins with the regionalization of the vesicle that specifies the area where the vesicles will form and continues through the process of fusion which forms the initial tubes.
The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of the otic epithelium in space to define an area or volume in which cells will differentiate to give rise to the semicircular canals.
regionalization involved in semicircular canal formation
The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis and gives rise to a pouch that will form a semicircular canal.
pouch outgrowth involved in semicircular canal formation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis of the limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The limb epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of the limb, it is a complex stratified squamous epithelium.
The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the neural plate to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
Specification of the neural plate border
The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes of the neural plate in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a camera-type eye from unspecified neurectoderm. This process begins with the differentiation of cells that form the optic field and ends when the optic cup has attained its shape.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
positive regulation of macrophage cytokine production
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the heart field and the arrival of cardiac neural crest to the heart region. The process ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell of the lung. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.
mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in lung development
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population that contributes to the progression of the lung over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a pacemaker cell. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an atrioventricular (AV) node cell. AV node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the atrioventricular node.
atrioventricular node cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pacemaker cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an atrioventricular (AV) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell of the His-Purkinje system. These cells form the fibers regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.
His-Purkinje system cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a His-Purkinje cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. These cells form the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac fibroblast. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell in the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell of the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron of the heart.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell of the heart. Blood vessel endothelial cells are thin flattened cells that line the inside surfaces of blood vessels.
cardiac blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell of the heart.
The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac glial cell over time, from its formation to the fully functional mature cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart. The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
The progression of an endocardial cell over time, from its formation to the mature cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac neuron over time, from its formation to the mature state.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the heart over time, from its initial formation, to the mature organ.
cell migration involved in heart development
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that contribute to the formation of the heart. The initial heart structure is made up of mesoderm-derived heart progenitor cells and neural crest-derived cells.
cell migration involved in heart formation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessels of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels of the heart are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
Blood vessel formation in the heart when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.
angiogenesis involved in cardiac vascular morphogenesis
angiogenesis involved in heart vascular morphogenesis
angiogenesis involved in coronary vascular morphogenesis
The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells that contributes to blood vessel development in the heart, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.
vasculogenesis involved in coronary blood vessel morphogenesis
vasculogenesis involved in coronary vascular morphogenesis
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form the blood vessels of the heart.
cell migration involved in coronary vasculogenesis
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of new blood vessels in the heart from pre-existing blood vessels.
cell migration involved in coronary angiogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of coronary arteries are generated and organized. Coronary arteries are blood vessels that transport blood to the heart muscle.
The regulated release of a hormone into the circulatory system.
Morphogenesis of a kidney. A kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
cell-cell signalling involved in kidney development
cell-cell signaling involved in kidney development
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the kidney to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
pattern formation involved in kidney development
pattern specification involved in kidney development
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
cell differentiation involved in kidney development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of the kidney.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney morphogenesis
A system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the hepaticobiliary system. The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins.
The progression of the hepaticobiliary system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins.
The progression of the common bile duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The common bile duct is formed from the joining of the common hepatic duct running from the liver, and the cystic duct running from the gallbladder. The common bile duct transports bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine.
The progression of the gallbladder over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The gallbladder is a cavitated organ that stores bile.
The progression of the hepatic duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hepatic duct is the duct that leads from the liver to the common bile duct.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hepatoblast. A hepatoblast is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes.
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane.
The process whose specific outcome is the development of the umbilical cord, from its formation to the mature structure. The umbilical cord is an organ or embryonic origin consisting of the 2 umbilical arteries and the one umbilical vein. The umbilical cord connects the cardiovascular system of the fetus to the mother via the placenta.
The progression of the eyelid in a camera-type eye from its formation to the mature state. The eyelid is a membranous cover that helps protect and lubricate the eye.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell becomes a more specialized epithelial cell of the mammary gland alveolus.
epithelial cell differentiation involved in mammary gland alveolus development
The progression of the visceral serous pericardium from its formation to the mature structure. The visceral serous pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium.
The progression of the olfactory bulb mitral cell layer over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The mitral cell layer is composed of pyramidal neurons whose cell bodies are located between the granule cell layer and the plexiform layer.
olfactory bulb mitral cell layer development
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
positive regulation of cartilage development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
negative regulation of cartilage development
The process in which anatomical structures of the uterus are generated and organized.
The process in which a female gonad is generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.
regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.
positive regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.
negative regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis
The growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
positive regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
negative regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development
The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.
The progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.
The progression of the myotome over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The myotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to muscle.
The progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.
The progression of a muscle structure over time, from its formation to its mature state. Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms.
The progression of the urethra over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body.
The progression of the male urethra over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The male urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder through the penis to outside the body.
The progression of the female urethra over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The female urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body, exiting above the vaginal opening.
The progression of the urethra epithelium over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. The epithelium is the tubular, planar layer of cells through which the urine passes.
The process in which the iris is generated and organized. The iris is an anatomical structure in the eye whose opening forms the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and the amount of light reaching the retina.
The process in which the ciliary body generated and organized. The ciliary body is the circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.
positive regulation of neural retina development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.
negative regulation of neural retina development
The progression of the right horn of the sinus venosus from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the production of a cytokine that contributes to the immune response.
positive regulation of myeloid cell cytokine production involved in immune response
positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte cytokine production involved in immune response
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a myeloid cell.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.
regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.
positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.
negative regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the lung epithelium.
lung neuroendocrine cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a neuroendocrine cell. A neuroendocrine cell is a cell that receives input form a neuron which controls the secretion of an endocrine substance.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the stomach epithelium.
gastric neuroendocrine cell differentiation
stomach neuroendocrine cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an adrenal chromaffin cell. An adrenal chromaffin cell is a neuroendocrine cell that stores epinephrine secretory vesicles.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the differentiation of a neuroendocrine cell in the stomach.
regulation of stomach neuroendocrine cell differentiation
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the differentiation of a neuroendocrine cell in the stomach.
negative regulation of stomach neuroendocrine cell differentiation
The progression of the seminal vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The seminal vesicle is a gland that contributes to the production of semen.
The progression of the seminal vesicle epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a dense core granule. A dense core granule is a secretory organelle found in endocrine cells.
Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell and contributes to the progression of the lung over time from its initial formation to the mature organ.
epithelial-mesenchymal cell signalling involved in lung development
epithelial-mesenchymal cell signaling involved in lung development
Morphogenesis of the pancreas. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized.
The process in which the branches of the pancreas are generated and organized.
branching involved in pancreas morphogenesis
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.
The morphogenetic process in which the foregut region specified to become the pancreas forms a bud.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a branched epithelium are generated and organized.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung secretory cell. A lung secretory cell is a specialized epithelial cell of the lung that contains large secretory granules in its apical part.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung ciliated cell. A lung ciliated cell is a specialized lung epithelial cell that contains cilia for moving substances released from lung secretory cells.
The process in which a Peyer's patch is generated and organized. Peyer's patches are typically found as nodules associated with gut epithelium with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.
The progression of the endocardial endothelium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix of the endocardium. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
extracellular matrix organisation involved in endocardium development
extracellular matrix organization involved in endocardium development
The progression of the trachea submucosa over time from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea submucosa is made up of the glands and elastic tissue that lie under the mucosa in the trachea.
The progression of a trachea gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Trachea glands are found under the mucus of the trachea and secrete mucus, and agents that help protect the lung from injury and infection.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an endothelium. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from the pulmonary artery endothelium. An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery.
pulmonary artery endothelial tube morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the pulmonary artery are generated and organized. The pulmonary artery is the artery that carries blood from the heart to the lungs.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of hair follicle placode formation, the developmental process in which a hair placode forms. An hair follicle placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the hair follicle bud.
regulation of hair follicle placode formation
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of hair follicle placode formation, the developmental process in which a hair placode forms. An hair follicle placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the hair follicle bud.
positive regulation of hair placode formation
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of hair follicle placode formation, the developmental process in which a hair placode forms. An hair follicle placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the hair follicle bud.
negative regulation of hair follicle placode formation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.
regulation of insulin secretion in response to glucose
regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.
negative regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose
negative regulation of insulin secretion in response to glucose
negative regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.
negative regulation of chondrocyte development
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.
positive regulation of dermatome development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.
negative regulation of dermatome development
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.
positive regulation of sclerotome development
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.
The progression of the taste bud over time, from its formation to the mature state. The taste bud is a specialized area of the tongue that contains taste receptors.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the taste bud are generated and organized. The taste bud is a specialized area of the tongue that contains taste receptors.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the taste bud from unspecified parts. The taste bud is a specialized area of the tongue that contains taste receptors.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paramesonephric duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mullerian ducts (or paramesonephric ducts) are paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephros are generated and organized.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the mesonephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
cell differentiation involved in mesonephros development
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the mesonephros.
cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
cell-cell signalling involved in mesonephros development
cell-cell signaling involved in mesonephros development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is an anatomical structure which consists of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells and the macula densa. The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate.
mesonephric juxtaglomerular apparatus development
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
positive regulation of mesonephros development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
mesonephric smooth muscle tissue development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephron in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
negative regulation of mesonephros development
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of mesonephric mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephric macula densa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephric macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule of the mesonephros that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros.
The progression of the mesonephric glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The mesonephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the mature vertebrate kidney, or mesonephros.
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the mesonephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
pattern specification involved in mesonephros development
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric nephron are generated and organized. A mesonephric nephron is the functional unit of the mesonephros.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric glomerulus vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the mesonephric glomerulus vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The mesonephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the mesonephric glomerulus.
mesonephric glomerulus vasculature development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephric glomerular epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephric glomerular epithelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the outer surfaces of the glomerulus in the mesonephros. The mesonephric glomerular epithelium consists of both parietal and visceral epithelium. Mesonephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. A mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros.
mesonephric glomerular epithelium development
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric glomerulus are generated and organized. The mesonephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate mesonephros.
The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron in the mesonephros. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.
mesenchymal stem cell maintenance involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis
The process in which the mesonephric comma-shaped body is generated and organized. The mesonephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the mesonephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros.
mesonephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric nephron tubule are generated and organized. A mesonephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephric nephron, the functional part of the mesonephros.
mesonephric nephron tubule morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephric nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The mesonephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the mesonephros.
mesonephric nephron epithelium development
The progression of a mesonephric nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A mesonephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephric nephron, the functional part of the mesonephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the mesonephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.
The process in which the mesonephric S-shaped body is generated and organized. The mesonephric S-shaped body is the successor of the mesonephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephric glomerular mesangium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephric glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells in the mesonephros, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus.
mesonephric glomerular mesangium development
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric glomerulus vasculature are generated and organized. The mesonephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the mesonephric glomerulus.
mesonephric glomerulus vasculature morphogenesis
The process that gives rise to a mesonephric glomerular capillary. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
mesonephric glomerular capillary formation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesonephric glomerular epithelial cell. Mesonephric glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the mesonephric glomerulus; there are two types, mesonephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells and mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cells.
mesonephric glomerular epithelial cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric glomerular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mesonephric glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the mesonephric glomerulus; there are two types, mesonephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells and mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cells.
mesonephric glomerular epithelial cell development
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell. A mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros.
mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros.
mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell development
A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the mesonephros.
mesonephric mesenchyme to epithelial transition
mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the mesonephros.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the mesonephric nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation
A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the mesonephric renal vesicle.
mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephric renal vesicle formation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephric connecting tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephric connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the mesonephric nephron; it connects the distal tubule to the collecting duct in the mesonephros.
mesonephric collecting tubule development
mesonephric connecting tubule development
The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric distal tubule are generated and organized. The mesonephric distal tubule is a mesonephric nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the mesonephric connecting tubule.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephric distal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephric distal tubule is a mesonephric nephron tubule that begins at the terminal segment of the proximal tubule and ends at the mesonephric connecting tubule.
The progression of the mesonephric proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephric proximal tubule extends from the capsule to the distal tubule.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric proximal tubule are generated and organized. The mesonephric proximal tubule extends from the capsule to the distal tubule.
mesonephric proximal tubule morphogenesis
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a mesonephric nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A mesonephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of a nephron in the mesonephros.
The orderly movement of epithelial cells within a renal tubule that contributes to mesonephric nephron tubule morphogenesis.
epithelial cell migration involved in mesonephric nephron tubule morphogenesis
The orderly movement of epithelial cells within a renal tubule that contributes to mesonephric distal tubule morphogenesis.
epithelial cell migration involved in mesonephric distal tubule morphogenesis
The orderly movement of epithelial cells within a renal tubule that contributes to mesonephric proximal tubule morphogenesis.
epithelial cell migration involved in mesonephric proximal tubule morphogenesis
The progression of the mesonephric capsule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric capsule are generated and organized. The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a mesonephric capsule from unspecified parts. The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros.
regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis
regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis
regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis
Any process that reduces the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros.
negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis
negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis
Any process that increases the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros.
positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis
positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
retina vasculature development in camera-type eye
The process in which the vasculature of the retina is generated and organized.
retina vasculature morphogenesis in camera-type eye
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the vasculature of the cerebellum is generated and organized.
The progression of the cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cornea is the transparent structure that covers the anterior of the eye.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac neural crest cell that will migrate to the heart and contribute to its development. Cardiac neural crest cells are specialized cells that migrate toward the heart from the third, fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches.
cardiac neural crest cell differentiation involved in heart development
The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the development of the heart.
cardiac neural crest cell development involved in heart development
The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract.
cardiac neural crest cell development involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand the binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, which contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
cell surface receptor linked signaling pathway involved in heart development
cell surface receptor linked signalling pathway involved in heart development
cell surface receptor signaling pathway involved in heart development
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a renal filtration cell. Renal filtration cells are specialized cells of the renal system that filter fluids by charge, size or both. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a nephrocyte. A nephrocyte is an insect renal cell that filters hemolymph. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a pericardial nephrocyte. A pericardial nephrocyte is an insect renal cell that filters hemolymph and is found with other pericardial nephrocytes in two rows flanking the dorsal vessel. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a garland nephrocyte. A garland nephrocyte is an insect renal cell that filters hemolymph and forms a ring with other garland nephrocytes around the esophagus. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a disseminated nephrocyte. A disseminated nephrocyte is an insect renal cell that filters hemolymph and is found at scattered locations in the fat body or other tissues. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract.
cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
The progression of the renal tubule over time from its formation to the mature form. A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a Malpighian tubule stellate cell. A Malpighian tubule stellate cell is a specialized epithelial secretory cell that moves chloride ions and water across the tubule epithelium.
Malpighian tubule stellate cell differentiation
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population and contributing to the shaping of a Malpighian tubule.
epithelial cell proliferation involved in Malpighian tubule morphogenesis
The morphogenetic process in which a bud forms from the embryonic hindgut tube to form the Malpighian tubule. A bud is a protrusion that forms from the tube by localized changes in cell shape and position.
The process in which the renal tubule is generated by specification of cell fate, through the maintenance of cell polarity, regulated cell proliferation and morphogenetic cell rearrangements, shape changes and growth. A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis.
The movement of an epithelial cell with respect to other epithelial cells that contributes to the shaping of the Malpighian tubule.
cell migration involved in Malpighian tubule morphogenesis
cell rearrangement involved in Malpighian tubule morphogenesis
The growth of an epithelial cell dependent on cycles of endoreplication, where growth contributes to the shaping of the Malpighian tubule.
cell growth involved in Malpighian tubule morphogenesis
The shape change of an epithelial cell from a columnar to squamous cell morphology that contributes to the shaping of the Malpighian tubule.
cell morphogenesis involved in Malpighian tubule morphogenesis
Transfer of an organized electrical impulse across the heart to coordinate the contraction of cardiac muscles. The process begins with generation of an action potential (in the sinoatrial node (SA) in humans) and ends with a change in the rate, frequency, or extent of the contraction of the heart muscles.
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
cell adhesion involved in heart morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the extent of cell adhesion contributing to the shaping of the heart.
regulation of cell adhesion involved in heart morphogenesis
The multiplication or reproduction of neural precursor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A neural precursor cell is either a nervous system stem cell or a nervous system progenitor cell.
The directed movement of the outgrowing Malpighian tubule guided by specific chemical cues/signals. Movement may be towards a guidance cue (positive chemotaxis) or away from it (negative chemotaxis). Guidance contributes to the final positioning of the tubule.
cell chemotaxis involved in Malpighian tubule morphogenesis
The developmental process pertaining to the progression of the optic chiasm from its initial formation to the mature structure. The process begins when the pathfinding of the axons of the developing optic nerve cause some axons to cross at the midline of the brain and ends when the axons are mature.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of testosterone, an androgen having 17beta-hydroxy and 3-oxo groups, together with unsaturation at C-4 C-5.
The progression of the mammary gland lobule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mammary gland lobule is a small rounded projection of the mammary gland.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a Malpighian tubule tip cell. A Malpighian tubule tip cell is a mitogenic signaling cell that controls the proliferation of its neighboring cells.
Malpighian tubule tip cell differentiation
The process of shaping a trabecula in an organ. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.
The process of shaping a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.
The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblasts, resulting in the expansion of a fibroblast population that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
fibroblast proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of vasculature of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the renal system vasculature is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.
The process in which the kidney vasculature is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structure of a renal artery is generated and organized. Renal arteries supply the kidneys with blood.
The progression of a connective tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an olfactory bulb tufted cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Trophoblast cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. Trophoblast cells line the outside of the blastocyst.
The progression of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) over time from it's initial formation to its mature state. The retrotrapezoid nucleus is a group of neurons in the rostral medulla, which are responsible regulating respiration.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the retrotrapezoid nucleus.
retrotrapezoid nucleus neuron differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an interstitial cell of Cajal. An interstitial cell of Cajal is an intestinal neuroepithelial cell that serves as a pacemaker to trigger gut contraction.
interstitial cell of Cajal differentiation
The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) out of the Golgi apparatus into the cytosol.
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by Golgi
The progression of the reproductive system over time from its formation to the mature structure. The reproductive system consists of the organs that function in reproduction.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a lysosome.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.
regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature T follicular helper cell.
T-helper follicular cell differentiation
T follicular helper cell differentiation
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hematopoietic stem cells within a population of cells.
The expansion of a memory T cell population by cell division.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cilium.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a myeloid cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of macrophage cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a Langerhans cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a hepatic stellate cell.
A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cilium.
The process whose specific outcome is the formation of the central canal of the spinal cord from its formation to the mature structure. The central canal is a spinal cord structure that is part of the ventricular system and is filled with cerebral-spinal fluid and runs the length of the spinal cord.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindgut is part of the alimentary canal that lies posterior to the midgut.
The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell.
The regulated release of dopamine by a cell in which the dopamine acts as a neurotransmitter.
The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell, in which the norepinephrine acts as a neurotransmitter.
noradrenaline secretion, neurotransmission
norepinephrine secretion, neurotransmission
The regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a cell, in which the gamma-aminobutyric acid acts as a neurotransmitter.
gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion, neurotransmission
The controlled release of glutamate by a cell, in which the glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter.
The controlled release of glycine by a cell.
The controlled release of glycine by a cell, in which glycine acts as a neurotransmitter.
The controlled release of histamine by a cell, in which the histamine acts as a neurotransmitter.
The controlled release of a peptide from a cell in which the peptide acts as a neurotransmitter.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sympathetic ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trigeminal ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of ganglion are generated and organized.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for ganglion to attain its fully functional state.
The process that gives rise to ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
The process in which the anatomical structure of a trigeminal ganglion is generated and organized.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a trigeminal ganglion to attain its fully functional state.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cranial ganglion to attain its fully functional state.
The process in which the anatomical structure of a cranial ganglion is generated and organized.
The process that gives rise to a cranial ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
The process that gives rise to the trigeminal ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation).
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actin filament bundle.
The orderly movement of a colonic epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
The orderly movement of a corneal epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
The orderly movement of an intestinal epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
The controlled release of orexin from a cell or a tissue.
The controlled release of orexin from a cell in which orexin acts as a neurotransmitter.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a pharyngeal arch artery is generated and organized. The pharyngeal arch arteries are a series of six paired embryological vascular structures, the development of which give rise to several major arteries, such as the stapedial artery, the middle meningeal artery, the internal carotid artery and the pulmonary artery.
Binding to a sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor, any of the factors that interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription.
RNA polymerase II sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor binding
RNA polymerase II sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding
RNA polymerase II activating transcription factor binding
RNA polymerase II repressing transcription factor binding
RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding
The process in which the anatomical structures of a seminal vesicle are generated and organized.
The process in which the branching structure of the seminal vesicle is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem.
branching involved in seminal vesicle morphogenesis
Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of inorganic compounds. These include transport of such compounds away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of inorganic compounds.
A transferase complex capable of catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase complex, transferring phosphorus-containing groups
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipid droplets and hydrolysis of stored triglycerides occurring through the orchestrated activation of cytosolic lipases.
Steps required to transform an immature secretory vesicle into a mature secretory vesicle. Typically proceeds through homotypic membrane fusion and membrane remodeling.
Any process in which the microtubule organizing center is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
microtubule organizing center localization
An immune response against microbes mediated by anti-microbial peptides in body fluid.
peptide-mediated antimicrobial humoral response
antimicrobial peptide-mediated antimicrobial humoral response
antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cholecystokinin stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cholecystokinin stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast migration.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast migration.
positive regulation of neuroblast migration
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast migration.
negative regulation of neuroblast migration
A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a Golgi membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Golgi calcium ion transmembrane transport
The orderly movement of a hepatic stellate cell from one site to another.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell migration.
regulation of hepatic stellate cell migration
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell migration.
positive regulation of hepatic stellate cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell migration.
negative regulation of hepatic stellate cell migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte activation.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte activation.
negative regulation of astrocyte activation
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte activation.
positive regulation of astrocyte activation
A change in morphology and behavior of a glial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
A process in which a protein is transported to or maintained in a location within the somatodendritic compartment.
protein localization to somatodendritic compartment
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a plasma membrane.
establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane
The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of another structural tissue into bone.
The process in which bone which forms superficially in the organism are generated and organized.
The process in which bone which forms deep in the organism are generated and organized.
A process that coontributes to the second meiotic division. The second meiotic division separates chromatids resulting in a haploid number of chromosomes.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.
regulation of small molecule metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.
positive regulation of small molecule metabolism
positive regulation of small molecule metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.
negative regulation of small molecule metabolism
negative regulation of small molecule metabolic process
An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells.
collagen-containing extracellular matrix
Any process that starts or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.
positive regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a compound eye pigment cell, a cell of the retina containing screening pigments that functions to screen photoreceptors from light leaking from adjacent ommatidia.
compound eye pigment cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomach over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The stomach is an expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ.
Any protein complex that is part of a membrane and which functions as a cargo receptor.
The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform lutein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lutein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lutein.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the radial spoke, a protein complex that links the outer microtubule doublet of the ciliary or flagellum axoneme with the sheath that surrounds the central pair of microtubules.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an ionocyte. Ionocytes are specialized epithelial cells that contribute to osmotic homeostasis.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the postsynapse, the part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
intracellular membrane translocation of a protein
intracellular protein membrane transport
intracellular protein transport across a membrane
intracellular protein transmembrane transport
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.
cellular protein-containing complex assembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and lipids to form a protein-lipid complex.
Any process that modulates a measurable attribute of any biological process, quality or function.
Any process that modulates a qualitative or quantitative trait of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell.
extracellular membrane-enclosed organelle
extracellular membrane-bounded organelle
An organelle lumen that is part of an intracellular organelle.
The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a neuron in a stable, differentiated functional and structural state.
Binding to fibrinogen, a highly soluble hexameric glycoprotein complex that is found in blood plasma and is converted to fibrin by thrombin in the coagulation cascade.
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.
The regulated release of glucagon from secretory granules in the A (alpha) cells of the pancreas (islets of Langerhans).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
negative regulation of glucagon secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
positive regulation of glucagon secretion
A cell-cell junction that seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.
A cell junction that mechanically attaches a cell (and its cytoskeleton) to neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of biomineral tissue development, the formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds.
regulation of biomineral tissue development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of biomineral tissue development, the formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds.
negative regulation of biomineral tissue development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of biomineral tissue development, the formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds.
positive regulation of biomineral tissue development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tooth mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth structures.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tooth mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth structures.
negative regulation of tooth mineralization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tooth mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth structures.
positive regulation of tooth mineralization
A process of chromosome organization that is involved in a meiotic cell cycle.
chromosome organisation involved in meiosis
chromosome organization involved in meiotic cell cycle
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome.
establishment of protein localisation to chromosome
establishment of protein localization to chromosome
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location.
regulation of establishment of protein localisation
regulation of establishment of protein localization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome.
regulation of establishment of protein localisation to chromosome
regulation of establishment of protein localization to chromosome
Any apoptotic process in a lymphocyte, a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.
Note that a lymphocyte is a cell of the B cell, T cell, or natural killer cell lineage (CL:0000542).
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process.
regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process.
negative regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis
negative regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process.
positive regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis
positive regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process
Any apoptotic process in a T cell, a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.
programmed cell death of T cells by apoptosis
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of T cell death by apoptotic process.
regulation of programmed cell death of T cells by apoptosis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell death by apoptotic process.
negative regulation of T lymphocyte apoptosis
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte apoptosis
negative regulation of programmed cell death of T cells by apoptosis
negative regulation of T cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell death by apoptotic process.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte apoptosis
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte apoptosis
positive regulation of programmed cell death of T cells by apoptosis
positive regulation of T cell apoptotic process
Any apoptotic process in a thymocyte, an immature T cell located in the thymus.
Note that a thymocyte is an immature T cell located in the thymus (CL:0000893).
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of thymocyte death by apoptotic process.
regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte death by apoptotic process.
negative regulation of thymocyte apoptosis
negative regulation of immature T cell apoptosis
negative regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte death by apoptotic process.
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptosis
positive regulation of immature T cell apoptosis
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process
Any apoptotic process in a natural killer cell, a lymphocyte that can spontaneously kill a variety of target cells without prior antigenic activation.
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of natural killer cell death by apoptotic process.
regulation of natural killer cell apoptosis
regulation of natural killer cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell death by apoptotic process.
down regulation of natural killer cell apoptosis
down-regulation of natural killer cell apoptosis
downregulation of natural killer cell apoptosis
negative regulation of NK cell apoptosis
inhibition of natural killer cell apoptosis
negative regulation of natural killer cell apoptosis
negative regulation of natural killer cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell death by apoptotic process.
positive regulation of NK cell apoptosis
up regulation of natural killer cell apoptosis
up-regulation of natural killer cell apoptosis
upregulation of natural killer cell apoptosis
activation of natural killer cell apoptosis
positive regulation of natural killer cell apoptosis
stimulation of natural killer cell apoptosis
positive regulation of natural killer cell apoptotic process
The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of all or part of the cell body.
The regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas.
The regulated release of mucus by the mucosa. Mucus is a viscous slimy secretion consisting of mucins and various inorganic salts dissolved in water, with suspended epithelial cells and leukocytes. The mucosa, or mucous membrane, is the membrane covered with epithelium that lines the tubular organs of the body. Mucins are carbohydrate-rich glycoproteins that have a lubricating and protective function.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.
The controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell.
extracellular matrix constituent secretion
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pigment cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a pigment cell fate.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein complex, a dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella, in which the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion.
A renal system process in which water, ions, glucose and proteins are taken up from the collecting ducts, glomerulus and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures (e.g. protein absorption is observed in nephrocytes in Drosophila, see PMID:23264686).
A renal system process in which water is taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lens fiber cell, any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in the camera-type eye. The cytoplasm of a lens fiber cell is devoid of most intracellular organelles including the cell nucleus, and contains primarily crystallins, a group of water-soluble proteins expressed in vary large quantities.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lens fiber cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a lens fiber cell fate. A lens fiber cell is any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in a camera-type eye.
The multiplication or reproduction of fat cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A fat cell is an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat.
The multiplication or reproduction of brown fat cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A brown fat cell is a fat cell found the thermogenic form of adipose tissue found in newborns of many species.
The multiplication or reproduction of white fat cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.
regulation of adipose cell proliferation
Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.
down regulation of fat cell proliferation
down-regulation of fat cell proliferation
downregulation of fat cell proliferation
negative regulation of adipocyte proliferation
negative regulation of adipose cell proliferation
negative regulation of fat cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.
positive regulation of adipocyte proliferation
positive regulation of adipose cell proliferation
positive regulation of fat cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of brown fat cell proliferation.
regulation of brown adipocyte proliferation
regulation of brown adipose cell proliferation
regulation of brown fat cell proliferation
Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of brown fat cell proliferation.
down regulation of brown fat cell proliferation
down-regulation of brown fat cell proliferation
downregulation of brown fat cell proliferation
negative regulation of brown adipocyte proliferation
negative regulation of brown adipose cell proliferation
inhibition of brown fat cell proliferation
negative regulation of brown fat cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of brown fat cell proliferation.
positive regulation of brown adipocyte proliferation
positive regulation of brown adipose cell proliferation
up regulation of brown fat cell proliferation
up-regulation of brown fat cell proliferation
upregulation of brown fat cell proliferation
activation of brown fat cell proliferation
stimulation of brown fat cell proliferation
positive regulation of brown fat cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of white fat cell proliferation.
regulation of white adipocyte proliferation
regulation of white adipose cell proliferation
regulation of white fat cell proliferation
Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of white fat cell proliferation.
down regulation of white fat cell proliferation
down-regulation of white fat cell proliferation
downregulation of white fat cell proliferation
negative regulation of white adipocyte proliferation
negative regulation of white adipose cell proliferation
inhibition of white fat cell proliferation
negative regulation of white fat cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of white fat cell proliferation.
positive regulation of white adipocyte proliferation
positive regulation of white adipose cell proliferation
up regulation of white fat cell proliferation
up-regulation of white fat cell proliferation
upregulation of white fat cell proliferation
activation of white fat cell proliferation
stimulation of white fat cell proliferation
positive regulation of white fat cell proliferation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a hepatocyte. A hepatocyte is specialized epithelial cell that is organized into interconnected plates called lobules, and is the main structural component of the liver.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation.
regulation of liver cell differentiation
regulation of hepatocyte differentiation
Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation.
down regulation of hepatocyte differentiation
down-regulation of hepatocyte differentiation
downregulation of hepatocyte differentiation
negative regulation of liver cell differentiation
inhibition of hepatocyte differentiation
negative regulation of hepatocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of liver cell differentiation
up regulation of hepatocyte differentiation
up-regulation of hepatocyte differentiation
upregulation of hepatocyte differentiation
activation of hepatocyte differentiation
stimulation of hepatocyte differentiation
positive regulation of hepatocyte differentiation
A transport vesicle that mediates transport from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane, and fuses with the plasma membrane to release various cargo molecules, such as proteins or hormones, by exocytosis.
exocytic constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle
The multiplication or reproduction of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Oligodendrocyte progenitors give rise to oligodendrocytes, which form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system.
oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation.
regulation of oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation
regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation
Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation.
negative regulation of oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation
negative regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation.
positive regulation of oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation
positive regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation
A long, thin cell projection that contains F-actin and tubulin, with microtubules centrally located and F-actin peripherally located.
The regulated release of prolactin, a peptide hormone that stimulates lactation, from secretory granules in the anterior pituitary.
The regulated release of thyroid-stimulating hormone, a peptide hormone that stimulates the activity of the thyroid gland, from secretory granules in the anterior pituitary.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of oxygen.
The series of events in which a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organisation
regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization
The directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fatty acid stimulus.
The regulated release of proteins by a platelet or group of platelets.
A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein processing, a protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.
regulation of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage
The directed movement of a substance from one side of an epithelium to the other.
The directed movement of ammonium ions from one side of an epithelium to the other.
The expansion of a leukocyte population by cell division.
The expansion of a mast cell population by cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.
down regulation of leukocyte proliferation
down-regulation of leukocyte proliferation
downregulation of leukocyte proliferation
negative regulation of leukocyte proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.
up regulation of leukocyte proliferation
up-regulation of leukocyte proliferation
positive regulation of leukocyte proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mast cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mast cell proliferation.
down regulation of mast cell proliferation
down-regulation of mast cell proliferation
downregulation of mast cell proliferation
negative regulation of mast cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mast cell proliferation.
up regulation of mast cell proliferation
up-regulation of mast cell proliferation
positive regulation of mast cell proliferation
Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell.
A secretory granule that contains cathepsin and gelatinase and is readily exocytosed upon cell activation; found primarily in mature neutrophil cells.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a tertiary granule.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a tight junction, an occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a basement membrane, a part of the extracellular region that consists of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue.
Note that this term has no relationship to 'membrane assembly ; GO:0071709' because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer.
Binding to a dynein complex, a protein complex that contains two or three dynein heavy chains and several light chains, and has microtubule motor activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids.
regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids.
down regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
down-regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
downregulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of bile acid anabolism
negative regulation of bile acid biosynthesis
negative regulation of bile acid formation
negative regulation of bile acid synthesis
inhibition of bile acid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids.
positive regulation of bile acid anabolism
positive regulation of bile acid biosynthesis
positive regulation of bile acid formation
positive regulation of bile acid synthesis
up regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
up-regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
upregulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
activation of bile acid biosynthetic process
stimulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.
regulation of glycogen metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.
negative regulation of glycogen metabolism
negative regulation of glycogen metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.
positive regulation of glycogen metabolism
positive regulation of glycogen metabolic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
The directed killing of a target cell by a neutrophil.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neutrophil mediated killing of a target cell, the directed killing of a target cell by a neutrophil.
regulation of neutrophil mediated cell killing
regulation of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed killing of a target cell by a neutrophil.
down regulation of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity
down-regulation of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity
downregulation of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of neutrophil mediated cell killing
inhibition of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed killing of a target cell by a neutrophil.
positive regulation of neutrophil mediated cell killing
up regulation of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity
up-regulation of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity
upregulation of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity
activation of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity
stimulation of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity
positive regulation of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for bone to attain its fully functional state.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a gravitational stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events involved in the perception of gravity in which a sensory mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of gravity
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.
The directed movement of a protein to a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.
establishment of protein localisation to chromatin
establishment of protein localization to chromatin
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of the dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.
This term should be used to describe a response to a specific acid as a chemical. E.g., if a cell were responding to glutamate, then the response would be glutamate-specific; the cell is actually responding to the chemical structure of the anion portion of the dissociated acid. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. If annotating experiments where an acid is playing a role as a proton donor, please annotate to GO:0071468 'cellular response to acidic pH' instead.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.
cellular response to amino acid stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) stimulus.
cellular response to adenosine 5'-triphosphate
cellular response to adenosine triphosphate
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.
cellular response to carbohydrate stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monosaccharide stimulus.
cellular response to monosaccharide stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hexose stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.
cellular response to polypeptide hormone stimulus
cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus.
Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus.
cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus
HSP90 chaperone cycle for steroid hormone receptors (SHR) in the presence of ligand
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosteroid hormone stimulus. A corticosteroid is a steroid hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. They include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
cellular response to corticosteroid stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.
cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mineralocorticoid stimulus. Mineralocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol and characterized by their similarity to aldosterone. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance.
cellular response to mineralocorticoid stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a progesterone stimulus.
cellular response to progesterone stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a testosterone stimulus.
cellular response to testosterone stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fatty acid stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoprotein particle stimulus.
cellular response to lipoprotein particle stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a histamine stimulus. Histamine, the biogenic amine 2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethanamine, is involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.
The expansion of a hematopoietic stem cell population by cell division. A hematopoietic stem cell is a stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism.
cellular response to endogenous stimulus
Response of endothelial cells to shear stress
The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a dopaminergic neuron, a neuron that secretes dopamine.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otic vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the otic vesicle are generated and organized. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.
The movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of granulocyte chemotaxis. Granulocyte chemotaxis is the movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of granulocyte chemotaxis. Granulocyte chemotaxis is the movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.
negative regulation of granulocyte chemotaxis
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of granulocyte chemotaxis. Granulocyte chemotaxis is the movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.
positive regulation of granulocyte chemotaxis
The process of biting and mashing food with the teeth prior to swallowing.
The directed movement of a smooth muscle cell in response to an external stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis.
regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis.
down regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis
down-regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis
downregulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis
inhibition of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis.
up regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis
up-regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis
upregulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis
activation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis
stimulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis
The movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
regulation of mononuclear cell migration
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
down regulation of mononuclear cell migration
down-regulation of mononuclear cell migration
downregulation of mononuclear cell migration
inhibition of mononuclear cell migration
negative regulation of mononuclear cell migration
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
up regulation of mononuclear cell migration
up-regulation of mononuclear cell migration
upregulation of mononuclear cell migration
activation of mononuclear cell migration
stimulation of mononuclear cell migration
positive regulation of mononuclear cell migration
Any process in which a protein is transported from one specific location in the extracellular region to another, or maintained in a specific extracellular location.
protein localisation in extracellular region
protein localization in extracellular region
protein localization to extracellular region
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure to attain its fully functional state.
The progression of an ectodermal placode over time from its initial formation until its mature state. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm.
The process in which the anatomical structures of an ectodermal placode are generated and organized. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm.
The progression of the olfactory placode over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory placode is a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the olfactory placode are generated and organized. The olfactory placode is a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the olfactory placode to attain its fully functional state. The olfactory placode is a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.
The directed movement of nitrogen-containing compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The appearance of any member of the TNF superfamily due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production
The process in which immunoglobulin heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS).
immunoglobulin heavy chain V-D-J recombination
The process in which immunoglobulin light chain V and J gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS).
immunoglobulin light chain V-J recombination
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the basement membrane.
Note that this term has no relationship to 'membrane organization ; GO:0061024' because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitric oxide stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitric oxide stimulus.
A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgG isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgG immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.
Note that an IgG immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available. Also, IgG isotypes vary by species.
A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgG isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.
A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgD isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgD immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.
Note that an IgD immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available.
A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgD isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.
A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgE isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgE immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.
Note that an IgE immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available.
A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgE isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.
A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and sometimes complexed with J chain or J chain and secretory component. An IgA immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.
Note that an IgA immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available.
A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, sometimes complexed with J chain or J chain and secretory component, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.
A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgM isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and in its circulating form complexed with J chain in polymeric forms. An IgM immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.
Note that an IgM immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available.
A polymer of five or six IgM core units each composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgM isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds; the individual IgM core units are held together via disulfide bonds with a single J chain polypeptide acting as a bridge between two of the polymeric units. Circulating IgM is present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or in the blood or lymph.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane.
nuclear membrane organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear outer membrane.
nuclear outer membrane organization and biogenesis
A process in which a potassium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other.
The process in which a protein is transported across a membrane.
Binding to a lipoprotein particle. A lipoprotein particle, also known as a lipoprotein, is a clathrate complex consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids.
Binding to a protein-lipid complex, any macromolecular complex that contains both protein and lipid molecules.
Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein-lipid complex.
protein-lipid complex subunit organisation
protein-lipid complex subunit organization
Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a ribonucleoprotein complex.
RNA-protein complex subunit organization
protein-RNA complex subunit organization
ribonucleoprotein complex subunit organisation
ribonucleoprotein complex subunit organization
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.
cellular component organisation or biogenesis
cellular component organisation or biogenesis at cellular level
cellular component organization or biogenesis at cellular level
cellular component organization or biogenesis
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catecholamine stimulus. A catecholamine is any of a group of biogenic amines that includes 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catecholamine stimulus. A catecholamine is any of a group of biogenic amines that includes 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.
cellular response to catecholamine stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a norepinephrine stimulus. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C8H11NO3; it acts as a hormone, and as a neurotransmitter in most of the sympathetic nervous system.
Note that epinephrine and norepinephrine are ligands for the same receptors, and there are multiple adrenergic receptors.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a norepinephrine stimulus. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C8H11NO3; it acts as a hormone, and as a neurotransmitter in most of the sympathetic nervous system.
cellular response to noradrenaline stimulus
cellular response to norepinephrine stimulus
Any apoptotic process in a leukocyte, an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.
Any apoptotic process in a macrophage, a mononuclear phagocyte present in a variety of tissues.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell of neural crest origin acquires the specialized features of an odontoblast, a cell on the outer surface of the dental pulp whose biological function is the creation of dentin.
The biosynthetic process resulting in the formation of DNA.
A nitrogen compound metabolic process that contributes to the nitrogen cycle. The nitrogen cycle is a series of metabolic pathways by which nitrogen is converted between various forms and redox states; it encompasses pathways in which nitrogen is acted upon directly, such as nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen fixation, and mineralization.
The broad region around and including the plasma membrane of a cell, encompassing the cell cortex (inside the cell), the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures.
An supramolecular fiber that consists of an insoluble core of polymerized tropoelastin monomers and a surrounding mantle of microfibrils. Elastic fibers provide elasticity and recoiling to tissues and organs, and maintain structural integrity against mechanical strain.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an extracellular vesicular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Exosomes are defined by their size, which generally ranges from 30 nm to 100 nm.
extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal system maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the Malpighian tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A Malpighian tubule is a fine, thin-walled excretory tubule in insects which leads into the posterior part of the gut.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a kidney rudiment from unspecified parts. A kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesangial cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the glomerular mesangial cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
glomerular mesangial cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular epithelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the outer surfaces of the glomerulus. The glomerular epithelium consists of both parietal and visceral epithelium. Metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerulus vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the glomerulus vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the glomerulus.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the proximal tubule is a nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle. It has a brush border epithelial morphology.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular visceral epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells.
glomerular visceral epithelial cell development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular parietal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport.
glomerular parietal epithelial cell development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the distal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the distal tubule is a nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the connecting tubule.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the proximal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The proximal convoluted tubule is the most proximal portion of the proximal tubule and extends from the glomerular capsule to the proximal straight tubule.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the proximal straight tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The proximal straight tubule is the part of the descending limb that extends from the proximal convoluted tubule to the descending thin tubule.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an ascending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ascending thin limb is a segment of a nephron tubule lying in the inner medulla that is permeable to ions but not to water and has a simple epithelium; active transepithelial solute transport is absent.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the descending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The descending thin limb is a part of the loop of Henle situated just after the proximal straight tubule (S3). It extends to the tip of the loop of Henle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thick ascending limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thick ascending limb is the last part of the loop of Henle. Its thick, mitochondria-rich epithelium characterizes the outer medulla, and is responsible for very avid active salt transport. At the macula densa, the thick ascending limb connects to the distal convoluted tubule.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the macula densa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the distal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The distal convoluted tubule is the first segment of the nephron lying just downstream from the loop of Henle, immediately after the macula densa. Among other functions, in humans it is responsible for the reabsorption of about 5% of filtered sodium via the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl symporter.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the connecting tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the nephron; it connects the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephron are generated and organized. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a long nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Long nephrons are associated with juxtamedullary glomeruli and extend into the inner medulla.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a short nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Short nephrons are associated with mid-cortical and superficial glomeruli, are situated entirely in the outer medulla, and have no thin ascending limb.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the S1 portion of the proximal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The S1 portion is the initial portion of the proximal convoluted tubule and is responsible for avid reabsorption of water and solutes.
proximal convoluted tubule segment 1 development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the S2 portion of the proximal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The S2 portion of the tubule is involved in reabsorption of water and sodium chloride.
proximal convoluted tubule segment 2 development
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the renal vesicle from condensed mesenchymal cells. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.
A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the renal vesicle.
mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in renal vesicle formation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal stem cell that contributes to the shaping of a nephron. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.
mesenchymal stem cell differentiation involved in nephron morphogenesis
The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.
mesenchymal stem cell maintenance involved in nephron morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron.
regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis
regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis involved in nephron morphogenesis
regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis
Any process that reduces the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron.
negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis
negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis involved in nephron morphogenesis
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis
Any process that increases the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron.
positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis
positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis involved in nephron morphogenesis
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct responds to vasopressin and aldosterone to regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. It is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder.
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate into the anatomical structures of the renal system.
The process in which the comma-shaped body is generated and organized. The comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron.
The process in which the S-shaped body is generated and organized. The S-shaped body is the successor of the comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the juxtaglomerular apparatus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is an anatomical structure that lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the juxtaglomerulus cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal inner medulla over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal inner medulla is unique to mammalian kidneys and is the innermost region of the mammalian kidney.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal outer medulla over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal outer medulla is the region of the kidney that lies between the renal cortex and the renal inner medulla.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney pyramids over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Kidney pyramids are the conical masses that constitute the renal medulla in a multi-lobed mammalian kidney; they contain the loops of Henle and the medullary collecting ducts.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner stripe over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The inner stripe is a deep, centrally located portion of the renal outer medulla and is traversed by thin descending and thick ascending portions of the loops of Henle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the outer stripe over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The outer stripe is the region of the kidney outer medulla that lies just below the cortex. The proximal straight tubules (S3) characterize this region.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cortical collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cortical collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the outer medullary collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The outer medullary collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that lies in the renal outer medulla.
outer medullary collecting duct development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner medullary collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The inner medullary collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that lies in the renal inner medulla.
inner medullary collecting duct development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the short descending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The short descending thin limb is the descending thin limb of a short nephron that has a squamous epithelial morphology.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the long descending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The long descending thin limb is the descending thin limb of a long nephron that has a squamous epithelial morphology. The long descending limb starts in the inner stripe of the outer medulla and extends into the inner medulla.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the early distal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The early distal convoluted tubule contains DCT cells and is vasopressin-insensitive.
early distal convoluted tubule development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the late distal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The late distal convoluted tubule contains DCT cells and intercalated (IC) alpha and beta cells and is vasopressin-sensitive.
late distal convoluted tubule development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the loop of Henle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The loop of Henle is a nephron tubule that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the interstitial fibroblast of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
kidney interstitial cell differentiation
kidney interstitial fibroblast differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a kidney mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of kidney mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of metanephric mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephrogenic mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of nephrogenic mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a nephron tubule are generated and organized. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.
The progression of a nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephron epithelium are generated and organized. The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron.
The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the metanephros.
The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the kidney along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
kidney anterior/posterior pattern specification
anterior/posterior pattern formation involved in kidney development
kidney anterior/posterior pattern formation
anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in kidney development
The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the ureteric bud along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
ureteric bud anterior/posterior pattern formation
anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in ureteric bud development
The process in which the anatomical structures of the glomerulus are generated and organized. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the glomerulus vasculature are generated and organized. The glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the glomerulus.
The process that gives rise to a glomerular capillary. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along the ureter, impelling the contents onwards. The ureter is one of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder.
Any process that modulates the developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of the developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct.
positive regulation of ureteric bud formation
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.
positive regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular mesangium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the kidney.
cell proliferation involved in kidney development
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glomerular visceral epithelial cell. A glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells.
glomerular visceral epithelial cell differentiation
The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephros are generated and organized. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the pronephros. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the pronephros to attain its fully functional state. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal capsule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. During development, it comprises a single layer of flattened cells that lie just above the cortical stroma and the condensed mesenchyme of the nephrogenic zone. It is in this region that the early stages of nephron induction and formation of new generations ureteric bud branches occur, as the kidney expands.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the renal capsule are generated and organized. The renal capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. During development, it comprises a single layer of flattened cells that lie just above the cortical stroma and the condensed mesenchyme of the nephrogenic zone. It is in this region that the early stages of nephron induction and formation of new generations ureteric bud branches occur, as the kidney expands.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a renal capsule from unspecified parts. The renal capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. During development, it comprises a single layer of flattened cells that lie just above the cortical stroma and the condensed mesenchyme of the nephrogenic zone. It is in this region that the early stages of nephron induction and formation of new generations ureteric bud branches occur, as the kidney expands.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a kidney mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a nephrogenic mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population of the ureteric bud, that contributes to ureteric bud development.
ureteric bud mesenchymal cell proliferation
mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureteric bud development
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glomerular parietal epithelial cell. Glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport.
glomerular parietal epithelial cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a renal interstitial fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
renal interstitial fibroblast development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a juxtaglomerulus cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesangial cell in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular mesangial cell in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The orderly movement of epithelial cells within a renal tubule that contributes to nephron tubule morphogenesis.
epithelial cell migration involved in nephron tubule morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of a distal tubule are generated and organized. The distal tubule is a nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the connecting tubule.
The orderly movement of epithelial cells within a renal tubule that contributes to distal tubule morphogenesis.
epithelial cell migration involved in distal tubule morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of a proximal tubule are generated and organized. The proximal tubule is a nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle. It has a brush border epithelial morphology.
The orderly movement of epithelial cells within a renal tubule that contributes to proximal tubule morphogenesis.
epithelial cell migration involved in proximal tubule morphogenesis
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in kidney development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
The progression of a mesonephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.
The progression of a metanephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric tubule are generated and organized. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a mesonephric tubule from unspecified parts. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric tubule are generated and organized from an epithelium. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric tubule.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an epithelial tube.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephric duct are generated and organized. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a nephric duct. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric duct are generated and organized. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a mesonephric duct. A mesonephric duct is a tube that drains the mesonephros.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.
regulation of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.
negative regulation of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urothelium of the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The urothelium is an epithelium that makes up the epithelial tube of the ureter.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell in the ureter.
ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the ureter are generated and organized. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population of the ureter, that contributes to ureter development.
mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the ureter gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
regulation of ureter mesenchymal cell proliferation
regulation of ureteral mesenchymal cell proliferation
regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the ureter gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
negative regulation of ureter mesenchymal cell proliferation
negative regulation of ureteral mesenchymal cell proliferation
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
cell differentiation involved in metanephros development
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the metanephros.
cell proliferation involved in metanephros development
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
cell-cell signalling involved in metanephros development
cell-cell signaling involved in metanephros development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct responds to vasopressin and aldosterone to regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is an anatomical structure which consists of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells and the macula densa. The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate.
metanephric juxtaglomerular apparatus development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
metanephric smooth muscle tissue development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephron in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric pyramids over time, from their formation to the mature structures. Metanephric pyramids are the conical masses that constitute the renal medulla in a metanephros; they contain the loops of Henle and the medullary collecting ducts.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric capsule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric cortex is the outer region of the metanephros.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of metanephros development. Metanephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of metanephros development. Metanephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
positive regulation of metanephros development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of metanephros development. Metanephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
negative regulation of metanephros development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric ascending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric ascending thin limb is a segment of a nephron tubule in the metanephros lying in the inner medulla that is permeable to ions but not to water and has a simple epithelium; active transepithelial solute transport is absent.
metanephric ascending thin limb development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric cortical collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric cortical collecting duct is the portion of the metanephric collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex.
metanephric cortical collecting duct development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric descending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric descending thin limb is a part of the metanephric loop of Henle situated just after the proximal straight tubule (S3). It extends to the tip of the metanephric loop of Henle.
metanephric descending thin limb development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric distal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric distal convoluted tubule is the first segment of the metanephric nephron lying just downstream from the loop of Henle, immediately after the macula densa. Among other functions, in humans it is responsible for the reabsorption of about 5% of filtered sodium via the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl symporter.
metanephric distal convoluted tubule development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric early distal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric early distal convoluted tubule contains metanephric DCT cells and is vasopressin-insensitive.
metanephric early distal convoluted tubule development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric glomerular mesangium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells in the metanephros, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus.
metanephric glomerular mesangium development
The progression of the metanephric glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The metanephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric late distal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric late distal convoluted tubule contains metanephric DCT cells and intercalated (IC) alpha and beta cells and is vasopressin-sensitive.
metanephric late distal convoluted tubule development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric macula densa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule of the metanephros that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric proximal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric proximal convoluted tubule is the most proximal portion of the metanephric proximal tubule and extends from the metanephric glomerular capsule to the metanephric proximal straight tubule.
metanephric proximal convoluted tubule development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric proximal straight tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric proximal straight tubule is the part of the metanephric descending limb that extends from the metanephric proximal convoluted tubule to the metanephric descending thin tubule.
metanephric proximal straight tubule development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the S1 portion of the metanephric proximal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The S1 portion is the initial portion of the metanephric proximal convoluted tubule and is responsible for avid reabsorption of water and solutes.
metanephric proximal convoluted tubule segment 1 development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric thick ascending limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric thick ascending limb is the last part of the metanephric loop of Henle. Its thick, mitochondria-rich epithelium characterizes the outer medulla, and is responsible for very avid active salt transport. At the macula densa, the thick ascending limb connects to the distal convoluted tubule.
metanephric thick ascending limb development
The progression of a metanephric nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric distal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric distal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that begins at the metanephric macula densa and extends to the metanephric connecting tubule.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric loop of Henle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric loop of Henle is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule in the metanephros.
metanephric intermediate tubule development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric proximal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle in the metanephros. It has a brush border epithelial morphology.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric long nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Long nephrons are associated with juxtamedullary glomeruli and extend into the inner medulla in the metanephros.
metanephric juxtamedullary nephron development
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric glomerulus vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the metanephric glomerulus vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The metanephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the metanephric glomerulus.
metanephric glomerulus vasculature development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The metanephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the metanephros.
metanephric nephron epithelium development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric glomerular epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric glomerular epithelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the outer surfaces of the glomerulus in the metanephros. The metanephric glomerular epithelium consists of both parietal and visceral epithelium. Metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.
metanephric glomerular epithelium development
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.
metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.
metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell development
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the metanephric nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric glomerular endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus of the metanephros.
metanephric glomerular endothelium development
The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric capsule are generated and organized. The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric capsule from unspecified parts. The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the metanephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
pattern formation involved in metanephros development
pattern specification involved in metanephros development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric long descending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric long descending thin limb is the descending thin limb of a long nephron in the metanephros that has a squamous epithelial morphology. The long descending limb starts in the inner stripe of the outer medulla and extends into the inner medulla.
metanephric long descending thin limb development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a short nephron in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Short nephrons are associated with mid-cortical and superficial glomeruli, are situated entirely in the outer medulla, and have no thin ascending limb.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric short descending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric short descending thin limb is the descending thin limb of a short nephron in the metanephros that has a squamous epithelial morphology.
metanephric short descending thin limb development
The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric nephron are generated and organized. A metanephric nephron is the functional unit of the metanephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric glomerulus are generated and organized. The metanephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney, or metanephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric glomerulus vasculature are generated and organized. The metanephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the metanephric glomerulus.
metanephric glomerulus vasculature morphogenesis
The process that gives rise to a metanephric glomerular capillary. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
metanephric glomerular capillary formation
The process in which the metanephric comma-shaped body is generated and organized. The metanephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the metanephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros.
metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal stem cell that contributes to the shaping of a nephronin the metanephros. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.
mesenchymal stem cell differentiation involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric nephron tubule are generated and organized. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros.
metanephric nephron tubule morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the metanephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.
The process in which the metanephric S-shaped body is generated and organized. The metanephric S-shaped body is the successor of the metanephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros.
A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephric renal vesicle.
mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephric renal vesicle formation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric connecting tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the metanephric nephron; it connects the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct in the metanephros.
metanephric connecting tubule development
The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric distal tubule are generated and organized. The metanephric distal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the metanephric connecting tubule.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric proximal tubule are generated and organized. The metanephric proximal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle in the metanephros. It has a brush border epithelial morphology.
metanephric proximal tubule morphogenesis
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of a nephron in the metanephros.
The orderly movement of epithelial cells within a renal tubule that contributes to metanephric nephron tubule morphogenesis.
epithelial cell migration involved in metanephric nephron tubule morphogenesis
The orderly movement of epithelial cells within a renal tubule that contributes to metanephric distal tubule morphogenesis.
epithelial cell migration involved in metanephric distal tubule morphogenesis
The orderly movement of epithelial cells within a renal tubule that contributes to metanephric proximal tubule morphogenesis.
epithelial cell migration involved in metanephric proximal tubule morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of metanephric glomerulus development, the progression of the metanephric glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The metanephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney, or metanephros.
regulation of metanephric glomerulus development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of metanephric glomerulus development, the progression of the metanephric glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The metanephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney, or metanephros.
negative regulation of metanephric glomerulus development
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of metanephric glomerulus development, the progression of the metanephric glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The metanephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney, or metanephros.
positive regulation of metanephric glomerulus development
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the metanephros.
regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis
regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis
regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis
Any process that reduces the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the metanephros.
negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis
negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis
Any process that increases the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the metanephros.
positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis
positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.
regulation of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.
negative regulation of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation
The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron in the metanephros. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.
mesenchymal stem cell maintenance involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the glomerulus; there are two types, glomerular parietal epithelial cells and glomerular visceral epithelial cells.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glomerular epithelial cell. Glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the glomerulus; there are two types, glomerular parietal epithelial cells and glomerular visceral epithelial cells.
glomerular epithelial cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a metanephric glomerular epithelial cell. Metanephric glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the metanephric glomerulus; there are two types, metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells and metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cells.
metanephric glomerular epithelial cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric glomerular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Metanephric glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the metanephric glomerulus; there are two types, metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells and metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cells.
metanephric glomerular epithelial cell development
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group.
monocarboxylic acid biosynthetic process
The directed movement of modified amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The multiplication or reproduction of pancreatic stellate cells, resulting in the expansion of a pancreatic stellate cell population. Pancreatic stellate cells are found in the periacinar space of the exocrine pancreas and in perivascular and periductal regions of the pancreas, and have long cytoplasmic processes that encircle the base of the acinus.
The directed movement of compounds that contain sulfur, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of modified amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other.
modified amino acid transporter activity
amino acid derivative transmembrane transporter activity
modified amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the circulatory system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The circulatory system is the organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis.
The progression of the vascular cord over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis.
The directed movement of an organelle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination.
microtubule-based organelle localization
The process in which ammonium is transported across a membrane. Ammonium is the cation NH4+.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal stem cell. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the seminiferous tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Seminiferous tubules are ducts located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.
purine-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.
purine and derivative biosynthetic process
purine-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.
purine-containing compound catabolic process
The process in which a purine-containing compound is transported across a membrane. A purine-containing compound is any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.
purine-containing compound membrane transport
purine-containing compound transmembrane transport
A change in the morphology or behavior of a fibroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria with a key role in inflammation and tissue injury. This immune response is associated with pathological autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis, arthritis and psoriasis which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 17 cells, most notably interleukin-17, IL-21 and IL-22.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires the specialized features of a T-helper 17 (Th17) cell. A Th17 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype RORgamma-t-positive that produces IL-17.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a terminal button. A terminal button is the terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a type B pancreatic cell to attain its fully functional state. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
These processes continue to 60 DPA in Gossypium spp.
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the liver.
epithelial cell proliferation involved in liver morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the liver are generated and organized.
Any apoptotic process in an endothelial cell. An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal.
endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis
programmed cell death, endothelial cells
The chemical reactions and pathways involving diatomic oxygen (O2).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.
reactive oxygen species metabolic process
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on or in an organelle. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle.
establishment of protein localisation to organelle
establishment of protein localization to organelle
Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location a specific location on or in an organelle, and is prevented from moving elsewhere. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle.
maintenance of protein localisation to organelle
maintenance of protein localization to organelle
maintenance of protein localization in organelle
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a vacuole.
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a vacuole.
establishment of protein localisation to vacuole
establishment of protein localization to vacuole
Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in a vacuole, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.
maintenance of protein location in vacuole
The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a multinuclear osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.
The movement of a lymphocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
The movement of an eosinophil within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
The movement of a T cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
The movement of a thymocyte through distinct intrathymic niches (e.g. medulla, cortex), where it receives a unique set of developmental cues required for T-cell development.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell cortex.
A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within the microtubule cytoskeleton.
protein localisation to microtubule cytoskeleton
protein localization to microtubule cytoskeleton
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ascospore formation, a process in which a sexual spore, named ascospore, from Ascomycete fungi was produced inside an ascus.
positive regulation of ascospore formation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ascospore formation, a process in which a sexual spore, named ascospore, from Ascomycete fungi was produced inside an ascus.
negative regulation of ascospore formation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of zygospore formation, a process in which a thick-walled spore of some algae and fungi is formed by union of two similar sexual cells, usually serves as a resting spore, and produces the sporophytic phase.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of frequency, rate or extent of zygospore formation, a process in which a thick-walled spore of some algae and fungi is formed by union of two similar sexual cells, usually serves as a resting spore, and produces the sporophytic phase.
positive regulation of zygospore formation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of zygospore formation, a process in which a thick-walled spore of some algae and fungi is formed by union of two similar sexual cells, usually serves as a resting spore, and produces the sporophytic phase.
negative regulation of zygospore formation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of basidiospore formation, a process in which a sexually produced fungal spore is formed on a basidium in the fungi Basidiomycetes.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of frequency, rate or extent of basidiospore formation, a process in which a sexually produced fungal spore is formed on a basidium in the fungi basidiomycetes.
positive regulation of basidiospore formation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of basidiospore formation, a process in which a sexually produced fungal spore is formed on a basidium in the fungi basidiomycetes.
negative regulation of basidiospore formation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism involving those compounds formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to stress. Response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular response to stress. Cellular response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
regulation of cellular response to stress
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of amino acids within a cell.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.
regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lytic vacuole.
lytic vacuole organization and biogenesis
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the extracellular matrix.
An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell.
An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell and is involved in its contraction.
cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contraction
The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of a cardiac muscle cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell contraction.
regulation of cardiac muscle cell contraction
An action potential that occurs in a ventricular cardiac muscle cell.
ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential
An action potential that occurs in an atrial cardiac muscle cell.
atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential
An action potential that occurs in a sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell.
SA node cardiac muscle cell action potential
SAN cardiac muscle cell action potential
sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell action potential
sinus node cardiac muscle cell action potential
An action potential that occurs in an atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell.
AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
An action potential that occurs in a Purkinje myocyte.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an SA node cardiomyocyte to an atrial cardiomyocyte.
SA node cardiac muscle cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell signalling
SA node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte signalling
SAN cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte signalling
sinoatrial node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte signalling
sinus node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte signalling
SA node cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell signaling
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the heart process that regulates cardiac muscle contraction; beginning with the generation of an action potential in the sinoatrial node and ending with regulation of contraction of the myocardium.
cell-cell signalling involved in cardiac conduction
cell-cell signaling involved in cardiac conduction
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an atrial cardiomyocyte to an AV node cell.
atrial cardiomyocyte to AV node cell signaling
atrial cardiomyocyte to AV node cell signalling
atrial cardiomyocyte to atrioventricular node cell signaling
atrial cardiac muscle cell to AV node cell signaling
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an AV node cardiac muscle cell to a bundle of His cardiomyocyte.
AV node cell to bundle of His cell signalling
atrioventricular node to bundle of His cell signaling
AV node cell to bundle of His cell signaling
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a bundle of His cardiomyocyte to a Purkinje myocyte.
bundle of His cardiac muscle cell to Purkinje myocyte signaling
bundle of His cardiac muscle cell to Purkinje myocyte signalling
bundle of His cell to Purkinje myocyte signaling
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a Purkinje myocyte to a ventricular cardiac muscle cell.
Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell signalling
Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell signaling
An action potential that occurs in a bundle of His cell.
bundle of His cardiac muscle cell action potential
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
cell communication involved in cardiac conduction
The process that mediates interactions between an atrial cardiomyocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the atrial cardiomyocyte communicating with an AV node cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
atrial cardiomyocyte to AV node cell communication
atrial cardiomyocyte to atrioventricular node cell communication
atrial cardiac muscle cell to AV node cell communication
The process that mediates interactions between an AV node cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the AV node cell communicating with a bundle of His cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
atrioventricular node cell to bundle of His cell communication
AV node cell to bundle of His cell communication
The process that mediates interactions between a Purkinje myocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the Purkinje myocyte communicating with a ventricular cardiac muscle cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell communication
The process that mediates interactions between a bundle of His cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the bundle of His cell communicating with a Purkinje myocyte in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
bundle of His cardiac muscle cell to Purkinje myocyte communication
ventricular conduction system cell to cell communication
atrioventricular junction myocyte to bundle branch myocyte
bundle branch myocyte to Purkinje myocyte communication
bundle of His myocyte to atrioventricular junction myocyte
bundle of His cell to Purkinje myocyte communication
The process that mediates interactions between an SA node cardiomyocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the SA node cardiomyocyte communicating with an atrial cardiomyocyte in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
SA node cardiac muscle cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell communication
SA node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication
SAN cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication
sinoatrial node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication
sinus node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication
SA node cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell communication
A G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway, which contributes to a circulatory system process carried out by the heart.
G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process
G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signalling pathway involved in heart process
M2 receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process
muscarinic receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process
An G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway which contributes to a circulatory system process carried out by the heart.
G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process
G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway involved in heart process
GPCR signaling pathway involved in cardiac process
GPCR signaling pathway involved in heart process
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process
The directed movement of L-glutamate out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane.
L-glutamate transmembrane export from vacuole
The directed movement of L-histidine out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane.
L-histidine transmembrane export from vacuole
The directed movement of L-histidine across a membrane.
The directed movement of an amino acid from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
amino acid import across plasma membrane
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the primitive streak from unspecified parts. The primitive streak is a ridge of cells running along the midline of the embryo where the mesoderm ingresses. It defines the anterior-posterior axis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.
positive regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.
negative regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte chemotaxis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte chemotaxis.
positive regulation of monocyte chemotaxis
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte chemotaxis.
negative regulation of monocyte chemotaxis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroid hormones,compounds with a 1, 2, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus that act as hormones.
regulation of steroid hormone biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroid hormones,compounds with a 1, 2, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus that act as hormones.
positive regulation of steroid hormone biosynthetic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroid hormones,compounds with a 1, 2, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus that act as hormones.
negative regulation of steroid hormone biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell.
positive regulation of microtubule nucleation
Any process that modulates the size of an anatomical structure.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
positive regulation of cell cycle process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.
positive regulation of ribosome biogenesis
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.
negative regulation of ribosome biogenesis
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
The process in which a smooth muscle cell acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
smooth muscle derived foam cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
positive regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly
The progression of the cochlea over time from its formation to the mature structure. The cochlea is the snail-shaped portion of the inner ear that is responsible for the detection of sound.
The process in which the cochlea is generated and organized.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic epsilon cell. A pancreatic epsilon cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes ghrelin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic E cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell-substrate junction assembly. Cell-substrate junction assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate.
regulation of cell-substrate junction assembly
The process in which the population of cells that make up a tissue undergo directed movement.
The process in which the population of cells that make up a mesenchyme undergo directed movement.
The process in which the population of cells that make up an epithelium undergo directed movement.
Any cell-cell adhesion process that modulates the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organisation by cell-cell adhesion
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization by cell-cell adhesion
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a membrane.
establishment of protein localisation in membrane
establishment of protein localization in membrane
establishment of protein localization to membrane
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
regulation of sphingolipid biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
positive regulation of sphingolipid biosynthetic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
negative regulation of sphingolipid biosynthesis involved in cellular sphingolipid homeostasis
negative regulation of sphingolipid biosynthetic process
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of sphingolipids within a cell.
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to lysosomes.
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization of an epithelial cell.
establishment of epithelial cell polarity
A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a Golgi apparatus that contributes to Golgi inheritance.
The reformation of the Golgi following its breakdown and partitioning contributing to Golgi inheritance.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of Golgi inheritance. Golgi inheritance is the partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division.
The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a chondrocyte.
The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single organelle membrane.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
positive regulation of kidney development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
negative regulation of kidney development
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.
regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.
positive regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.
negative regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glomerulus development, the progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of glomerulus development, the progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney.
positive regulation of glomerulus development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of glomerulus development, the progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney.
negative regulation of glomerulus development
The increase in size or mass of the spongiotrophoblast layer of the placenta where the increase in size or mass contributes to the progression of that layer over time from its formation to its mature state.
spongiotrophoblast layer developmental growth
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a muscle system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in a muscle system.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas.
positive regulation of somatostatin secretion
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas.
negative regulation of somatostatin secretion
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.
positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.
negative regulation of peptide hormone secretion
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.
regulation of transmembrane calcium influx
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.
positive regulation of transmembrane calcium influx
positive regulation of calcium ion import
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.
negative regulation of transmembrane calcium influx
negative regulation of calcium ion import
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population.
positive regulation of osteoclast proliferation
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population.
negative regulation of osteoclast proliferation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation proceeds.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation proceeds.
positive regulation of neural crest formation
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation proceeds.
negative regulation of neural crest formation
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleic acids.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.
positive regulation of intracellular protein transport
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.
negative regulation of intracellular protein transport
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of superoxide metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species.
regulation of superoxide metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
positive regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
negative regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of olfactory learning. Olfactory learning is any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs in response to (repeated) exposure to an olfactory cue.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of brown fat cell differentiation. Brown fat cell differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.
regulation of brown fat cell differentiation
Transcriptional regulation of brown and beige adipocyte differentiation
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of brown fat cell differentiation. Brown fat cell differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.
positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation
Any process that prevents the establishment or decreases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.
negative regulation of excitatory post-synaptic membrane potential
reduction of excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential
negative regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.
The epithelial cell differentiation process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an acinar cell, a secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape-shaped clusters known as acini.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within a nuclear envelope.
protein localization in nuclear envelope
protein localization to nuclear envelope
The directed movement of glutamate into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane.
glutamate transmembrane import into vacuole
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of glutamate within a cell.
The directed movement of catecholamine into a cell.
The directed movement of dopamine into a cell.
The migration of mesenchymal tissue that contributes to the formation of a limb bud.
mesenchyme migration involved in limb bud formation
The orderly movement of a mesenchymal cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
The directed movement of L-histidine into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane.
histidine transmembrane import into vacuole
L-histidine transmembrane import into vacuole
The directed movement of L-glutamate into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane.
L-glutamate transmembrane import into vacuole
The orderly movement of a podocyte from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. A podocyte is a specialized kidney epithelial cell.
glomerular visceral epithelial cell migration
The immediate defensive reaction by vertebrate tissue to injury caused by chemical or physical agents.
Morphogenesis of a sensory organ. A sensory organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to receive and transmit signals from external or internal stimuli. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
The processes by which anatomical structures that are only present in the male organism are generated and organized.
The directed killing of a target cell by a microglial cell.
A macromolecular localization process in which RNA is transported to and maintained in a location within the nucleus.
Any process of the immune system that can contribute to the formation of immunological memory or an immune response based upon activation of immunological memory.
Any immunological memory process that can contribute to the formation of immunological memory.
Any membrane that is part of a pigment granule.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an acetylcholine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
acetylcholine receptor signalling pathway
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway
All of the contents of a cilium, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the cilium.
Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. Also, researchers consider the composition of both the plasm and the membrane of the cilium to be detectably different from that in the non-ciliary cytosol and plasma membrane (e.g. in terms of calcium ion concentration, membrane lipid composition, and more). For this reason, the term "ciliary plasm" is not linked to "cytoplasm".
Formation of dendrites, branched cellular projections (or cytoplasmic extension) that are extended from the surface of a dendritic immune cell, and which enable the cell to sample luminal pathogens and increase the surface area for antigen presentation to T cells.
Note that dendrites of dendritic cells should not be confused with neuronal cell dendrites, which process electrical signals.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell. A dendritic cell is a leukocyte of dendritic lineage specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation.
Note that immunologists typically use the word 'maturation' to refer to dendritic cells undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'.
The process in which antigen-activated dendritic cells acquire the specialized features of a mature conventional dendritic cell. Mature conventional dendritic cells upregulate the surface expression of MHC molecules, chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules, and increase the number of dendrites (cytoplasmic protrusions) in preparation for migration to lymphoid organs where they present antigen to T cells.
mature conventional dendritic cell differentiation
Any apoptotic process in a dendritic cell, a cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation.
Any apoptotic process in a motor neuron, an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.
Any apoptotic process in a type B pancreatic cell, a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-glutamate, the L enantiomer anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.
A specialized area of membrane on either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic side of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.
The process aimed at the progression of a vascular smooth muscle cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels.
vascular associated smooth muscle cell development
The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an amniotic stem cell. An amniotic stem cell is a mesenchymal stem cell extracted from amniotic fluid. Amniotic stem cells are able to differentiate into various tissue types such as skin, cartilage, cardiac tissue, nerves, muscle, and bone.
The process in which any suture between cranial and/or facial bones is generated and organized.
The process in which any suture between facial bones is generated and organized.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynaptic membrane, a specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft).
Any process in which a receptor is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.
Any apoptotic process in a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.
The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a GABAergic neuron.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the ammonium ion.
The process whose specific outcome is the formation of tooth enamel, occurring in two stages: secretory stage and maturation stage.
The process whose specific outcome is the formation of dentin, the mineralized tissue that constitutes the major bulk of teeth. Dentin may be one of three types: primary dentin, secondary dentin, and tertiary dentin.
The series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
induction of apoptosis by extracellular signals
This term can be used to annotate gene products involved in apoptotic events happening downstream of the cross-talk point between the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. The cross-talk starts when caspase-8 cleaves Bid and truncated Bid interacts with mitochondria. From this point on it is not possible to distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
Cell death signalling via NRAGE, NRIF and NADE
The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with either a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor, or a ligand being withdrawn from a cell surface receptor (e.g. in the case of signaling by dependence receptors), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in presence of ligand
Fas acts as a death receptor with a role in apoptosis, but can also act as a non-apoptotic signal transducer.
Caspase activation via extrinsic apoptotic signalling pathway
A stage of the apoptotic process that starts with the controlled breakdown of the cell through the action of effector caspases or other effector molecules (e.g. cathepsins, calpains etc.). Key steps of the execution phase are rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.
A renal system process in which fluid circulating through the body is filtered through a barrier system.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosomal membrane. A lysosomal membrane is the lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a lamellar body. A lamellar body is a membrane-bounded organelle, specialized for the storage and secretion of various substances (surfactant phospholipids, glycoproteins and acid phosphates) which are arranged in the form of tightly packed, concentric, membrane sheets or lamellae. Has some similar properties to, but is distinct from, a lysosome.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.
Any apoptotic process in an oligodendrocyte. Oligodendrocytes belong to a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, where they form the insulating myelin sheath of axons.
The elimination of substances from peritubular capillaries (or surrounding hemolymph in invertebrates) into the renal tubules to be incorporated subsequently into the urine. Substances that are secreted include organic anions, ammonia, potassium and drugs.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ammonium.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of ammonium within a cell.
Any apoptotic process in a keratinocyte. A keratinocyte is an epidermal cell which synthesizes keratin and undergoes a characteristic change as it moves upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin.
Any apoptotic process in a hepatocyte, the main structural component of the liver.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.
process resulting in tolerance to alcohol
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.
The orderly movement of melanocytes from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. A melanocyte is a pigment cell derived from the neural crest. It contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which give a brown to black appearance.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into heterochromatin.
The multiplication or reproduction of chorionic trophoblast cells, resulting in the expansion of their population.
chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
A prolongation or process extending from a glial cell.
The orderly movement of a neuroblast from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hippocampal interneuron.
An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hippocampal pyramidal neuron, a pyramidal cell of the hippocampus.
hippocampal pyramidal neuron differentiation
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a supramolecular fiber, a polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure.
extracellular fibril organization and biogenesis
The entire complement of dendrites for a neuron, consisting of each primary dendrite and all its branches.
A prolongation or process extending from the soma of an astrocyte and wrapping around neurons.
Small finger-like extension of a Schwann cell that contacts the nodal membrane.
An axon of a hippocampal granule cell, including dentate gyrus granule cell and CA3 granule cell, characterized by expansions (mossy fiber expansions) giving the fibers a mossy appearance. These unmyelinated axons were first described by Ramon y Cajal.
Any apoptotic process in a retinal rod cell, one of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina.
Any apoptotic process in a retinal cone cell, one of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina.
The orderly movement of a motor neuron from one site to another. A motor neuron is an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.
The orderly movement of a spinal cord motor neuron from one site to another. A spinal cord motor neuron is a motor neuron that passes from the spinal cord toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.
The orderly movement of a lateral motor column neuron from one site to another. A lateral motor column neuron is a motor neuron that is generated only on limb levels and send axons into the limb mesenchyme.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a non-motile cilium.
protein localization to nonmotile primary cilium
protein localization to non-motile cilium
A branched cellular projection (or cytoplasmic extension) that is extended from the surface of a dendritic immune cell, and which enables the cell to sample luminal pathogens and increase the surface area for antigen presentation to T cells.
A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.
A plasma membrane that is part of a sperm cell.
The movement of a myeloid leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
The movement of a granulocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
The movement of a mast cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
The orderly movement of a lymphoid lineage cell from one site to another. A lymphoid lineage cell, also called a lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell, is a progenitor cell restricted to the lymphoid lineage.
lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell migration
The process in which the thymus epithelium is generated and organized.
Part of the axoneme consisting of the inner two microtubule doublets of the 9+2 axoneme occurring in most motile cilia.
A cellular anatomical entity that is part of an axoneme consisting of a doublet microtubule.
A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other into the cytosol by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
calcium transmembrane import into cytosol
calcium ion transmembrane import into cytosol
Merging of two or more vacuoles, or of vacuoles and vesicles within a cell to form a single larger vacuole.
The directed movement of potassium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.
potassium ion export across plasma membrane
The orderly movement of a distal tip cell.
Combining with any member of the calcitonin family (e.g. adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 (intermedin), amylin, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRPs)) to initiate a change in cell activity.
Binding to a member of the calcitonin family (e.g. adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 (intermedin), amylin, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRPs)).
A protein complex that contains G protein-coupled receptors.
A complete microtubule with 13 protofilaments that fuses with an incomplete microtubule called B tubule (containing 10 protofilaments only) to form an axonemal outer doublet. Inner and outer dynein arms, as well as the radial spoke, are attached to the A tubule.
An incomplete microtubule containing 10 protofilaments that fuses with a complete microtubule called A tubule (containing 13 protofilaments) to form an axonemal outer doublet.
Any vesicle that is part of the intracellular region.
The docking of a cytosolic centriole/basal body to the plasma membrane via the ciliary transition fibers. In some species this may happen via an intermediate step, by first docking to the ciliary vesicle via the ciliary transition fibers. The basal body-ciliary vesicle then relocates to the plasma membrane, followed by the ciliary vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane, effectively attaching the basal body to the plasma membrane.
anchoring of the basal body to the plasma membrane
Basal bodies in jawed vertebrates appear to first attach to a ciliary vesicle. It is unclear how specific this is to jawed vertebrates or if other organisms also employ this sequence. Some species like Giardia intestinalis do not relocate their basal bodies to the plasma membrane, but have their axonemes extend through the cytosol to then protrude out of the cell to form flagella.
ciliary basal body-plasma membrane docking
The process in which vesicles formed at the trans-Golgi network are directed to the plasma membrane surrounding the base of the cilium, including the ciliary pocket, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces.
vesicle targeting, trans-Golgi to periciliary membrane compartment
The regrowth of neural tissue following its loss or destruction.
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell.
A motile cilium where the axoneme has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets plus two central microtubules (and is therefore called a 9+2 axoneme).
This type of cilia may be present in solitary (so-called flagella, e.g. in sperm) or in multiple copies (so-called conventional motile cilia, e.g. in tracheal epithelium, ependyma or oviduct epithelium).
A cilium which may have a variable array of axonemal microtubules but does not contain molecular motors.
The assembly and secretion of an extracellular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane.
Centriole assembly in which a centriole arises de novo, rather than by replication from an existing centriole. This process may occur via different mechanisms. Examples include the deuterosome pathway in multicilated epithelial animal cells and formation of centrioles during parthenogenesis in some insects.
The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a post-synaptic potential responsible for muscle contraction.
A neuromuscular junction in which the target muscle cell is a skeletal muscle fiber.
neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle fiber
A neuromuscular junction in which the target muscle cell is a myotube.
In vertebrates, the term 'neuromuscular junction' is limited to synapses targeting the myotubes of skeletal muscle (AKA skeletal muscle fibers). Neuromuscular junctions targeting other muscle cell types exist in invertebrates such as the mononucleate somatic muscles of nematodes.
A neuromuscular junction in which the target muscle cell is a somatic muscle myotube, such as an arthropod somatic muscle cell.
neuromuscular junction of somatic muscle myotube
A neuromuscular junction that functions in the excitation of somatic muscle myotubes, such as an arthropod somatic muscle cells.
excitatory neuromuscular junction of somatic myotube
A neuromuscular junction in which the target muscle cell is a somatic muscle cell, such as those found in nematodes and arthropods.
neuromuscular junction of somatic muscle
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle fiber cell. Skeletal muscle fiber differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual skeletal muscle fibers fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction that targets a skeletal muscle fiber.
neuromuscular junction development, skeletal muscle fiber
A cellular process that results in the assembly of one or more centrioles.
Centriole assembly in which a centriole arises de novo by a process involving an electron-dense structure known as a deuterosome, rather than by duplication of an existing centriole, and occurring as part of multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation.
de novo centriole assembly via deuterosome
deuterosome-mediated centriole biogenesis
In most eukaryotic cells, 'centriole' (GO:0005814) and 'ciliary basal body' (GO:0036064) represent a common entity that cycles through its function in cell division, then ciliogenesis, then cell division again. However, these structures are modified extensively as they transition into each other, and may contain different proteins, specific to each component.
de novo centriole assembly involved in multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation
A spherical, electron dense, cytoplasmic structure that is involved in de novo assembly of centrioles.
OBSOLETE. Nucleus with two or more lobes connected by a thin filament that contains no internal chromatin. Examples include the nuclei of mature basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils in mice and humans.
This term was obsoleted because it does not correspond to a specific type of nucleus, it is a morphologically different nucleus present in certain cell types.
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of another organism that act to protect the cell or organism from damage caused by that organism.
defence response incompatible interaction
defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction
defense response, incompatible interaction
Any process in which a protein complex is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration, stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of protein complexes that move away.
Any process in which a protein complex is maintained in a specific location within the cytoplasm and is prevented from moving elsewhere.
maintenance of protein complex location in cytoplasm
The lipid bilayer that forms the outer-most layer of an organelle.
Examples include the outer membranes of double membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria as well as the bounding membranes of single-membrane bound organelles such as lysosomes.
A membrane that is a (regional) part of the plasma membrane.
Note that this term should not be used for direct manual annotation as it should always be possible to choose a more specific subclass.
A secretory granule that contains mucin.
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.
The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on a cell surface to an adhesion molecule on another cell surface or an external substrate, to mediate adhesion of the cell to the external substrate or to another cell.
protein binding involved in cell adhesion
The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on the cell surface to an extracellular matrix component, to mediate adhesion of the cell to another cell.
protein binding involved in cell-cell adhesion
Any protein complex that is capable of carrying out some part of the process of cell-cell adhesion.
protein complex involved in cell-cell adhesion
Any protein complex that is capable of carrying out some part of the process of cell adhesion to the cell matrix or to another cell.
protein complex involved in cell adhesion
Any cadherin binding that occurs as part of the process of cell-cell adhesion.
cadherin binding involved in cell-cell adhesion
A supramolecular assembly of fibrillar collagen complexes in the form of a long fiber (fibril) with transverse striations (bands).
A complex of collagen trimers such as a fibril or collagen network.
A supramolecular complex that consists of collagen triple helices associated to form a network.
The process in which a monoatomic cation is transported across a membrane. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are positively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom.
ATP hydrolysis coupled cation transmembrane transport
monoatomic cation transmembrane transport
The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.
The directed movement of inorganic anions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
inorganic anion import across plasma membrane
The directed movement of inorganic cations from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
inorganic cation import across plasma membrane
The process in which an inorganic ion is transported across a membrane.
The process in which an inorganic anion is transported across a membrane.
A process in which an inorganic cation is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
transmembrane inorganic cation transport
inorganic cation transmembrane transport
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
G-protein coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway
A protein complex that is capable of serotonin receptor activity.
A protein complex that is capable of G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity.
G-protein coupled serotonin receptor complex
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor complex
A synapse that uses glycine as a neurotransmitter.
A synapse that uses dopamine as a neurotransmitter.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synaptic vesicle cycle.
The directed movement of calcium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
calcium ion import across plasma membrane
The directed movement of a carbohydrate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
carbohydrate import across plasma membrane
The directed movement of D-glucose from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
The directed movement of iron ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
ferrous iron import across plasma membrane
The directed movement of L-glutamate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
L-glutamate(1-) import across plasma membrane
L-glutamate import across plasma membrane
The directed movement of sodium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
sodium ion import across plasma membrane
Division of a stem cell during which it retains its identity and buds off a daughter cell with a new identity.
Any process by which the numbers of cells of a particular type or in a tissue are maintained.
The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell which will divide to form one or more gametes.
Any process by which the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells in a skeletal muscle is maintained during skeletal muscle regeneration. There are at least two mechanisms by which this is achieved. Skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division ensures satellite stem cell numbers are kept constant. Symmetric division of these cells amplifies the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells.
skeletal muscle satellite stem cell maintenance involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cerebellar neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bone cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Not to be used for manual annotation. Please choose a more specific cell development term or if not possible, bone or bone tissue development.
Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of inorganic ions within an organism or cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.
The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.
Any protein complex that is part of a membrane.
Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by the renal system.
Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane and which functions as a signaling receptor.
plasma membrane signaling receptor complex
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a non-motile cilium.
The process in which genetic material, in the form of nuclear chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. Nuclear chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). EPSP is a process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.
modulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential
The directed movement of a protein along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a lytic vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.
A cell projection supported by an assembly of actin filaments, and which lacks microtubules.
A cell part consisting of multiple, closely packed actin-based cell projections.
The increase in size or mass of an intramembranous bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone.
The increase in size or mass of a bone that contributes to the shaping of that bone.
The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse.
The directed movement of substances to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane by exocytosis.
vesicle-mediated transport to the plasma membrane
The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptor to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles.
neurotransmitter receptor transport to plasma membrane
Any protein complex that is capable of functioning as a neurotransmitter receptor.
A cellular process that results in the controlled breakdown of synapse. After it starts the process is continuous until the synapse has disappeared.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
The ion channels through which current flows during an action potential should be annotated to the process 'action potential'. Gene products involved in modulating the characteristics of an action potential via changing the expression levels or the activity of these channels (e.g. modulating their kinetics or voltage sensitivity) should be annotated to this regulation term.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an atrioventricular node myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
regulation of AV node cell action potential
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell of the bundle of His. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
regulation of bundle of His cardiac muscle cell action potential
regulation of bundle of His cell action potential
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a Purkinje myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
regulation of Purkinje myocyte action potential
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an SA node cardiac myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
regulation of SA node cardiac muscle cell action potential
regulation of SAN cardiac muscle cell action potential
regulation of sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell action potential
regulation of sinus node cardiac muscle cell action potential
regulation of SA node cell action potential
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a neuron. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction.
regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in regulation of contraction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an atrial cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a ventricular cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential
Cell-cell signaling from pre to post-synapse, across the synaptic cleft.
Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft.
Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a lipid ligand.
retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by lipid
Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by an soluble gas ligand.
retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by soluble gas
Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by nitric oxide.
retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by nitric oxide
Modulation of synaptic transmission by cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by nitric oxide.
Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by nitric oxide, modulating synaptic transmission
Signal transduction in which the initial step occurs in a postsynapse.
Signal transduction in which the initial step occurs in a presynapse.
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in axons.
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in a dendrite from the postsynapse towards the cell body.
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in dendrites.
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the postsynapse in dendrites.
Cell-cell signaling from presynapse to postynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by nitric oxide.
anterograde trans-synaptic signaling by nitric oxide
Neurotransmitter receptor activity occurring in the postsynaptic membrane during synaptic transmission.
neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in chemical synaptic transmission
postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor activity
The directed movement of a ribonucleoprotein complex along microtubules in nerve cell dendrites.
dendritic transport of ribonucleoprotein complex
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in synaptic transmission. Modulation may be via an effect on ligand affinity, or effector function such as ion selectivity or pore opening/closing in ionotropic receptors.
regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor activity
The exocytic fusion of neurotransmitter receptor containing vesicles with the postsynaptic membrane resulting in the integration of NT receptors, enabling them to participate in neurotransmitter reception. This process includes tethering and docking steps that prepare vesicles for fusion.
exocytic insertion of neurotransmitter receptor to postsynaptic membrane
The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptor to the postsynaptic membrane in transport vesicles.
neurotransmitter receptor transport to postsynaptic membrane
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter receptor complex along microtubules in nerve cell dendrites towards the postsynapse.
anterograde dendritic transport of neurotransmitter receptor complex
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.
postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization
The postsynapse of a neuromuscular junction. In vertebrate muscles this includes the motor end-plate, consisting of postjunctional folds of the sarcolemma.
Synaptic transmission that results in an excitatory postsynaptic potential.
excitatory chemical synaptic transmission
A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.
A synapse that uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
A synapse that uses GABA as a neurotransmitter. These synapses are typically inhibitory.
Combining with glutamate and transmitting a signal from one side of the membrane to the other by activating an associated G-protein, initiating a change in cell activity.
G-protein coupled glutamate receptor activity
G protein-coupled glutamate receptor activity
The series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to an kainate-selective glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex, ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
kainate selective glutamate receptor signaling pathway
A dense core vesicle (granule) that is part of a neuron. These vesicles typically contain neuropeptides. They can be found in all parts of neurons, including the soma, dendrites, axonal swellings (varicosities) and synaptic terminals.
Any vesicle-mediated transport that occurs in a synapse.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a neuronal dense core vesicle.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuronal dense core vesicle.
neuronal dense core vesicle organization
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a presynapse.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynapse.
Any process that regulates the the local concentration of neurotransmitter receptor at the postsynaptic membrane.
regulation of postsynaptic membrane neurotransmitter receptor levels
A cellular component that consists of an indeterminate number of proteins or macromolecular complexes, organized into a regular, higher-order structure such as a polymer, sheet, network or a fiber.
Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a neuropeptide.
retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
Modulation of synaptic transmission by cell-cell signaling across the synaptic cleft from postsynapse to presynapse, mediated by a neuropeptide.
retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide, modulating synaptic transmission
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an inorganic cation by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
ligand-gated monoatomic cation channel activity
The giant, cup-shaped axon terminal of a vestibular afferent neuron, serving as a post-synaptic contact to a type I hair cell.
The movement of a cellular component as a result of microtubule polymerization.
microtubule polymerization based movement
A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.
The transport of a protein driven by polymerization of a microtubule to which it is attached.
microtubule polymerization based protein transport
A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of proteins.
The regulated release of dopamine from the somatodendritic compartment (cell body or dendrites) of a neuron.
The regulated release of dopamine from an axon.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the presynaptic actin cytoskeleton.
presynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization
The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a presynapse.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytic fusion of neurotransmitter receptor containing vesicles into the postsynaptic membrane.
regulation of exocytic insertion of neurotransmitter receptor to postsynaptic membrane
Cell-cell signaling in which the ligand is carried between cells by an exosome.
Transynaptic signaling in which the ligand is carried across the synapse by an exosome.
exosome mediated transynaptic signalling
The intermediate filament cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse.
postsynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton
Cell-cell signaling to or from a synapse, mediated by nitric oxide.
Any process, acting in the postsynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.
postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission
Any process, acting in the presynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a presynapse.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynapse.
Any process that modulates the physical form of a presynapse.
regulation of presynapse organization and biogenesis
Any process that modulates the physical form of a postsynapse.
regulation of postsynapse organization and biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trans-synaptic signaling.
The intermediate filament cytoskeleton that is part of a presynapse.
presynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprised of intermediate filament and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic cytoskeleton.
postsynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures and their associated proteins in the presynaptic cytoskeleton.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising cytoskeletal filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic cytoskeleton.
Fusion of the membrane of a vesicle with the plasma membrane, thereby releasing its contents into the extracellular space.
The lipid bilayer surrounding an exocytic vesicle.
A cytoplasmic, membrane bound vesicle that is capable of fusing to the plasma membrane to release its contents into the extracellular space.
A biological process in which synaptic vesicles are loaded with neurotransmitters, move to the active zone, exocytose and are then recycled via endocytosis, ultimately leading to reloading with neurotransmitters.
A polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure.
A component of the cytoskeleton consisting of a homo or heteropolymeric fiber constructed from an indeterminate number of protein subunits.
The transport of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along actin filaments.
The directed movement of a vesicle along a cytoskeletal fiber such as a microtubule or and actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.
cytoskeletal fiber-based vesicle localization
The directed movement of dense core granules along cytoskeletal fibers, such as microtubules or actin filaments.
dense core vesicle cytoskeletal trafficking
dense core granule cytoskeletal transport
Any (proper) part of the cytosol of a single cell of sufficient size to still be considered cytosol.
The region of the cytosol consisting of all cytosol that is part of the presynapse.
The region of the cytosol consisting of all cytosol that is part of the postsynapse.
Combining with a neurotransmitter and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
G-protein coupled neurotransmitter receptor activity
G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor activity
Neurotransmitter receptor activity occurring in the postsynaptic membrane that is involved in regulating postsynaptic membrane potential, either directly (ionotropic receptors) or indirectly (e.g. via GPCR activation of an ion channel).
neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential
A G protein-coupled receptor activity occurring in the postsynaptic membrane that is part of a GPCR signaling pathway that positively regulates ion channel activity in the postsynaptic membrane.
G-protein coupled receptor activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential
G protein-coupled receptor activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential
The pathway leading to secretion of a neurotransmitter from the presynapse as part of synaptic transmission.
presynaptic process involved in chemical synaptic transmission
Cell-cell signaling to, from or within a synapse.
Cell-cell signaling in either direction across the synaptic cleft.
Cell-cell signaling to or from a synapse, mediated by a peptide.
Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by a peptide ligand crossing the synaptic cleft.
trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a lipid.
Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by a soluble gas ligand crossing the synaptic cleft.
Any protein degradation process, occurring at a presynapse, that regulates synaptic transmission.
protein catabolic process, modulating synaptic transmission
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the synapse.
regulation of translation at synapse, modulating synaptic transmission
Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by nitric oxide.
trans-synaptic signaling by nitric oxide
Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, across the synaptic cleft, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.
trans-synaptic signaling, modulating synaptic transmission
Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the vesicular release and reception of neuropeptide molecules, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.
trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide, modulating synaptic transmission
Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the release and reception of lipid molecules, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.
trans-synaptic signaling by lipid, modulating synaptic transmission
Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the release and reception of gaseous molecules, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.
trans-synaptic signaling by soluble gas, modulating synaptic transmission
Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the release and reception of nitric oxide molecules, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.
trans-synaptic signaling by nitric oxide, modulating synaptic transmission
The part of synaptic transmission occurring in the post-synapse: a signal transduction pathway consisting of neurotransmitter receptor activation and its effects on postsynaptic membrane potential and the ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol.
postsynaptic process involved in chemical synaptic transmission
chemical synaptic transmission, postsynaptic
Any (proper) part of the cytoplasm of a single cell of sufficient size to still be considered cytoplasm.
The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the presynapse.
The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse.
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating protein degradation at the synapse.
regulation of protein catabolic process at synapse, modulating synaptic transmission
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating a catabolic process occurring at a presynapse.
regulation of protein catabolic process at presynapse, modulating synaptic transmission
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating a catabolic process occurring at a postsynapse.
regulation of protein catabolic process at postsynapse, modulating synaptic transmission
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the presynapse.
regulation of translation at presynapse, modulating synaptic transmission
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the postsynapse.
regulation of translation at postsynapse, modulating synaptic transmission
A G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor activity, occurring in the postsynaptic membrane, involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential.
G-protein coupled neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential
G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential
The process in which calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or mitochondria are released into the presynaptic cytosol.
release of sequestered calcium ion into presynaptic cytosol
The process in which calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or mitochondria are released into the postsynaptic cytosol.
release of sequestered calcium ion into postsynaptic cytosol
The directed movement of inorganic ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
inorganic ion import across plasma membrane
Combining with the biogenic amine serotonin and transmitting a signal across a membrane by activating some effector activity. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a neurotransmitter and hormone found in vertebrates and invertebrates.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter receptor activity. Modulation may be via an effect on ligand affinity, or effector function such as ion selectivity or pore opening/closing in ionotropic receptors.
regulation of neurotransmitter receptor activity
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ions by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
A process in which a protein is transported to or maintained in a location within an axon.
A process in which protein is transported from one region of the plasma membrane to another.
protein transport within plasma membrane
The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptors.
The directed movement of proteins along microtubules in neuron projections.
The directed movement of proteins along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.
The directed movement of proteins along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons.
The complete extent of cell cortex that underlies some some region of the plasma membrane.
Any action potential process that regulates skeletal muscle contraction.
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by action potential
The reorganization or renovation of existing pulmonary blood vessels.
The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
A mitotic cell cycle process which results in the assembly, arrangement, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane during mitosis.
nuclear membrane organization involved in mitotic nuclear division
This process only occurs in organisms which undergo 'closed mitosis' without nuclear breakdown.
The process in which a nuclear membrane is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an environmental stimulus.
cellular response to environmental stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response to wounding.
regulation of inflammatory response to wounding
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response to wounding.
negative regulation of inflammatory response to wounding
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response to wounding.
positive regulation of inflammatory response to wounding
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a neuron, e.g. an axon, or a dendrite.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell contraction.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell contraction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell contraction.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell contraction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus.
regulation of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fustion with Golgi apparatus.
negative regulation of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus.
positive regulation of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the kainate selective glutamate receptor signaling pathway.
regulation of kainate selective glutamate receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the kainate selective glutamate receptor signaling pathway.
negative regulation of kainate selective glutamate receptor signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the kainate selective glutamate receptor signaling pathway.
positive regulation of kainate selective glutamate receptor signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, disassembly or arrangement of constituent parts of the basement membrane.
regulation of basement membrane organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin.
regulation of actomyosin structure organization
The multiplication or reproduction of cardiac muscle myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a cardiac muscle myoblast cell population. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.
regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament organization.
regulation of actin filament organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation.
regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation.
positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation.
negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation
High affinity ammonium transporter complex that enables the transfer of ammonium from one side of a membrane to the other.
ammonium transmembrane transporter complex
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in extracellular vesicles between cells; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the extracellular vesicle membrane.
vesicle-mediated intercellular transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development.
regulation of placenta blood vessel development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development.
positive regulation of placenta blood vessel development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development.
negative regulation of placenta blood vessel development
Any apoptotic process that occurs in a hippocampal neuron.
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in hippocampal neurons.
regulation of hippocampal neuron apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in hippocampal neurons.
positive regulation of hippocampal neuron apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in hippocampal neurons.
negative regulation of hippocampal neuron apoptotic process
Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of an aldehyde. These may include transport of aldehydes away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aldehyde stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis.
positive regulation of animal organ morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis.
negative regulation of animal organ morphogenesis
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity.
positive regulation of lipid transporter activity
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity.
negative regulation of lipid transporter activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation.
regulation of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation.
positive regulation of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation.
negative regulation of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation
The orderly movement of a myotube cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate, and fuse.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotube cell migration.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube cell migration.
positive regulation of myotube cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myotube cell migration.
negative regulation of myotube cell migration
A part of a cellular organism consisting of a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system. Note that cellular organisms exclude viruses.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic neuron differentiation.
regulation of glutamatergic neuron differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic neuron differentiation.
negative regulation of glutamatergic neuron differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic neuron differentiation.
positive regulation of glutamatergic neuron differentiation
Binding to somatostatin, a polypeptide hormone involved in regulating pancreatic alpha and pancreatic beta cells and controlling growth hormone secretion as well as many other functions. Somatostatin is produced by several cell types including pancreatic delta cells. There are several different mature forms of somatostatin.
A prolongation or process extending from a cell and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon.
The directed movement of hydrogen ions (protons) from inside a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.
hydrogen ion export across plasma membrane
Formation of a prolongation or process extending and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon.
plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.
regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.
negative regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.
positive regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of plasma membrane bounded cell projections.
regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plasma membrane bounded prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a cilium or axon.
plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization
The process in which the anatomical structures of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection are generated and organized.
plasma membrane bounded cell projection morphogenesis
All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded neuron projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection.
The formation of mature glucagon by proteolysis of the precursor proglucagon.
Synthesis, secretion, and inactivation of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
positive regulation of collagen breakdown
positive regulation of collagen catabolism
positive regulation of collagen degradation
up regulation of collagen catabolic process
up-regulation of collagen catabolic process
upregulation of collagen catabolic process
activation of collagen catabolic process
positive regulation of collagen catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any steroid hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
The disaggregation of a cell-substrate junction into its constituent components.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin.
negative regulation of protein localisation to chromatin
negative regulation of protein localization to chromatin
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin.
positive regulation of protein localisation to chromatin
positive regulation of protein localization to chromatin
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of bile acid from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of bile acid from a cell or a tissue.
positive regulation of bile acid secretion
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of bile acid from a cell or a tissue.
negative regulation of bile acid secretion
A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a tight junction. A tight junction seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a tight junction. A tight junction seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histidine biosynthetic process.
regulation of histidine biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histidine biosynthetic process.
down regulation of histidine biosynthesis
down regulation of histidine biosynthetic process
down-regulation of histidine biosynthesis
down-regulation of histidine biosynthetic process
downregulation of histidine biosynthesis
downregulation of histidine biosynthetic process
negative regulation of histidine anabolism
negative regulation of histidine biosynthesis
negative regulation of histidine formation
negative regulation of histidine synthesis
inhibition of histidine biosynthetic process
negative regulation of histidine biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histidine biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of histidine anabolism
positive regulation of histidine biosynthesis
positive regulation of histidine formation
positive regulation of histidine synthesis
up regulation of histidine biosynthetic process
up-regulation of histidine biosynthetic process
upregulation of histidine biosynthetic process
activation of histidine biosynthetic process
positive regulation of histidine biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blastocyst development.
The process in which the larynx is generated and organized. The larynx is a continuation of the pharynx that is involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a larynx from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the larynx and ends with the mature structure. A larynx is a continuation of the pharynx that is involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a motile cilium.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an olefinic compound, any compound which contains a carbon-carbon double bond (aka C=C).
alkene substituted compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an olefinic compound, any compound which contains a carbon-carbon double bond (aka C=C).
alkene substituted compound anabolic process
alkene substituted compound biosynthesis
alkene substituted compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an olefinic compound, any compound which contains a carbon-carbon double bond (aka C=C).
alkene substituted compound catabolic process
The flow of blood through the network of arteries and veins supplying the cerebrum, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cerebral blood circulation.
regulation of cerebrum blood circulation
regulation of telencephalon blood circulation
regulation of cerebral blood circulation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cerebral blood circulation.
positive regulation of cerebrum blood circulation
positive regulation of telencephalon blood circulation
up regulation of cerebral blood circulation
up-regulation of cerebral blood circulation
upregulation of cerebral blood circulation
activation of cerebral blood circulation
positive regulation of cerebral blood circulation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cerebral blood circulation.
down regulation of cerebral blood circulation
down-regulation of cerebral blood circulation
downregulation of cerebral blood circulation
negative regulation of cerebrum blood circulation
negative regulation of telencephalon blood circulation
inhibition of cerebral blood circulation
negative regulation of cerebral blood circulation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition or modulates the distribution of coloring matter in an organism.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal outer doublet, a part of an axoneme consisting of a doublet microtubule.
The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellum, the microtubule-based axoneme and associated structures that are part of a sperm flagellum (or cilium).
A telopode is a plasma membrane bounded cell projection that is present on a telocyte and is tens to hundreds of microns long. Telopodes form a labyrinthine system communicating through gap junctions.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endothelial tube.
Catalysis of a reaction that alters the macromolecular conformation of a molecule.
macromolecular conformation isomerase activity
Catalysis of a reaction that alters the conformation or assembly of a polypeptide.
polypeptide conformation or assembly isomerase activity
The initial formation of a spherical embryonic mass of blastomeres formed before the blastula and resulting from cleavage of the fertilized ovum.
One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
A mitotic cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell.
The cellular processes that contribute to exocytosis.
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules as a result of an extracellular stimulus.
cell-cell adhesion in response to extracellular stimulus
The process by which an organelle membrane interacts with another membrane via molecular tethers that physically bridge the two membranes and attach them to each other.
organelle localization by membrane tethering
Any process that controls lipoprotein transport.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipoprotein transport.
negative regulation of lipoprotein transport
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of lipoprotein transport.
positive regulation of lipoprotein transport
Catalytic activity that acts to modify a protein.
Catalytic activity that acts to modify DNA.
Catalytic activity that acts to modify RNA.
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction in which one of the substrates is a glycoprotein.
catalytic activity, acting on a glycoprotein
The assembly and secretion a set of components to form an extracellular vesicule, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region. Extracellular vesicles include exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, based on the mechanism by which they are released from cells and differentiated based on their size and content.
The directed movement of some substance from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte chemotaxis.
positive regulation of lymphocyte chemotaxis
The directed movement of calcium cations into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane.
The directed movement of an ammonium ion from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
The series of molecular signals initiated by serotonin binding to a seratonin receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex. Ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
5-HT-gated cation-selective signaling pathway
5-HT-gated cation-selective signalling pathway
5-hydroxytryptamine-gated cation-selective signaling pathway
5-hydroxytryptamine-gated cation-selective signalling pathway
serotonin-gated cation-selective signalling pathway
serotonin-gated cation-selective signaling pathway
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter receptor complex along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.
anterograde axonal transport of neurotransmitter receptor complex
Translation that occurs at the presynapse.
Translation that occurs at the presynapse, and that modulates chemical synaptic transmission.
translation at presynapse, modulating chemical synaptic transmission
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which the presynapse take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which the postsynapse take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.
Translation that occurs at the postsynapse.
Any process that regulates translation occurring at the synapse.
Any process that regulates translation occurring at the presynapse.
Any process that regulates translation occurring at the postsynapse.
regulation of translation at postsynapse
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at a synapse.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at a presynapse.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at a postsynapse.
protein catabolic process at postsynapse
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the synapse.
regulation protein catabolic process at synapse
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the presynapse.
regulation protein catabolic process at presynapse
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the postsynapse.
regulation protein catabolic process at postsynapse
A cellular process in which two or more cells combine together, their plasma membrane fusing, producing a single cell. In some cases, nuclei fuse, producing a polyploid cell, while in other cases, nuclei remain separate, producing a syncytium.
The directed movement of hexose from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
Binding to a DNA-binding transcription factor, a protein that interacts with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a gene to modulate transcription.
DNA-binding transcription factor binding
Directly binding to a specific protein and delivering it to a specific cellular location.
Examples of protein carriers include the soluble TIM chaperone complexes of S. cerevisiae Tim9-Tim10 and Tim8-Tim13, that provide a shuttle system between TOM and the membrane insertases TIM22 and SAM and, thus, ensure that precursors are kept in a translocation-competent conformation.
M6PR transports activated ARSA to the lysosome
iRHOM2 transports ADAM17 from ER to the Golgi-network
iRHOM2 transports ADAM17:Zn2+ from Golgi to the plasma membrane
The directed movement of some substance from a cell, into the extracellular region. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via exocytosis.
The directed movement of a lipid from a cell, into the extracellular region.
The directed movement of a lipid from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.
Receiving a signal and transmitting it in a cell to initiate an immune response.
The cleavage of a peptide bond in a precursor form of a signaling receptor ligand, resulting in the mature (active) form of the ligand.
signaling receptor ligand precursor processing
A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together in the nucleus.
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a symbiont that act to protect or prevent damage to the host.
The division of a vacuole within a cell to form two or more separate vacuoles.
Catalytic activity that acts to modify a nucleic acid.
catalytic activity, acting on a nucleic acid
The radial migration of a pyramidal neuron along radial glial cells.
radial glia-dependent neuronal migration
radial glia-guided pyramidal neuron migration
A molecular function characterized by the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to other steps of a reaction mechanism to make the reaction energetically favorable, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient.
Note that this term represents a grouping class that includes all proteins that use ATP hydrolysis to drive a reaction; it is not meant to capture the ATP hydrolysis reaction itself. To annotate ATP hydrolysis, please use 'ATP hydrolysis activity ; GO:0016887'.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of oxytocin.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of oxytocin.
positive regulation of oxytocin production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of oxytocin.
negative regulation of oxytocin production
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-membrane-bounded organelle.
non-membrane-bounded organelle formation
non-membrane-enclosed organelle assembly
non-membrane-enclosed organelle formation
The elimination of ammonium ions from an excretory cell.
The directed movement of substances from the cytosol into the Golgi apparatus of a cell.
Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of a metal ion.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of a chemical within extracellular body fluids, such as blood, xylem or phloem, of a multicellular organism. This is distinct from maintenance of cellular homeostasis, which occurs within a cell.
multicellular organism level chemical homeostasis
multicellular organismal-level chemical homeostasis
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of nucleotides within a cell.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of nitrogen within a cell.
An intracellular signaling module that is part of larger signaling pathways that can be initiated either intracellularly or by cell surface receptors. Intracellular signaling cassettes are discrete signaling units that are often shared by multiple signaling pathways.
The biosynthetic process resulting in the formation of a nucleic acid.
The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of a nucleic acid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to lysosome.
regulation of protein localization to lysosome
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to lysosome.
positive regulation of protein localization to lysosome
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to lysosome.
negative regulation of protein localization to lysosome
That part of an axon close to and including the growth cone or the axon terminus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic signaling by nitric oxide.
regulation of synaptic signaling by nitric oxide
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynapse.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the visual system over time, from its formation to the mature structure, including the eye, parts of the central nervous system (CNS) involved in processing of visual inputs, and connecting nerve pathways.
The immediate defensive reaction by neural vertebrate tissue to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response.
regulation of neuroinflammatory response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response.
positive regulation of neuroinflammatory response
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response.
negative regulation of neuroinflammatory response
Cell-cell signaling that mediates the transfer of information from a glial cell to a neuron. This signaling has been shown to be mediated by various molecules, depending on which glial cells release them, and in which tissues the signaling occurs, e.g. microglial cell-derived nerve growth factor (NGF) in the retina, or microglial cell-derived superoxide ions in the cerebellum.
Cell-cell signaling that mediates the transfer of information from a neuron to a glial cell. This signaling has been shown to be mediated by various molecules released by different types of neurons, e.g. glutamate, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), noradrenaline, acetylcholine, dopamine and adenosine.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte activation.
negative regulation of monocyte activation
The directed movement of substances (e.g. macromolecules, small molecules, ions) through the blood-brain barrier.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained, in a location within a cell-cell junction.
protein localization to cell-cell junction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction.
regulation of protein localization to cell-cell junction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction.
positive regulation of protein localization to cell-cell junction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transepithelial transport.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-substrate junction. A cell-substrate junction is a specialized region of connection between a cell and the extracellular matrix.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate junction organization.
regulation of cell-substrate junction organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate junction organization.
positive regulation of cell-substrate junction organization
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate junction organization.
negative regulation of cell-substrate junction organization
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction.
negative regulation of protein localisation to cell-cell junction
negative regulation of protein localization to cell-cell junction
The disaggregation of a cell junction into its constituent components.
The disaggregation of a cell-cell junction into its constituent components.
The directed movement of substances (e.g. macromolecules, small molecules, ions) through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.
transport across blood/cerebrospinal fluid barrier
transport across blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transport across the blood-brain barrier.
regulation of transport across blood-brain barrier
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transport across blood-brain barrier.
positive regulation of transport across blood-brain barrier
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transport across blood-brain barrier.
negative regulation of transport across blood-brain barrier
A dense cluster of elongated, thick microvilli on the apical surface of tuft cells in epithelial tissues, such as the intestine and respiratory tract. The apical tuft extends further into the lumen than typical microvilli, featuring larger, more compact projections with unique actin cores that penetrate deep into the cytoplasm, often reaching the perinuclear region. This distinctive structure, rich in microfilaments and microtubules, supports the chemosensory functions of the cell.
The multiplication or reproduction of Leydig cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Leydig cells are interstitial cells located adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testis which produce testosterone.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a somatic sensory system over time from its formation to the mature structure. Somatic sensory system is the sensory system for the sense of touch and pain.
The regulated release of catecholamine by a cell in which the catecholamine acts as a neurotransmitter.
catecholamine secretion, neurotransmission
The process of fusing together the edges of a craniofacial suture.
The process in which an activated T cell acquires specialized features of an exhausted T cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cordate pharynx over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Enables the energy-independent facilitated diffusion of bicarbonate through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of CD8-positive alpha-beta T cells such that the total number of CD8-positive alpha-beta T cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell homeostasis
Enables the transfer of histamine from one side of a membrane to the other.
histamine transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when glycine is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.
An actin-based cell projection extending laterally from the basolateral membrane of tuft cells in epithelial tissues, including the intestinal epithelium. These thin projections, typically 3-4 per cell and up to 3 micron long, directly contact the nuclei of adjacent epithelial cells, potentially facilitating intercellular communication and molecular exchange.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an L-amino acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-amino acids, the L-enantiomers of amino acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an L-amino acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino acid that is incorporated into protein naturally by ribosomal translation of mRNA, and that has a specific codon for translation from mRNA to protein.
proteinogenic amino acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino acid that is incorporated into protein naturally by ribosomal translation of mRNA, and that has a specific codon for translation from mRNA to protein.
proteinogenic amino acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino acid that is incorporated into protein naturally by ribosomal translation of mRNA, and that has a specific codon for translation from mRNA to protein.
proteinogenic amino acid catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving non-proteingenic amino acids.
non-proteinogenic amino acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of non-proteinogenic amino acids.
non-proteinogenic amino acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of non-proteinogenic amino acids.
non-proteinogenic amino acid degradation
non-proteinogenic amino acid catabolic process
Enables the transfer of a lipid from one side of a membrane to the other.
lipid transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.
positive regulation of dendrite development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.
regulation of cytokine production involved in acute inflammatory response
regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.
down regulation of cytokine production involved in acute inflammatory response
negative regulation of cytokine production involved in acute inflammatory response
down regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response
negative regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.
up regulation of cytokine production involved in acute inflammatory response
positive regulation of cytokine production involved in acute inflammatory response
up regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response
positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission.
regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission.
down regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
down-regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
downregulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
inhibition of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
negative regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission.
activation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
up regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
up-regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
upregulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
positive regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.
regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.
down regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus
down-regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus
downregulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus
inhibition of cellular response to insulin stimulus
negative regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.
up regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus
up-regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus
upregulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus
activation of cellular response to insulin stimulus
positive regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma cell differentiation.
regulation of plasma cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of plasma cell differentiation.
down regulation of plasma cell differentiation
down-regulation of plasma cell differentiation
downregulation of plasma cell differentiation
inhibition of plasma cell differentiation
down regulation of plasma cell development
down-regulation of plasma cell development
downregulation of plasma cell development
negative regulation of plasma cell development
negative regulation of plasma cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plasma cell differentiation.
up regulation of plasma cell differentiation
up-regulation of plasma cell differentiation
upregulation of plasma cell differentiation
activation of plasma cell differentiation
positive regulation of plasma cell development
up regulation of plasma cell development
up-regulation of plasma cell development
positive regulation of plasma cell differentiation
Any regulation of signal transduction that takes place in the extracellular region.
regulation of signaling pathway in extracellular region
regulation of signalling pathway in extracellular region
extracellular regulation of signal transduction
Any negative regulation of signal transduction that takes place in extracellular region.
down regulation of signal transduction in extracellular region
down-regulation of signal transduction in extracellular region
downregulation of signal transduction in extracellular region
negative regulation of signaling pathway in extracellular region
negative regulation of signalling pathway in extracellular region
extracellular inhibition of signaling pathway
inhibition of signal transduction in extracellular region
extracellular negative regulation of signal transduction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.
regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.
down regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
down-regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
downregulation of execution phase of apoptosis
inhibition of execution phase of apoptosis
negative regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.
up regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
up-regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
upregulation of execution phase of apoptosis
activation of execution phase of apoptosis
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.
down regulation of receptor-associated protein activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.
regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.
down regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis
down regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process
down-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis
down-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process
downregulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis
downregulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process
negative regulation of hyaluronan anabolism
negative regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis
negative regulation of hyaluronan formation
negative regulation of hyaluronan synthesis
inhibition of hyaluronan biosynthetic process
negative regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of hyaluronan anabolism
positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis
positive regulation of hyaluronan formation
positive regulation of hyaluronan synthesis
up regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis
up regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process
up-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis
up-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process
upregulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process
activation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process
positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipid binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of renin secretion into blood stream.
regulation of renin release into blood stream
regulation of renin secretion into blood stream
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of renin secretion into blood stream.
down regulation of renin release into blood stream
down regulation of renin secretion into blood stream
down-regulation of renin release into blood stream
down-regulation of renin secretion into blood stream
downregulation of renin release into blood stream
downregulation of renin secretion into blood stream
negative regulation of renin release into blood stream
inhibition of renin release into blood stream
inhibition of renin secretion into blood stream
negative regulation of renin secretion into blood stream
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of renin secretion into blood stream.
positive regulation of renin release into blood stream
up regulation of renin release into blood stream
up regulation of renin secretion into blood stream
up-regulation of renin release into blood stream
up-regulation of renin secretion into blood stream
upregulation of renin release into blood stream
upregulation of renin secretion into blood stream
activation of renin release into blood stream
activation of renin secretion into blood stream
positive regulation of renin secretion into blood stream
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process.
regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process.
down regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process
down-regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process
downregulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process
down regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis
down-regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis
downregulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis
inhibition of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process
negative regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis
negative regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process.
up regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process
up-regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process
upregulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process
activation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process
positive regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis
up regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis
up-regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis
upregulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis
positive regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell migration.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell migration.
down regulation of Schwann cell migration
down-regulation of Schwann cell migration
downregulation of Schwann cell migration
negative regulation of Schwann cell migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell migration.
positive regulation of Schwann cell migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to fungus.
regulation of defence response to fungus
regulation of defense response to fungi, incompatible interaction
regulation of defense response to fungus, incompatible interaction
regulation of resistance response to pathogenic fungi
regulation of resistance response to pathogenic fungus
regulation of response to pathogenic fungus (incompatible interaction)
regulation of defense response to fungus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.
regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.
down regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation
down-regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation
downregulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation
inhibition of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation
negative regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.
up regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation
up-regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation
upregulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation
activation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation
positive regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.
regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
regulation of protein localization in nucleus
regulation of protein localization to nucleus
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.
down regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
down regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
down regulation of protein localization in nucleus
down regulation of protein localization to nucleus
down-regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
down-regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
down-regulation of protein localization in nucleus
down-regulation of protein localization to nucleus
downregulation of protein localisation to nucleus
downregulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
downregulation of protein localization in nucleus
downregulation of protein localization to nucleus
negative regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
negative regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
negative regulation of protein localization in nucleus
inhibition of protein localisation to nucleus
inhibition of protein localization in cell nucleus
inhibition of protein localization in nucleus
inhibition of protein localization to nucleus
negative regulation of protein localization to nucleus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.
activation of protein localization in nucleus
positive regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
positive regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
positive regulation of protein localization in nucleus
up regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
up regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
up regulation of protein localization in nucleus
up regulation of protein localization to nucleus
up-regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
up-regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
up-regulation of protein localization in nucleus
up-regulation of protein localization to nucleus
upregulation of protein localisation to nucleus
upregulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
upregulation of protein localization in nucleus
upregulation of protein localization to nucleus
activation of protein localisation to nucleus
activation of protein localization in cell nucleus
activation of protein localization to nucleus
positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.
negative regulation of oocyte maturation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.
positive regulation of oocyte maturation
Any mesenchymal cell apoptotic process that is involved in metanephros development.
mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development
mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development
Any apoptotic process that is involved in metanephric collecting duct development.
apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development
type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development
apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
Any apoptotic process that is involved in metanephric nephron tubule development.
apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development
type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development
apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pronephric nephron tubule development.
regulation of pronephric nephron tubule development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pronephric nephron tubule development.
down regulation of pronephric nephron tubule development
down-regulation of pronephric nephron tubule development
downregulation of pronephric nephron tubule development
inhibition of pronephric nephron tubule development
negative regulation of pronephric nephron tubule development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development.
regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development
regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development.
down regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development
down-regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development
downregulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development
inhibition of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development.
up regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development
up-regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development
upregulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development
activation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development.
regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development
regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development
regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development.
down regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
down regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
down-regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
down-regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
downregulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
downregulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
inhibition of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
inhibition of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
negative regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
negative regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
down regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
down regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development
down regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
down-regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
down-regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development
down-regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
downregulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
downregulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development
downregulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
inhibition of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
inhibition of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
inhibition of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development
inhibition of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
negative regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
negative regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development
negative regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
down regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development
down-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development
downregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development
inhibition of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development
negative regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development.
activation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
activation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
activation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
positive regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
positive regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
up regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
up regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
up-regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
up-regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
upregulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
upregulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development
upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
activation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
activation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
activation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development
activation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
positive regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
positive regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development
positive regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
up regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
up regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development
up regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
up-regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
up-regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development
up-regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
upregulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development
upregulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development
upregulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development
activation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development
positive regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development
up regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development
up-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development
upregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development.
regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development
regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development
regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development.
down regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
down regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
down-regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
down-regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
downregulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
downregulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
inhibition of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
inhibition of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
negative regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
negative regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
down regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
down regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development
down regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
down-regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
down-regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development
down-regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
downregulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
downregulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development
downregulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
inhibition of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
inhibition of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
inhibition of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development
inhibition of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
negative regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
negative regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development
negative regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
down regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development
down-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development
downregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development
inhibition of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development
negative regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development.
activation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
activation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
activation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
positive regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
positive regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
up regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
up regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
up-regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
up-regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
upregulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
upregulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development
upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
activation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
activation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
activation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development
activation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
positive regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
positive regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development
positive regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
up regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
up regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development
up regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
up-regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
up-regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development
up-regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
upregulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development
upregulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development
upregulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development
activation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development
positive regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development
up regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development
up-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development
upregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational elongation.
regulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational elongation.
down regulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation
down-regulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation
downregulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation
inhibition of cytoplasmic translational elongation
negative regulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational elongation.
up regulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation
up-regulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation
upregulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation
activation of cytoplasmic translational elongation
positive regulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to insect.
down regulation of defense response to insect
down regulation of physiological defense response to insect
down-regulation of defense response to insect
down-regulation of physiological defense response to insect
downregulation of defense response to insect
downregulation of physiological defense response to insect
negative regulation of physiological defense response to insect
inhibition of defense response to insect
inhibition of physiological defense response to insect
negative regulation of defense response to insect
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to insect.
positive regulation of physiological defense response to insect
up regulation of defense response to insect
up regulation of physiological defense response to insect
up-regulation of defense response to insect
up-regulation of physiological defense response to insect
upregulation of defense response to insect
upregulation of physiological defense response to insect
activation of defense response to insect
activation of physiological defense response to insect
positive regulation of defense response to insect
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.
regulation of purine nucleotide anabolism
regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
regulation of purine nucleotide formation
regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis
regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.
down regulation of purine nucleotide anabolism
down regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
down regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
down regulation of purine nucleotide formation
down regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis
down-regulation of purine nucleotide anabolism
down-regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
down-regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
down-regulation of purine nucleotide formation
down-regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis
downregulation of purine nucleotide anabolism
downregulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
downregulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
downregulation of purine nucleotide formation
downregulation of purine nucleotide synthesis
inhibition of purine nucleotide anabolism
inhibition of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
inhibition of purine nucleotide formation
inhibition of purine nucleotide synthesis
negative regulation of purine nucleotide anabolism
negative regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
negative regulation of purine nucleotide formation
negative regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis
inhibition of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.
activation of purine nucleotide anabolism
activation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
activation of purine nucleotide formation
activation of purine nucleotide synthesis
positive regulation of purine nucleotide anabolism
positive regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
positive regulation of purine nucleotide formation
positive regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis
up regulation of purine nucleotide anabolism
up regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
up regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
up regulation of purine nucleotide formation
up regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis
up-regulation of purine nucleotide anabolism
up-regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
up-regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
up-regulation of purine nucleotide formation
up-regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis
upregulation of purine nucleotide anabolism
upregulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
upregulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
upregulation of purine nucleotide formation
upregulation of purine nucleotide synthesis
activation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
positive regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.
regulation of adaptive response to oxidative stress
regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.
down regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress
down-regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress
downregulation of cellular response to oxidative stress
down regulation of adaptive response to oxidative stress
down-regulation of adaptive response to oxidative stress
downregulation of adaptive response to oxidative stress
inhibition of adaptive response to oxidative stress
inhibition of cellular response to oxidative stress
negative regulation of adaptive response to oxidative stress
negative regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.
up regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress
up-regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress
upregulation of cellular response to oxidative stress
activation of adaptive response to oxidative stress
activation of cellular response to oxidative stress
positive regulation of adaptive response to oxidative stress
up regulation of adaptive response to oxidative stress
up-regulation of adaptive response to oxidative stress
upregulation of adaptive response to oxidative stress
positive regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol catabolic process within a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol catabolic process within a cell.
down regulation of cellular alcohol catabolic process
down-regulation of cellular alcohol catabolic process
downregulation of cellular alcohol catabolic process
inhibition of cellular alcohol catabolic process
negative regulation of alcohol catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol catabolic process within a cell.
up regulation of cellular alcohol catabolic process
up-regulation of cellular alcohol catabolic process
upregulation of cellular alcohol catabolic process
activation of cellular alcohol catabolic process
positive regulation of alcohol catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.
regulation of defence response to bacteria
regulation of defence response to bacterium
regulation of defense response to bacteria
regulation of defence response to bacterium, incompatible interaction
regulation of defence response to pathogenic bacteria, incompatible interaction
regulation of defence response to pathogenic bacterium, incompatible interaction
regulation of defense response to bacterium, incompatible interaction
regulation of resistance response to pathogenic bacteria
regulation of resistance response to pathogenic bacterium
regulation of antibacterial peptide activity
regulation of defense response to bacterium
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.
down regulation of defence response to bacteria
down regulation of defence response to bacterium
down regulation of defense response to bacteria
down regulation of defense response to bacterium
down-regulation of defence response to bacteria
down-regulation of defence response to bacterium
down-regulation of defense response to bacteria
down-regulation of defense response to bacterium
downregulation of defence response to bacteria
downregulation of defence response to bacterium
downregulation of defense response to bacteria
downregulation of defense response to bacterium
inhibition of defence response to bacteria
inhibition of defence response to bacterium
inhibition of defense response to bacteria
negative regulation of defence response to bacteria
negative regulation of defence response to bacterium
negative regulation of defense response to bacteria
inhibition of defence response to pathogenic bacteria, incompatible interaction
inhibition of defence response to pathogenic bacterium, incompatible interaction
inhibition of defense response to bacterium
inhibition of defense response to bacterium, incompatible interaction
inhibition of resistance response to pathogenic bacteria
inhibition of resistance response to pathogenic bacterium
inhibition of response to pathogenic bacteria (incompatible interaction)
inhibition of response to pathogenic bacterium (incompatible interaction)
negative regulation of defense response to bacterium, incompatible interaction
down regulation of antibacterial peptide activity
down-regulation of antibacterial peptide activity
downregulation of antibacterial peptide activity
inhibition of antibacterial peptide activity
negative regulation of antibacterial peptide activity
negative regulation of defense response to bacterium
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.
activation of defence response to bacteria
activation of defence response to bacterium
activation of defense response to bacteria
positive regulation of defence response to bacteria
positive regulation of defence response to bacterium
positive regulation of defense response to bacteria
up regulation of defence response to bacteria
up regulation of defence response to bacterium
up regulation of defense response to bacteria
up regulation of defense response to bacterium
up-regulation of defence response to bacteria
up-regulation of defence response to bacterium
up-regulation of defense response to bacteria
up-regulation of defense response to bacterium
upregulation of defence response to bacteria
upregulation of defence response to bacterium
upregulation of defense response to bacteria
upregulation of defense response to bacterium
activation of defense response to bacterium
activation of resistance response to pathogenic bacteria
activation of resistance response to pathogenic bacterium
positive regulation of defense response to bacterium, incompatible interaction
activation of antibacterial peptide activity
positive regulation of antibacterial peptide activity
up regulation of antibacterial peptide activity
up-regulation of antibacterial peptide activity
upregulation of antibacterial peptide activity
positive regulation of defense response to bacterium
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate receptor signaling pathway.
regulation of glutamate signaling pathway
regulation of glutamate signalling pathway
regulation of glutamate receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate receptor signaling pathway.
down regulation of glutamate receptor signaling pathway
down regulation of glutamate signaling pathway
down regulation of glutamate signalling pathway
down-regulation of glutamate receptor signaling pathway
down-regulation of glutamate signaling pathway
down-regulation of glutamate signalling pathway
downregulation of glutamate receptor signaling pathway
downregulation of glutamate signaling pathway
downregulation of glutamate signalling pathway
inhibition of glutamate signaling pathway
inhibition of glutamate signalling pathway
negative regulation of glutamate signaling pathway
negative regulation of glutamate signalling pathway
inhibition of glutamate receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of glutamate receptor signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate receptor signaling pathway.
activation of glutamate signaling pathway
activation of glutamate signalling pathway
positive regulation of glutamate signaling pathway
positive regulation of glutamate signalling pathway
up regulation of glutamate receptor signaling pathway
up regulation of glutamate signaling pathway
up regulation of glutamate signalling pathway
up-regulation of glutamate receptor signaling pathway
up-regulation of glutamate signaling pathway
up-regulation of glutamate signalling pathway
upregulation of glutamate receptor signaling pathway
upregulation of glutamate signaling pathway
upregulation of glutamate signalling pathway
activation of glutamate receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of glutamate receptor signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.
regulation of purine nucleotide metabolism
regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.
down regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process
down regulation of purine nucleotide metabolism
down-regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process
down-regulation of purine nucleotide metabolism
downregulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process
downregulation of purine nucleotide metabolism
negative regulation of purine nucleotide metabolism
down regulation of purine metabolic process
down-regulation of purine metabolic process
downregulation of purine metabolic process
inhibition of purine nucleotide metabolic process
inhibition of purine nucleotide metabolism
negative regulation of purine metabolic process
negative regulation of purine metabolism
negative regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.
positive regulation of purine nucleotide metabolism
up regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process
up regulation of purine nucleotide metabolism
up-regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process
up-regulation of purine nucleotide metabolism
upregulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process
upregulation of purine nucleotide metabolism
activation of purine nucleotide metabolic process
activation of purine nucleotide metabolism
positive regulation of purine metabolic process
positive regulation of purine metabolism
up regulation of purine metabolic process
up-regulation of purine metabolic process
upregulation of purine metabolic process
positive regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an acetate ester, any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an acetate esteran acetate ester, any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycine import into a cell.
regulation of glycine import across plasma membrane
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycine import into a cell.
negative regulation of glycine import across plasma membrane
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycine import.
positive regulation of glycine import across plasma membrane
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
regulation of potassium transporter activity
regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
down regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity
down regulation of potassium transporter activity
down-regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity
down-regulation of potassium transporter activity
downregulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity
downregulation of potassium transporter activity
inhibition of potassium transporter activity
negative regulation of potassium transporter activity
inhibition of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity
negative regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
activation of potassium transporter activity
positive regulation of potassium transporter activity
up regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity
up regulation of potassium transporter activity
up-regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity
up-regulation of potassium transporter activity
upregulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity
upregulation of potassium transporter activity
activation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity
positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
down regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity
down-regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity
downregulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity
inhibition of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity
negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
up regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity
up-regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity
upregulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity
activation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity
positive regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to reactive oxygen species.
regulation of response to active oxygen species
regulation of response to reactive oxidative species
regulation of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
regulation of response to reactive oxygen species
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to reactive oxygen species.
down regulation of response to active oxygen species
down regulation of response to reactive oxidative species
down regulation of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
down regulation of response to reactive oxygen species
down-regulation of response to active oxygen species
down-regulation of response to reactive oxidative species
down-regulation of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
down-regulation of response to reactive oxygen species
downregulation of response to active oxygen species
downregulation of response to reactive oxidative species
downregulation of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
downregulation of response to reactive oxygen species
inhibition of response to active oxygen species
inhibition of response to reactive oxidative species
inhibition of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
negative regulation of response to active oxygen species
negative regulation of response to reactive oxidative species
negative regulation of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
inhibition of response to reactive oxygen species
negative regulation of response to reactive oxygen species
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to reactive oxygen species.
activation of response to active oxygen species
activation of response to reactive oxidative species
activation of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
positive regulation of response to active oxygen species
positive regulation of response to reactive oxidative species
positive regulation of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
up regulation of response to active oxygen species
up regulation of response to reactive oxidative species
up regulation of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
up regulation of response to reactive oxygen species
up-regulation of response to active oxygen species
up-regulation of response to reactive oxidative species
up-regulation of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
up-regulation of response to reactive oxygen species
upregulation of response to active oxygen species
upregulation of response to reactive oxidative species
upregulation of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
upregulation of response to reactive oxygen species
activation of response to reactive oxygen species
positive regulation of response to reactive oxygen species
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate derivative.
carbohydrate derivative metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrate derivative.
carbohydrate derivative catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrate derivative.
carbohydrate derivative biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving insulin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of insulin.
Any mesenchymal cell apoptotic process that is involved in nephron morphogenesis.
mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis
Any mesenchymal cell apoptotic process that is involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis.
mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis
Any mesenchymal cell apoptotic process that is involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis.
mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis
Any gene expression that is involved in extracellular matrix organization. Gene expression includes both transcription to produce an RNA transcript, and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included in gene expression when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
expression of extracellular matrix proteins
gene expression involved in extracellular matrix organization
The chemical reactions and pathways involving primary amino compound.
primary amino compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of primary amino compound.
primary amino compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of primary amino compound.
primary amino compound biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.
regulation of trophoblast cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.
down regulation of trophoblast cell migration
down-regulation of trophoblast cell migration
downregulation of trophoblast cell migration
inhibition of trophoblast cell migration
negative regulation of trophoblast cell migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.
up regulation of trophoblast cell migration
up-regulation of trophoblast cell migration
upregulation of trophoblast cell migration
activation of trophoblast cell migration
positive regulation of trophoblast cell migration
Any neural crest cell migration that is involved in autonomic nervous system development.
neural crest cell migration involved in autonomic nervous system development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex.
regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex.
down regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
down regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
down-regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
down-regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
downregulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
downregulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
inhibition of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
negative regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
inhibition of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
negative regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex.
activation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
positive regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
up regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
up regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
up-regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
up-regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
upregulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
upregulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
activation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
positive regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
Any positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling that is involved in cellular response to calcium ion.
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling involved in cellular response to Ca2+ ion
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signalling involved in cellular response to Ca2+ ion
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signalling involved in cellular response to calcium ion
up regulation of calcium-mediated signaling involved in cellular response to Ca2+ ion
up regulation of calcium-mediated signaling involved in cellular response to calcium ion
up-regulation of calcium-mediated signaling involved in cellular response to Ca2+ ion
up-regulation of calcium-mediated signaling involved in response to calcium ion
upregulation of calcium-mediated signaling involved in cellular response to Ca2+ ion
upregulation of calcium-mediated signaling involved in cellular response to calcium ion
activation of calcium-mediated signaling involved in cellular response to Ca2+ ion
activation of calcium-mediated signaling involved in cellular response to calcium ion
stimulation of calcium-mediated signaling involved in cellular response to Ca2+ ion
stimulation of calcium-mediated signaling involved in cellular response to calcium ion
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling involved in cellular response to calcium ion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.
regulation of extracellular matrix assembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.
down regulation of extracellular matrix assembly
down-regulation of extracellular matrix assembly
downregulation of extracellular matrix assembly
inhibition of extracellular matrix assembly
negative regulation of extracellular matrix assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.
up regulation of extracellular matrix assembly
up-regulation of extracellular matrix assembly
upregulation of extracellular matrix assembly
activation of extracellular matrix assembly
positive regulation of extracellular matrix assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation.
down regulation of cardiac chamber formation
down regulation of heart chamber formation
down-regulation of cardiac chamber formation
down-regulation of heart chamber formation
downregulation of cardiac chamber formation
downregulation of heart chamber formation
negative regulation of heart chamber formation
negative regulation of cardiac chamber formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation.
positive regulation of heart chamber formation
up regulation of cardiac chamber formation
up regulation of heart chamber formation
up-regulation of cardiac chamber formation
up-regulation of heart chamber formation
upregulation of cardiac chamber formation
positive regulation of cardiac chamber formation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis.
regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis
regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis.
down regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis
down regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis
down-regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis
down-regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis
downregulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis
downregulation of heart chamber morphogenesis
negative regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis
inhibition of cardiac chamber morphogenesis
inhibition of heart chamber morphogenesis
negative regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis.
positive regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis
up regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis
up regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis
up-regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis
up-regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis
upregulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis
upregulation of heart chamber morphogenesis
activation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis
activation of heart chamber morphogenesis
positive regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation.
regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation.
down regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation
down-regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation
downregulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation
inhibition of lung ciliated cell differentiation
negative regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation.
up regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation
up-regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation
upregulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation
activation of lung ciliated cell differentiation
positive regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lung goblet cell differentiation.
regulation of pulmonary goblet cell differentiation
regulation of lung goblet cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lung goblet cell differentiation.
down regulation of lung goblet cell differentiation
down regulation of pulmonary goblet cell differentiation
down-regulation of lung goblet cell differentiation
down-regulation of pulmonary goblet cell differentiation
downregulation of lung goblet cell differentiation
downregulation of pulmonary goblet cell differentiation
negative regulation of pulmonary goblet cell differentiation
inhibition of lung goblet cell differentiation
inhibition of pulmonary goblet cell differentiation
negative regulation of lung goblet cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lung goblet cell differentiation.
positive regulation of pulmonary goblet cell differentiation
up regulation of lung goblet cell differentiation
up regulation of pulmonary goblet cell differentiation
up-regulation of lung goblet cell differentiation
up-regulation of pulmonary goblet cell differentiation
upregulation of lung goblet cell differentiation
upregulation of pulmonary goblet cell differentiation
activation of lung goblet cell differentiation
activation of pulmonary goblet cell differentiation
positive regulation of lung goblet cell differentiation
The directed movement of a carbohydrate derivative into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside phosphate.
nucleoside phosphate biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility.
regulation of flagellated sperm motility
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility.
negative regulation of flagellated sperm motility
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of odontoblast differentiation.
regulation of odontoblast differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of odontoblast differentiation.
down regulation of odontoblast differentiation
down-regulation of odontoblast differentiation
downregulation of odontoblast differentiation
inhibition of odontoblast differentiation
negative regulation of odontoblast differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of odontoblast differentiation.
up regulation of odontoblast differentiation
up-regulation of odontoblast differentiation
upregulation of odontoblast differentiation
activation of odontoblast differentiation
positive regulation of odontoblast differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.
regulation of vascular system development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.
down regulation of vasculature development
down-regulation of vasculature development
downregulation of vasculature development
down regulation of vascular system development
down-regulation of vascular system development
downregulation of vascular system development
inhibition of vascular system development
negative regulation of vascular system development
negative regulation of vasculature development
The directed movement of an acetate ester into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of an acetate ester from one side of a membrane to the other.
acetate ester transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.
regulation of potassium ion membrane transport
regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.
down regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport
down-regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport
downregulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport
negative regulation of potassium ion membrane transport
inhibition of potassium ion transmembrane transport
negative regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.
positive regulation of potassium ion membrane transport
up regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport
up-regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport
upregulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport
activation of potassium ion transmembrane transport
positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport
Activation of G protein gated Potassium channels
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation.
regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation.
down regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
down-regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
downregulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
inhibition of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
negative regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation.
up regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
up-regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
upregulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
activation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
positive regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to alcohol.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to alcohol.
negative regulation of response to alcohol
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to alcohol.
positive regulation of response to alcohol
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Golgi calcium ion export.
Enables the directed movement of azoles, heterocyclic compound found in many biologically important substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.
azole transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphangiogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphangiogenesis.
down regulation of lymph vessel formation
down-regulation of lymph vessel formation
downregulation of lymph vessel formation
negative regulation of lymph vessel formation
negative regulation of lymphangiogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphangiogenesis.
positive regulation of lymph vessel formation
positive regulation of lymphangiogenesis
Enables the transfer of carbohydrate derivative from one side of a membrane to the other.
carbohydrate derivative transporter activity
carbohydrate derivative transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis.
regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.
regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.
down regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
down regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
down regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
down-regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
down-regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
down-regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
downregulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
downregulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
downregulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
inhibition of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
inhibition of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
negative regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
negative regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
negative regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
inhibition of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
down regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
down-regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
downregulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
inhibition of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
negative regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.
activation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
activation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
positive regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
positive regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
positive regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
up regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
up regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
up regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
up-regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
up-regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
up-regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
upregulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
upregulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
upregulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
activation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
activation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
up regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
up-regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
upregulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
positive regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development.
regulation of endothelial cell development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development.
down regulation of endothelial cell development
down-regulation of endothelial cell development
downregulation of endothelial cell development
inhibition of endothelial cell development
negative regulation of endothelial cell development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development.
up regulation of endothelial cell development
up-regulation of endothelial cell development
upregulation of endothelial cell development
activation of endothelial cell development
positive regulation of endothelial cell development
Any microtubule in a dendrite, a neuron projection.
An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other in the axon hillock and initial segment.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alpha-amino acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alpha-amino acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alpha-amino acid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule.
regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule.
down regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
down regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
down-regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
down-regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
downregulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
downregulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
inhibition of microtubule-based vesicle localization
negative regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
inhibition of vesicle transport along microtubule
negative regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule.
activation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
positive regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
up regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
up regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
up-regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
up-regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
upregulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
upregulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
activation of vesicle transport along microtubule
positive regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of terminal button organization.
down regulation of presynaptic bouton organization
down regulation of synaptic bouton organization
down regulation of terminal bouton organization
down regulation of terminal button organisation
down regulation of terminal button organization
down-regulation of presynaptic bouton organization
down-regulation of synaptic bouton organization
down-regulation of terminal bouton organization
down-regulation of terminal button organisation
down-regulation of terminal button organization
downregulation of presynaptic bouton organization
downregulation of synaptic bouton organization
downregulation of terminal bouton organization
downregulation of terminal button organisation
downregulation of terminal button organization
negative regulation of bouton organization
negative regulation of presynaptic bouton organization
negative regulation of synaptic bouton organization
negative regulation of terminal bouton organization
negative regulation of terminal button organisation
inhibition of presynaptic bouton organization
inhibition of synaptic bouton organization
inhibition of terminal bouton organization
inhibition of terminal button organisation
inhibition of terminal button organization
negative regulation of terminal button organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of terminal button organization.
positive regulation of bouton organization
positive regulation of presynaptic bouton organization
positive regulation of synaptic bouton organization
positive regulation of terminal bouton organization
positive regulation of terminal button organisation
up regulation of presynaptic bouton organization
up regulation of synaptic bouton organization
up regulation of terminal bouton organization
up regulation of terminal button organisation
up regulation of terminal button organization
up-regulation of presynaptic bouton organization
up-regulation of synaptic bouton organization
up-regulation of terminal bouton organization
up-regulation of terminal button organisation
up-regulation of terminal button organization
upregulation of presynaptic bouton organization
upregulation of synaptic bouton organization
upregulation of terminal bouton organization
upregulation of terminal button organisation
upregulation of terminal button organization
activation of presynaptic bouton organization
activation of synaptic bouton organization
activation of terminal bouton organization
activation of terminal button organisation
activation of terminal button organization
positive regulation of terminal button organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte chemotaxis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte chemotaxis.
down regulation of lymphocyte chemotaxis
down-regulation of lymphocyte chemotaxis
negative regulation of lymphocyte chemotaxis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynaptic membrane organization.
regulation of post-synaptic membrane organization
regulation of postsynaptic membrane organisation
regulation of postsynaptic membrane organization
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of postsynaptic membrane organization.
down regulation of postsynaptic membrane organisation
down regulation of postsynaptic membrane organization
down-regulation of postsynaptic membrane organisation
down-regulation of postsynaptic membrane organization
downregulation of postsynaptic membrane organisation
downregulation of postsynaptic membrane organization
negative regulation of post-synaptic membrane organization
negative regulation of postsynaptic membrane organisation
inhibition of postsynaptic membrane organisation
inhibition of postsynaptic membrane organization
negative regulation of postsynaptic membrane organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of postsynaptic membrane organization.
positive regulation of post-synaptic membrane organization
positive regulation of postsynaptic membrane organisation
up regulation of postsynaptic membrane organisation
up regulation of postsynaptic membrane organization
up-regulation of postsynaptic membrane organisation
up-regulation of postsynaptic membrane organization
upregulation of postsynaptic membrane organisation
upregulation of postsynaptic membrane organization
activation of postsynaptic membrane organisation
activation of postsynaptic membrane organization
positive regulation of postsynaptic membrane organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synoviocyte proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synoviocyte proliferation.
down regulation of synoviocyte proliferation
down-regulation of synoviocyte proliferation
downregulation of synoviocyte proliferation
negative regulation of synoviocyte proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synoviocyte proliferation.
up regulation of synoviocyte proliferation
up-regulation of synoviocyte proliferation
upregulation of synoviocyte proliferation
positive regulation of synoviocyte proliferation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide stimulus.
A response that results in a state of tolerance to ketone.
process resulting in tolerance to ketone
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ketone stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration.
down regulation of satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
down-regulation of satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
downregulation of satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
inhibition of satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
negative regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
The directed movement of nucleotide across a membrane.
Enables the transfer of a sulfur compound from one side of a membrane to the other.
sulfur molecular entity transmembrane transporter activity
sulfur compound transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process.
regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
downregulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
inhibition of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process.
up regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
upregulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
activation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
induction of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death
positive regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen compound stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen compound stimulus.
cellular response to nitrogen molecular entity
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen-containing compound stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen-containing compound stimulus.
cellular response to oxygen molecular entity
cellular response to oxygen-containing compound
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of bone as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in bone development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process.
regulation of 4-aminobutanoate catabolic process
regulation of 4-aminobutanoate catabolism
regulation of 4-aminobutyrate catabolic process
regulation of 4-aminobutyrate catabolism
regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid breakdown
regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolism
regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid degradation
regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process.
down regulation of 4-aminobutanoate catabolic process
down regulation of 4-aminobutanoate catabolism
down regulation of 4-aminobutyrate catabolic process
down regulation of 4-aminobutyrate catabolism
down regulation of GABA catabolic process
down regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid breakdown
down regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process
down regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolism
down regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid degradation
down-regulation of 4-aminobutanoate catabolic process
down-regulation of 4-aminobutanoate catabolism
down-regulation of 4-aminobutyrate catabolic process
down-regulation of 4-aminobutyrate catabolism
down-regulation of GABA catabolic process
down-regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid breakdown
down-regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process
down-regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolism
down-regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid degradation
downregulation of 4-aminobutanoate catabolic process
downregulation of 4-aminobutanoate catabolism
downregulation of 4-aminobutyrate catabolic process
downregulation of 4-aminobutyrate catabolism
downregulation of GABA catabolic process
downregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid breakdown
downregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process
downregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolism
downregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid degradation
inhibition of 4-aminobutanoate catabolic process
inhibition of 4-aminobutanoate catabolism
inhibition of 4-aminobutyrate catabolic process
inhibition of 4-aminobutyrate catabolism
inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid breakdown
inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolism
inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid degradation
negative regulation of 4-aminobutanoate catabolic process
negative regulation of 4-aminobutanoate catabolism
negative regulation of 4-aminobutyrate catabolic process
negative regulation of 4-aminobutyrate catabolism
negative regulation of GABA catabolic process
negative regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid breakdown
negative regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolism
negative regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid degradation
inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process
negative regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process.
activation of 4-aminobutanoate catabolic process
activation of 4-aminobutanoate catabolism
activation of 4-aminobutyrate catabolic process
activation of 4-aminobutyrate catabolism
activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid breakdown
activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolism
activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid degradation
positive regulation of 4-aminobutanoate catabolic process
positive regulation of 4-aminobutanoate catabolism
positive regulation of 4-aminobutyrate catabolic process
positive regulation of 4-aminobutyrate catabolism
positive regulation of GABA catabolic process
positive regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid breakdown
positive regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolism
positive regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid degradation
up regulation of 4-aminobutanoate catabolic process
up regulation of 4-aminobutanoate catabolism
up regulation of 4-aminobutyrate catabolic process
up regulation of 4-aminobutyrate catabolism
up regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid breakdown
up regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process
up regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolism
up regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid degradation
up-regulation of 4-aminobutanoate catabolic process
up-regulation of 4-aminobutanoate catabolism
up-regulation of 4-aminobutyrate catabolic process
up-regulation of 4-aminobutyrate catabolism
up-regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid breakdown
up-regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process
up-regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolism
up-regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid degradation
upregulation of 4-aminobutanoate catabolic process
upregulation of 4-aminobutanoate catabolism
upregulation of 4-aminobutyrate catabolic process
upregulation of 4-aminobutyrate catabolism
upregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid breakdown
upregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process
upregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolism
upregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid degradation
activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process
positive regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.
down regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development
down-regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development
downregulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development
inhibition of cell proliferation involved in kidney development
negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.
up regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development
up-regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development
upregulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development
activation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development
positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development
The chemical reactions and pathways involving zeaxanthin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of zeaxanthin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of zeaxanthin.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.
down regulation of muscle tissue development
down-regulation of muscle tissue development
downregulation of muscle tissue development
negative regulation of muscle tissue development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.
up regulation of muscle tissue development
up-regulation of muscle tissue development
upregulation of muscle tissue development
positive regulation of muscle tissue development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion binding.
regulation of calcium ion storage activity
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion binding.
down regulation of calcium ion storage activity
down-regulation of calcium ion storage activity
downregulation of calcium ion storage activity
inhibition of calcium ion storage activity
negative regulation of calcium ion storage activity
negative regulation of calcium ion binding
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.
regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
regulation of protein polymer catabolism
regulation of protein polymer degradation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.
down regulation of protein depolymerization
down regulation of protein polymer breakdown
down regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
down regulation of protein polymer catabolism
down regulation of protein polymer degradation
down-regulation of protein depolymerization
down-regulation of protein polymer breakdown
down-regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
down-regulation of protein polymer catabolism
down-regulation of protein polymer degradation
downregulation of protein depolymerization
downregulation of protein polymer breakdown
downregulation of protein polymer catabolic process
downregulation of protein polymer catabolism
downregulation of protein polymer degradation
inhibition of protein polymer catabolic process
inhibition of protein polymer catabolism
inhibition of protein polymer degradation
negative regulation of protein polymer breakdown
negative regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
negative regulation of protein polymer catabolism
negative regulation of protein polymer degradation
negative regulation of protein depolymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.
activation of protein polymer catabolic process
activation of protein polymer catabolism
activation of protein polymer degradation
positive regulation of protein polymer breakdown
positive regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
positive regulation of protein polymer catabolism
positive regulation of protein polymer degradation
up regulation of protein depolymerization
up regulation of protein polymer breakdown
up regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
up regulation of protein polymer catabolism
up regulation of protein polymer degradation
up-regulation of protein depolymerization
up-regulation of protein polymer breakdown
up-regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
up-regulation of protein polymer catabolism
up-regulation of protein polymer degradation
upregulation of protein depolymerization
upregulation of protein polymer breakdown
upregulation of protein polymer catabolic process
upregulation of protein polymer catabolism
upregulation of protein polymer degradation
positive regulation of protein depolymerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.
down regulation of cell junction assembly
down-regulation of cell junction assembly
downregulation of cell junction assembly
negative regulation of cell junction assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.
positive regulation of cell junction assembly
The directed movement a dense core granule within a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anterograde dense core granule transport.
regulation of anterograde dense core granule transport
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anterograde dense core granule transport.
down regulation of anterograde dense core granule transport
down-regulation of anterograde dense core granule transport
downregulation of anterograde dense core granule transport
inhibition of anterograde dense core granule transport
negative regulation of anterograde dense core granule transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anterograde dense core granule transport.
up regulation of anterograde dense core granule transport
up-regulation of anterograde dense core granule transport
upregulation of anterograde dense core granule transport
activation of anterograde dense core granule transport
positive regulation of anterograde dense core granule transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde dense core granule transport.
regulation of retrograde dense core granule transport
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde dense core granule transport.
down regulation of retrograde dense core granule transport
down-regulation of retrograde dense core granule transport
downregulation of retrograde dense core granule transport
inhibition of retrograde dense core granule transport
negative regulation of retrograde dense core granule transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde dense core granule transport.
up regulation of retrograde dense core granule transport
up-regulation of retrograde dense core granule transport
upregulation of retrograde dense core granule transport
activation of retrograde dense core granule transport
positive regulation of retrograde dense core granule transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
up regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
up-regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
upregulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
activation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
The process in which a fatty acid is transported across a membrane.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly.
negative regulation of cilium biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility.
regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility.
down regulation of ciliary cell motility
down-regulation of ciliary cell motility
negative regulation of cilium cell motility
negative regulation of ciliary cell motility
negative regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility
The directed movement of a L-histidine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.
regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation
regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.
down regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
down regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation
down-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
down-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation
downregulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
downregulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation
negative regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation
inhibition of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
inhibition of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation
negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.
positive regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation
up regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
up regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation
up-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
up-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation
upregulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
upregulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation
activation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
activation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation
positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.
regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation
regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation
regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
RUNX1 regulates transcription of genes involved in differentiation of HSCs
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.
down regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
down regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation
down regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
down regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation
down-regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
down-regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation
down-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
down-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation
downregulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
downregulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation
downregulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
downregulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation
negative regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
negative regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation
negative regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation
inhibition of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
inhibition of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation
inhibition of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
inhibition of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation
negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.
positive regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
positive regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation
positive regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation
up regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
up regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation
up regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
up regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation
up-regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
up-regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation
up-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
up-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation
upregulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
upregulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation
upregulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
upregulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation
activation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation
activation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation
activation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
activation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation
positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an L-glutamate stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lateral motor column neuron migration.
regulation of lateral motor column neuron migration
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lateral motor column neuron migration.
down regulation of lateral motor column neuron migration
down-regulation of lateral motor column neuron migration
downregulation of lateral motor column neuron migration
inhibition of lateral motor column neuron migration
negative regulation of lateral motor column neuron migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lateral motor column neuron migration.
up regulation of lateral motor column neuron migration
up-regulation of lateral motor column neuron migration
upregulation of lateral motor column neuron migration
activation of lateral motor column neuron migration
positive regulation of lateral motor column neuron migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility.
positive regulation of flagellated sperm motility
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.
regulation of immune cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.
down regulation of immune cell differentiation
down regulation of leucocyte differentiation
down regulation of leukocyte differentiation
down-regulation of immune cell differentiation
down-regulation of leucocyte differentiation
down-regulation of leukocyte differentiation
downregulation of immune cell differentiation
downregulation of leucocyte differentiation
downregulation of leukocyte differentiation
negative regulation of immune cell differentiation
negative regulation of leucocyte differentiation
inhibition of immune cell differentiation
negative regulation of leukocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of immune cell differentiation
positive regulation of leucocyte differentiation
up regulation of immune cell differentiation
up regulation of leucocyte differentiation
up regulation of leukocyte differentiation
up-regulation of immune cell differentiation
up-regulation of leucocyte differentiation
up-regulation of leukocyte differentiation
upregulation of immune cell differentiation
upregulation of leucocyte differentiation
upregulation of leukocyte differentiation
activation of immune cell differentiation
positive regulation of leukocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.
negative regulation of organelle assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.
positive regulation of organelle assembly
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive nitrogen species stimulus.
cellular response to reactive nitrogen species
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte apoptotic process.
regulation of keratinocyte apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte apoptotic process.
down regulation of keratinocyte apoptotic process
down-regulation of keratinocyte apoptotic process
downregulation of keratinocyte apoptotic process
down regulation of keratinocyte apoptosis
down-regulation of keratinocyte apoptosis
downregulation of keratinocyte apoptosis
inhibition of keratinocyte apoptotic process
negative regulation of keratinocyte apoptosis
negative regulation of keratinocyte apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte apoptotic process.
up regulation of keratinocyte apoptotic process
up-regulation of keratinocyte apoptotic process
upregulation of keratinocyte apoptotic process
activation of keratinocyte apoptotic process
positive regulation of keratinocyte apoptosis
positive regulation of keratinocyte apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of prolactin signaling pathway.
regulation of prolactin-mediated signaling pathway
regulation of prolactin signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of prolactin signaling pathway.
down regulation of PRL signaling pathway
down regulation of prolactin signaling pathway
down regulation of prolactin-mediated signaling pathway
down-regulation of PRL signaling pathway
down-regulation of prolactin signaling pathway
down-regulation of prolactin-mediated signaling pathway
downregulation of prolactin signaling pathway
downregulation of prolactin-mediated signaling pathway
negative regulation of PRL signaling pathway
negative regulation of prolactin-mediated signaling pathway
inhibition of prolactin signaling pathway
inhibition of prolactin-mediated signaling pathway
negative regulation of prolactin signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of prolactin signaling pathway.
positive regulation of PRL signaling pathway
positive regulation of prolactin-mediated signaling pathway
up regulation of prolactin signaling pathway
up regulation of prolactin-mediated signaling pathway
up-regulation of prolactin signaling pathway
up-regulation of prolactin-mediated signaling pathway
upregulation of prolactin signaling pathway
upregulation of prolactin-mediated signaling pathway
activation of prolactin signaling pathway
activation of prolactin-mediated signaling pathway
positive regulation of prolactin signaling pathway
Any apoptotic process in an erythrocyte.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process.
regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process
regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process.
down regulation of RBC apoptotic process
down regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process
down regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of RBC apoptotic process
down-regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process
down-regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process
downregulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process
downregulation of red blood cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of RBC apoptotic process
negative regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process
down regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis
down regulation of red blood cell apoptosis
down-regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis
down-regulation of red blood cell apoptosis
downregulation of red blood cell apoptosis
inhibition of erythrocyte apoptotic process
inhibition of red blood cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis
negative regulation of red blood cell apoptosis
negative regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process.
positive regulation of RBC apoptotic process
positive regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process
up regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process
up regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process
up-regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process
upregulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process
upregulation of red blood cell apoptotic process
activation of erythrocyte apoptotic process
activation of red blood cell apoptotic process
positive regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis
positive regulation of red blood cell apoptosis
up regulation of red blood cell apoptosis
up-regulation of red blood cell apoptosis
upregulation of red blood cell apoptosis
positive regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
down regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
down-regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
downregulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
inhibition of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
inhibition of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
negative regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
activation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
activation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
positive regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
up regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
up-regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
upregulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
Any apoptotic process that is involved in blood vessel morphogenesis.
apoptotic cell death involved in patterning of blood vessels
apoptotic programmed cell death involved in patterning of blood vessels
programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in patterning of blood vessels
apoptosis involved in patterning of blood vessels
apoptotic program involved in patterning of blood vessels
type I programmed cell death involved in patterning of blood vessels
signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in patterning of blood vessels
apoptotic process involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.
regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
regulation of chromatin assembly/disassembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.
regulation of sodium ion membrane transport
regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.
down regulation of sodium ion membrane transport
down regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport
down-regulation of sodium ion membrane transport
down-regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport
downregulation of sodium ion membrane transport
downregulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport
negative regulation of sodium ion membrane transport
inhibition of sodium ion membrane transport
inhibition of sodium ion transmembrane transport
negative regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.
positive regulation of sodium ion membrane transport
up regulation of sodium ion membrane transport
up regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport
up-regulation of sodium ion membrane transport
up-regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport
upregulation of sodium ion membrane transport
upregulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport
activation of sodium ion membrane transport
activation of sodium ion transmembrane transport
positive regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.
regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
regulation of apoptosis involved in development
regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
down regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
down-regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
downregulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
inhibition of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
inhibition of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
negative regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
down regulation of apoptosis involved in development
down regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
down-regulation of apoptosis involved in development
down-regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
downregulation of apoptosis involved in development
downregulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
inhibition of apoptosis involved in development
negative regulation of apoptosis involved in development
negative regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
activation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
activation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
positive regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
up regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
up-regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
upregulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
activation of apoptosis involved in development
positive regulation of apoptosis involved in development
positive regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
up regulation of apoptosis involved in development
up regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
up-regulation of apoptosis involved in development
up-regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
upregulation of apoptosis involved in development
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation.
down regulation of chromosome condensation
down regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
down regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
down-regulation of chromosome condensation
down-regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
down-regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
downregulation of chromosome condensation
downregulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
downregulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
negative regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
negative regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
inhibition of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
inhibition of nuclear chromosome condensation
negative regulation of chromosome condensation
Any apoptotic process in a melanocyte, the main structural component of the epidermis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA catabolic process.
down regulation of RNA catabolic process
down-regulation of RNA catabolic process
negative regulation of RNA catabolic process
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a bicellular tight junction.
protein localization to bicellular tight junction
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell junction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of water channel activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.
down regulation of stem cell maintenance
down-regulation of stem cell maintenance
down regulation of maintenance of pluripotency
down-regulation of maintenance of pluripotency
downregulation of maintenance of pluripotency
inhibition of maintenance of pluripotency
negative regulation of maintenance of pluripotency
negative regulation of stem cell population maintenance
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.
activation of maintenance of pluripotency
positive regulation of maintenance of pluripotency
up regulation of maintenance of pluripotency
up-regulation of maintenance of pluripotency
upregulation of maintenance of pluripotency
positive regulation of stem cell population maintenance
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell leading edge.
protein localisation in cell leading edge
protein localisation to cell leading edge
protein localization in cell leading edge
protein localization to cell leading edge
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse.
regulation of protein localisation to synapse
regulation of protein localization to synapse
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse.
positive regulation of protein localisation to synapse
up regulation of protein localisation to synapse
up regulation of protein localization to synapse
up-regulation of protein localisation to synapse
up-regulation of protein localization to synapse
upregulation of protein localisation to synapse
upregulation of protein localization to synapse
activation of protein localisation to synapse
activation of protein localization to synapse
positive regulation of protein localization to synapse
The directed movement of L-alpha-amino acid across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or a pore.
L-alpha-amino acid transmembrane transport
Any apoptotic process in a regulatory T cell.
regulatory T lymphocyte apoptotic process
regulatory T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
Any apoptotic process in a Sertoli cell.
Any apoptotic process in a cholangiocyte.
epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sperm capacitation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sperm capacitation.
negative regulation of sperm capacitation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sperm capacitation.
positive regulation of sperm capacitation
A protein complex which is capable of catalytic activity.
A transmembrane protein complex which enables the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.
regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis
regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis
regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
DNA fragmentation in response to apoptotic signals is achieved through the activity of apoptotic nucleases (see GO:0006309 'apoptotic DNA fragmentation'). Gene products involved in compartmentalization of such nucleases and in activation or repression of their enzymatic activity should be annotated to the regulation term GO:1902510 'regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation' or to one of its children (see PMID:15723341).
regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.
down regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis
down regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis
down regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
down regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
down regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
down-regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis
down-regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis
down-regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
down-regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
down-regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
downregulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis
downregulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis
downregulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
downregulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
downregulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
negative regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis
negative regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis
negative regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
negative regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
inhibition of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis
inhibition of DNA catabolism during apoptosis
inhibition of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
inhibition of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
inhibition of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
negative regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.
positive regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis
positive regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis
positive regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
positive regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
up regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis
up regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis
up regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
up regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
up regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
up-regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis
up-regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis
up-regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
up-regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
up-regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
upregulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis
upregulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis
upregulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
upregulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
upregulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
activation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis
activation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis
activation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
activation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
activation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
positive regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle transport along microtubule.
regulation of microtubule-based organelle localization
regulation of organelle transport along microtubule
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.
regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
regulation of intracellular signaling chain
regulation of intracellular protein kinase cascade
regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
regulation of intracellular signal transduction
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.
down regulation of intracellular signal transduction
down regulation of intracellular signaling chain
down-regulation of intracellular signal transduction
down-regulation of intracellular signaling chain
downregulation of intracellular signal transduction
downregulation of intracellular signaling chain
negative regulation of intracellular protein kinase cascade
negative regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
negative regulation of intracellular signaling chain
down regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
down regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
down regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
down-regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
downregulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
downregulation of intracellular signaling cascade
downregulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
inhibition of intracellular signal transduction
inhibition of intracellular signal transduction pathway
inhibition of intracellular signaling cascade
inhibition of intracellular signaling chain
inhibition of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
negative regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
down regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
down regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
down-regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
down-regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
down-regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
down-regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
downregulation of intracellular signaling pathway
downregulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
inhibition of intracellular signaling pathway
inhibition of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
negative regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
negative regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.
positive regulation of intracellular signaling chain
up regulation of intracellular signal transduction
up regulation of intracellular signaling chain
up-regulation of intracellular signal transduction
up-regulation of intracellular signaling chain
upregulation of intracellular signal transduction
upregulation of intracellular signaling chain
activation of intracellular signal transduction
activation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
activation of intracellular signaling cascade
activation of intracellular signaling chain
activation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
positive regulation of intracellular protein kinase cascade
positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
positive regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
up regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
up regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
up-regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
up-regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
upregulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
upregulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
activation of intracellular signaling pathway
activation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
positive regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
positive regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
positive regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
up regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
up regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
up regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
up-regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
up-regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
up-regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
upregulation of intracellular signaling cascade
upregulation of intracellular signaling pathway
upregulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil activation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil activation.
down regulation of neutrophil activation
down-regulation of neutrophil activation
negative regulation of neutrophil activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil activation.
positive regulation of neutrophil activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil activation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil activation.
down regulation of eosinophil activation
down-regulation of eosinophil activation
negative regulation of eosinophil activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil activation.
positive regulation of eosinophil activation
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a nucleolus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to water deprivation.
positive regulation of response to dehydration
positive regulation of response to drought
positive regulation of response to thirst
up regulation of response to dehydration
up regulation of response to water deprivation
up-regulation of response to dehydration
up-regulation of response to water deprivation
upregulation of response to water deprivation
activation of response to water deprivation
positive regulation of drought tolerance
positive regulation of response to water deprivation
The directed movement of a proton across a membrane.
passive proton transport, down the electrochemical gradient
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil migration.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil migration.
negative regulation of neutrophil migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil migration.
positive regulation of neutrophil migration
Any neural crest cell differentiation that is involved in thymus development.
neural crest cell differentiation involved in thymus development
Any neural crest cell differentiation that is involved in parathyroid gland development.
neural crest cell differentiation involved in parathyroid gland development
The directed movement of calcium ion into a cytosol.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.
down regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
down-regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
downregulation of RNA biosynthetic process
negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.
up regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
up-regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
upregulation of RNA biosynthetic process
positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor localization to synapse.
regulation of receptor localisation to synapse
regulation of receptor localization to synapse
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor localization to synapse.
down regulation of receptor localisation to synapse
down regulation of receptor localization to synapse
down-regulation of receptor localisation to synapse
down-regulation of receptor localization to synapse
downregulation of receptor localisation to synapse
downregulation of receptor localization to synapse
negative regulation of receptor localisation to synapse
inhibition of receptor localisation to synapse
inhibition of receptor localization to synapse
negative regulation of receptor localization to synapse
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor localization to synapse.
positive regulation of receptor localisation to synapse
up regulation of receptor localisation to synapse
up regulation of receptor localization to synapse
up-regulation of receptor localisation to synapse
up-regulation of receptor localization to synapse
upregulation of receptor localisation to synapse
upregulation of receptor localization to synapse
activation of receptor localisation to synapse
activation of receptor localization to synapse
positive regulation of receptor localization to synapse
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a respiratory basal cell.
Changes in the lineage choice of ABCs or their undifferentiated daughters might contribute to the mucous cell hyperplasia, metaplasia or squamous metaplasia seen in many respiratory disorders
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast proliferation.
A protein complex which is capable of GABA receptor activity. Upon binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) it transmits the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Major inhibitory receptor in vertebrate brain. Also found in other vertebrate tissues, invertebrates and possibly in plants. Effective benzodiazepine receptor.
gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor complex
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of prolactin secretion.
negative regulation of prolactin secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of prolactin secretion.
positive regulation of prolactin secretion
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell proliferation.
down regulation of satellite cell proliferation
down-regulation of satellite cell proliferation
downregulation of satellite cell proliferation
inhibition of satellite cell proliferation
negative regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation.
up regulation of satellite cell proliferation
up-regulation of satellite cell proliferation
upregulation of satellite cell proliferation
activation of satellite cell proliferation
positive regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell differentiation.
down regulation of satellite cell differentiation
down-regulation of satellite cell differentiation
downregulation of satellite cell differentiation
inhibition of satellite cell differentiation
negative regulation of satellite cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell differentiation.
up regulation of satellite cell differentiation
up-regulation of satellite cell differentiation
upregulation of satellite cell differentiation
activation of satellite cell differentiation
positive regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.
down regulation of proteoglycan anabolism
down regulation of proteoglycan biosynthesis
down regulation of proteoglycan biosynthetic process
down regulation of proteoglycan formation
down regulation of proteoglycan synthesis
down-regulation of proteoglycan anabolism
down-regulation of proteoglycan biosynthesis
down-regulation of proteoglycan biosynthetic process
down-regulation of proteoglycan formation
down-regulation of proteoglycan synthesis
downregulation of proteoglycan anabolism
downregulation of proteoglycan biosynthesis
downregulation of proteoglycan biosynthetic process
downregulation of proteoglycan formation
downregulation of proteoglycan synthesis
negative regulation of proteoglycan anabolism
negative regulation of proteoglycan biosynthesis
negative regulation of proteoglycan formation
negative regulation of proteoglycan synthesis
inhibition of proteoglycan biosynthetic process
negative regulation of proteoglycan biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.
positive regulation of proteoglycan anabolism
positive regulation of proteoglycan biosynthesis
positive regulation of proteoglycan formation
positive regulation of proteoglycan synthesis
up regulation of proteoglycan biosynthesis
up regulation of proteoglycan biosynthetic process
up-regulation of proteoglycan biosynthesis
up-regulation of proteoglycan biosynthetic process
upregulation of proteoglycan biosynthesis
upregulation of proteoglycan biosynthetic process
activation of proteoglycan biosynthetic process
positive regulation of proteoglycan biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the growth of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
regulation of growth plate cartilage chondrocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
regulation of chondrocyte differentiation involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis
Any apoptotic process that is involved in anatomical structure development.
apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptotic process involved in development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lens fiber cell differentiation.
regulation of lens fibre cell differentiation
regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lens fiber cell differentiation.
down regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation
down regulation of lens fibre cell differentiation
down-regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation
down-regulation of lens fibre cell differentiation
downregulation of lens fiber cell differentiation
downregulation of lens fibre cell differentiation
negative regulation of lens fibre cell differentiation
inhibition of lens fiber cell differentiation
inhibition of lens fibre cell differentiation
negative regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lens fiber cell differentiation.
positive regulation of lens fibre cell differentiation
up regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation
up regulation of lens fibre cell differentiation
up-regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation
up-regulation of lens fibre cell differentiation
upregulation of lens fiber cell differentiation
upregulation of lens fibre cell differentiation
activation of lens fiber cell differentiation
activation of lens fibre cell differentiation
positive regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte development.
up regulation of chondrocyte development
up-regulation of chondrocyte development
positive regulation of chondrocyte development
The orderly movement of a skeletal muscle satellite cell from one site to another. Migration of these cells is a key step in the process of growth and repair of skeletal muscle cells.
skeletal muscle satellite cell migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation.
regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation.
down regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation
down-regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation
downregulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation
inhibition of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation
negative regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation.
up regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation
up-regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation
upregulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation
activation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation
positive regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to microtubule.
regulation of protein localisation to microtubule
regulation of protein localization to microtubule
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to microtubule.
down regulation of protein localisation to microtubule
down regulation of protein localization to microtubule
down-regulation of protein localisation to microtubule
down-regulation of protein localization to microtubule
downregulation of protein localisation to microtubule
downregulation of protein localization to microtubule
negative regulation of protein localisation to microtubule
inhibition of protein localisation to microtubule
inhibition of protein localization to microtubule
negative regulation of protein localization to microtubule
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord.
down regulation of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord
down-regulation of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord
downregulation of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord
inhibition of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord
negative regulation of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord.
up regulation of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord
up-regulation of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord
upregulation of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord
activation of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord
positive regulation of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule.
regulation of nuclear movement, microtubule-mediated
regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration
regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated
regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules
regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule.
down regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
down regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
down regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
down regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
down regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration
down regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule
down regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated
down regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules
down regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
down-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
down-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
down-regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
down-regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
down-regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration
down-regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule
down-regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated
down-regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules
down-regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
downregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
downregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
downregulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
downregulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
downregulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration
downregulation of nuclear migration along microtubule
downregulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated
downregulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules
downregulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
negative regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
negative regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
negative regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
negative regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
negative regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration
negative regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated
negative regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules
negative regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
inhibition of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
inhibition of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
inhibition of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
inhibition of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
inhibition of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration
inhibition of nuclear migration along microtubule
inhibition of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated
inhibition of transport of nucleus by microtubules
inhibition of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
negative regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule.
positive regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
positive regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
positive regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
positive regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
positive regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration
positive regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated
positive regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules
positive regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
up regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
up regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
up regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
up regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
up regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration
up regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule
up regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated
up regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules
up regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
up-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
up-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
up-regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
up-regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
up-regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration
up-regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule
up-regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated
up-regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules
up-regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
upregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
upregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
upregulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
upregulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
upregulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration
upregulation of nuclear migration along microtubule
upregulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated
upregulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules
upregulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
activation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
activation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
activation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
activation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
activation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration
activation of nuclear migration along microtubule
activation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated
activation of transport of nucleus by microtubules
activation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
positive regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule
Any microtubule cytoskeleton organization that is involved in mitosis.
microtubule cytoskeleton organisation involved in mitosis
microtubule dynamics involved in mitosis
microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis involved in mitosis
microtubule cytoskeleton organization involved in mitosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-motile cilium assembly.
regulation of immotile primary cilium assembly
regulation of nonmotile primary cilia assembly
regulation of nonmotile primary cilium assembly
regulation of non-motile cilium assembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of non-motile cilium assembly.
inhibition of immotile primary cilium assembly
inhibition of nonmotile primary cilium assembly
down regulation of immotile primary cilium assembly
down regulation of nonmotile primary cilia assembly
down regulation of nonmotile primary cilium assembly
down regulation of sensory cilium assembly
down regulation of sensory cilium biogenesis
down-regulation of immotile primary cilium assembly
down-regulation of nonmotile primary cilia assembly
down-regulation of nonmotile primary cilium assembly
down-regulation of sensory cilium assembly
down-regulation of sensory cilium biogenesis
downregulation of immotile primary cilium assembly
downregulation of nonmotile primary cilia assembly
downregulation of nonmotile primary cilium assembly
downregulation of sensory cilium assembly
downregulation of sensory cilium biogenesis
inhibition of nonmotile primary cilia assembly
negative regulation of immotile primary cilium assembly
negative regulation of nonmotile primary cilia assembly
negative regulation of nonmotile primary cilium assembly
negative regulation of sensory cilium assembly
negative regulation of sensory cilium biogenesis
negative regulation of non-motile cilium assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of non-motile cilium assembly.
activation of immotile primary cilium assembly
activation of nonmotile primary cilium assembly
activation of nonmotile primary cilia assembly
positive regulation of immotile primary cilium assembly
positive regulation of nonmotile primary cilia assembly
positive regulation of nonmotile primary cilium assembly
positive regulation of sensory cilium assembly
positive regulation of sensory cilium biogenesis
up regulation of immotile primary cilium assembly
up regulation of nonmotile primary cilia assembly
up regulation of nonmotile primary cilium assembly
up regulation of sensory cilium assembly
up regulation of sensory cilium biogenesis
up-regulation of immotile primary cilium assembly
up-regulation of nonmotile primary cilia assembly
up-regulation of nonmotile primary cilium assembly
up-regulation of sensory cilium assembly
up-regulation of sensory cilium biogenesis
upregulation of immotile primary cilium assembly
upregulation of nonmotile primary cilia assembly
upregulation of nonmotile primary cilium assembly
upregulation of sensory cilium biogenesis
positive regulation of non-motile cilium assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development.
regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development.
down regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development
down regulation of embryonic eye development
down-regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development
down-regulation of embryonic eye development
downregulation of embryonic camera-type eye development
downregulation of embryonic eye development
negative regulation of embryonic eye development
inhibition of embryonic camera-type eye development
negative regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development.
positive regulation of embryonic eye development
up regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development
up regulation of embryonic eye development
up-regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development
up-regulation of embryonic eye development
upregulation of embryonic camera-type eye development
upregulation of embryonic eye development
activation of embryonic camera-type eye development
positive regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye.
regulation of retina development in camera-style eye
regulation of retina development in camera-type eye
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye.
down regulation of retina development in camera-style eye
down regulation of retina development in camera-type eye
down-regulation of retina development in camera-style eye
down-regulation of retina development in camera-type eye
downregulation of retina development in camera-style eye
downregulation of retina development in camera-type eye
negative regulation of retina development in camera-style eye
inhibition of retina development in camera-style eye
inhibition of retina development in camera-type eye
negative regulation of retinal development
negative regulation of retina development in camera-type eye
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye.
positive regulation of retina development in camera-style eye
up regulation of retina development in camera-style eye
up regulation of retina development in camera-type eye
up-regulation of retina development in camera-style eye
up-regulation of retina development in camera-type eye
upregulation of retina development in camera-style eye
upregulation of retina development in camera-type eye
activation of retina development in camera-style eye
activation of retina development in camera-type eye
positive regulation of retinal development
positive regulation of retina development in camera-type eye
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amacrine cell differentiation.
regulation of amacrine neuron differentiation
regulation of amacrine cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amacrine cell differentiation.
down regulation of amacrine cell differentiation
down regulation of amacrine neuron differentiation
down-regulation of amacrine cell differentiation
down-regulation of amacrine neuron differentiation
downregulation of amacrine cell differentiation
downregulation of amacrine neuron differentiation
negative regulation of amacrine neuron differentiation
inhibition of amacrine cell differentiation
inhibition of amacrine neuron differentiation
negative regulation of amacrine cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amacrine cell differentiation.
positive regulation of amacrine neuron differentiation
up regulation of amacrine cell differentiation
up regulation of amacrine neuron differentiation
up-regulation of amacrine cell differentiation
up-regulation of amacrine neuron differentiation
upregulation of amacrine cell differentiation
upregulation of amacrine neuron differentiation
activation of amacrine cell differentiation
activation of amacrine neuron differentiation
positive regulation of amacrine cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic pattern specification.
regulation of embryonic pattern biosynthesis
regulation of embryonic pattern formation
regulation of embryonic pattern specification
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic pattern specification.
down regulation of embryonic pattern specification
down-regulation of embryonic pattern specification
downregulation of embryonic pattern specification
inhibition of embryonic pattern specification
down regulation of ventral/lateral system
down-regulation of ventral/lateral system
downregulation of ventral/lateral system
negative regulation of ventral/lateral system
negative regulation of embryonic pattern specification
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic pattern specification.
up regulation of embryonic pattern specification
up-regulation of embryonic pattern specification
upregulation of embryonic pattern specification
activation of embryonic pattern specification
positive regulation of ventral/lateral system
positive regulation of embryonic pattern specification
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to oxidative stress.
regulation of response to oxidative stress
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to oxidative stress.
down regulation of response to oxidative stress
down-regulation of response to oxidative stress
downregulation of response to oxidative stress
inhibition of response to oxidative stress
negative regulation of response to oxidative stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to oxidative stress.
up regulation of response to oxidative stress
up-regulation of response to oxidative stress
upregulation of response to oxidative stress
activation of response to oxidative stress
positive regulation of response to oxidative stress
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization.
HSPA8, human, P11142 in PMID:23921388 inferred from direct assay to negatively regulate fibrillation of alpha-Syn in vitro
regulation of supramolecular fiber organization
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibril organization.
negative regulation of fibril organisation
negative regulation of supramolecular fiber organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization.
positive regulation of fibril organisation
positive regulation of supramolecular fiber organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of melanosome transport.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of melanosome transport.
negative regulation of melanosome transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of melanosome transport.
positive regulation of melanosome transport
A protein complex which is capable of protein kinase activity.
An example of this is PKM2 in human (P14618) in PMID:24606918 (inferred from direct assay).
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroepithelial cell differentiation.
up regulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation
up-regulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation
upregulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation
activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation
positive regulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol biosynthetic process.
regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol biosynthetic process.
down regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process
down-regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process
downregulation of alcohol biosynthetic process
negative regulation of alcohol anabolism
negative regulation of alcohol biosynthesis
negative regulation of alcohol formation
negative regulation of alcohol synthesis
inhibition of alcohol biosynthetic process
negative regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of alcohol anabolism
positive regulation of alcohol biosynthesis
positive regulation of alcohol formation
positive regulation of alcohol synthesis
up regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process
up-regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process
upregulation of alcohol biosynthetic process
activation of alcohol biosynthetic process
positive regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier.
regulation of lipid transport across blood brain barrier
regulation of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier.
down regulation of lipid transport across blood brain barrier
down-regulation of lipid transport across blood brain barrier
downregulation of lipid transport across blood brain barrier
negative regulation of lipid transport across blood brain barrier
inhibition of lipid transport across blood brain barrier
negative regulation of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier.
positive regulation of lipid transport across blood brain barrier
up regulation of lipid transport across blood brain barrier
up-regulation of lipid transport across blood brain barrier
upregulation of lipid transport across blood brain barrier
activation of lipid transport across blood brain barrier
positive regulation of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier
The disaggregation of an organelle into its constituent components.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.
human serum amyloid P component (SAP) P02743 inhibits viral neuraminidase, NA (exo-alpha-sialidase activity) and thus the metabolism of glycoproteins, demonstrated in Figure 4A PMID:23544079, (IDA), the negative regulation term would be applied to this protein
regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.
down regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
down regulation of glycoprotein metabolism
down-regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
down-regulation of glycoprotein metabolism
downregulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
downregulation of glycoprotein metabolism
negative regulation of glycoprotein metabolism
inhibition of glycoprotein metabolic process
negative regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.
positive regulation of glycoprotein metabolism
up regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
up regulation of glycoprotein metabolism
up-regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
up-regulation of glycoprotein metabolism
upregulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
activation of glycoprotein metabolic process
positive regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.
regulation of physiological response to wounding
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.
down regulation of physiological response to wounding
down-regulation of physiological response to wounding
downregulation of physiological response to wounding
negative regulation of physiological response to wounding
inhibition of physiological response to wounding
negative regulation of response to wounding
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.
positive regulation of physiological response to wounding
up regulation of physiological response to wounding
up-regulation of physiological response to wounding
upregulation of physiological response to wounding
activation of physiological response to wounding
positive regulation of response to wounding
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.
Exogenous expression of ASS1 or NOS3 in HUVECs enhances NO production and inhibits monocyte adhesion
regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.
down regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion
down regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
down-regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion
down-regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
downregulation of leukocyte cell adhesion
downregulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
negative regulation of leukocyte adhesion
negative regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion
inhibition of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
negative regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.
positive regulation of leukocyte adhesion
positive regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion
up regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion
up regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
up-regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion
up-regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
upregulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
activation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte hypertrophy.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte hypertrophy.
down regulation of chondrocyte hypertrophy
down-regulation of chondrocyte hypertrophy
downregulation of chondrocyte hypertrophy
negative regulation of chondrocyte hypertrophy
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte hypertrophy.
up regulation of chondrocyte hypertrophy
up-regulation of chondrocyte hypertrophy
positive regulation of chondrocyte hypertrophy
Any neural crest cell migration that is involved in sympathetic nervous system development.
Sema3a (O08665, mouse) is involved in neural crest cell migration involved in sympathetic nervous system development
neural crest cell migration involved in sympathetic nervous system development
A process that is part of the meiotic cell cycle.
A process that is part of the mitotic cell cycle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of acetylcholine-gated cation channel activity.
regulation of acetylcholine-gated cation channel activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in cellular catabolic process.
regulation of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
regulation of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolism
regulation of proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
regulation of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
regulation of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolism
regulation of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
regulation of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolism
overexpression of cathepsin C propeptide significantly increased the degradation of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP)
regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process.
down regulation of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
down regulation of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolism
down regulation of proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
down-regulation of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
down-regulation of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolism
down-regulation of proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
downregulation of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
downregulation of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolism
downregulation of proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
negative regulation of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
negative regulation of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolism
negative regulation of proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
inhibition of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
inhibition of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolism
inhibition of proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
down regulation of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
down regulation of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolism
down regulation of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
down regulation of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolism
down-regulation of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
down-regulation of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolism
down-regulation of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
down-regulation of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolism
downregulation of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
downregulation of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolism
downregulation of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
downregulation of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolism
inhibition of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
inhibition of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolism
inhibition of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
inhibition of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolism
negative regulation of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
negative regulation of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolism
negative regulation of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
negative regulation of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolism
negative regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process.
positive regulation of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
positive regulation of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolism
positive regulation of proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
up regulation of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
up regulation of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolism
up regulation of proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
up-regulation of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
up-regulation of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolism
up-regulation of proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
upregulation of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
upregulation of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolism
upregulation of proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
activation of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
activation of peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolism
activation of proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
activation of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
activation of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolism
activation of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
activation of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolism
positive regulation of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
positive regulation of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolism
positive regulation of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
positive regulation of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolism
up regulation of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
up regulation of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolism
up regulation of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
up regulation of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolism
up-regulation of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
up-regulation of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolism
up-regulation of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
up-regulation of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolism
upregulation of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
upregulation of peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolism
upregulation of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
upregulation of proteolysis during cellular protein catabolism
positive regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.
regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
regulation of extracellular matrix organization
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.
down regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
down regulation of extracellular matrix organization
down-regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
down-regulation of extracellular matrix organization
downregulation of extracellular matrix organisation
downregulation of extracellular matrix organization
negative regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
inhibition of extracellular matrix organisation
inhibition of extracellular matrix organization
down regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
down-regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
downregulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
inhibition of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of extracellular matrix organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.
positive regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
up regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
up regulation of extracellular matrix organization
up-regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
up-regulation of extracellular matrix organization
upregulation of extracellular matrix organisation
upregulation of extracellular matrix organization
activation of extracellular matrix organisation
activation of extracellular matrix organization
activation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
up regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
up-regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
upregulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of extracellular matrix organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of melanosome organization.
regulation of melanosome organization and biogenesis
Lack of the transcription factor Zeb2 Q9R0G7 leads to spherical melanosomes with irregular borders, in contrast to the rod-shaped melanosomes of ZEB2MCWT hair follicles
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of melanosome organization.
down regulation of melanosome organisation
down regulation of melanosome organization
down-regulation of melanosome organisation
down-regulation of melanosome organization
downregulation of melanosome organisation
downregulation of melanosome organization
negative regulation of melanosome organisation
down regulation of melanosome organization and biogenesis
down-regulation of melanosome organization and biogenesis
downregulation of melanosome organization and biogenesis
inhibition of melanosome organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of melanosome organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of melanosome organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of melanosome organization.
positive regulation of melanosome organisation
up regulation of melanosome organisation
up regulation of melanosome organization
up-regulation of melanosome organisation
up-regulation of melanosome organization
activation of melanosome organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of melanosome organization and biogenesis
up regulation of melanosome organization and biogenesis
up-regulation of melanosome organization and biogenesis
upregulation of melanosome organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of melanosome organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.
regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane
regulation of establishment of protein localisation in plasma membrane
regulation of establishment of protein localization in plasma membrane
regulation of establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane
regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane
regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane
regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting
regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.
down regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane
down regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane
down regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
down-regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane
down-regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane
down-regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
downregulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane
downregulation of protein localization in plasma membrane
downregulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
negative regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane
inhibition of protein localisation in plasma membrane
inhibition of protein localization in plasma membrane
inhibition of protein localization to plasma membrane
inhibition of protein targeting to plasma membrane
inhibition of protein-plasma membrane targeting
down regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane
down regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting
down-regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane
down-regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting
downregulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane
downregulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting
negative regulation of establishment of protein localisation in plasma membrane
negative regulation of establishment of protein localization in plasma membrane
negative regulation of establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane
negative regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane
negative regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane
negative regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting
negative regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.
positive regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane
positive regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane
up regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane
up regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane
up regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
up-regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane
up-regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane
up-regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
upregulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane
upregulation of protein localization in plasma membrane
upregulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
activation of protein localisation in plasma membrane
activation of protein localization in plasma membrane
activation of protein localization to plasma membrane
activation of protein targeting to plasma membrane
activation of protein-plasma membrane targeting
positive regulation of establishment of protein localisation in plasma membrane
positive regulation of establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane
positive regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane
positive regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting
up regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane
up regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting
up-regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane
up-regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting
upregulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane
upregulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting
positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament-based movement.
regulation of actin filament-based movement
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament-based movement.
up regulation of actin filament-based movement
up-regulation of actin filament-based movement
upregulation of actin filament-based movement
activation of actin filament-based movement
positive regulation of actin filament-based movement
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the location of an actin cytoskeleton.
protein localisation in actin cytoskeleton
protein localisation to actin cytoskeleton
protein localization in actin cytoskeleton
protein localization to actin cytoskeleton
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the location of an actin filament bundle.
protein localisation in actin filament bundle
protein localisation to actin filament bundle
protein localization in actin filament bundle
protein localization to actin filament bundle
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mononuclear cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport.
regulation of calcium ion membrane transport
regulation of transmembrane calcium transport
human HRC regulates RYR2 and thus regulates transmembrane transport of calcium from SR to cytosol
regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport.
down regulation of calcium ion membrane transport
down regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport
down regulation of transmembrane calcium transport
down-regulation of calcium ion membrane transport
down-regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport
down-regulation of transmembrane calcium transport
downregulation of calcium ion membrane transport
downregulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport
downregulation of transmembrane calcium transport
negative regulation of calcium ion membrane transport
negative regulation of transmembrane calcium transport
inhibition of calcium ion membrane transport
inhibition of calcium ion transmembrane transport
inhibition of transmembrane calcium transport
negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine biosynthetic process.
regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine biosynthetic process.
down regulation of dopamine biosynthesis
down regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process
down-regulation of dopamine biosynthesis
down-regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process
downregulation of dopamine biosynthetic process
negative regulation of dopamine anabolism
negative regulation of dopamine biosynthesis
negative regulation of dopamine formation
negative regulation of dopamine synthesis
inhibition of dopamine biosynthetic process
negative regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of dopamine anabolism
positive regulation of dopamine biosynthesis
positive regulation of dopamine formation
positive regulation of dopamine synthesis
up regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process
up-regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process
upregulation of dopamine biosynthetic process
activation of dopamine biosynthetic process
positive regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process
Any apoptotic process in a glomerular visceral epithelial cell.
glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process
glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.
regulation of endoderm cell differentiation
regulation of endodermal cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.
down regulation of endoderm cell differentiation
down regulation of endodermal cell differentiation
down-regulation of endoderm cell differentiation
down-regulation of endodermal cell differentiation
downregulation of endoderm cell differentiation
downregulation of endodermal cell differentiation
negative regulation of endoderm cell differentiation
inhibition of endoderm cell differentiation
inhibition of endodermal cell differentiation
negative regulation of endodermal cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.
positive regulation of endoderm cell differentiation
up regulation of endoderm cell differentiation
up regulation of endodermal cell differentiation
up-regulation of endoderm cell differentiation
up-regulation of endodermal cell differentiation
upregulation of endoderm cell differentiation
upregulation of endodermal cell differentiation
activation of endoderm cell differentiation
activation of endodermal cell differentiation
positive regulation of endodermal cell differentiation
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a melanosome, a tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a multi-ciliated epithelial cell.
multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion export across the plasma membrane.
regulation of sodium ion export from cell
regulation of sodium ion export across plasma membrane
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion export across the plasma membrane.
down regulation of sodium ion export from cell
down-regulation of sodium ion export from cell
downregulation of sodium ion export from cell
negative regulation of sodium ion export from cell
inhibition of sodium ion export from cell
negative regulation of sodium ion export
negative regulation of sodium ion export across plasma membrane
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion export across the plasma membrane.
positive regulation of sodium ion export from cell
up regulation of sodium ion export from cell
up-regulation of sodium ion export from cell
upregulation of sodium ion export from cell
activation of sodium ion export from cell
positive regulation of sodium ion export
positive regulation of sodium ion export across plasma membrane
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion import.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion import across the plasma membrane.
negative regulation of potassium ion import
negative regulation of potassium ion uptake
negative regulation of potassium ion import across plasma membrane
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion import across the plasma membrane.
positive regulation of potassium ion import
positive regulation of potassium ion uptake
positive regulation of potassium ion import across plasma membrane
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a Golgi membrane.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission.
An example of this is Rab3gap1 in mouse (Q80UJ7) in PMID:16782817 inferred from mutant phenotype
regulation of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission.
down regulation of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission
down-regulation of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission
downregulation of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission
inhibition of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission
negative regulation of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate secretion, where glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter.
up regulation of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission
up-regulation of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission
upregulation of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission
activation of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission
positive regulation of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.
An example of this is protein domain-specific expression of Synaptotagmin 1 in rat (P21707) in PMID:12526776 inferred from mutant phenotype.
regulation of regulated secretory pathway
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.
down regulation of regulated secretory pathway
down-regulation of regulated secretory pathway
downregulation of regulated secretory pathway
inhibition of regulated secretory pathway
negative regulation of regulated secretory pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.
up regulation of regulated secretory pathway
up-regulation of regulated secretory pathway
upregulation of regulated secretory pathway
activation of regulated secretory pathway
positive regulation of regulated secretory pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nitrogen cycle metabolic process.
regulation of nitrogen cycle metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nitrogen cycle metabolic process.
down regulation of nitrogen cycle metabolic process
down-regulation of nitrogen cycle metabolic process
downregulation of nitrogen cycle metabolic process
inhibition of nitrogen cycle metabolic process
negative regulation of nitrogen cycle metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nitrogen cycle metabolic process.
up regulation of nitrogen cycle metabolic process
up-regulation of nitrogen cycle metabolic process
upregulation of nitrogen cycle metabolic process
activation of nitrogen cycle metabolic process
positive regulation of nitrogen cycle metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein maturation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein maturation.
negative regulation of protein maturation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein maturation.
positive regulation of protein maturation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport.
negative regulation of vacuolar transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport.
positive regulation of vacuolar transport
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction assembly.
down regulation of tight junction assembly
down regulation of tight junction formation
down-regulation of tight junction assembly
down-regulation of tight junction formation
downregulation of tight junction assembly
downregulation of tight junction formation
negative regulation of tight junction formation
negative regulation of bicellular tight junction assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction assembly.
positive regulation of tight junction formation
up regulation of tight junction assembly
up regulation of tight junction formation
up-regulation of tight junction assembly
up-regulation of tight junction formation
upregulation of tight junction formation
positive regulation of bicellular tight junction assembly
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dopamine stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dopamine stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleus organization.
regulation of nuclear organization and biogenesis
regulation of nucleus organization and biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of distal tip cell migration.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of distal tip cell migration.
down regulation of distal tip cell migration
down-regulation of distal tip cell migration
downregulation of distal tip cell migration
negative regulation of distal tip cell migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of distal tip cell migration.
up regulation of distal tip cell migration
up-regulation of distal tip cell migration
upregulation of distal tip cell migration
positive regulation of distal tip cell migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Golgi organization.
regulation of Golgi organization and biogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex development
facio-acoustic VII-VIII ganglion complex development
facio-acoustic ganglion complex VII-VIII development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation.
regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation.
up regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
up-regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
upregulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
activation of mitotic chromosome condensation
positive regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen.
reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bile acid stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bile acid stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.
regulation of reactive oxygen species anabolism
regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthesis
regulation of reactive oxygen species formation
regulation of reactive oxygen species synthesis
regulation of reactive oxygen species generation
regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.
down regulation of reactive oxygen species anabolism
down regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthesis
down regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process
down regulation of reactive oxygen species formation
down regulation of reactive oxygen species synthesis
down-regulation of reactive oxygen species anabolism
down-regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthesis
down-regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process
down-regulation of reactive oxygen species formation
down-regulation of reactive oxygen species synthesis
downregulation of reactive oxygen species anabolism
downregulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthesis
downregulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process
downregulation of reactive oxygen species formation
downregulation of reactive oxygen species synthesis
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species anabolism
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthesis
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species formation
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species synthesis
inhibition of reactive oxygen species anabolism
inhibition of reactive oxygen species biosynthesis
inhibition of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process
inhibition of reactive oxygen species formation
inhibition of reactive oxygen species synthesis
down regulation of reactive oxygen species generation
down-regulation of reactive oxygen species generation
downregulation of reactive oxygen species generation
inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species generation
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species anabolism
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthesis
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species formation
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species synthesis
up regulation of reactive oxygen species anabolism
up regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthesis
up regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process
up regulation of reactive oxygen species formation
up regulation of reactive oxygen species synthesis
up-regulation of reactive oxygen species anabolism
up-regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthesis
up-regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process
up-regulation of reactive oxygen species formation
up-regulation of reactive oxygen species synthesis
upregulation of reactive oxygen species anabolism
upregulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthesis
upregulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process
upregulation of reactive oxygen species formation
upregulation of reactive oxygen species synthesis
activation of reactive oxygen species anabolism
activation of reactive oxygen species biosynthesis
activation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process
activation of reactive oxygen species formation
activation of reactive oxygen species synthesis
activation of reactive oxygen species generation
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species generation
up regulation of reactive oxygen species generation
up-regulation of reactive oxygen species generation
upregulation of reactive oxygen species generation
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.
regulation of functional differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.
down regulation of functional differentiation
down-regulation of functional differentiation
downregulation of functional differentiation
inhibition of functional differentiation
negative regulation of functional differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.
activation of functional differentiation
positive regulation of functional differentiation
up regulation of functional differentiation
up-regulation of functional differentiation
upregulation of functional differentiation
A protein complex which is capable of calcitonin family receptor activity. Calcitonin family receptors may form dimers, trimers or tetramers; adrenomedullin and amylin receptors have only been observed as dimers so far.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary membrane.
protein localisation in ciliary membrane
protein localisation to ciliary membrane
protein localization in ciliary membrane
protein localization to ciliary membrane
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of brown fat cell differentiation.
down regulation of brown adipocyte cell differentiation
down regulation of brown adipocyte differentiation
down regulation of brown fat cell differentiation
down-regulation of brown adipocyte cell differentiation
down-regulation of brown adipocyte differentiation
down-regulation of brown fat cell differentiation
downregulation of brown adipocyte cell differentiation
downregulation of brown adipocyte differentiation
downregulation of brown fat cell differentiation
negative regulation of brown adipocyte cell differentiation
negative regulation of brown adipocyte differentiation
inhibition of brown adipocyte cell differentiation
inhibition of brown adipocyte differentiation
inhibition of brown fat cell differentiation
negative regulation of brown fat cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lactation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lactation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lactation.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving liposaccharide.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.
down regulation of hemolymph circulation
down-regulation of hemolymph circulation
negative regulation of hemolymph circulation
negative regulation of blood circulation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.
positive regulation of hemolymph circulation
positive regulation of blood circulation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.
negative regulation of cellular secretion
negative regulation of secretion by cell
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.
positive regulation of cellular secretion
positive regulation of secretion by cell
Any meiotic cell cycle process that is involved in oocyte maturation.
meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation.
regulation of meiosis involved in oocyte maturation
regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a postsynaptic membrane.
protein localisation in postsynaptic membrane
protein localisation to postsynaptic membrane
protein localization in postsynaptic membrane
protein localization to postsynaptic membrane
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a postsynaptic membrane.
establishment of protein localisation in postsynaptic membrane
establishment of protein localisation to postsynaptic membrane
establishment of protein localization in postsynaptic membrane
establishment of protein localization to postsynaptic membrane
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.
regulation of exosomal secretory pathway
regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
regulation of exosomal protein secretion
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.
down regulation of exosomal secretory pathway
down regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
down-regulation of exosomal secretory pathway
down-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
downregulation of exosomal secretory pathway
downregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
negative regulation of exosomal secretory pathway
negative regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
negative regulation of secretion of exosome
down regulation of exosomal protein secretion
down-regulation of exosomal protein secretion
downregulation of exosomal protein secretion
inhibition of exosomal protein secretion
inhibition of exosomal secretory pathway
inhibition of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
negative regulation of exosomal protein secretion
negative regulation of exosomal secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.
positive regulation of exosomal secretory pathway
positive regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
positive regulation of secretion of exosome
up regulation of exosomal secretory pathway
up regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
up-regulation of exosomal secretory pathway
up-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
upregulation of exosomal secretory pathway
upregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
activation of exosomal protein secretion
activation of exosomal secretory pathway
activation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
positive regulation of exosomal protein secretion
up regulation of exosomal protein secretion
up-regulation of exosomal protein secretion
upregulation of exosomal protein secretion
positive regulation of exosomal secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly.
regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
regulation of extracellular exosome assembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly.
down regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
down-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
downregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
negative regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
inhibition of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
negative regulation of extracellular exosome assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly.
up regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
up-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
upregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
activation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
positive regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
positive regulation of extracellular exosome assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production.
regulation of TNF superfamily production
regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production.
down regulation of TNFSF cytokine production
down regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production
down-regulation of TNFSF cytokine production
down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production
downregulation of TNFSF cytokine production
downregulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production
negative regulation of TNFSF cytokine production
inhibition of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production
down regulation of TNF superfamily production
down-regulation of TNF superfamily production
downregulation of TNF superfamily production
inhibition of TNF superfamily production
negative regulation of TNF superfamily production
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production.
positive regulation of TNFSF cytokine production
up regulation of TNFSF cytokine production
up regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production
up-regulation of TNFSF cytokine production
up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production
upregulation of TNFSF cytokine production
upregulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production
activation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production
activation of TNF superfamily production
positive regulation of TNF superfamily production
up regulation of TNF superfamily production
up-regulation of TNF superfamily production
upregulation of TNF superfamily production
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production
Any vesicle that is part of the extracellular region.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.
regulation of protein localization to cilium
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.
down regulation of protein localization to cilium
down-regulation of protein localization to cilium
downregulation of protein localization to cilium
inhibition of protein localization to cilium
negative regulation of protein localization to cilium
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.
up regulation of protein localization to cilium
up-regulation of protein localization to cilium
upregulation of protein localization to cilium
activation of protein localization to cilium
positive regulation of protein localization to cilium
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane.
regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane
regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane
regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane
regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane.
down regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane
down regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane
down regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane
down regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane
down-regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane
down-regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane
down-regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane
down-regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane
downregulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane
downregulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane
downregulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane
downregulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane
negative regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane
negative regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane
negative regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane
inhibition of protein localisation in ciliary membrane
inhibition of protein localisation to ciliary membrane
inhibition of protein localization in ciliary membrane
inhibition of protein localization to ciliary membrane
negative regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane.
positive regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane
positive regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane
positive regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane
up regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane
up regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane
up regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane
up regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane
up-regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane
up-regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane
up-regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane
up-regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane
upregulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane
upregulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane
upregulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane
upregulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane
activation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane
activation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane
activation of protein localization in ciliary membrane
activation of protein localization to ciliary membrane
positive regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.
down regulation of ATP metabolic process
down-regulation of ATP metabolic process
negative regulation of ATP metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.
positive regulation of ATP metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of basophil degranulation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of basophil degranulation.
down regulation of basophil degranulation
down-regulation of basophil degranulation
downregulation of basophil degranulation
negative regulation of basophil degranulation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of basophil degranulation.
positive regulation of basophil degranulation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histamine secretion by mast cell.
regulation of histamine secretion by mast cell
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histamine secretion by mast cell.
down regulation of histamine secretion by mast cell
down-regulation of histamine secretion by mast cell
downregulation of histamine secretion by mast cell
inhibition of histamine secretion by mast cell
negative regulation of histamine secretion by mast cell
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histamine secretion by mast cell.
up regulation of histamine secretion by mast cell
up-regulation of histamine secretion by mast cell
upregulation of histamine secretion by mast cell
activation of histamine secretion by mast cell
positive regulation of histamine secretion by mast cell
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process.
down regulation of DNA catabolic process
down-regulation of DNA catabolic process
negative regulation of DNA catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process.
positive regulation of DNA catabolic process
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an acinar cell of sebaceous gland.
acinar cell of sebaceous gland differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of border follicle cell migration.
regulation of border follicle cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of border follicle cell migration.
inhibition of border follicle cell migration
negative regulation of border follicle cell migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of border follicle cell migration.
activation of border follicle cell migration
positive regulation of border follicle cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microvillus assembly.
down regulation of microvillus biogenesis
down-regulation of microvillus biogenesis
downregulation of microvillus biogenesis
negative regulation of microvillus biogenesis
negative regulation of microvillus assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microvillus assembly.
positive regulation of microvillus biogenesis
positive regulation of microvillus assembly
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a caecum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a substantia propria of cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
substantia propria of cornea development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an esophagus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an enterocyte.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.
An example of this is Atg7 in mouse (UniProt symbol, Q9D906) in PMID:20080761, inferred from mutant phenotype.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.
down regulation of blood cell biosynthesis
down-regulation of blood cell biosynthesis
downregulation of blood cell biosynthesis
negative regulation of blood cell biosynthesis
negative regulation of blood cell formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.
positive regulation of blood cell biosynthesis
positive regulation of blood cell formation
up regulation of blood cell biosynthesis
up-regulation of blood cell biosynthesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an uterine gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
glandular part of endometrium development
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a luteal cell. Large luteal cells develop from granulosa cells. Small luteal cells develop from theca cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane organization.
regulation of plasma membrane organisation
regulation of plasma membrane organization and biogenesis
regulation of plasma membrane organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion export across the plasma membrane.
regulation of potassium export across plasma membrane
regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion export across the plasma membrane.
negative regulation of potassium ion export
down regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane
down-regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane
downregulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane
inhibition of potassium ion export across plasma membrane
negative regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion export across the plasma membrane.
positive regulation of potassium ion export
up regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane
up-regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane
upregulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane
activation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane
positive regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a vacuolar membrane.
protein localisation in vacuolar membrane
protein localisation to vacuolar membrane
protein localization in vacuolar membrane
protein localization to vacuolar membrane
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction.
negative regulation of cardiac conduction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction.
positive regulation of cardiac conduction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion import across the plasma membrane.
regulation of sodium ion import across plasma membrane
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion import across the plasma membrane.
down regulation of sodium ion import across plasma membrane
down-regulation of sodium ion import across plasma membrane
downregulation of sodium ion import across plasma membrane
inhibition of sodium ion import across plasma membrane
negative regulation of sodium ion import across plasma membrane
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion import across the plasma membrane.
up regulation of sodium ion import across plasma membrane
up-regulation of sodium ion import across plasma membrane
upregulation of sodium ion import across plasma membrane
activation of sodium ion import across plasma membrane
positive regulation of sodium ion import across plasma membrane
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amino acid transmembrane transport.
regulation of amino acid membrane transport
regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport.
regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport
regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport
regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport.
down regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport
down regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
down regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport
down-regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport
down-regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
down-regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport
downregulation of inorganic anion membrane transport
downregulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
downregulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport
negative regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport
negative regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport
inhibition of inorganic anion membrane transport
inhibition of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
inhibition of transmembrane inorganic anion transport
negative regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport.
positive regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport
positive regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport
up regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport
up regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
up regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport
up-regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport
up-regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
up-regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport
upregulation of inorganic anion membrane transport
upregulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
upregulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport
activation of inorganic anion membrane transport
activation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
activation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport
positive regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
The directed movement of glycine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
The directed movement of L-histidine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
L-histidine import across plasma membrane
The process in which an organic acid is transported across a membrane.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization.
down regulation of cellular protein localisation
down regulation of cellular protein localization
down-regulation of cellular protein localisation
down-regulation of cellular protein localization
downregulation of cellular protein localisation
downregulation of cellular protein localization
negative regulation of cellular protein localisation
negative regulation of cellular protein localization
inhibition of cellular protein localisation
inhibition of cellular protein localization
negative regulation of protein localization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization.
positive regulation of cellular protein localisation
positive regulation of cellular protein localization
up regulation of cellular protein localisation
up regulation of cellular protein localization
up-regulation of cellular protein localisation
up-regulation of cellular protein localization
upregulation of cellular protein localisation
upregulation of cellular protein localization
positive regulation of protein localization
Any signal transduction that is involved in cellular response to ammonium ion.
signaling cascade involved in cellular response to ammonium ion
signalling cascade involved in cellular response to ammonium ion
signaling pathway involved in cellular response to ammonium ion
signalling pathway involved in cellular response to ammonium ion
signal transduction involved in cellular response to ammonium ion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis.
negative regulation of aorta morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis.
positive regulation of aorta morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an extraembryonic membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity.
regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity
regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
regulation of establishment of T cell polarity
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity.
down regulation of T lymphocyte polarization
down regulation of establishment of T cell polarity
down regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
down regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity
down regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
down-regulation of T lymphocyte polarization
down-regulation of establishment of T cell polarity
down-regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
down-regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity
down-regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
downregulation of T lymphocyte polarization
downregulation of establishment of T cell polarity
downregulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
downregulation of establishment of T-cell polarity
downregulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
negative regulation of T cell polarization
negative regulation of T lymphocyte polarization
negative regulation of T-cell polarization
negative regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
negative regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity
negative regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
inhibition of establishment of T cell polarity
inhibition of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
inhibition of establishment of T-cell polarity
inhibition of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
negative regulation of establishment of T cell polarity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity.
positive regulation of T cell polarization
positive regulation of T lymphocyte polarization
positive regulation of T-cell polarization
positive regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
positive regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity
positive regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
up regulation of T lymphocyte polarization
up regulation of establishment of T cell polarity
up regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
up regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity
up regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
up-regulation of T lymphocyte polarization
up-regulation of establishment of T cell polarity
up-regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
up-regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity
up-regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
upregulation of T lymphocyte polarization
upregulation of establishment of T cell polarity
upregulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
upregulation of establishment of T-cell polarity
upregulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
activation of establishment of T cell polarity
activation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
activation of establishment of T-cell polarity
activation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
positive regulation of establishment of T cell polarity
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of respiratory gaseous exchange.
down regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
down-regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
downregulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
inhibition of respiratory gaseous exchange
negative regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of respiratory gaseous exchange.
up regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
up-regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
upregulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
activation of respiratory gaseous exchange
positive regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process.
regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process.
down regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process
down-regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process
downregulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process
inhibition of hepatocyte apoptotic process
negative regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis
negative regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process.
up regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process
up-regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process
upregulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process
activation of hepatocyte apoptotic process
positive regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis
positive regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential.
down regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential
down-regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential
downregulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential
inhibition of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential
negative regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential.
up regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential
up-regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential
upregulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential
activation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential
positive regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential.
down regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential
down-regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential
downregulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential
inhibition of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential
negative regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential.
up regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential
up-regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential
upregulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential
activation of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential
positive regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of AV node cell action potential.
down regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
down regulation of AV node cell action potential
down regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
down-regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
down-regulation of AV node cell action potential
down-regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
downregulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
downregulation of AV node cell action potential
downregulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
negative regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
negative regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
inhibition of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
inhibition of AV node cell action potential
inhibition of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
negative regulation of AV node cell action potential
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of AV node cell action potential.
positive regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
positive regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
up regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
up regulation of AV node cell action potential
up regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
up-regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
up-regulation of AV node cell action potential
up-regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
upregulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
upregulation of AV node cell action potential
upregulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
activation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential
activation of AV node cell action potential
activation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential
positive regulation of AV node cell action potential
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell migration.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell migration.
negative regulation of glia cell migration
negative regulation of glial cell migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell migration.
positive regulation of glia cell migration
positive regulation of glial cell migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell activation.
regulation of microglial cell activation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell activation.
down regulation of microglial cell activation
down-regulation of microglial cell activation
downregulation of microglial cell activation
inhibition of microglial cell activation
negative regulation of microglial cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell activation.
up regulation of microglial cell activation
up-regulation of microglial cell activation
upregulation of microglial cell activation
activation of microglial cell activation
positive regulation of microglial cell activation
The directed movement of iron ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.
ferrous iron export across plasma membrane
An example of this is mouse ferroportin (symbol Slc40a1, UniProtKB identifier: Q9JHI9).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sebum secreting cell proliferation.
regulation of sebum secreting cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sebum secreting cell proliferation.
down regulation of sebum secreting cell proliferation
down-regulation of sebum secreting cell proliferation
downregulation of sebum secreting cell proliferation
inhibition of sebum secreting cell proliferation
down regulation of sebocyte proliferation
down-regulation of sebocyte proliferation
downregulation of sebocyte proliferation
negative regulation of sebocyte proliferation
negative regulation of sebum secreting cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sebum secreting cell proliferation.
up regulation of sebum secreting cell proliferation
up-regulation of sebum secreting cell proliferation
upregulation of sebum secreting cell proliferation
activation of sebum secreting cell proliferation
positive regulation of sebocyte proliferation
positive regulation of sebum secreting cell proliferation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a serotonin stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a serotonin stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.
up regulation of vasculature development
up-regulation of vasculature development
activation of vascular system development
positive regulation of vascular system development
up regulation of vascular system development
up-regulation of vascular system development
upregulation of vascular system development
positive regulation of vasculature development
Any apoptotic process in an epithelial cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization.
regulation of collagen fibril organisation
regulation of fibrillar collagen organization
regulation of collagen fibril organization
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization.
down regulation of collagen fibril organisation
down regulation of collagen fibril organization
down regulation of fibrillar collagen organization
down-regulation of collagen fibril organisation
down-regulation of collagen fibril organization
down-regulation of fibrillar collagen organization
downregulation of collagen fibril organisation
downregulation of collagen fibril organization
downregulation of fibrillar collagen organization
negative regulation of collagen fibril organisation
negative regulation of fibrillar collagen organization
inhibition of collagen fibril organisation
inhibition of collagen fibril organization
inhibition of fibrillar collagen organization
negative regulation of collagen fibril organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization.
positive regulation of collagen fibril organisation
positive regulation of fibrillar collagen organization
up regulation of collagen fibril organisation
up regulation of collagen fibril organization
up regulation of fibrillar collagen organization
up-regulation of collagen fibril organisation
up-regulation of collagen fibril organization
up-regulation of fibrillar collagen organization
upregulation of collagen fibril organisation
upregulation of collagen fibril organization
upregulation of fibrillar collagen organization
activation of collagen fibril organisation
activation of collagen fibril organization
activation of fibrillar collagen organization
positive regulation of collagen fibril organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.
regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process
regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process
down regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process
down-regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process
downregulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process
downregulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process
negative regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process
down regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis
down regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis
down-regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis
down-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis
downregulation of epithelial cell apoptosis
downregulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis
inhibition of epithelial cell apoptotic process
inhibition of epitheliocyte apoptotic process
negative regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis
negative regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis
negative regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process
up regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process
up regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process
up-regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process
upregulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process
upregulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process
activation of epithelial cell apoptotic process
activation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process
positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis
positive regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis
up regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis
up regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis
up-regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis
up-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis
upregulation of epithelial cell apoptosis
positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of export of iron ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.
regulation of iron export across plasma membrane
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of export of iron ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.
negative regulation of ferrous iron export
negative regulation of iron export across plasma membrane
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of export of iron ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.
positive regulation of ferrous iron export
positive regulation of iron export across plasma membrane
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aldosterone stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aldosterone stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte proliferation.
regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte proliferation.
down regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation
down regulation of hepatoblast proliferation
down-regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation
down-regulation of hepatoblast proliferation
downregulation of cholangiocyte proliferation
downregulation of hepatoblast proliferation
negative regulation of hepatoblast proliferation
inhibition of cholangiocyte proliferation
negative regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte proliferation.
positive regulation of hepatoblast proliferation
up regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation
up regulation of hepatoblast proliferation
up-regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation
up-regulation of hepatoblast proliferation
upregulation of cholangiocyte proliferation
upregulation of hepatoblast proliferation
activation of cholangiocyte proliferation
positive regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of pain.
down regulation of sensory perception of pain
down-regulation of sensory perception of pain
downregulation of sensory perception of pain
down regulation of perception of physiological pain
down-regulation of perception of physiological pain
downregulation of perception of physiological pain
inhibition of perception of physiological pain
inhibition of sensory perception of pain
negative regulation of perception of physiological pain
negative regulation of sensory perception of pain
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of pain.
up regulation of sensory perception of pain
up-regulation of sensory perception of pain
upregulation of sensory perception of pain
activation of perception of physiological pain
activation of sensory perception of pain
positive regulation of perception of physiological pain
up regulation of perception of physiological pain
up-regulation of perception of physiological pain
upregulation of perception of physiological pain
positive regulation of sensory perception of pain
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport.
regulation of cation transmembrane transport
regulation of monoatomic cation transmembrane transport
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport.
down regulation of cation transmembrane transport
down-regulation of cation transmembrane transport
downregulation of cation transmembrane transport
inhibition of cation transmembrane transport
negative regulation of cation transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport.
up regulation of cation transmembrane transport
up-regulation of cation transmembrane transport
upregulation of cation transmembrane transport
activation of cation transmembrane transport
positive regulation of cation transmembrane transport
Any G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway that is involved in positive regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission.
G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission
G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in up regulation of acetylcholine secretion
G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in up-regulation of acetylcholine secretion
G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in upregulation of acetylcholine secretion
acetylcholine receptor signalling, muscarinic pathway involved in positive regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission
acetylcholine receptor signalling, muscarinic pathway involved in up regulation of acetylcholine secretion
acetylcholine receptor signalling, muscarinic pathway involved in up-regulation of acetylcholine secretion
acetylcholine receptor signalling, muscarinic pathway involved in upregulation of acetylcholine secretion
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in up regulation of acetylcholine secretion
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in up-regulation of acetylcholine secretion
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in upregulation of acetylcholine secretion
G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in activation of acetylcholine secretion
G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in stimulation of acetylcholine secretion
acetylcholine receptor signalling, muscarinic pathway involved in activation of acetylcholine secretion
acetylcholine receptor signalling, muscarinic pathway involved in stimulation of acetylcholine secretion
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in activation of acetylcholine secretion
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in stimulation of acetylcholine secretion
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation.
regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation
regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation.
down regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation
down regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation
down-regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation
down-regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation
downregulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation
downregulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation
negative regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation
inhibition of trophectoderm cell proliferation
inhibition of trophectodermal cell proliferation
negative regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation.
positive regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation
up regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation
up regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation
up-regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation
up-regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation
upregulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation
upregulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation
activation of trophectoderm cell proliferation
activation of trophectodermal cell proliferation
positive regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a microvillus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vasopressin stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vasopressin stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of otic vesicle morphogenesis.
regulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of otic vesicle morphogenesis.
down regulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis
down-regulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis
downregulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis
inhibition of otic vesicle morphogenesis
negative regulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of otic vesicle morphogenesis.
up regulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis
up-regulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis
upregulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis
activation of otic vesicle morphogenesis
positive regulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis
The orderly movement of a microglial cell from one site to another.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell migration.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell migration.
down regulation of microglial cell migration
down-regulation of microglial cell migration
downregulation of microglial cell migration
negative regulation of microglial cell migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell migration.
up regulation of microglial cell migration
up-regulation of microglial cell migration
upregulation of microglial cell migration
positive regulation of microglial cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of carotenoid biosynthetic process.
down regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis
down regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic process
down-regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis
down-regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic process
downregulation of carotenoid biosynthesis
downregulation of carotenoid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of carotenoid anabolism
negative regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis
negative regulation of carotenoid formation
negative regulation of carotenoid synthesis
inhibition of carotenoid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of carotenoid biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of carotenoid anabolism
positive regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis
positive regulation of carotenoid formation
positive regulation of carotenoid synthesis
up regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis
up regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic process
up-regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis
up-regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic process
upregulation of carotenoid biosynthetic process
activation of carotenoid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation.
down regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
down-regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
downregulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
inhibition of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation.
up regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
up-regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
upregulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
activation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell mediated cytotoxicity.
regulation of microglial cell mediated cytotoxicity
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell mediated cytotoxicity.
down regulation of microglial cell mediated cytotoxicity
down-regulation of microglial cell mediated cytotoxicity
downregulation of microglial cell mediated cytotoxicity
inhibition of microglial cell mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of microglial cell mediated cytotoxicity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell mediated cytotoxicity.
up regulation of microglial cell mediated cytotoxicity
up-regulation of microglial cell mediated cytotoxicity
upregulation of microglial cell mediated cytotoxicity
activation of microglial cell mediated cytotoxicity
positive regulation of microglial cell mediated cytotoxicity
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a DN2 thymocyte. A DN2 thymocyte is a CD4-,CD8- thymocyte that is also CD44+,CD25-.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a DN3 thymocyte. A DN3 thymocyte is a CD4-,CD8- thymocyte that is also CD44+,CD25+.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a DN4 thymocyte. A DN4 thymocyte is a CD4-,CD8- thymocyte that is also CD44-,CD25-.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal central apparatus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.
regulation of adipose tissue development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.
down regulation of adipose tissue development
down-regulation of adipose tissue development
downregulation of adipose tissue development
inhibition of adipose tissue development
negative regulation of adipose tissue development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.
up regulation of adipose tissue development
up-regulation of adipose tissue development
upregulation of adipose tissue development
activation of adipose tissue development
positive regulation of adipose tissue development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte apoptotic process.
regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis
regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte apoptotic process.
down regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process
down regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
down-regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process
down-regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
downregulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process
downregulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
negative regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
down regulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis
down regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis
down-regulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis
down-regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis
downregulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis
downregulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis
inhibition of cholangiocyte apoptotic process
inhibition of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis
inhibition of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
negative regulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis
negative regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis
negative regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte apoptotic process.
positive regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
up regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process
up regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
up-regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process
up-regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
upregulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process
upregulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
activation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process
activation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis
activation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process
positive regulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis
positive regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis
up regulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis
up regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis
up-regulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis
up-regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis
upregulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis
positive regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granulosa cell proliferation.
regulation of granulosa cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of granulosa cell proliferation.
down regulation of granulosa cell proliferation
down-regulation of granulosa cell proliferation
downregulation of granulosa cell proliferation
inhibition of granulosa cell proliferation
negative regulation of granulosa cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of granulosa cell proliferation.
up regulation of granulosa cell proliferation
up-regulation of granulosa cell proliferation
upregulation of granulosa cell proliferation
activation of granulosa cell proliferation
positive regulation of granulosa cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
down regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
down-regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
downregulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
inhibition of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
negative regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
up regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
up-regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
upregulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
activation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
positive regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a pericyte cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process.
regulation of bile acid metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process.
down regulation of bile acid metabolic process
down-regulation of bile acid metabolic process
downregulation of bile acid metabolic process
negative regulation of bile acid metabolism
inhibition of bile acid metabolic process
negative regulation of bile acid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process.
positive regulation of bile acid metabolism
up regulation of bile acid metabolic process
up-regulation of bile acid metabolic process
upregulation of bile acid metabolic process
activation of bile acid metabolic process
positive regulation of bile acid metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell chemotaxis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell chemotaxis.
down regulation of Schwann cell chemotaxis
down-regulation of Schwann cell chemotaxis
downregulation of Schwann cell chemotaxis
negative regulation of Schwann cell chemotaxis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell chemotaxis.
up regulation of Schwann cell chemotaxis
up-regulation of Schwann cell chemotaxis
positive regulation of Schwann cell chemotaxis
The cell cortex of the leading edge of a cell.
peripheral cytoplasm of cell leading edge
peripheral cytoplasm of leading edge of cell
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.
regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.
down regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
down-regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
downregulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
inhibition of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
negative regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.
up regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
up-regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
upregulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
activation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
positive regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
Any transmitter-gated ion channel activity that is involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential.
transmitter-gated ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential
ionotropic neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in regulation of post-synaptic membrane potential
ionotropic neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition.
regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination
regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition.
down regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
down-regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
downregulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
inhibition of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
down regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination
down regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
down-regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination
down-regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
downregulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination
downregulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
inhibition of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination
inhibition of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination
negative regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition.
up regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
up-regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
upregulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
activation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
activation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination
activation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination
positive regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
up regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination
up regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
up-regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination
up-regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
upregulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination
upregulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic neuron differentiation.
regulation of dopaminergic neuron differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic neuron differentiation.
down regulation of dopaminergic neuron differentiation
down-regulation of dopaminergic neuron differentiation
downregulation of dopaminergic neuron differentiation
inhibition of dopaminergic neuron differentiation
negative regulation of dopaminergic neuron differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic neuron differentiation.
up regulation of dopaminergic neuron differentiation
up-regulation of dopaminergic neuron differentiation
upregulation of dopaminergic neuron differentiation
activation of dopaminergic neuron differentiation
positive regulation of dopaminergic neuron differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction.
regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction.
down regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction
down-regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction
downregulation of colon smooth muscle contraction
inhibition of colon smooth muscle contraction
negative regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction.
up regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction
up-regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction
upregulation of colon smooth muscle contraction
activation of colon smooth muscle contraction
positive regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation.
regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation
regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation.
down regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation
down regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation
down-regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation
down-regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation
downregulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation
downregulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation
negative regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation
inhibition of gastric mucosal blood circulation
inhibition of stomach mucosal blood circulation
negative regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation.
positive regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation
up regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation
up regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation
up-regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation
up-regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation
upregulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation
upregulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation
activation of gastric mucosal blood circulation
activation of stomach mucosal blood circulation
positive regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small intestine smooth muscle contraction.
regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of small intestine smooth muscle contraction.
down regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
down-regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
downregulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
inhibition of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
negative regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of small intestine smooth muscle contraction.
up regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
up-regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
upregulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
activation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
positive regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.
regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown
regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process
regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism
regulation of vacuolar protein degradation
regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.
down regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
down-regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
downregulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
inhibition of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
down regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown
down regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process
down regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism
down regulation of vacuolar protein degradation
down-regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown
down-regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process
down-regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism
down-regulation of vacuolar protein degradation
downregulation of vacuolar protein breakdown
downregulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process
downregulation of vacuolar protein catabolism
downregulation of vacuolar protein degradation
inhibition of vacuolar protein breakdown
inhibition of vacuolar protein catabolic process
inhibition of vacuolar protein catabolism
inhibition of vacuolar protein degradation
negative regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown
negative regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process
negative regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism
negative regulation of vacuolar protein degradation
negative regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.
up regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
up-regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
upregulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
activation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
activation of vacuolar protein breakdown
activation of vacuolar protein catabolic process
activation of vacuolar protein catabolism
activation of vacuolar protein degradation
positive regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown
positive regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process
positive regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism
positive regulation of vacuolar protein degradation
up regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown
up regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process
up regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism
up regulation of vacuolar protein degradation
up-regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown
up-regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process
up-regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism
up-regulation of vacuolar protein degradation
upregulation of vacuolar protein breakdown
upregulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process
upregulation of vacuolar protein catabolism
upregulation of vacuolar protein degradation
positive regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcitonin secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcitonin secretion.
negative regulation of calcitonin secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcitonin secretion.
positive regulation of calcitonin secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery.
regulation of protein localization to cell periphery
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery.
down regulation of protein localization to cell periphery
down-regulation of protein localization to cell periphery
downregulation of protein localization to cell periphery
inhibition of protein localization to cell periphery
negative regulation of protein localization to cell periphery
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery.
up regulation of protein localization to cell periphery
up-regulation of protein localization to cell periphery
upregulation of protein localization to cell periphery
activation of protein localization to cell periphery
positive regulation of protein localization to cell periphery
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a rod bipolar cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a cone retinal bipolar cell.
retinal cone bipolar cell differentiation
cone retinal bipolar cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development.
regulation of neuromuscular junction organization
regulation of neuromuscular junction stability
regulation of neuromuscular junction development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development.
down regulation of neuromuscular junction development
down regulation of neuromuscular junction organization
down-regulation of neuromuscular junction development
down-regulation of neuromuscular junction organization
downregulation of neuromuscular junction development
downregulation of neuromuscular junction organization
negative regulation of neuromuscular junction organization
inhibition of neuromuscular junction development
inhibition of neuromuscular junction organization
down regulation of neuromuscular junction stability
down-regulation of neuromuscular junction stability
downregulation of neuromuscular junction stability
inhibition of neuromuscular junction stability
negative regulation of neuromuscular junction stability
negative regulation of neuromuscular junction development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development.
positive regulation of neuromuscular junction organization
up regulation of neuromuscular junction development
up regulation of neuromuscular junction organization
up-regulation of neuromuscular junction development
up-regulation of neuromuscular junction organization
upregulation of neuromuscular junction development
upregulation of neuromuscular junction organization
activation of neuromuscular junction development
activation of neuromuscular junction organization
activation of neuromuscular junction stability
positive regulation of neuromuscular junction stability
up regulation of neuromuscular junction stability
up-regulation of neuromuscular junction stability
upregulation of neuromuscular junction stability
positive regulation of neuromuscular junction development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nitric oxide metabolic process.
down regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process
down regulation of nitric oxide metabolism
down-regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process
down-regulation of nitric oxide metabolism
downregulation of nitric oxide metabolic process
downregulation of nitric oxide metabolism
negative regulation of nitric oxide metabolism
inhibition of nitric oxide metabolic process
negative regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nitric oxide metabolic process.
positive regulation of nitric oxide metabolism
up regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process
up regulation of nitric oxide metabolism
up-regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process
up-regulation of nitric oxide metabolism
upregulation of nitric oxide metabolic process
activation of nitric oxide metabolic process
positive regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization.
regulation of secretory granule organisation
regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
regulation of secretory granule organization
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization.
down regulation of secretory granule organisation
down regulation of secretory granule organization
down-regulation of secretory granule organisation
down-regulation of secretory granule organization
downregulation of secretory granule organisation
downregulation of secretory granule organization
negative regulation of secretory granule organisation
inhibition of secretory granule organisation
inhibition of secretory granule organization
down regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
down-regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
downregulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
inhibition of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of secretory granule organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization.
positive regulation of secretory granule organisation
up regulation of secretory granule organisation
up regulation of secretory granule organization
up-regulation of secretory granule organisation
up-regulation of secretory granule organization
upregulation of secretory granule organisation
upregulation of secretory granule organization
activation of secretory granule organisation
activation of secretory granule organization
activation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
up regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
up-regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
upregulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of secretory granule organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development.
regulation of cardiac ventricle development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development.
down regulation of cardiac ventricle development
down-regulation of cardiac ventricle development
downregulation of cardiac ventricle development
inhibition of cardiac ventricle development
negative regulation of cardiac ventricle development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development.
up regulation of cardiac ventricle development
up-regulation of cardiac ventricle development
upregulation of cardiac ventricle development
activation of cardiac ventricle development
positive regulation of cardiac ventricle development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport.
positive regulation of calcium ion membrane transport
positive regulation of transmembrane calcium transport
up regulation of calcium ion membrane transport
up regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport
up regulation of transmembrane calcium transport
up-regulation of calcium ion membrane transport
up-regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport
up-regulation of transmembrane calcium transport
upregulation of calcium ion membrane transport
upregulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport
upregulation of transmembrane calcium transport
activation of calcium ion membrane transport
activation of calcium ion transmembrane transport
activation of transmembrane calcium transport
positive regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of iron ions import across plasma membrane.
regulation of ferrous ion import into cell
regulation of ferrous iron import across plasma membrane
regulation of ferrous iron import into cell
regulation of iron ion import across plasma membrane
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of iron ions import across plasma membrane.
inhibition of ferrous ion import into cell
inhibition of ferrous iron import across plasma membrane
down regulation of ferrous ion import into cell
down regulation of ferrous iron import across plasma membrane
down-regulation of ferrous ion import into cell
down-regulation of ferrous iron import across plasma membrane
downregulation of ferrous ion import into cell
downregulation of ferrous iron import across plasma membrane
negative regulation of ferrous ion import into cell
negative regulation of ferrous iron import across plasma membrane
negative regulation of ferrous iron import into cell
negative regulation of iron ion import across plasma membrane
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of iron ions import across plasma membrane.
activation of ferrous ion import into cell
activation of ferrous iron import across plasma membrane
positive regulation of ferrous ion import into cell
positive regulation of ferrous iron import across plasma membrane
positive regulation of ferrous iron import into cell
up regulation of ferrous ion import into cell
up regulation of ferrous iron import across plasma membrane
up-regulation of ferrous ion import into cell
up-regulation of ferrous iron import across plasma membrane
upregulation of ferrous ion import into cell
upregulation of ferrous iron import across plasma membrane
positive regulation of iron ion import across plasma membrane
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential.
down regulation of neuronal action potential
down-regulation of neuronal action potential
downregulation of neuronal action potential
down regulation of generation of action potential
down-regulation of generation of action potential
downregulation of generation of action potential
inhibition of generation of action potential
negative regulation of generation of action potential
negative regulation of neuronal action potential
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential.
up regulation of neuronal action potential
up-regulation of neuronal action potential
upregulation of neuronal action potential
activation of generation of action potential
positive regulation of generation of action potential
up regulation of generation of action potential
up-regulation of generation of action potential
upregulation of generation of action potential
positive regulation of neuronal action potential
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cloacal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary transition zone.
protein localisation in ciliary transition zone
protein localisation to ciliary transition zone
protein localization in ciliary transition zone
protein localization to ciliary transition zone
Any apoptotic process in a myofibroblast cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myofibroblast cell apoptotic process.
regulation of myofibroblast cell apoptosis
regulation of myofibroblast cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myofibroblast cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of MFB apoptotic process
down regulation of myofibroblast cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of MFB apoptotic process
down-regulation of myofibroblast cell apoptotic process
downregulation of myofibroblast cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of MFB apoptotic process
down regulation of myofibroblast cell apoptosis
down-regulation of myofibroblast cell apoptosis
downregulation of myofibroblast cell apoptosis
inhibition of myofibroblast cell apoptosis
inhibition of myofibroblast cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of myofibroblast cell apoptosis
negative regulation of myofibroblast cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myofibroblast cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of MFB apoptotic process
up regulation of myofibroblast cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of myofibroblast cell apoptotic process
upregulation of myofibroblast cell apoptotic process
activation of myofibroblast cell apoptosis
activation of myofibroblast cell apoptotic process
positive regulation of myofibroblast cell apoptosis
up regulation of myofibroblast cell apoptosis
up-regulation of myofibroblast cell apoptosis
upregulation of myofibroblast cell apoptosis
positive regulation of myofibroblast cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule binding.
regulation of microtubule severing activity
regulation of microtubule/chromatin interaction
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule binding.
down regulation of microtubule severing activity
down regulation of microtubule/chromatin interaction
down-regulation of microtubule severing activity
down-regulation of microtubule/chromatin interaction
downregulation of microtubule severing activity
downregulation of microtubule/chromatin interaction
inhibition of microtubule severing activity
inhibition of microtubule/chromatin interaction
negative regulation of microtubule severing activity
negative regulation of microtubule/chromatin interaction
negative regulation of microtubule binding
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule binding.
activation of microtubule severing activity
activation of microtubule/chromatin interaction
positive regulation of microtubule severing activity
positive regulation of microtubule/chromatin interaction
up regulation of microtubule severing activity
up regulation of microtubule/chromatin interaction
up-regulation of microtubule severing activity
up-regulation of microtubule/chromatin interaction
upregulation of microtubule severing activity
upregulation of microtubule/chromatin interaction
positive regulation of microtubule binding
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycoprotein stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycoprotein stimulus.
A protein complex which is capable of serotonin-activated cation-selective channel activity. Mainly found in pre- and postsynaptic membranes of the brain and gastrointestinal tract. Depending on its location it transports Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ or K+. It is always a pentamer, containing at least the 5HT3A subunit forming 5HT3A homopentamers or 5HT3A/B heteropentamers. In human, 5HT3A/C, A/D and A/E heteropentamers also exist.
An example of this is HTR3A in human (P46098) in PMID:16116092 (inferred from direct assay).
serotonin-activated cation-selective channel complex
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycine secretion, neurotransmission.
regulation of glycine secretion, neurotransmission
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycine secretion, neurotransmission.
down regulation of glycine secretion, neurotransmission
down-regulation of glycine secretion, neurotransmission
downregulation of glycine secretion, neurotransmission
inhibition of glycine secretion, neurotransmission
negative regulation of glycine secretion, neurotransmission
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycine secretion, neurotransmission.
up regulation of glycine secretion, neurotransmission
up-regulation of glycine secretion, neurotransmission
upregulation of glycine secretion, neurotransmission
activation of glycine secretion, neurotransmission
positive regulation of glycine secretion, neurotransmission
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process.
regulation of glomerular podocyte apoptotic process
regulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process
regulation of glomerular podocyte apoptosis
regulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptosis
regulation of podocyte apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of glomerular podocyte apoptotic process
down regulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process
down regulation of podocyte apoptotic process
down-regulation of glomerular podocyte apoptotic process
down-regulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of podocyte apoptotic process
downregulation of glomerular podocyte apoptotic process
downregulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process
downregulation of podocyte apoptotic process
negative regulation of glomerular podocyte apoptotic process
negative regulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of podocyte apoptosis
down regulation of glomerular podocyte apoptosis
down regulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptosis
down-regulation of glomerular podocyte apoptosis
down-regulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptosis
downregulation of glomerular podocyte apoptosis
downregulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptosis
inhibition of glomerular podocyte apoptosis
inhibition of glomerular podocyte apoptotic process
inhibition of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptosis
inhibition of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process
inhibition of podocyte apoptotic process
negative regulation of glomerular podocyte apoptosis
negative regulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptosis
negative regulation of podocyte apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of glomerular podocyte apoptotic process
positive regulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process
up regulation of glomerular podocyte apoptotic process
up regulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process
up regulation of podocyte apoptotic process
up-regulation of glomerular podocyte apoptotic process
up-regulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of podocyte apoptotic process
upregulation of glomerular podocyte apoptotic process
upregulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process
upregulation of podocyte apoptotic process
activation of glomerular podocyte apoptosis
activation of glomerular podocyte apoptotic process
activation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptosis
activation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process
activation of podocyte apoptotic process
positive regulation of glomerular podocyte apoptosis
positive regulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptosis
positive regulation of podocyte apoptosis
up regulation of glomerular podocyte apoptosis
up regulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptosis
up-regulation of glomerular podocyte apoptosis
up-regulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptosis
upregulation of glomerular podocyte apoptosis
upregulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptosis
positive regulation of podocyte apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process.
regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process
regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process
regulation of fat cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process
down regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process
down regulation of fat cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process
down-regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of fat cell apoptotic process
downregulation of adipocyte apoptotic process
downregulation of adipose cell apoptotic process
downregulation of fat cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process
negative regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process
down regulation of adipose cell apoptosis
down-regulation of adipose cell apoptosis
downregulation of adipose cell apoptosis
inhibition of adipocyte apoptotic process
inhibition of adipose cell apoptotic process
inhibition of fat cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of adipocyte apoptosis
negative regulation of adipose cell apoptosis
negative regulation of fat cell apoptosis
negative regulation of fat cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process
positive regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process
up regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process
up regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process
up regulation of fat cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process
up-regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of fat cell apoptotic process
upregulation of adipocyte apoptotic process
upregulation of adipose cell apoptotic process
upregulation of fat cell apoptotic process
activation of adipocyte apoptotic process
activation of adipose cell apoptotic process
activation of fat cell apoptotic process
positive regulation of adipocyte apoptosis
positive regulation of adipose cell apoptosis
positive regulation of fat cell apoptosis
positive regulation of fat cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lung alveolus development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lung alveolus development.
down regulation of lung alveolus development
down-regulation of lung alveolus development
downregulation of lung alveolus development
negative regulation of lung alveolus development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lung alveolus development.
up regulation of lung alveolus development
up-regulation of lung alveolus development
upregulation of lung alveolus development
positive regulation of lung alveolus development
The process in which D-glucose is transported across a membrane.
Any negative regulation of cell differentiation that is involved in stem cell population maintenance.
down regulation of cell differentiation involved in stem cell population maintenance
down-regulation of cell differentiation involved in stem cell population maintenance
downregulation of cell differentiation involved in stem cell population maintenance
inhibition of cell differentiation involved in stem cell population maintenance
down regulation of cell differentiation involved in maintenance of pluripotency
down-regulation of cell differentiation involved in maintenance of pluripotency
downregulation of cell differentiation involved in maintenance of pluripotency
inhibition of cell differentiation involved in maintenance of pluripotency
negative regulation of cell differentiation involved in maintenance of pluripotency
negative regulation of cell differentiation involved in stem cell population maintenance
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell population maintenance.
regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell population maintenance.
down regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance
down-regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance
downregulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance
inhibition of somatic stem cell population maintenance
negative regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell population maintenance.
up regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance
up-regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance
upregulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance
activation of somatic stem cell population maintenance
positive regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division.
regulation of somatic stem cell division
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division.
down regulation of somatic stem cell division
down regulation of somatic stem cell renewal
down-regulation of somatic stem cell division
down-regulation of somatic stem cell renewal
downregulation of somatic stem cell division
downregulation of somatic stem cell renewal
negative regulation of somatic stem cell renewal
inhibition of somatic stem cell division
negative regulation of somatic stem cell division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division.
positive regulation of somatic stem cell renewal
up regulation of somatic stem cell division
up regulation of somatic stem cell renewal
up-regulation of somatic stem cell division
up-regulation of somatic stem cell renewal
upregulation of somatic stem cell division
upregulation of somatic stem cell renewal
activation of somatic stem cell division
positive regulation of somatic stem cell division
Enables the transfer of a peptide from one side of a membrane to the other.
peptide transmembrane transporter activity
Glutathione is taken up by the bacterium
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational initiation.
regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational initiation.
down regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
down-regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
downregulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
inhibition of cytoplasmic translational initiation
negative regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational initiation.
up regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
up-regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
upregulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
activation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
positive regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.
down regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation
down regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation
down regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
down-regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation
down-regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation
down-regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
downregulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation
downregulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation
downregulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
negative regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation
negative regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation
inhibition of pancreatic B cell proliferation
inhibition of pancreatic beta cell proliferation
inhibition of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.
positive regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation
positive regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation
up regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation
up regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation
up regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
up-regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation
up-regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation
up-regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
upregulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation
upregulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation
upregulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
activation of pancreatic B cell proliferation
activation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation
activation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
positive regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
The developmental process by which a midbrain is generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of acinar cell proliferation.
regulation of acinous cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of acinar cell proliferation.
down regulation of acinar cell proliferation
down regulation of acinic cell proliferation
down regulation of acinous cell proliferation
down-regulation of acinar cell proliferation
down-regulation of acinic cell proliferation
down-regulation of acinous cell proliferation
downregulation of acinar cell proliferation
downregulation of acinic cell proliferation
downregulation of acinous cell proliferation
negative regulation of acinic cell proliferation
negative regulation of acinous cell proliferation
inhibition of acinous cell proliferation
negative regulation of acinar cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of acinar cell proliferation.
positive regulation of acinic cell proliferation
positive regulation of acinous cell proliferation
up regulation of acinar cell proliferation
up regulation of acinic cell proliferation
up regulation of acinous cell proliferation
up-regulation of acinar cell proliferation
up-regulation of acinic cell proliferation
up-regulation of acinous cell proliferation
upregulation of acinar cell proliferation
upregulation of acinic cell proliferation
upregulation of acinous cell proliferation
activation of acinous cell proliferation
positive regulation of acinar cell proliferation
Any apoptotic process in a granulosa cell.
granulosa cell of ovary apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.
regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.
down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
negative regulation of VSMC proliferation
negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.
positive regulation of VSMC proliferation
positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
activation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granulosa cell apoptotic process.
regulation of granulosa cell of ovary apoptotic process
regulation of granulosa cell of ovary apoptosis
regulation of granulosa cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of granulosa cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of granulosa cell apoptotic process
down regulation of granulosa cell of ovary apoptotic process
down-regulation of granulosa cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of granulosa cell of ovary apoptotic process
downregulation of granulosa cell apoptotic process
downregulation of granulosa cell of ovary apoptotic process
negative regulation of granulosa cell of ovary apoptotic process
down regulation of granulosa cell apoptosis
down regulation of granulosa cell of ovary apoptosis
down-regulation of granulosa cell apoptosis
down-regulation of granulosa cell of ovary apoptosis
downregulation of granulosa cell apoptosis
downregulation of granulosa cell of ovary apoptosis
inhibition of granulosa cell apoptotic process
inhibition of granulosa cell of ovary apoptosis
inhibition of granulosa cell of ovary apoptotic process
negative regulation of granulosa cell apoptosis
negative regulation of granulosa cell of ovary apoptosis
negative regulation of granulosa cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of granulosa cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of granulosa cell of ovary apoptotic process
up regulation of granulosa cell apoptotic process
up regulation of granulosa cell of ovary apoptotic process
up-regulation of granulosa cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of granulosa cell of ovary apoptotic process
upregulation of granulosa cell apoptotic process
upregulation of granulosa cell of ovary apoptotic process
activation of granulosa cell apoptotic process
activation of granulosa cell of ovary apoptosis
activation of granulosa cell of ovary apoptotic process
positive regulation of granulosa cell apoptosis
positive regulation of granulosa cell of ovary apoptosis
up regulation of granulosa cell apoptosis
up regulation of granulosa cell of ovary apoptosis
up-regulation of granulosa cell apoptosis
up-regulation of granulosa cell of ovary apoptosis
upregulation of granulosa cell apoptosis
upregulation of granulosa cell of ovary apoptosis
positive regulation of granulosa cell apoptotic process
Any membrane-enclosed lumen that is part of a tertiary granule.
membrane-enclosed lumen of gelatinase granule
membrane-enclosed lumen of tertiary granule
tertiary granule membrane-enclosed lumen
gelatinase granule membrane-enclosed lumen
The orderly movement of a vascular associated smooth muscle cell from one site to another.
vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development.
down regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in development
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptotic process involved in development
inhibition of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
U4PR86 in PMID:22801495 inferred from mutant phenotype
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development.
positive regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in development
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
activation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptotic process involved in development
activation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
activation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
activation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
activation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
activation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
activation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development.
regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
Q10943 in PMID:22801495, inferred from mutant phenotype
regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus.
regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus
regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus
regulation of protein localization in nucleolus
regulation of protein localization to nucleolus
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus.
down regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus
down regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus
down regulation of protein localization in nucleolus
down regulation of protein localization to nucleolus
down-regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus
down-regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus
down-regulation of protein localization in nucleolus
down-regulation of protein localization to nucleolus
downregulation of protein localisation in nucleolus
downregulation of protein localisation to nucleolus
downregulation of protein localization in nucleolus
downregulation of protein localization to nucleolus
negative regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus
negative regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus
negative regulation of protein localization in nucleolus
inhibition of protein localisation in nucleolus
inhibition of protein localisation to nucleolus
inhibition of protein localization in nucleolus
inhibition of protein localization to nucleolus
negative regulation of protein localization to nucleolus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus.
positive regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus
positive regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus
positive regulation of protein localization in nucleolus
up regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus
up regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus
up regulation of protein localization in nucleolus
up regulation of protein localization to nucleolus
up-regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus
up-regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus
up-regulation of protein localization in nucleolus
up-regulation of protein localization to nucleolus
upregulation of protein localisation in nucleolus
upregulation of protein localisation to nucleolus
upregulation of protein localization in nucleolus
upregulation of protein localization to nucleolus
activation of protein localisation in nucleolus
activation of protein localisation to nucleolus
activation of protein localization in nucleolus
activation of protein localization to nucleolus
positive regulation of protein localization to nucleolus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.
regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration
regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.
down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration
down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration
downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration
negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration
inhibition of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell migration
negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.
positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration
up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration
up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration
upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration
activation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
activation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration
positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myofibroblast differentiation.
regulation of myofibroblast cell differentiation
regulation of myofibroblast differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myofibroblast differentiation.
down regulation of myofibroblast cell differentiation
down regulation of myofibroblast differentiation
down-regulation of myofibroblast cell differentiation
down-regulation of myofibroblast differentiation
downregulation of myofibroblast cell differentiation
downregulation of myofibroblast differentiation
negative regulation of myofibroblast cell differentiation
inhibition of myofibroblast cell differentiation
inhibition of myofibroblast differentiation
negative regulation of myofibroblast differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myofibroblast differentiation.
positive regulation of myofibroblast cell differentiation
up regulation of myofibroblast cell differentiation
up regulation of myofibroblast differentiation
up-regulation of myofibroblast cell differentiation
up-regulation of myofibroblast differentiation
upregulation of myofibroblast cell differentiation
upregulation of myofibroblast differentiation
activation of myofibroblast cell differentiation
activation of myofibroblast differentiation
positive regulation of myofibroblast differentiation
The developmental process by which an intramembranous bone is generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex.
regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex
An example is cye-1 in C. elegans, UniProt ID O01501 in PMID:17115027.
regulation of protein localization to cell cortex
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex.
down regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex
down regulation of protein localization to cell cortex
down-regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex
down-regulation of protein localization to cell cortex
downregulation of protein localisation to cell cortex
downregulation of protein localization to cell cortex
negative regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex
inhibition of protein localisation to cell cortex
inhibition of protein localization to cell cortex
negative regulation of protein localization to cell cortex
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex.
positive regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex
up regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex
up regulation of protein localization to cell cortex
up-regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex
up-regulation of protein localization to cell cortex
upregulation of protein localisation to cell cortex
upregulation of protein localization to cell cortex
activation of protein localisation to cell cortex
activation of protein localization to cell cortex
positive regulation of protein localization to cell cortex
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dense core granule transport.
regulation of dense core vesicle transport
cdk-5 in C.elegans (G5ECH7) in PMID:22699897 (inferred from mutant phenotype).
regulation of dense core granule transport
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dense core granule transport.
down regulation of dense core granule transport
down regulation of dense core vesicle transport
down-regulation of dense core granule transport
down-regulation of dense core vesicle transport
downregulation of dense core granule transport
downregulation of dense core vesicle transport
negative regulation of dense core vesicle transport
inhibition of dense core granule transport
inhibition of dense core vesicle transport
negative regulation of dense core granule transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dense core granule transport.
positive regulation of dense core vesicle transport
up regulation of dense core granule transport
up regulation of dense core vesicle transport
up-regulation of dense core granule transport
up-regulation of dense core vesicle transport
upregulation of dense core granule transport
upregulation of dense core vesicle transport
activation of dense core granule transport
activation of dense core vesicle transport
positive regulation of dense core granule transport
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a serous membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a visceral peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a parietal peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation.
down regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
down-regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
downregulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
inhibition of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
negative regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation.
up regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
up-regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
upregulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
activation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
positive regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
The developmental process by which a dorsal root ganglion is generated and organized.
spinal ganglion part of peripheral nervous system morphogenesis
ganglion sensorium nervi spinalis morphogenesis
The developmental process by which an acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex is generated and organized.
acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex morphogenesis
facio-acoustic ganglion complex VII-VIII morphogenesis
facio-acoustic VII-VIII ganglion complex morphogenesis
facio-acoustic ganglion complex morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male germ-line stem cell asymmetric division.
regulation of male germ-line stem cell renewal
regulation of male germ-line stem cell asymmetric division
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of male germ-line stem cell asymmetric division.
down regulation of male germ-line stem cell asymmetric division
down regulation of male germ-line stem cell renewal
down-regulation of male germ-line stem cell asymmetric division
down-regulation of male germ-line stem cell renewal
downregulation of male germ-line stem cell asymmetric division
downregulation of male germ-line stem cell renewal
negative regulation of male germ-line stem cell renewal
inhibition of male germ-line stem cell asymmetric division
inhibition of male germ-line stem cell renewal
negative regulation of male germ-line stem cell asymmetric division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of male germ-line stem cell asymmetric division.
positive regulation of male germ-line stem cell renewal
up regulation of male germ-line stem cell asymmetric division
up regulation of male germ-line stem cell renewal
up-regulation of male germ-line stem cell asymmetric division
up-regulation of male germ-line stem cell renewal
upregulation of male germ-line stem cell asymmetric division
upregulation of male germ-line stem cell renewal
activation of male germ-line stem cell asymmetric division
activation of male germ-line stem cell renewal
positive regulation of male germ-line stem cell asymmetric division
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an excitatory synapse.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial skeletal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial skeletal system is the skeletal subdivision of the head, and includes the skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of excitatory synapse assembly.
regulation of excitatory synapse formation
regulation of excitatory synapse assembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of excitatory synapse assembly.
down regulation of excitatory synapse assembly
down regulation of excitatory synapse formation
down-regulation of excitatory synapse assembly
down-regulation of excitatory synapse formation
downregulation of excitatory synapse assembly
downregulation of excitatory synapse formation
negative regulation of excitatory synapse formation
inhibition of excitatory synapse assembly
inhibition of excitatory synapse formation
negative regulation of excitatory synapse assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of excitatory synapse assembly.
positive regulation of excitatory synapse formation
up regulation of excitatory synapse assembly
up regulation of excitatory synapse formation
up-regulation of excitatory synapse assembly
up-regulation of excitatory synapse formation
upregulation of excitatory synapse assembly
upregulation of excitatory synapse formation
activation of excitatory synapse assembly
activation of excitatory synapse formation
positive regulation of excitatory synapse assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell proliferation.
regulation of hepatic perisinusoidal cell proliferation
regulation of perisinusoidal cell proliferation
regulation of hepatic stellate cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell proliferation.
down regulation of Ito cell proliferation
down regulation of hepatic perisinusoidal cell proliferation
down regulation of hepatic stellate cell proliferation
down regulation of perisinusoidal cell proliferation
down-regulation of Ito cell proliferation
down-regulation of hepatic perisinusoidal cell proliferation
down-regulation of hepatic stellate cell proliferation
down-regulation of perisinusoidal cell proliferation
downregulation of Ito cell proliferation
downregulation of hepatic perisinusoidal cell proliferation
downregulation of hepatic stellate cell proliferation
downregulation of perisinusoidal cell proliferation
negative regulation of Ito cell proliferation
negative regulation of hepatic perisinusoidal cell proliferation
negative regulation of perisinusoidal cell proliferation
inhibition of hepatic perisinusoidal cell proliferation
inhibition of hepatic stellate cell proliferation
inhibition of perisinusoidal cell proliferation
negative regulation of hepatic stellate cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell proliferation.
positive regulation of Ito cell proliferation
positive regulation of hepatic perisinusoidal cell proliferation
positive regulation of perisinusoidal cell proliferation
up regulation of hepatic perisinusoidal cell proliferation
up regulation of hepatic stellate cell proliferation
up regulation of perisinusoidal cell proliferation
up-regulation of hepatic perisinusoidal cell proliferation
up-regulation of hepatic stellate cell proliferation
up-regulation of perisinusoidal cell proliferation
upregulation of hepatic perisinusoidal cell proliferation
upregulation of hepatic stellate cell proliferation
upregulation of perisinusoidal cell proliferation
activation of hepatic perisinusoidal cell proliferation
activation of hepatic stellate cell proliferation
activation of perisinusoidal cell proliferation
positive regulation of hepatic stellate cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain.
regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon
regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation
regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain.
down regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon
down regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain
down-regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon
down-regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain
downregulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon
downregulation of cell proliferation in midbrain
negative regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon
inhibition of cell proliferation in mesencephalon
inhibition of cell proliferation in midbrain
down regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation
down-regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation
downregulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation
inhibition of mesencepahalic cell proliferation
negative regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation
negative regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain.
positive regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon
up regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon
up regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain
up-regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon
up-regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain
upregulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon
upregulation of cell proliferation in midbrain
activation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon
activation of cell proliferation in midbrain
activation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation
positive regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation
up regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation
up-regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation
upregulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation
positive regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain
The orderly movement of an interneuron from one site to another.
The orderly movement of a sensory neuron from one site to another.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation.
regulation of cardiac ventricle formation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation.
down regulation of cardiac ventricle formation
down-regulation of cardiac ventricle formation
downregulation of cardiac ventricle formation
inhibition of cardiac ventricle formation
negative regulation of cardiac ventricle formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation.
up regulation of cardiac ventricle formation
up-regulation of cardiac ventricle formation
upregulation of cardiac ventricle formation
activation of cardiac ventricle formation
positive regulation of cardiac ventricle formation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a midbrain dopaminergic neuron.
DA neurogenesis from midbrain floor plate
midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation
A protein complex which is capable of ATPase activity.
An example of this is VPS4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (UniProt ID P52917) in PMID:9606181 (inferred from direct assay).
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization.
down regulation of establishment of protein localisation
down regulation of establishment of protein localization
down-regulation of establishment of protein localisation
down-regulation of establishment of protein localization
downregulation of establishment of protein localisation
downregulation of establishment of protein localization
negative regulation of establishment of protein localisation
negative regulation of protein positioning
negative regulation of protein recruitment
inhibition of establishment of protein localisation
inhibition of establishment of protein localization
negative regulation of establishment of protein localization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization.
positive regulation of establishment of protein localisation
positive regulation of protein positioning
positive regulation of protein recruitment
up regulation of establishment of protein localisation
up regulation of establishment of protein localization
up-regulation of establishment of protein localisation
up-regulation of establishment of protein localization
upregulation of establishment of protein localisation
upregulation of establishment of protein localization
activation of establishment of protein localisation
activation of establishment of protein localization
positive regulation of establishment of protein localization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation.
regulation of DA neurogenesis from midbrain floor plate
regulation of mDA neuron differentiation
regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron production
regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation.
down regulation of DA neurogenesis from midbrain floor plate
down regulation of mDA neuron differentiation
down regulation of midbrain DA neurogenesis
down regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation
down regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron production
down-regulation of DA neurogenesis from midbrain floor plate
down-regulation of mDA neuron differentiation
down-regulation of midbrain DA neurogenesis
down-regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation
down-regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron production
downregulation of DA neurogenesis from midbrain floor plate
downregulation of mDA neuron differentiation
downregulation of midbrain DA neurogenesis
downregulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation
downregulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron production
negative regulation of DA neurogenesis from midbrain floor plate
negative regulation of mDA neuron differentiation
negative regulation of midbrain DA neurogenesis
negative regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron production
inhibition of DA neurogenesis from midbrain floor plate
inhibition of mDA neuron differentiation
inhibition of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation
inhibition of midbrain dopaminergic neuron production
negative regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation.
positive regulation of DA neurogenesis from midbrain floor plate
positive regulation of mDA neuron differentiation
positive regulation of midbrain DA neurogenesis
positive regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron production
up regulation of DA neurogenesis from midbrain floor plate
up regulation of mDA neuron differentiation
up regulation of midbrain DA neurogenesis
up regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation
up regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron production
up-regulation of DA neurogenesis from midbrain floor plate
up-regulation of mDA neuron differentiation
up-regulation of midbrain DA neurogenesis
up-regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation
up-regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron production
upregulation of DA neurogenesis from midbrain floor plate
upregulation of mDA neuron differentiation
upregulation of midbrain DA neurogenesis
upregulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation
upregulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron production
activation of DA neurogenesis from midbrain floor plate
activation of mDA neuron differentiation
activation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation
activation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron production
positive regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation
The orderly movement of a slow muscle cell from one site to another.
The directional migration of a slow muscle cell from one site to another within the embryo.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of adjacent microvilli through the formation of Ca(2+)-dependent adhesion links between them, forming a brush border.
The orderly movement of a lymphatic endothelial cell from one site to another in the wall of a lymphatic vessel.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell activation.
regulation of endothelial cell activation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell activation.
down regulation of endothelial cell activation
down-regulation of endothelial cell activation
downregulation of endothelial cell activation
inhibition of endothelial cell activation
negative regulation of endothelial cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell activation.
up regulation of endothelial cell activation
up-regulation of endothelial cell activation
upregulation of endothelial cell activation
activation of endothelial cell activation
positive regulation of endothelial cell activation
The directed movement of phosphate ions from the cytosol across the vacuolar membrane and into the vacuolar lumen.
transmembrane phosphate ion transport from cytosol to vacuole
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane lipid metabolic process.
regulation of membrane lipid metabolic process
The process in which carboxylic acid is transported across a membrane.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an otic placode over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.
down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
negative regulation of VSMC differentiation
negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
inhibition of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.
positive regulation of VSMC differentiation
positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
activation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
activation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an allantois over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The orderly movement of an anterior visceral endoderm cell from one site to another.
anterior visceral endoderm cell migration
The disaggregation of an tight junction into its constituent components.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction disassembly.
regulation of occluding cell junction disassembly
regulation of occluding junction disassembly
regulation of tight junction disassembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction disassembly.
down regulation of occluding cell junction disassembly
down regulation of tight junction disassembly
down-regulation of occluding cell junction disassembly
down-regulation of tight junction disassembly
downregulation of occluding cell junction disassembly
downregulation of occluding junction disassembly
downregulation of tight junction disassembly
negative regulation of occluding cell junction disassembly
inhibition of occluding cell junction disassembly
inhibition of occluding junction disassembly
inhibition of tight junction disassembly
negative regulation of tight junction disassembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction disassembly.
positive regulation of occluding cell junction disassembly
positive regulation of occluding junction disassembly
up regulation of occluding cell junction disassembly
up regulation of tight junction disassembly
up-regulation of occluding cell junction disassembly
up-regulation of tight junction disassembly
upregulation of occluding cell junction disassembly
upregulation of tight junction disassembly
activation of occluding cell junction disassembly
activation of occluding junction disassembly
activation of tight junction disassembly
positive regulation of tight junction disassembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cerebellar neuron development.
regulation of cerebellar neuron development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cerebellar neuron development.
down regulation of cerebellar neuron development
down-regulation of cerebellar neuron development
downregulation of cerebellar neuron development
inhibition of cerebellar neuron development
negative regulation of cerebellar neuron development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cerebellar neuron development.
up regulation of cerebellar neuron development
up-regulation of cerebellar neuron development
upregulation of cerebellar neuron development
activation of cerebellar neuron development
positive regulation of cerebellar neuron development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pulmonary blood vessel remodeling.
regulation of pulmonary blood vessel remodelling
regulation of pulmonary blood vessel remodeling
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pulmonary blood vessel remodeling.
down regulation of pulmonary blood vessel remodeling
down-regulation of pulmonary blood vessel remodeling
downregulation of pulmonary blood vessel remodeling
negative regulation of pulmonary blood vessel remodelling
inhibition of pulmonary blood vessel remodeling
negative regulation of pulmonary blood vessel remodeling
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pulmonary blood vessel remodeling.
positive regulation of pulmonary blood vessel remodelling
up regulation of pulmonary blood vessel remodeling
up-regulation of pulmonary blood vessel remodeling
upregulation of pulmonary blood vessel remodeling
activation of pulmonary blood vessel remodeling
positive regulation of pulmonary blood vessel remodeling
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport.
regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport.
down regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport
down-regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport
downregulation of axo-dendritic protein transport
down regulation of axonal protein transport
down-regulation of axonal protein transport
downregulation of axonal protein transport
inhibition of axo-dendritic protein transport
negative regulation of axonal protein transport
negative regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport.
up regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport
up-regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport
upregulation of axo-dendritic protein transport
activation of axo-dendritic protein transport
positive regulation of axonal protein transport
up regulation of axonal protein transport
up-regulation of axonal protein transport
upregulation of axonal protein transport
positive regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport
The process that gives rise to the apical ectodermal ridge. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation.
regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation
regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation
regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation.
down regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation
down regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation
down-regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation
down-regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation
downregulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation
downregulation of apical epidermal ridge formation
negative regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation
inhibition of apical ectodermal ridge formation
inhibition of apical epidermal ridge formation
down regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation
down-regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation
downregulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation
inhibition of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation
negative regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation
negative regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation.
positive regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation
up regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation
up regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation
up-regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation
up-regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation
upregulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation
upregulation of apical epidermal ridge formation
positive regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation
up regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation
up-regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation
upregulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation
positive regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetylcholine stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetylcholine stimulus.
Any cellular protein catabolic process that takes place in a lysosome.
cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
cellular protein degradation in lysosome
Also consider annotating to the term 'autophagy ; GO:0006914' or one of its descendants.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy.
down regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy
down-regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy
downregulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy
negative regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy.
up regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy
up-regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy
upregulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy
positive regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.
down regulation of membrane invagination
down-regulation of membrane invagination
negative regulation of membrane invagination
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.
positive regulation of membrane invagination
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of photosynthesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of photosynthesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lysosomal protein catabolic process.
regulation of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
regulation of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
regulation of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
regulation of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
regulation of lysosomal protein catabolism
regulation of lysosomal protein degradation
regulation of proteolysis within lysosome
regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lysosomal protein catabolic process.
down regulation of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
down regulation of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
down regulation of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
down regulation of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
down regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process
down regulation of lysosomal protein catabolism
down regulation of lysosomal protein degradation
down-regulation of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
down-regulation of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
down-regulation of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
down-regulation of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
down-regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process
down-regulation of lysosomal protein catabolism
down-regulation of lysosomal protein degradation
downregulation of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
downregulation of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
downregulation of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
downregulation of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
downregulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process
downregulation of lysosomal protein catabolism
downregulation of lysosomal protein degradation
negative regulation of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
negative regulation of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
negative regulation of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
negative regulation of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
negative regulation of lysosomal protein catabolism
negative regulation of lysosomal protein degradation
inhibition of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
inhibition of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
inhibition of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
inhibition of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
inhibition of lysosomal protein catabolic process
inhibition of lysosomal protein catabolism
inhibition of lysosomal protein degradation
down regulation of lysosomal proteolysis
down regulation of proteolysis within lysosome
down-regulation of lysosomal proteolysis
down-regulation of proteolysis within lysosome
downregulation of proteolysis within lysosome
inhibition of proteolysis within lysosome
negative regulation of lysosomal proteolysis
negative regulation of proteolysis within lysosome
negative regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lysosomal protein catabolic process.
positive regulation of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
positive regulation of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
positive regulation of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
positive regulation of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
positive regulation of lysosomal protein catabolism
positive regulation of lysosomal protein degradation
up regulation of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
up regulation of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
up regulation of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
up regulation of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
up regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process
up regulation of lysosomal protein catabolism
up regulation of lysosomal protein degradation
up-regulation of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
up-regulation of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
up-regulation of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
up-regulation of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
up-regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process
up-regulation of lysosomal protein catabolism
up-regulation of lysosomal protein degradation
upregulation of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
upregulation of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
upregulation of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
upregulation of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
upregulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process
upregulation of lysosomal protein catabolism
upregulation of lysosomal protein degradation
activation of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
activation of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
activation of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
activation of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
activation of lysosomal protein catabolic process
activation of lysosomal protein catabolism
activation of lysosomal protein degradation
activation of proteolysis within lysosome
positive regulation of lysosomal proteolysis
positive regulation of proteolysis within lysosome
up regulation of proteolysis within lysosome
up-regulation of proteolysis within lysosome
upregulation of proteolysis within lysosome
positive regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.
regulation of cardiac cell differentiation
regulation of heart cell differentiation
regulation of cardiocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.
down regulation of cardiac cell differentiation
down regulation of cardiocyte differentiation
down regulation of heart cell differentiation
down-regulation of cardiac cell differentiation
down-regulation of cardiocyte differentiation
down-regulation of heart cell differentiation
downregulation of cardiac cell differentiation
downregulation of cardiocyte differentiation
downregulation of heart cell differentiation
negative regulation of cardiac cell differentiation
negative regulation of heart cell differentiation
inhibition of cardiac cell differentiation
inhibition of cardiocyte differentiation
inhibition of heart cell differentiation
negative regulation of cardiocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of cardiac cell differentiation
positive regulation of heart cell differentiation
up regulation of cardiac cell differentiation
up regulation of cardiocyte differentiation
up regulation of heart cell differentiation
up-regulation of cardiac cell differentiation
up-regulation of cardiocyte differentiation
up-regulation of heart cell differentiation
upregulation of cardiac cell differentiation
upregulation of cardiocyte differentiation
upregulation of heart cell differentiation
activation of cardiac cell differentiation
activation of cardiocyte differentiation
activation of heart cell differentiation
positive regulation of cardiocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation.
negative regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of platelet formation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of platelet formation.
negative regulation of platelet extrusion
negative regulation of platelet formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of platelet formation.
positive regulation of platelet extrusion
positive regulation of platelet formation
The developmental process by which an epicardium is generated and organized.
visceral serous pericardium of heart morphogenesis
visceral serous pericardium proper morphogenesis
pericardium visceral mesothelium morphogenesis
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-glutamate(1-) stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.
down regulation of chromatin organisation
down regulation of chromatin organization
down regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
down-regulation of chromatin organisation
down-regulation of chromatin organization
down-regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
downregulation of chromatin organisation
downregulation of chromatin organization
downregulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
negative regulation of chromatin assembly/disassembly
negative regulation of chromatin organisation
negative regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
inhibition of chromatin assembly or disassembly
inhibition of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
down regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
down-regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
downregulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
negative regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
negative regulation of chromatin modification
negative regulation of chromatin organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.
positive regulation of chromatin organisation
positive regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
up regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
up-regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
upregulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
upregulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
activation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
activation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
stimulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
positive regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
positive regulation of chromatin assembly/disassembly
positive regulation of chromatin modification
up regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
up-regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
positive regulation of chromatin organization
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Meynert cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Rohon-Beard neuron.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation.
An example of this is MMRN2 in human (Q9H8L6) in PMID:25745997 (inferred from direct assay).
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation.
down regulation of epithelial tube formation
down-regulation of epithelial tube formation
downregulation of epithelial tube formation
negative regulation of epithelial tube formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation.
up regulation of epithelial tube formation
up-regulation of epithelial tube formation
upregulation of epithelial tube formation
positive regulation of epithelial tube formation
The developmental process by which a fibrous ring of heart is generated and organized.
Any apoptotic process in a vascular associated smooth muscle cell.
vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis
vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation.
regulation of neural crest cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation.
down regulation of neural crest cell differentiation
down-regulation of neural crest cell differentiation
downregulation of neural crest cell differentiation
inhibition of neural crest cell differentiation
negative regulation of neural crest cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation.
up regulation of neural crest cell differentiation
up-regulation of neural crest cell differentiation
upregulation of neural crest cell differentiation
activation of neural crest cell differentiation
positive regulation of neural crest cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development.
regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development.
down regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development
down-regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development
downregulation of intestinal epithelial cell development
inhibition of intestinal epithelial cell development
negative regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development.
up regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development
up-regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development
upregulation of intestinal epithelial cell development
activation of intestinal epithelial cell development
positive regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly.
regulation of cardiac myofibril development
regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis
regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly.
down regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly
down regulation of cardiac myofibril development
down regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis
down-regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly
down-regulation of cardiac myofibril development
down-regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis
downregulation of cardiac myofibril assembly
downregulation of cardiac myofibril development
downregulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis
negative regulation of cardiac myofibril development
negative regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis
inhibition of cardiac myofibril assembly
inhibition of cardiac myofibril development
inhibition of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis
down regulation of heart myofibril assembly
down-regulation of heart myofibril assembly
downregulation of heart myofibril assembly
negative regulation of heart myofibril assembly
negative regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly.
positive regulation of cardiac myofibril development
positive regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis
up regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly
up regulation of cardiac myofibril development
up regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis
up-regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly
up-regulation of cardiac myofibril development
up-regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis
upregulation of cardiac myofibril assembly
upregulation of cardiac myofibril development
upregulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis
activation of cardiac myofibril assembly
activation of cardiac myofibril development
activation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis
positive regulation of heart myofibril assembly
up regulation of heart myofibril assembly
up-regulation of heart myofibril assembly
upregulation of heart myofibril assembly
positive regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
down regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
down-regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
downregulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
inhibition of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
negative regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
up regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
up-regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
upregulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
activation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
positive regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
Any cell proliferation that is involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis.
cell proliferation involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis
The orderly movement of a mesenchymal stem cell from one site to another.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell migration.
regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell migration.
down regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration
down-regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration
downregulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration
inhibition of mesenchymal stem cell migration
negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell migration.
up regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration
up-regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration
upregulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration
activation of mesenchymal stem cell migration
positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium.
regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium.
down regulation of epithelium morphogenesis
down regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
down-regulation of epithelium morphogenesis
down-regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
downregulation of epithelium morphogenesis
downregulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
negative regulation of epithelium morphogenesis
inhibition of morphogenesis of an epithelium
negative regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium.
positive regulation of epithelium morphogenesis
up regulation of epithelium morphogenesis
up regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
up-regulation of epithelium morphogenesis
up-regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
upregulation of epithelium morphogenesis
upregulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
activation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
positive regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ciliary transition zone.
The orderly movement of a pericyte cell from one site to another.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a presynapse.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse.
regulation of protein localisation in presynapse
regulation of protein localisation to presynapse
regulation of protein localization in presynapse
regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins
regulation of protein localization to presynapse
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse.
down regulation of protein localisation in presynapse
down regulation of protein localisation to presynapse
down regulation of protein localization in presynapse
down regulation of protein localization to presynapse
down regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins
down-regulation of protein localisation in presynapse
down-regulation of protein localisation to presynapse
down-regulation of protein localization in presynapse
down-regulation of protein localization to presynapse
down-regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins
downregulation of protein localisation in presynapse
downregulation of protein localisation to presynapse
downregulation of protein localization in presynapse
downregulation of protein localization to presynapse
downregulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins
negative regulation of protein localisation in presynapse
negative regulation of protein localisation to presynapse
negative regulation of protein localization in presynapse
negative regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins
inhibition of protein localisation in presynapse
inhibition of protein localisation to presynapse
inhibition of protein localization in presynapse
inhibition of protein localization to presynapse
inhibition of recruitment of presynaptic proteins
negative regulation of protein localization to presynapse
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse.
positive regulation of protein localisation in presynapse
positive regulation of protein localisation to presynapse
positive regulation of protein localization in presynapse
positive regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins
up regulation of protein localisation in presynapse
up regulation of protein localisation to presynapse
up regulation of protein localization in presynapse
up regulation of protein localization to presynapse
up regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins
up-regulation of protein localisation in presynapse
up-regulation of protein localisation to presynapse
up-regulation of protein localization in presynapse
up-regulation of protein localization to presynapse
up-regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins
upregulation of protein localisation in presynapse
upregulation of protein localisation to presynapse
upregulation of protein localization in presynapse
upregulation of protein localization to presynapse
upregulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins
activation of protein localisation in presynapse
activation of protein localisation to presynapse
activation of protein localization in presynapse
activation of protein localization to presynapse
activation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins
positive regulation of protein localization to presynapse
Any apoptotic process in an activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
Any apoptotic process in an activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process.
regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
down regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
down regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
down regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
down-regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
down-regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
downregulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
downregulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
downregulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
downregulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
negative regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
negative regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
down regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
down regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
down regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
down regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
down-regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
down-regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
down-regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
down-regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
downregulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
downregulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
downregulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
downregulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
inhibition of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
inhibition of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
inhibition of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
inhibition of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
inhibition of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
inhibition of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
inhibition of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
inhibition of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
negative regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
negative regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
negative regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
negative regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
negative regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
positive regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
positive regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
up regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
up regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
up regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
up regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
up-regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
up-regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
upregulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
upregulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
upregulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
upregulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
activation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
activation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
activation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
activation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
activation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
activation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
activation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
activation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
positive regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
positive regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
positive regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
positive regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
up regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
up regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
up regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
up regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
up-regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
up-regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
up-regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
up-regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
upregulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
upregulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
upregulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
upregulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
positive regulation of activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process.
regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
down regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
down regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
down regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
down-regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
down-regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
downregulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
downregulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
downregulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
downregulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
negative regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
negative regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
down regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
down regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
down regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
down regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
down-regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
down-regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
down-regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
down-regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
downregulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
downregulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
downregulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
downregulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
inhibition of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
inhibition of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
inhibition of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
inhibition of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
inhibition of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
inhibition of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
inhibition of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
inhibition of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
negative regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
negative regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
negative regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
negative regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
negative regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
positive regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
positive regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
up regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
up regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
up regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
up regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
up-regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
up-regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
upregulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
upregulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
upregulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
upregulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
activation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
activation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
activation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
activation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptotic process
activation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
activation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptotic process
activation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
activation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptotic process
positive regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
positive regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
positive regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
positive regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
up regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
up regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
up regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
up regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
up-regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
up-regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
up-regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
up-regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
upregulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis
upregulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte apoptosis
upregulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell apoptosis
upregulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte apoptosis
positive regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycine stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycine stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide.
regulation of neuropeptide-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic signaling
regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide.
down regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
down-regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
downregulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
inhibition of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
inhibition of neuropeptide-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic signaling
negative regulation of neuropeptide-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic signaling
negative regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide.
up regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
up-regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
upregulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
activation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
positive regulation of neuropeptide-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic signaling
positive regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation.
regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation.
down regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation
down-regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation
downregulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation
inhibition of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation
negative regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation.
up regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation
up-regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation
upregulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation
activation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation
positive regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation.
regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation.
down regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
down-regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
downregulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
inhibition of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
negative regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation.
up regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
up-regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
upregulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
activation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
positive regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis
regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis
regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of VSMC apoptotic process
down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of VSMC apoptotic process
down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
downregulation of VSMC apoptotic process
downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of VSMC apoptotic process
negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis
down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis
down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis
down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis
downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis
downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis
inhibition of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis
inhibition of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis
inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis
negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis
negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of VSMC apoptotic process
positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
activation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis
activation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
activation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis
activation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis
positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis
up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis
up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis
up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis
up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis
upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis
upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis
positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane.
regulation of protein localisation in membrane
regulation of protein localization in membrane
regulation of protein localization to membrane
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane.
down regulation of protein localisation in membrane
down regulation of protein localization in membrane
down regulation of protein localization to membrane
down-regulation of protein localisation in membrane
down-regulation of protein localization in membrane
down-regulation of protein localization to membrane
downregulation of protein localisation in membrane
downregulation of protein localization in membrane
downregulation of protein localization to membrane
negative regulation of protein localisation in membrane
negative regulation of protein localization in membrane
inhibition of protein localisation in membrane
inhibition of protein localization in membrane
inhibition of protein localization to membrane
negative regulation of protein localization to membrane
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane.
positive regulation of protein localisation in membrane
positive regulation of protein localization in membrane
up regulation of protein localisation in membrane
up regulation of protein localization in membrane
up regulation of protein localization to membrane
up-regulation of protein localisation in membrane
up-regulation of protein localization in membrane
up-regulation of protein localization to membrane
upregulation of protein localisation in membrane
upregulation of protein localization in membrane
upregulation of protein localization to membrane
activation of protein localisation in membrane
activation of protein localization in membrane
activation of protein localization to membrane
positive regulation of protein localization to membrane
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron migration.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron migration.
down regulation of motor neuron migration
down-regulation of motor neuron migration
downregulation of motor neuron migration
negative regulation of motor neuron migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron migration.
positive regulation of motor neuron migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve.
up regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve
up-regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve
upregulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve
activation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve
positive regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motile cilium assembly.
regulation of motile primary cilia assembly
regulation of motile primary cilia formation
regulation of motile primary cilium assembly
regulation of motile primary cilium formation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of motile cilium assembly.
inhibition of motile primary cilia assembly
inhibition of motile primary cilia formation
inhibition of motile primary cilium assembly
inhibition of motile primary cilium formation
down regulation of motile primary cilia assembly
down regulation of motile primary cilia formation
down regulation of motile primary cilium assembly
down regulation of motile primary cilium formation
down regulation of nodal cilium assembly
down regulation of nodal cilium formation
down-regulation of motile primary cilia assembly
down-regulation of motile primary cilia formation
down-regulation of motile primary cilium assembly
down-regulation of motile primary cilium formation
down-regulation of nodal cilium assembly
down-regulation of nodal cilium formation
downregulation of motile primary cilia assembly
downregulation of motile primary cilia formation
downregulation of motile primary cilium assembly
downregulation of motile primary cilium formation
downregulation of nodal cilium formation
negative regulation of motile primary cilia assembly
negative regulation of motile primary cilia formation
negative regulation of motile primary cilium assembly
negative regulation of motile primary cilium formation
negative regulation of nodal cilium assembly
negative regulation of nodal cilium formation
negative regulation of motile cilium assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of motile cilium assembly.
activation of motile primary cilia assembly
activation of motile primary cilia formation
activation of motile primary cilium assembly
activation of motile primary cilium formation
positive regulation of motile primary cilia assembly
positive regulation of motile primary cilia formation
positive regulation of motile primary cilium assembly
positive regulation of motile primary cilium formation
positive regulation of nodal cilium assembly
positive regulation of nodal cilium formation
up regulation of motile primary cilia assembly
up regulation of motile primary cilia formation
up regulation of motile primary cilium assembly
up regulation of motile primary cilium formation
up-regulation of motile primary cilia assembly
up-regulation of motile primary cilia formation
up-regulation of motile primary cilium assembly
up-regulation of motile primary cilium formation
upregulation of motile primary cilia assembly
upregulation of motile primary cilia formation
upregulation of motile primary cilium assembly
upregulation of motile primary cilium formation
positive regulation of motile cilium assembly
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a microtubule organizing center.
protein localisation in microtubule organizing center
protein localisation to microtubule organizing center
protein localization in microtubule organizing center
protein localization to microtubule organizing center
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-motile cilium.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fertilization.
The orderly movement of a macrophage from one site to another.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration.
negative regulation of macrophage migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration.
positive regulation of macrophage migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching.
regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching.
down regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
down regulation of patterning of blood vessels
down-regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
down-regulation of patterning of blood vessels
downregulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
downregulation of patterning of blood vessels
negative regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
inhibition of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
inhibition of patterning of blood vessels
negative regulation of blood vessel branching
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching.
positive regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
up regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
up regulation of patterning of blood vessels
up-regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
up-regulation of patterning of blood vessels
upregulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
upregulation of patterning of blood vessels
activation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
activation of patterning of blood vessels
positive regulation of blood vessel branching
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly.
regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly.
down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly.
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
activation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
activation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
activation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
activation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.
regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.
down regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
down-regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
downregulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
inhibition of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
negative regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.
up regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
up-regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
upregulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
activation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
Any apoptotic process in an outer hair cell.
cochlear outer hair cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of outer hair cell apoptotic process.
regulation of cochlear outer hair cell apoptotic process
regulation of cochlear outer hair cell apoptosis
regulation of outer hair cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of outer hair cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of cochlear outer hair cell apoptotic process
down regulation of outer hair cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of cochlear outer hair cell apoptotic process
down-regulation of outer hair cell apoptotic process
downregulation of cochlear outer hair cell apoptotic process
downregulation of outer hair cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of cochlear outer hair cell apoptotic process
down regulation of cochlear outer hair cell apoptosis
down regulation of outer hair cell apoptosis
down-regulation of cochlear outer hair cell apoptosis
down-regulation of outer hair cell apoptosis
downregulation of cochlear outer hair cell apoptosis
downregulation of outer hair cell apoptosis
inhibition of cochlear outer hair cell apoptosis
inhibition of cochlear outer hair cell apoptotic process
inhibition of outer hair cell apoptotic process
negative regulation of cochlear outer hair cell apoptosis
negative regulation of outer hair cell apoptosis
negative regulation of outer hair cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of outer hair cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of cochlear outer hair cell apoptotic process
up regulation of cochlear outer hair cell apoptotic process
up regulation of outer hair cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of cochlear outer hair cell apoptotic process
up-regulation of outer hair cell apoptotic process
upregulation of cochlear outer hair cell apoptotic process
upregulation of outer hair cell apoptotic process
activation of cochlear outer hair cell apoptosis
activation of cochlear outer hair cell apoptotic process
activation of outer hair cell apoptotic process
positive regulation of cochlear outer hair cell apoptosis
positive regulation of outer hair cell apoptosis
up regulation of cochlear outer hair cell apoptosis
up regulation of outer hair cell apoptosis
up-regulation of cochlear outer hair cell apoptosis
up-regulation of outer hair cell apoptosis
upregulation of cochlear outer hair cell apoptosis
upregulation of outer hair cell apoptosis
positive regulation of outer hair cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly.
regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly.
down regulation of presynapse biogenesis
down regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly
down-regulation of presynapse biogenesis
down-regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly
downregulation of presynaptic terminal assembly
negative regulation of presynapse biogenesis
negative regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly
inhibition of presynaptic terminal assembly
negative regulation of presynapse assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly.
positive regulation of presynapse biogenesis
positive regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly
up regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly
up-regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly
upregulation of presynaptic terminal assembly
activation of presynaptic terminal assembly
positive regulation of presynapse assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process.
regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process.
down regulation of serotonin biosynthesis
down regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
down-regulation of serotonin biosynthesis
down-regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
downregulation of serotonin biosynthesis
downregulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
negative regulation of serotonin anabolism
negative regulation of serotonin biosynthesis
negative regulation of serotonin formation
negative regulation of serotonin synthesis
inhibition of serotonin biosynthetic process
negative regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of serotonin anabolism
positive regulation of serotonin biosynthesis
positive regulation of serotonin formation
positive regulation of serotonin synthesis
up regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
up-regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
upregulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
activation of serotonin biosynthetic process
positive regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an euchromatin.
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in an euchromatin.
establishment of protein localisation in euchromatin
establishment of protein localisation to euchromatin
establishment of protein localization in euchromatin
establishment of protein localization to euchromatin
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin.
regulation of protein localisation to chromatin
regulation of protein localization to chromatin
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis.
down regulation of arterial morphogenesis
down-regulation of arterial morphogenesis
downregulation of arterial morphogenesis
negative regulation of arterial morphogenesis
negative regulation of artery morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis.
positive regulation of arterial morphogenesis
positive regulation of artery morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion import across plasma membrane.
An example of this is PPP3CA in human (Q08209) in 17640527 (inferred from direct assay).
regulation of calcium ion import across plasma membrane
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion import across plasma membrane.
up regulation of calcium ion import across plasma membrane
up-regulation of calcium ion import across plasma membrane
upregulation of calcium ion import across plasma membrane
activation of calcium ion import across plasma membrane
positive regulation of calcium ion import across plasma membrane
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lysosome organization.
regulation of lysosome organization and biogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lysosome organization.
down regulation of lysosome organisation
down regulation of lysosome organization
down-regulation of lysosome organisation
down-regulation of lysosome organization
negative regulation of lysosome organisation
down regulation of lysosome organization and biogenesis
down-regulation of lysosome organization and biogenesis
downregulation of lysosome organization and biogenesis
inhibition of lysosome organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of lysosome organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of lysosome organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lysosome organization.
positive regulation of lysosome organisation
activation of lysosome organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of lysosome organization and biogenesis
up regulation of lysosome organization and biogenesis
up-regulation of lysosome organization and biogenesis
upregulation of lysosome organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of lysosome organization
The disaggregation of a nucleus into its constituent components.
Any microtubule bundle that is part of a cytoplasm.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of saliva secretion.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytoplasmic microtubule.
protein localisation to cytoplasmic microtubule
protein localization to cytoplasmic microtubule
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation.
regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation
regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation.
down regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation
down regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation
down-regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation
down-regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation
downregulation of mesoderm cell differentiation
downregulation of mesodermal cell differentiation
negative regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation
inhibition of mesoderm cell differentiation
inhibition of mesodermal cell differentiation
negative regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation.
positive regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation
up regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation
up regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation
up-regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation
up-regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation
upregulation of mesoderm cell differentiation
upregulation of mesodermal cell differentiation
activation of mesoderm cell differentiation
activation of mesodermal cell differentiation
positive regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch.
regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus
regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus
regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
regulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch.
down regulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch
down regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus
down regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
down regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus
down regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
down regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
down regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
down-regulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch
down-regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus
down-regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
down-regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus
down-regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
down-regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
down-regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
downregulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch
downregulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus
downregulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
downregulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus
downregulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
downregulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
downregulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
negative regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus
negative regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
negative regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus
negative regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
negative regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
negative regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
inhibition of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch
inhibition of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus
inhibition of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
inhibition of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus
inhibition of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
inhibition of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
inhibition of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
negative regulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch.
positive regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus
positive regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
positive regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus
positive regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
positive regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
positive regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
up regulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch
up regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus
up regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
up regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus
up regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
up regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
up regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
up-regulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch
up-regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus
up-regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
up-regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus
up-regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
up-regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
up-regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
upregulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch
upregulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus
upregulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
upregulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus
upregulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
upregulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
upregulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
activation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch
activation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus
activation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
activation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus
activation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
activation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch
activation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus
positive regulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch
The disaggregation of an excitatory synapse into its constituent components.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse organization.
negative regulation of synapse development
negative regulation of synapse organisation
down regulation of synapse morphogenesis
down regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis
down-regulation of synapse morphogenesis
down-regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis
downregulation of synapse organization and biogenesis
inhibition of synapse organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of synapse morphogenesis
negative regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of synapse organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of excitatory synapse pruning.
regulation of excitatory synapse pruning
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of excitatory synapse pruning.
down regulation of excitatory synapse disassembly
down-regulation of excitatory synapse disassembly
downregulation of excitatory synapse disassembly
inhibition of excitatory synapse disassembly
negative regulation of excitatory synapse pruning
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation.
positive regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
positive regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
up regulation of chromosome condensation
up regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
up regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
up-regulation of chromosome condensation
up-regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
up-regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
upregulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
upregulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
activation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
activation of nuclear chromosome condensation
positive regulation of chromosome condensation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule nucleation.
down regulation of microtubule nucleation
down-regulation of microtubule nucleation
downregulation of microtubule nucleation
negative regulation of microtubule nucleation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epididymis over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge.
regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge
regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge
regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge
regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge.
down regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge
down regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge
down regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge
down regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge
down-regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge
down-regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge
down-regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge
down-regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge
downregulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge
downregulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge
downregulation of protein localization in cell leading edge
downregulation of protein localization to cell leading edge
negative regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge
negative regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge
negative regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge
inhibition of protein localisation in cell leading edge
inhibition of protein localisation to cell leading edge
inhibition of protein localization in cell leading edge
inhibition of protein localization to cell leading edge
negative regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge.
positive regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge
positive regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge
positive regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge
up regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge
up regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge
up regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge
up regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge
up-regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge
up-regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge
up-regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge
up-regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge
upregulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge
upregulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge
upregulation of protein localization in cell leading edge
upregulation of protein localization to cell leading edge
activation of protein localisation in cell leading edge
activation of protein localisation to cell leading edge
activation of protein localization in cell leading edge
activation of protein localization to cell leading edge
positive regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development.
regulation of smooth muscle tissue development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development.
down regulation of smooth muscle tissue development
down-regulation of smooth muscle tissue development
downregulation of smooth muscle tissue development
inhibition of smooth muscle tissue development
negative regulation of smooth muscle tissue development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development.
up regulation of smooth muscle tissue development
up-regulation of smooth muscle tissue development
upregulation of smooth muscle tissue development
activation of smooth muscle tissue development
positive regulation of smooth muscle tissue development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation.
negative regulation of mesoderm formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation.
positive regulation of mesoderm formation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion export across the plasma membrane.
regulation of calcium ion efflux from cell
regulation of calcium ion export from cell
regulation of calcium ion export across plasma membrane
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion export across the plasma membrane.
down regulation of calcium ion efflux from cell
down regulation of calcium ion export from cell
down-regulation of calcium ion efflux from cell
down-regulation of calcium ion export from cell
downregulation of calcium ion efflux from cell
downregulation of calcium ion export from cell
negative regulation of calcium ion efflux from cell
negative regulation of calcium ion export from cell
inhibition of calcium ion efflux from cell
inhibition of calcium ion export from cell
negative regulation of calcium ion export across plasma membrane
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion export across the plasma membrane.
positive regulation of calcium ion efflux from cell
positive regulation of calcium ion export from cell
up regulation of calcium ion efflux from cell
up regulation of calcium ion export from cell
up-regulation of calcium ion efflux from cell
up-regulation of calcium ion export from cell
upregulation of calcium ion efflux from cell
upregulation of calcium ion export from cell
activation of calcium ion efflux from cell
activation of calcium ion export from cell
positive regulation of calcium ion export across plasma membrane
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of acetylcholine biosynthetic process.
regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis
regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of acetylcholine biosynthetic process.
down regulation of acetylcholine anabolism
down regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis
down regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process
down regulation of acetylcholine formation
down regulation of acetylcholine synthesis
down-regulation of acetylcholine anabolism
down-regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis
down-regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process
down-regulation of acetylcholine formation
down-regulation of acetylcholine synthesis
downregulation of acetylcholine anabolism
downregulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis
downregulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process
downregulation of acetylcholine formation
downregulation of acetylcholine synthesis
negative regulation of acetylcholine anabolism
negative regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis
negative regulation of acetylcholine formation
negative regulation of acetylcholine synthesis
inhibition of acetylcholine biosynthesis
inhibition of acetylcholine biosynthetic process
negative regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of acetylcholine biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of acetylcholine anabolism
positive regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis
positive regulation of acetylcholine formation
positive regulation of acetylcholine synthesis
up regulation of acetylcholine anabolism
up regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis
up regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process
up regulation of acetylcholine formation
up regulation of acetylcholine synthesis
up-regulation of acetylcholine anabolism
up-regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis
up-regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process
up-regulation of acetylcholine formation
up-regulation of acetylcholine synthesis
upregulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis
upregulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process
activation of acetylcholine biosynthesis
activation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process
positive regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation.
down regulation of germ cell proliferation
down-regulation of germ cell proliferation
downregulation of germ cell proliferation
negative regulation of germ cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation.
up regulation of germ cell proliferation
up-regulation of germ cell proliferation
positive regulation of germ cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.
negative regulation of gonad development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.
positive regulation of gonad development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to calcium ion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to calcium ion.
down regulation of response to calcium ion
down-regulation of response to calcium ion
downregulation of response to calcium ion
negative regulation of response to Ca2+ ion
negative regulation of response to calcium ion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to calcium ion.
positive regulation of response to Ca2+ ion
up regulation of response to calcium ion
up-regulation of response to calcium ion
positive regulation of response to calcium ion
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion import across plasma membrane.
down regulation of calcium ion import across plasma membrane
down-regulation of calcium ion import across plasma membrane
downregulation of calcium ion import across plasma membrane
inhibition of calcium ion import across plasma membrane
An example of this is PPP3CA in human (Q08209) in PMID:17640527 (inferred from direct assay).
negative regulation of calcium ion import across plasma membrane
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization.
negative regulation of lipid localisation
negative regulation of lipid localization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization.
positive regulation of lipid localisation
positive regulation of lipid localization
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis.
down regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis
down-regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis
downregulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis
inhibition of endothelial tube morphogenesis
negative regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis.
up regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis
up-regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis
upregulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis
activation of endothelial tube morphogenesis
positive regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to alcohol.
regulation of cellular response to alcohol
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to alcohol.
down regulation of cellular response to alcohol
down-regulation of cellular response to alcohol
downregulation of cellular response to alcohol
inhibition of cellular response to alcohol
negative regulation of cellular response to alcohol
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to alcohol.
up regulation of cellular response to alcohol
up-regulation of cellular response to alcohol
upregulation of cellular response to alcohol
activation of cellular response to alcohol
positive regulation of cellular response to alcohol
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glutamatergic neuron.
Any apoptotic process in a retinal cell.
induction of retinal programmed cell death
Any apoptotic process in a compound eye retinal cell.
compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process
The directed movement of calcium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.
calcium ion export across plasma membrane
The directed movement of substances in neuronal dense core vesicles along axonal microtubules towards the presynapse.
anterograde dense core granule trafficking
anterograde dense core granule transport
anterograde neuronal dense core vesicle transport
The directed movement of neuronal dense core vesicles along axonal microtubules towards the cell body.
retrograde dense core granule trafficking
retrograde neuronal dense core vesicle transport
Any apoptotic process in a lens fiber cell. Lens fiber cells are elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in a camera-type eye.
The process whereby a membrane-bounded vesicle is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane.
extracellular vesicular exosome secretion
multi-vesicular body fusion with plasma membrane
Binding to euchromatin, a dispersed and relatively uncompacted form of chromatin.
A protein complex capable of catalyzing the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor).
Binding to a keratin filament, an intermediate filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells.
The movement of a neutrophil within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
A process in which RNA is transported to and maintained in a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.
A protein complex facilitating transport of molecules (proteins, small molecules, nucleic acids) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
An example of this is GTR1 in human (UniProt symbol P11166) in PMID:15449578 (inferred from direct assay).
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the baculum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The directed movement of lipid molecules passing through the blood-brain barrier.
lipid transport across blood brain barrier
lipid transport across blood-brain barrier
Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of iron ion. These include transport of iron away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of iron ion.
Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
regulation of cytoplasmic translation in response to stress
Steps required to transform a dense core granule generated at the trans-Golgi network into a fully formed and transmissible dense core granule. Dense core granule maturation proceeds through clathrin-mediated membrane remodeling events and is essential for efficient processing of cargo within dense core granules as well as for removing factors that might otherwise interfere with dense core granule trafficking and exocytosis.
The directed movement of potassium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
potassium ion import across plasma membrane
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational termination.
regulation of cytoplasmic translational termination
Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation in response to stress
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of cytoplasmic translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
negative regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation in response to stress
The multiplication or reproduction of sebocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A sebocyte is an epithelial cell that makes up the sebaceous glands, and secrete sebum.
The multiplication or reproduction of cholangiocytes, resulting in the expansion of the cholangiocyte population. A cholangiocyte is an epithelial cell that is part of the bile duct. Cholangiocytes contribute to bile secretion via net release of bicarbonate and water.
Part of the 9+2 axoneme, that occurs in most motile cilia, consisting of the pair of two single central microtubules and their associated structures which include the central pair projections, the central pair bridges linking the two tubules, and the central pair caps which are attached to the distal or plus ends of the microtubules.
One of two microtubules present in the axonemal central pair. It is distinguishable from the C2 axonemal microtubule (also called C2 tubule) by the presence of differing protein components of the projections.
One of two microtubules present in the axonemal central pair. It is distinguishable from the C1 axonemal microtubule (also called C1 tubule) by the presence of differing protein components of the projections.
The multiplication or reproduction of granulosa cells, resulting in the expansion of the granulosa cells population. A granulosa cell is a supporting cell for the developing female gamete in the ovary of mammals. They develop from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge.
Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.
The directed movement of a Schwann cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry of the large intestine, exclusive of the rectum. The colon is that part of the large intestine that connects the small intestine to the rectum.
The flow of blood through the gastric mucosa of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients and the removal of waste products.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry in the intestine between the stomach and the large intestine.
small intestine smooth muscle contraction
A spherical particle containing non-covalently associated proteins and lipids. Examples are plasma lipoprotein particles which transport lipids in the blood or lymph.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell periphery.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dorsal root ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a ligand-gated ion channel on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a ligand-gated ion channel and ends with a molecular function that directly regulates a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
ligand-gated ion channel signalling pathway
ligand-gated ion channel signaling pathway
The directed movement of basic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other.
basic amino acid transmembrane transport
The regulated production of heat in response to short term environmental changes, such as stress, diet or reduced temperature.
Any process in which the vacuole is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
The multiplication or reproduction of acinar cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. An acinar cell is a secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape-shaped clusters known as acini (singular acinus).
The multiplication or reproduction of vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels.
vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation
A macromolecular complex that contains both RNA and protein molecules.
The multiplication or reproduction of hepatic stellate cells, resulting in the expansion of a hepatic stellate cell population. Hepatic stellate cells are found in the perisinusoidal space of the liver, and are capable of multiple roles including storage of retinol, presentation of antigen to T cells (including CD1d-restricted NKT cells), and upon activation, production of extracellular matrix components. This cell type comprises approximately 8-15% of total cells in the liver.
hepatic perisinusoidal cell proliferation
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of eosinophils such that the total number of eosinophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of basophils such that the total number of basophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric S-shaped body morphogenesis.
regulation of metanephric S-shaped body morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric S-shaped body morphogenesis.
negative regulation of metanephric S-shaped body morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis.
regulation of metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis.
negative regulation of metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development.
negative regulation of testicular development
negative regulation of testis development
negative regulation of male gonad development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development.
positive regulation of testicular development
positive regulation of testis development
positive regulation of male gonad development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multicellular organismal development.
regulation of multicellular organismal development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis.
regulation of histogenesis and organogenesis
regulation of animal organ morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.
regulation of maintenance of pluripotency
regulation of stem cell population maintenance
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation.
negative regulation of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation.
positive regulation of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to insect.
regulation of physiological defense response to insect
regulation of defense response to insect
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to water deprivation.
regulation of response to water deprivation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development.
regulation of pancreatic B cell development
regulation of pancreatic beta cell development
regulation of type B pancreatic cell development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development.
negative regulation of pancreatic B cell development
negative regulation of pancreatic beta cell development
negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development.
positive regulation of pancreatic B cell development
positive regulation of pancreatic beta cell development
positive regulation of type B pancreatic cell development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis.
regulation of mesonephric mesenchyme to epithelial transition
regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis.
negative regulation of mesonephric mesenchyme to epithelial transition
negative regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis.
positive regulation of mesonephric mesenchyme to epithelial transition
positive regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesonephric glomerulus development.
regulation of mesonephric glomerulus development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesonephric glomerulus development.
negative regulation of mesonephric glomerulus development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesonephric glomerulus development.
positive regulation of mesonephric glomerulus development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.
regulation of mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.
negative regulation of mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.
regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.
negative regulation of leukocyte apoptosis
negative regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.
positive regulation of leukocyte apoptosis
positive regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage apoptotic process.
regulation of activation-induced cell death
regulation of macrophage apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage apoptotic process.
negative regulation of macrophage apoptosis
negative regulation of activation-induced cell death
negative regulation of macrophage apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage apoptotic process.
positive regulation of macrophage apoptosis
positive regulation of activation-induced cell death
positive regulation of macrophage apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of cell polarity.
regulation of bud site selection/establishment of cell polarity
regulation of establishment of cell polarity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.
negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.
positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.
negative regulation of movement of a cell
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.
positive regulation of movement of a cell
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility.
positive regulation of ciliary cell motility
positive regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.
negative regulation of dendrite development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve.
regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve.
negative regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pro-T cell differentiation.
regulation of pro-T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of pro-T cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pro-T cell differentiation.
negative regulation of pro-T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of pro-T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pro-T cell differentiation.
positive regulation of pro-T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of pro-T cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.
regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.
negative regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.
positive regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel morphogenesis.
negative regulation of blood vessel morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of progesterone biosynthetic process.
regulation of progesterone biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of progesterone biosynthetic process.
negative regulation of progesterone anabolism
negative regulation of progesterone biosynthesis
negative regulation of progesterone formation
negative regulation of progesterone synthesis
negative regulation of progesterone biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progesterone biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of progesterone anabolism
positive regulation of progesterone biosynthesis
positive regulation of progesterone formation
positive regulation of progesterone synthesis
positive regulation of progesterone biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport.
regulation of phosphate membrane transport
regulation of phosphate transmembrane transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport.
negative regulation of phosphate membrane transport
negative regulation of phosphate transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport.
positive regulation of phosphate membrane transport
positive regulation of phosphate transmembrane transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid transport.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid transport.
negative regulation of fatty acid transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid transport.
positive regulation of fatty acid transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development.
negative regulation of ovarian development
negative regulation of ovary development
negative regulation of female gonad development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development.
positive regulation of ovarian development
positive regulation of ovary development
positive regulation of female gonad development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate metabolic process.
regulation of glutamic acid metabolic process
regulation of glutamate metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate metabolic process.
negative regulation of glutamate metabolism
negative regulation of glutamic acid metabolic process
negative regulation of glutamic acid metabolism
negative regulation of glutamate metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate metabolic process.
positive regulation of glutamate metabolism
positive regulation of glutamic acid metabolic process
positive regulation of glutamic acid metabolism
positive regulation of glutamate metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone biosynthetic process.
regulation of testosterone biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone biosynthetic process.
negative regulation of testosterone biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation.
regulation of pancreatic alpha cell differentiation
regulation of pancreatic A cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation.
negative regulation of pancreatic alpha cell differentiation
negative regulation of pancreatic A cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation.
positive regulation of pancreatic alpha cell differentiation
positive regulation of pancreatic A cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic stellate cell proliferation.
regulation of pancreatic stellate cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic stellate cell proliferation.
negative regulation of pancreatic stellate cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic stellate cell proliferation.
positive regulation of pancreatic stellate cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.
negative regulation of reproductive process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.
positive regulation of reproductive process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity.
negative regulation of establishment and/or maintenance of neuroblast cell polarity
negative regulation of establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation.
regulation of male germ cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation.
negative regulation of male germ cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation.
positive regulation of male germ cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.
negative regulation of fibroblast apoptosis
negative regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.
positive regulation of fibroblast apoptosis
positive regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling receptor activity.
negative regulation of receptor activity
negative regulation of signalling receptor activity
negative regulation of signaling receptor activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling receptor activity.
positive regulation of signalling receptor activity
positive regulation of signaling receptor activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.
negative regulation of DNA biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process.
regulation of cellular amino acid anabolism
regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthesis
regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process
regulation of cellular amino acid formation
regulation of cellular amino acid synthesis
regulation of amino acid biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an amino acid biosynthetic process.
negative regulation of amino acid anabolism
negative regulation of amino acid biosynthesis
negative regulation of amino acid formation
negative regulation of amino acid synthesis
negative regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of amino acid biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of amino acid anabolism
positive regulation of amino acid biosynthesis
positive regulation of amino acid formation
positive regulation of amino acid synthesis
positive regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of amino acid biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotome development.
positive regulation of myotome development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.
positive regulation of myoblast proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotome development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defecation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defecation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defecation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.
regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.
negative regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.
positive regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kainate selective glutamate receptor activity.
regulation of kainate selective glutamate receptor activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 type immune response.
regulation of T-helper 17 type immune response
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 type immune response.
negative regulation of Th17 immune response
negative regulation of T-helper 17 type immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 type immune response.
positive regulation of Th17 immune response
positive regulation of T-helper 17 type immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.
regulation of T-helper 17 cell development
regulation of T-helper 17 cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.
negative regulation of T-helper 17 cell development
negative regulation of T-helper 17 cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.
positive regulation of T-helper 17 cell development
positive regulation of T-helper 17 cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of terminal button organization.
regulation of presynaptic bouton organization
regulation of synaptic bouton organization
regulation of terminal bouton organization
regulation of terminal button organisation
regulation of terminal button organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.
regulation of apoptosis of endothelial cells
regulation of endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
regulation of killing of endothelial cells
regulation of programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis
regulation of programmed cell death, endothelial cells
regulation of endothelial cell apoptosis
regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of apoptosis of endothelial cells
negative regulation of endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
negative regulation of killing of endothelial cells
negative regulation of programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis
negative regulation of programmed cell death, endothelial cells
negative regulation of endothelial cell apoptosis
negative regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of apoptosis of endothelial cells
positive regulation of endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
positive regulation of killing of endothelial cells
positive regulation of programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis
positive regulation of programmed cell death, endothelial cells
positive regulation of endothelial cell apoptosis
positive regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ovarian follicle development.
regulation of ovarian follicle development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ovarian follicle development.
negative regulation of ovarian follicle development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process.
regulation of diatomic oxygen metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process.
negative regulation of diatomic oxygen metabolic process
negative regulation of oxygen metabolism
negative regulation of oxygen metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process.
positive regulation of diatomic oxygen metabolic process
positive regulation of oxygen metabolism
positive regulation of oxygen metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.
regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolism
regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.
negative regulation of ROS metabolic process
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolism
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.
positive regulation of ROS metabolic process
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolism
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.
negative regulation of mesoderm development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.
positive regulation of mesoderm development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development.
negative regulation of ectoderm development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development.
positive regulation of ectoderm development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ovarian follicle development.
positive regulation of ovarian follicle development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of antral ovarian follicle growth.
regulation of antral ovarian follicle growth
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antral ovarian follicle growth.
positive regulation of antral ovarian follicle growth
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.
negative regulation of lymphocyte migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.
positive regulation of lymphocyte migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.
negative regulation of T lymphocyte migration
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte migration
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte migration.
regulation of thymic lymphocyte migration
regulation of immature T lymphocyte migration
regulation of immature T-lymphocyte migration
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte migration.
negative regulation of thymic lymphocyte migration
negative regulation of immature T cell migration
negative regulation of immature T lymphocyte migration
negative regulation of immature T-cell migration
negative regulation of immature T-lymphocyte migration
negative regulation of thymocyte migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte migration.
positive regulation of thymic lymphocyte migration
positive regulation of immature T cell migration
positive regulation of immature T lymphocyte migration
positive regulation of immature T-cell migration
positive regulation of immature T-lymphocyte migration
positive regulation of thymocyte migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil migration.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil migration.
negative regulation of eosinophil migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil migration.
positive regulation of eosinophil migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil chemotaxis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil chemotaxis.
negative regulation of eosinophil chemotaxis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil chemotaxis.
positive regulation of eosinophil chemotaxis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic cell clearance.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic cell clearance.
negative regulation of apoptotic cell removal
negative regulation of programmed cell clearance
negative regulation of apoptotic cell clearance
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic cell clearance.
positive regulation of apoptotic cell removal
positive regulation of programmed cell clearance
positive regulation of apoptotic cell clearance
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte chemotaxis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte chemotaxis.
negative regulation of astrocyte chemotaxis
Any process that enhances the establishment or increases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.
positive regulation of excitatory post-synaptic membrane potential
positive regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte chemotaxis.
positive regulation of astrocyte chemotaxis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration.
regulation of hemopoietic stem cell migration
regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration.
negative regulation of hemopoietic stem cell migration
negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration.
positive regulation of hemopoietic stem cell migration
positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell development.
regulation of metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell development
regulation of metanephric podocyte development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell development.
positive regulation of metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell development
positive regulation of metanephric podocyte development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell activation.
regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell activation.
negative regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell activation.
positive regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis.
negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis.
positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell chemotaxis.
regulation of natural killer cell chemotaxis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell chemotaxis.
negative regulation of natural killer cell chemotaxis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell chemotaxis.
positive regulation of natural killer cell chemotaxis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel remodeling.
positive regulation of blood vessel remodelling
positive regulation of blood vessel remodeling
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell chemotaxis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell chemotaxis.
negative regulation of dendritic cell chemotaxis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell chemotaxis.
positive regulation of dendritic cell chemotaxis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.
regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.
negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.
positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell activation.
regulation of T-helper 1 cell activation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell activation.
negative regulation of Th1 cell activation
negative regulation of T-helper 1 cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell activation.
positive regulation of Th1 cell activation
positive regulation of T-helper 1 cell activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell costimulation.
regulation of T lymphocyte costimulation
regulation of T-lymphocyte costimulation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell costimulation.
negative regulation of T cell co-stimulation
negative regulation of T lymphocyte costimulation
negative regulation of T-cell co-stimulation
negative regulation of T-cell costimulation
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte costimulation
negative regulation of T cell costimulation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell costimulation.
positive regulation of T cell co-stimulation
positive regulation of T lymphocyte costimulation
positive regulation of T-cell co-stimulation
positive regulation of T-cell costimulation
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte costimulation
positive regulation of T cell costimulation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis.
regulation of myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis.
negative regulation of myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis.
positive regulation of myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell chemotaxis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell chemotaxis.
positive regulation of B cell chemotaxis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell dendrite assembly.
regulation of dendritic cell dendrite assembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell dendrite assembly.
negative regulation of dendritic extension
negative regulation of dendritic cell dendrite assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell dendrite assembly.
positive regulation of dendritic extension
positive regulation of dendritic cell dendrite assembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell chemotaxis.
negative regulation of B cell chemotaxis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production.
regulation of Th2 cell cytokine production
regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production.
negative regulation of Th2 cell cytokine production
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production.
positive regulation of Th2 cell cytokine production
positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell cytokine production.
regulation of Th1 cell cytokine production
regulation of T-helper 1 cell cytokine production
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell cytokine production.
negative regulation of Th1 cell cytokine production
negative regulation of T-helper 1 cell cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell cytokine production.
positive regulation of Th1 cell cytokine production
positive regulation of T-helper 1 cell cytokine production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.
regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.
negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.
positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.
regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.
negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.
positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of memory T cell activation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of memory T cell activation.
positive regulation of memory T cell activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell activation.
regulation of T-helper 2 cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell activation.
positive regulation of Th2 cell activation
positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of DNA biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of optic nerve formation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of optic nerve formation.
negative regulation of CN II biosynthesis
negative regulation of optic nerve formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of optic nerve formation.
positive regulation of CN II biosynthesis
positive regulation of optic nerve formation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development.
negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development.
positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone generation.
regulation of thyroid hormone generation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone generation.
negative regulation of thyroid hormone generation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone generation.
positive regulation of thyroid hormone generation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion.
regulation of thyroid stimulating hormone secretion
regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion.
negative regulation of thyroid stimulating hormone secretion
negative regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion.
positive regulation of thyroid stimulating hormone secretion
positive regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation.
negative regulation of stem cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation.
positive regulation of stem cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
regulation of sodium transporter activity
regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
negative regulation of sodium transporter activity
negative regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
positive regulation of sodium transporter activity
positive regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to testosterone stimulus.
regulation of cellular response to testosterone stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to testosterone stimulus.
negative regulation of cellular response to testosterone stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.
regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of dendritic cell apoptosis
negative regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of dendritic cell apoptosis
positive regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process.
regulation of motor neuron apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process.
negative regulation of motoneuron apoptosis
negative regulation of motor neuron apoptosis
negative regulation of motor neuron apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process.
positive regulation of motoneuron apoptosis
positive regulation of motor neuron apoptosis
positive regulation of motor neuron apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.
regulation of pancreatic B cell apoptosis
regulation of pancreatic beta cell apoptosis
regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptosis
regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of pancreatic B cell apoptosis
negative regulation of pancreatic beta cell apoptosis
negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptosis
negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of pancreatic B cell apoptosis
positive regulation of pancreatic beta cell apoptosis
positive regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptosis
positive regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.
regulation of myocardial precursor cell differentiation
regulation of cardiac myoblast differentiation
regulation of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.
negative regulation of myocardial precursor cell differentiation
negative regulation of cardiac myoblast differentiation
negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development.
regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development.
negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development.
positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.
positive regulation of myocardial precursor cell differentiation
positive regulation of cardiac myoblast differentiation
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation
regulation of heart muscle cell differentiation
regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.
negative regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation
negative regulation of heart muscle cell differentiation
negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.
positive regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation
positive regulation of heart muscle cell differentiation
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development.
positive regulation of ureter mesenchymal cell proliferation
positive regulation of ureteral mesenchymal cell proliferation
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.
negative regulation of stem cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.
positive regulation of stem cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.
regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.
negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.
positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.
negative regulation of cytoplasmic translation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.
positive regulation of cytoplasmic translation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.
positive regulation of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development.
regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development.
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development.
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development
Any cell proliferation that is involved in heart valve development.
cell proliferation of cardiac valve development
cell proliferation of heart valve development
cell proliferation involved in heart valve development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis.
regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis.
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amniotic stem cell differentiation.
regulation of amniotic stem cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amniotic stem cell differentiation.
negative regulation of amniotic stem cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amniotic stem cell differentiation.
positive regulation of amniotic stem cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction assembly.
regulation of bicellular tight junction assembly
RUNX1 regulates expression of components of tight junctions
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.
negative regulation of myoblast proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart morphogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of parathyroid hormone secretion.
regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of parathyroid hormone secretion.
negative regulation of parathormone secretion
negative regulation of parathyrin secretion
negative regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of parathyroid hormone secretion.
positive regulation of parathormone secretion
positive regulation of parathyrin secretion
positive regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion.
negative regulation of steroid hormone secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion.
positive regulation of steroid hormone secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion.
negative regulation of androgen secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion.
positive regulation of androgen secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone secretion.
negative regulation of testosterone secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone secretion.
positive regulation of testosterone secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of corticosteroid hormone secretion.
regulation of corticosteroid hormone secretion
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of corticosteroid hormone secretion.
negative regulation of corticosteroid secretion
negative regulation of corticosteroid hormone secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of corticosteroid hormone secretion.
positive regulation of corticosteroid secretion
positive regulation of corticosteroid hormone secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid secretion.
negative regulation of glucocorticoid secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid secretion.
positive regulation of glucocorticoid secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mineralocorticoid secretion.
regulation of mineralocorticoid secretion
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mineralocorticoid secretion.
negative regulation of mineralocorticoid secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mineralocorticoid secretion.
positive regulation of mineralocorticoid secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aldosterone secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aldosterone secretion.
negative regulation of aldosterone secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aldosterone secretion.
positive regulation of aldosterone secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of estradiol secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of estradiol secretion.
negative regulation of oestradiol secretion
negative regulation of estradiol secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of estradiol secretion.
positive regulation of oestradiol secretion
positive regulation of estradiol secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of progesterone secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of progesterone secretion.
negative regulation of progesterone secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progesterone secretion.
positive regulation of progesterone secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pro-B cell differentiation.
regulation of pro-B lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of pro-B cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pro-B cell differentiation.
negative regulation of pro-B lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of pro-B cell development
negative regulation of pro-B cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pro-B cell differentiation.
positive regulation of pro-B lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of pro-B cell development
positive regulation of pro-B cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of forebrain neuron differentiation.
regulation of forebrain neuron differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of forebrain neuron differentiation.
negative regulation of forebrain neuron differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of forebrain neuron differentiation.
positive regulation of forebrain neuron differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inner ear receptor cell differentiation.
regulation of inner ear hair cell differentiation
regulation of inner ear receptor cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inner ear receptor cell differentiation.
negative regulation of inner ear hair cell differentiation
negative regulation of inner ear receptor cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inner ear receptor cell differentiation.
positive regulation of inner ear hair cell differentiation
positive regulation of inner ear receptor cell differentiation
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the renal system as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in urinary system development
mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in urinary tract development
mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in renal system development
Any epithelial cell proliferation that is involved in renal tubule morphogenesis.
epithelial cell proliferation involved in renal tubule morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.
negative regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.
positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde axon cargo transport.
regulation of retrograde axonal transport
regulation of retrograde axon cargo transport
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde axon cargo transport.
negative regulation of retrograde axonal transport
negative regulation of retrograde axon cargo transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde axon cargo transport.
positive regulation of retrograde axonal transport
positive regulation of retrograde axon cargo transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.
regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.
negative regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.
positive regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tongue muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of tongue muscle cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tongue muscle cell differentiation.
negative regulation of tongue muscle cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tongue muscle cell differentiation.
positive regulation of tongue muscle cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tendon cell differentiation.
regulation of muscle attachment cell differentiation
regulation of tendon cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tendon cell differentiation.
negative regulation of muscle attachment cell differentiation
negative regulation of tenocyte differentiation
negative regulation of tendon cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tendon cell differentiation.
positive regulation of muscle attachment cell differentiation
positive regulation of tenocyte differentiation
positive regulation of tendon cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process.
regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis
regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive nitrogen species.
reactive nitrogen species metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of renal water transport.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of renal water transport.
negative regulation of renal water transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of renal water transport.
positive regulation of renal water transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.
negative regulation of ATP biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of ATP biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.
regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.
negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.
positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response.
regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation during immune response
regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte activation during immune response
regulation of gamma-delta T-cell activation during immune response
regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte activation during immune response
regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response.
negative regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation during immune response
negative regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte activation during immune response
negative regulation of gamma-delta T-cell activation during immune response
negative regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte activation during immune response
negative regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response.
positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation during immune response
positive regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte activation during immune response
positive regulation of gamma-delta T-cell activation during immune response
positive regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte activation during immune response
positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.
regulation of dendritic cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.
negative regulation of dendritic cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.
positive regulation of dendritic cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast development.
regulation of osteoclast cell development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast development.
negative regulation of osteoclast cell development
negative regulation of osteoclast development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast development.
positive regulation of osteoclast cell development
positive regulation of osteoclast development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.
negative regulation of vascular morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.
positive regulation of vascular morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.
negative regulation of neuron chemotaxis
negative regulation of neuronal migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.
positive regulation of neuron chemotaxis
positive regulation of neuronal migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.
regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway
regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.
negative regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway
negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.
positive regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signalling pathway
regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signalling pathway
negative regulation of extrinsic apoptosis
negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signalling pathway
positive regulation of extrinsic apoptosis
positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.
negative regulation of chromosome organisation
negative regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of maintenance of genome integrity
negative regulation of nuclear genome maintenance
negative regulation of chromosome organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.
positive regulation of chromosome organisation
positive regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of maintenance of genome integrity
positive regulation of nuclear genome maintenance
positive regulation of chromosome organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.
regulation of cation diffusion facilitator activity
regulation of nonselective cation channel activity
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.
negative regulation of cation diffusion facilitator activity
negative regulation of nonselective cation channel activity
negative regulation of cation channel activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.
positive regulation of cation diffusion facilitator activity
positive regulation of nonselective cation channel activity
positive regulation of cation channel activity
data item
information content entity
The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting)
curation status specification
Data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term
data about an ontology part
The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology.
obsolescence reason specification
A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective.
denotator type
A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities
A single physical entity inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's quantities or relative ratios of subparts.
For example calcium composition (which may inhere in bone), haemoglobin composition (which may inhere in blood).
A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's expected maximum age.
A quality of a single physical entity inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's size or shape or structure.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ratios of distances between its features (points, edges, surfaces and also holes etc).
Shapes are invariant on size transformations. Shapes can be subdivided into 2D and 3D shapes, We can also make a distinction between shapes of complete self-connected objects, and shapes of parts of objects.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence.
A quality of an entity that is descriptive or observational, typically not represented numerically.
TODO: define this or obsolete it and move children somewhere else.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the whether the bearer differs from normal or average.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude.
A morphological quality pertaining to the degree to which an object contains an opening, aperture, orifice or vent.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative position, shape, arrangements and connectivity of an organism's various parts; the pattern underlying its form.
A morphologic quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative size, organization and distribution of its surface elements or the representation or invention of the appearance of its surface; visual and tactile surface characteristics.
A quality in which events occur in sequence.
A quality of a single physical entity which is held by a bearer when the latter exhibits a state of growth, differentiation, or development.
A branchiness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having branches.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curled or wound (especially in concentric rings or spirals).
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having parallel chains in undulate fashion on the border.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a horizontal surface without a slope, tilt, or curvature.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being such that every part of the surface or the circumference is equidistant from the center.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an equal-sided rectangular form.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's deviation from normal or average.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting no deviation from normal or average.
A size quality which is relatively high.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being a remnant structure from earlier development or evolution.
May be part of an animal (such as an organ or bone) that is no longer used by the species and has therefore become smaller or less developed.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording blocked passage or view.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording unobstructed passage or view.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by breaks or interruptions.
A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being oval with two axes of symmetry, as produced by a conical section.
An optical quality which obtains by virtue of the ability of the bearer to absorb visible light.
A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not being clear; not transmitting or reflecting light or radiant energy.
A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking opacity.
A physical quality of a fluid inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to internal resistance to flow.
A viscosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having viscosity.
A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way.
An elasticity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way.
A maturity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis.
A maturity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's being not fully grown or developed.
See comments of relational quality of a physical entity.
A quality which inheres in a continuant.
multiply inhering quality of a physical entity
Relational qualities are qualities that hold between multiple entities. Normal (monadic) qualities such as the shape of a eyeball exist purely as a quality of that eyeball. A relational quality such as sensitivity to light is a quality of that eyeball (and connecting nervous system) as it relates to incoming light waves/particles.
An EM radiation quality that is independent of the EM wavelength range.
A scalar EM radiation quality which obtains by the capacity of the bearer to scatter or reflect radiation.
A radiation reflective quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the ratio of the energy of a wave reflected from its surface to the energy possessed by the wave striking the bearer's surface.
An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's number of homologous sets of chromosomes in the nucleus or primary chromosome-containing compartment of the cell, each set essentially coding for all the biological traits of the organism.
A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing a single set of homologous chromosomes.
A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing more than two homologous sets of chromosomes.
A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing an integral multiple of the monoploid number, possibly excluding the sex-determining chromosomes.
A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two copies (homologs) of each chromosome, usually one from the mother and one from the father.
The exact number may be one or two different from the 2n number and still be classified as diploidy (although with aneuploidy). Nearly all mammals are diploid organisms, although all individuals have some small fraction of cells that are polyploidy.
A monadic quality of continuant that exists at the cellular level of organisation.
A cellular quality that arises by virtue of whether the bearer's disposition to differentiate into one or more mature cell types.
A cellular potency that is the capacity to produce only one differentiated cell type.
Unipotent cells have the quality of self-renewal which distinguishes them from non-stem cells.
A cellular potency that is the capacity to form multiple differentiated cell types of a specific lineage and lack self renewing capacity.
Less potent than multipotent, often thought of as precursor or progenitor cell status.
A cellular potency that is the capacity to form multiple differentiated cell types.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of bearer's number of nuclei.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having no nucleus.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two nuclei.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one nucleus.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one or more cilia as a part.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by narrow lines or grooves, usually parallel.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking complete growth, differentiation, or development.
A quality of a single physical entity that arises by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits the ability to perform a regular function(s).
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability of being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively stable.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity consisting of particles that have neither a defined volume nor defined shape.
A physical quality inhering in an entity exhibiting the physical characteristics of an amorphous (non-crystalline) form of matter between a gas and a solid that has a definite volume, but no definite shape.
A functionality quality which is held by the bearer when the latter is able to perform additional or different function(s).
A physical quality that is the ability to contract or shrink.
A contractility which is relatively high.
A contractility which is relatively low.
A surface shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a degree of bending.
A contractility quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability of contracting or being contracted.
This refers to the disposition of the bearer.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's parts having the arrangement which exhibits characteristics of liquids.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's parts having the arrangement which exhibits characteristics of solids.
A shape quality in which a portion of the outermost boundary of an entity folds in space such that a portion that was originally convex is now concave.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being wound in a continuous series of loops.
A shape quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward.
A shape quality inhering in a circular disk by virtue of the bearer's having a segment of another circle removed from its edge, so that what remains is a shape enclosed by two circular arcs of different diameters which intersect at two points (usually in such a manner that the enclosed shape does not include the center of the original circle).
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having the shape of a kidney.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resemblance to a cube (a 3-D shape with a square cross section).
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently-sized round cross section.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being cylindrical, in which the height is less than the diameter.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having more than one nucleus.
A surface feature shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's one part being layered over another connected part.
A surface shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's shape of features present on its surface or outer shell.
This quality either inheres directly in the surface, or in the entity that has the surface. For example, to say that a particular fly wing is curved is shorthand for saying the wing has a surface which is curved.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being partly divided into a determinate number of regions.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a three dimensional cavity with a narrow or no opening, and often containing an anatomical substance.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having four angles and four sides.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting cells.
A cellularity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of more than one cell.
A quality that inheres in an entire organism or part of an organism.
Surface shape that refers to the inward or outward curvature of the surface.
A shape that inheres in a 2 dimensional entity, such as a cross section or projection of a 3 dimensional entity.
A complete three dimensional shape in which for every line connecting pair of points on the object is within the object. Or: a shape lacking cavities. Contrast: concave.
Use this term or an is_a child of this term when the entire shape of the object is known.
A complete three dimensional shape in which there is a line connecting pair of points on the object that lies outside the object. Or: a shape with cavities. Contrast: concave.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the degree to which there are subdivisions or offshoots in a bearer entity.
A structural quality which is held by a bearer when the latter's disposition the presence of abnormally proliferating masses of cells.
A structural quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing hollow areas.
A concave quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward on both sides or surfaces.
A branched quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having smaller branches arising from larger branches. Resembling a tree in branching structure.
A structure quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's delimited by a surface with holes.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an empty space or cavity within.
An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for basic dyes under specific pH conditions.
A disposition inhering in a tumour by virtue of the bearer's disposition to progress, invade surrounding tissues or metastasize.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's processing the form of a thin plate sheet or layer.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its constitution.
A cylindrical shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being imperfectly cylindrical or approximately cylindrical.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's surface becoming more extended in a plane.
Becoming flat but not necessarily completely flat.
Texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked with one or more channels.
A shape that inheres in a 3 dimensional entity.
A quality that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
A quality that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
A quality of a process that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
A quality of an object that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
A quality of a process that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
A quality of an object that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently sized and approximately round cross-section along its length, which is many times larger than its diameter.
Note that a fiber shaped object may take any circuitous or straight path through space (think of a length of string or rope).
A convex quadrilateral is a parallelogram if and only if any one of the following statements are true: 1. Each diagonal divides the quadrilateral into two congruent triangles with the same orientation. 2. The opposite sides are congruent in pairs. 3. The diagonals bisect each other. 4. The opposite angles are congruent in pairs. 5. The sum of the squares of the sides equals the sum of the squares of the diagonals. (This is the parallelogram law) 6.It possesses rotational symmetry. 7.One pair of opposite sides are parallel and congruent. 8.Two pairs of adjacent angles are supplementary.
A shape constituting a transition between a rectangle and a circle; a closed curve, of which the circle and ellipse are special cases, whose parametric equation is x = a.cos2/rt, y = b.cos2/rt
A temporal distribution pattern of process occurrences within a regulation/reference process.
A quality that inheres in a bearer in virtue of its realizing one of its functions.
A quality of an physical object that is currently realizing one of its functions.
An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for acidic dyes under specific pH conditions.
Eosin stains acidophilic structures, hence eosinophilic is the same as acidophilic.
Having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic (or lipophilic) groups.
Pertaining to the individual parts making up an aggregate fruit like a many-lobed "berry," such as a raspberry.
A composition quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being composed of or possessing inorganic material.
A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of collagen.
A structure quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of swelling or stretching.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by narrow lines or grooves, usually parallel, that are oriented transversely relative to the long axis of the bearer.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by narrow lines or grooves, usually parallel, that are oriented obliquely relative to the long axis of the bearer.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one or more nucleus.
A surface feature shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not having undulating edges forming lobes.
A composition quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of keratin.
A structural quality inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer consisting of multiple structures lacking any physical connection to each other.
A quality of a single cell inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's size or shape or structure.
Use this term for morphologies that can *only* inhere in a cell, e.g. morphological qualities inhering in a cell by virtue of the presence, location or shape of one or more cell parts.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having multiple cilia.
A quality inhering in a structure by virtue of it consisting of many of repeated, similar or identical subunits, arranged in some orderly array.
A complete coverage of this domain would subclasses homopolymeric, copolymeric, crystalline.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the extent to which the bearer is capable of being stretched or swollen.
A quality inhering in a cell by virtue of the cell having a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio.
A high nuclear/cytolasmic ratio is 70% or higher.
A quality of an object that has a value that is normal or average.
A contractility which is relatively normal or average.
An elasticity which is relatively normal or average.
A flexibility which is relatively normal or average.
A life span which is relatively normal or average.
A size quality which is relatively normal or average
A quality of a process that has a value that is normal or average.
A viscosity which is relatively normal or average
An occurrence which is relatively normal.
A cell morphology that inheres in neurons which have a small round soma, a large number of short, smooth, or slightly beaded primary dendrites that give rise to only a few secondary branches, and a branched axon that establishes a dense axonal mesh with thin shafts.
A cell morphology that inheres in multipolar neurons with densely branched terminal axonal arborizations that form basket-like structures surrounding and synapsing to the somas of target cells.
A basket cell morphology that inheres in neurons with axonal arbors composed of frequent, short, curvy axonal branches that tend to be near their somata and within the same layer.
A basket cell morphology that inheres in neurons that are large, and typically ascend to give rise to many long horizontally and vertically projecting axon collaterals that traverse neighboring columns and can extend through all cortical layers.
A basket cell morphology that inheres in neurons which have simpler dendritic arbors (compared to small or large basket cell morphology), and an axonal plexus of intermediate density, composed of a few long, smooth axonal branches.
A cell morphology that inheres in neurons which have two principal dendrites that emerge from the soma and begin to branch some distance from it, have few spines, and branch in narrow fields. This is in contrast to bitufted morphology where branching occurs close to the soma.
This is specific to cortical bipolar cells and are distinguished from retinal bipolar cell morphology which has an axon and dendrite emerging from opposite ends of the soma.
A cell morphology that inheres in neurons which are large and non-spiny, with dendrites radiating in a multipolar or bitufted pattern, often favouring the descending side, and axons that ascend directly from the superficial side of the soma, and travel upward without branching.
A Martinotti cell morphology that inheres in neurons which have axons that form a horizontal ramification, making it T-shaped.
A Martinotti cell morphology that inheres in neurons which have axons that form a fan-like plexus.
A cell morphology that inheres in neurons that have dendritic processes radiating from the cell body forming a star-like shape.
A cell morphology that inheres in neurons which are small and round, and make highly specialized synapses with the axon initial segments of pyramidal neurons, wrapping them with candle-shaped synaptic 'cartridges'.
Chandelier cells can be bitufted or multipolar.
A cell morphology that inheres in neurons which have two clusters of primary dendrites that originate directly and extend from opposite ends of the soma, and axons that form a plexus which spreads widely. Compared to the narrow vertical axonal projection of bipolar morphology, and the 'horse-tail' axonal cluster of double boquet cells, bitufted morphology has wide horizontal axonal spans, and branching that occur close to the soma. Their vertical projection is also less extensive and crosses mostly to neighboring layers.
A cell morphology that inheres in neurons which have spiny basal dendrites and resemble pyramidal cells but lose their apical dendrites as they mature. Their axons nearly always emerge from the descending side of the soma, but often recurve and ascend with arc-like collaterals.
A cell morphology that inheres in neurons which have a pyramidal shaped soma, a single axon, a large apical dendrite and multiple basal dendrites.
A pyramidal family morphology that inheres in neurons which have an apical tree which is oriented parallel to the pia.
A pyramidal family morphology that inheres in neurons which have a standard pyramidal shape with its apical dendrite aligned vertically.
A pyramidal cell morphology that inheres in neurons which have a distinct tuft formation, distal from the soma.
A pyramidal cell morphology that inheres in neurons which lack a clear tuft formation but extend to large radial distances.
A pyramidal cell morphology that inheres in neurons which lack a tuft formation but extend to small radial distances forming a star-like shape.
A pyramidal cell morphology that inheres in neurons which have an apical tree which is oriented towards the white matter.
A cell morphology that inheres in neurons with only one process, a neurite, that extends from the cell body. The neurite then branches to form dendritic and axonal processes.
A cell morphology that inheres in neurons which possess three or more neurites, usually a single axon and many dendrites and dendritic branches.
A cell morphology that inheres in neurons with dendrites that are bidirectional, emerging from opposite ends of the soma, with the two arbors extending in radial or tangential directions.
This morphology type is distinct from bitufted cell morphology in that it refers to bitufted dendrite morphology rather than bitufted cell morphology.
A neuron projection quality that is a characteristic of neurons whose soma is located in the telencephalon and that project to structures outside the telencephalon
A neuron projection quality that is a characteristic of neurons with soma in the cerebral cortex and projections to the thalamus.
A neuron projection quality that is a characteristic of neurons with projections that terminate locally rather than distantly.
A neuron projection quality that is a characteristic of neurons that project to the medulla oblongata from other brain regions.
A physical quality inhering in a neuron by virtue of the relative location of its soma and the regions to which it projects and makes synaptic contacts in.
A neuron projection quality that is a characteristic of neurons with both soma and projections entirely within the telencephalon.
A quality of continuant that exist at the anatomical level of organisation and anything under it. This includes, but is not limited to, cells , tissues, and components.
A quality inhering in an anotomical structure by virtue of its capacity to be stained by specific histological dyes.
An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction that stains and colors, pale-pink, with Wright-Giemsa stain.
An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for both basic and acid stains under specific pH conditions.
A quality of a substance on which or through which electromagnetic radiation impinges or traverses with respect to radiation. This substance quality changes the quality of the incident radiation with respect to any of: intensity, direction, scatter and wavelength.
quality of interaction of a substance with electromagnetic radiation
A cell morphology that inheres in neurons with bitufted dendritic morphology but with the special feature of a tight fascicular axonal cylinder that resembles a 'horse tail'.
A cell morphology that inheres in neurons with dendrites that stratify at two and only two locations.
A cell morphology that inheres in neurons with dendrites that stratify at one and only one location.
An amino acid chain that is produced de novo by ribosome-mediated translation of a genetically-encoded mRNA, and any derivatives thereof.
The definition above excludes protein complexes, which some also consider a protein. Those who wish to refer to a class representing both senses of the word are directed to CHEBI:36080. Note that the definition allows for experimentally-manipulated genes, and allows for artifically-produced derivatives that mimic those found naturally. Proteins (in the sense defined here) that descended from a common ancestor can be classified into families and superfamilies composed of products of evolutionarily-related genes. The domain architecture of a protein is described by the order of its constituent domains. Proteins with the same domains in the same order are defined as homeomorphic [PRO:WCB).
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD19 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is composed of an N-terminal extracellular domain containing two Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains, followed by a single-pass transmembrane segment and a cytoplasmic C-terminal tail. CD19 expression is restricted to members of the B cell lineage. It functions as a co-receptor for B-cell antigen receptor (BCR), regulating signal transduction.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD34 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is a leukocyte membrane protein expressed specifically by lymphohematopoietic progenitor cells. It contains a single-pass transmembrane domain and that show distinct expression on early hematopoietic precursors and vascular-associated tissue. Acts as a scaffold that presents selectin carbohydrate ligands in a clustered, tissue specific manner to allow for higher avidity interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells during the inflammatory process. In common with related sialomucins (endoglycan and podocalyxin), the extracellular region is dominated by an N-terminal mucin-like domain, which is densely substituted with sialylated O-linked carbohydrates. The mucin-like region is followed by a cysteine-containing and presumably globular domain. This domain may fold into an immunoglobulin-like structure as the positions of 2 of the cysteines are conserved in the C2 set of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The cytoplasmic domain is around 73-76 residues long and highly conserved.
hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD4 is an accessory protein for MHC class-II antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. It is the primary receptor for HIV-1. CD4 has four immunoglobulin-like domains in its extracellular region that share the same structure, but can differ in sequence.
An integrin alpha that contains an A domain. A hallmark of this class is the presence of a von Willebrand factor type A domain (Pfam:PF00092) (I-domain) of approximately 200 amino acid residues at the N terminus, which confers divalent cation binding properties. Unlike other integrin alpha proteins, they do not undergo proteolytic cleavage.
A protein that is a translation product of the human PTPRC gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is composed of an extracellular domain, a single transmembrane segment and two tandem intracytoplasmic protein-tyrosine phosphatase domains. Contains 1 to 3 copies of the Fibronectin type III domain (Pfam:PF00041) followed by two copies of the Protein-tyrosine phosphatase (Pfam:PF00102) domain. Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C (CD45) regulates signal transduction and lymphocyte activation by specific association with receptor molecules on T and B cells. Multiple isoforms of CD45 (180-235 kDa) can be generated asa result of alternative splicing of three variable exons 4(A), 5(B) and 6(C), encoding sequences at the N-terminal extracellular domain of the molecule.
receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C
An integrin alpha with A domain that is a translation product of the human ITGA1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
An integrin alpha with A domain that is a translation product of the human ITGA2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
An integrin alpha with A domain that is a translation product of the human ITGAE gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
An integrin alpha with A domain that is a translation product of the human ITGAM gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. They constitute subunits of the integrin alpha-M/beta-2 receptor. This receptor is implicated in various adhesive interactions of monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes as well as in mediating the uptake of complement-coated particles. It is also a receptor for fibrinogen, factor X and ICAM1.
cell surface glycoprotein MAC-1 subunit alpha
An integrin alpha with A domain that is a translation product of the human ITGAX gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Integrin alpha-X complexed with beta-2 is a receptor for fibrinogen. It recognizes the sequence GPR in fibrinogen. It mediates cell-cell interaction during inflammatory responses. It is especially important in monocyte adhesion and chemotaxis.
leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein p150,95 alpha chain
A receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P08575-3 or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
Category=sequence. Requested by=CL. Note: This isoform includes the region encoded by the variable exons 4(A), 5(B), and 6(C).
receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C isoform CD45RABC
A receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C isoform CD45R that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P08575-8 or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
Category=sequence. Requested by=CL. Note: This isoform includes the region encoded by the variable exon 4(A), and lacks the region encoded by exons 5(B) and 6(C).
receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C isoform CD45RA
A receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P08575-4 or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
Category=sequence. Requested by=CL. Note: This isoform lacks the region encoded by the variable exons 4(A), 5(B), and 6(C).
receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C isoform CD45RO
A protein that has a core domain composition consisting of an extracellular N-terminal domain that adopts an immunoglobulin fold, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular C-terminal domain with a single copy of the Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (Pfam:PF02189) (ITAM). It constitutes the invariant subunit of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR). TCR is a surface receptor on T cells responsible for recognizing MHC-restricted antigens and initiating the cellular immune response.
A CD3 subunit with immunoglobulin domain that is a translation product of the human CD3E gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
T-cell surface antigen T3/Leu-4 epsilon chain
A protein with a domain composition consisting of a large extracellular domain, including five Ig-like C2-type domains followed by two copies of the Fibronectin type-III domain (Pfam:PF00041), a single-pass transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic C-terminal domain.
A neural cell adhesion molecule that is involved in neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and regeneration.
A neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM that is a translation product of the human NCAM1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a type I transmembrane receptor with an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain, a single Fibronectin type II (FNII) domain (Pfam:PF00040) and eight to ten copies of the Lectin C-type domain (Pfam:PF00059) (CTLDs). The presence of multiple copies of the CTLD domain is a hallmark of this class.
C-type lectin with multiple lectin domains
A C-type lectin with multiple lectin domains that is a translation product of the mouse LY75 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It consists of 12 extracellular domains (an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain, a fibronectin type II domain and 10 C-type carbohydrate recognition domains), a transmembrane region and a small cytoplasmic C terminus containing a single Tyr residue, but no obvious kinase domain.
Category=gene. Requested by=CL. Note: Acts as an endocytic receptor to direct captured antigens from the extracellular space to a specialized antigen-processing compartment.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD160 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD8A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD8 is a transmembrane that is a co-receptor for MHC class-I antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. The most common form of CD8 is composed of a CD8 alpha and a CD8 beta chain.
T-lymphocyte differentiation antigen T8/Leu-2
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD8B gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD8 is a transmembrane receptor that is a co-receptor for MHC class-I antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. The most common form of CD8 is composed of a CD8 alpha and a CD8 beta chain.
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain
A G-protein coupled receptor with a 7 transmembrane (secretin family) domain (Pfam:PF00002) preceded by an amino-terminal region containing one or more functional domains with adhesion-like motifs.
secretin receptor-like G-protein coupled receptor
Category=family. Classification based on GRAFS system. [PMID:12761335]
A G-protein coupled receptor that contains the 7 transmembrane receptor (rhodopsin family) domain (Pfam:PF00001), which includes 7 transmembrane helices (TMI-TM7) with 3 intracellular loops (IL1-IL3) and 3 extracellular loops (EL1-EL3) between the helices. The amino-terminal region is extracellular and the carboxyl-terminal region is intracellular. Rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are unique among the several classes of GPCRs in that most have a very short amino-terminal segment and several characteristic sequence motifs, particularly NSxxNPxxY in TM7 and D/E-R-Y/F between TM3 and loop IL2. Most bind their ligands within a cavity between the TM regions.
rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptor
A dopamine receptor that is a product of the DRD1 or DRD5 gene. The active form binds dopamine and its activity is mediated by G proteins that cause activation of adenylate cyclase.
A dopamine receptor that is a product of the DRD2, DRD3, or DRD4 gene. The active form binds dopamine and its activity is mediated by G proteins that cause inhibition of adenylate cyclase.
A rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptor that is a translation product of the human OPN1LW, OPN1MW, OPN1SW, RHO, OPN3, OPN4, or OPN5 genes, 1:1 orthologs thereof, or a semi-ortholog thereof in Metazoa. The active form binds a vitamin A-based retinaldehyde chromophore through a Schiff base linkage to a Lys residue in the seventh transmembrane alpha helix.
A rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptor that in active form binds to one or more chemokines.
Category=family. Note: Only those that have been unequivocally shown to activate a G-protein coupled signaling pathway appear on the official IUPHAR list.
A D(1)-like dopamine receptor that is a translation product of the human DRD1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A D(2)-like dopamine receptor that is a translation product of the human DRD2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the human CCR1 or CCR3 genes, the mouse CCR1L1 gene, 1:1 orthologs thereof, or a semi-ortholog thereof.
A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the human CCR2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligands include CCL2, CCL7, CCL8, CCL13.
monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 receptor
A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the human CCR4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligands include CCL17 and CCL22.
A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the human CCR5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligands include CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL8, CCL14.
A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the human CCR6 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is CCL20.
A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the human CCR7 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligands are CCL19 and CCL21.
EBV-induced G-protein coupled receptor 1
epstein-Barr virus-induced G-protein coupled receptor 1
A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the human CX3CR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is CX3CL1.
A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the human CXCR3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligands include CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11.
interferon-inducible protein 10 receptor
A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the human CXCR4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is CXCL12.
leukocyte-derived seven transmembrane domain receptor
A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the human CXCR5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is CXCL13.
An animal opsin that is a translation product of the human OPN1MW, OPN1MW2, or OPN1MW3 genes, 1:1 orthologs thereof, or a semi-ortholog thereof.
Category=gene. Note: The human OPN1MW, OPN1MW2, and OPN1MW3 genes encode identical proteins.
A chemokine receptor whose active form binds interleukin-8 with high affinity.
An animal opsin that is a translation product of the human OPN4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
An animal opsin that is a translation product of the human OPN1LW gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A chemokine receptor CCR1/3/1L that is a translation product of the human CCR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha receptor
A chemokine receptor CCR1/3/1L that is a translation product of the human CCR3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha receptor-like 2
A high affinity interleukin-8 receptor that is a translation product of the human CXCR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A high affinity interleukin-8 receptor that is a translation product of the human CXCR2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that contains the ADP-ribosyl cyclase domain (Pfam:PF02267).
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD22 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human MS4A1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1
A protein that is a member of a family that includes translation products of genes CD86, CD276, ICOSLG, and others. These are membrane-anchored proteins with a small intracellular domain and an extracellular domain with signal sequence, an Immunoglobulin V-set domain (Pfam:PF07686), and a CD80-like C2-set immunoglobulin domain (Pfam:PF08205).
A protein that is a translation product of the human CLEC4C gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD207 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD209 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin 1
Category=gene. This gene and CLEC4M are products of a recent gene duplication in the primate lineage. Independent duplications of an ancestral gene have given rise to several orthologs in rodents, including CD209A. Requested by=CL.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD44 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
GP90 lymphocyte homing/adhesion receptor
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD48 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 2
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD83 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human SELL gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is a leukocyte adhesion receptor that play an important role in regulating the inflammatory response by mediating leukocyte tethering and rolling on adherent leukocytes.
leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD84 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 5
A protein that is a stand alone version of the Glycosyltransferase family 10 (fucosyltransferase) (Pfam:PF00852) domain. Proteins in this class may catalyze alpha-1,3 glycosidic linkages.
A protein with a core domain structure consisting of a very small cytoplasmic domain followed by a transmembrane domain and a Glycosyltransferase family 43 (Pfam:PF03360) domain.
A protein that is a translation product of the human BST2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that has a core domain structure of signal sequence, propeptide, five Cadherin domains (Pfam:PF00028), a transmembrane region, and a Cadherin cytoplasmic region (Pfam:PF01049). Cadherins function as adhesion molecules that mediate Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion in solid tissues.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CEACAM8 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
non-specific cross-reacting antigen NCA-95
carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 8
A protein that is a translation product of the human CR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
Category=gene. Requested by=CL. Note: There is no counterpart in mouse.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CR2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD69 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. A type II transmembrane protein with a C-type lectin binding domain in the extracellular portion of the molecule. Involved in lymphocyte proliferation and functions as a signal transmitting receptor in lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and platelets.
A protein that is a translation product of the human ENPP3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 3
phosphodiesterase I/nucleotide pyrophosphatase 3
ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 3
A protein that is a translation product of the human ENG gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human FOXP3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that contains an extracellular Glycophorin A domain (Pfam:PF01102), followed by a single-pass transmembrane region and a small intracellular domain. A protein that is an integral protein of the red cell membrane. Proteins in this class are responsible for the molecular basis of the blood group antigens, surface markers on the outside of the red blood cell membrane.
A protein with a core domain architecture consisting of an extracellular domain containing two copies of the Immunoglobulin domain (Pfam:PF00047), followed by a single-pass transmembrane region and a small intracellular domain. The active protein is a low affinity receptor for immunoglobulin gamma chain Fc region. Human II-a, II-b, and II-c represent a recent gene expansion and are equally related to mouse II, III, and IV. Human III-A and III-B are closely related and closer to mouse IV than to mouse III.
immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor II/III/IV
A protein with a core domain architecture consisting of an extracellular domain containing two or three copies of the Immunoglobulin domain (Pfam:PF00047), followed by a single-pass transmembrane region and a small intracellular domain.
Category=family. Note: The active protein is a low affinity receptor for immunoglobulin gamma chain Fc region. It comprises the translation products of the FCGR1 gene (mouse) or one of the closely related FCGR1A, FCGR1B, or FCGR1C genes (human). FCGR1C may be a pseudogene in human.
A protein that is a translation product of the human IL2RA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human IL2RB gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
high affinity IL-2 receptor subunit beta
A leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily member that is a translation product of the human LILRA4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. This gene is a member of a lineage-specific gene expansion in primates.
leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily A member 4
A protein that is a translation product of the human KLRD1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily D member 1
A protein with four transmembrane domains, small intracellular amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions, and two extracellular loops, a small one (EC1) and a larger one (EC2) of about 100 residues. The EC2 loop contains at least 4 cysteine residues, including a highly conserved 'CCG' motif.
An ADP-ribosyl cyclase that is a translation product of the human CD38 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
2'-phospho-ADP-ribosyl cyclase/2'-phospho-cyclic-ADP-ribose transferase
2'-phospho-cyclic-ADP-ribose transferase
ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1
A B7-related protein that is a translation product of the human CD86 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptor that is a translation product of the human FPR1, FPR2, or FPR3 genes, 1:1 orthologs thereof, or a semi-ortholog thereof. The active form binds N-formyl methionyl peptides.
A B7-related protein that is a translation product of the human CD80 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase that is a translation product of the human B3GAT1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
UDP-GlcUA:glycoprotein beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase
galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase 1
A cadherin that is a translation product of the human CDH5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A cadherin that is a translation product of the human CDH1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
An alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase that is a translation product of the human FUT4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A glycophorin that is a translation product of the human GYPA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is the major sialoglycoprotein of the erythrocyte membrane. Structurally, glycophorin A consists of an N-terminal extracellular domain, heavily glycosylated on Ser and threonine residues, followed by a transmembrane region and a C-terminal cytoplasmic domain.
An immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I that is a translation product of the human FCGR1A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
Category=gene. The Fcgr1 gene in mouse is a 1:1 ortholog of FCGR1A, not FCGR1B. Requested by=CL.
high affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I
An immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor II/III/IV that is a translation product of the mouse Fcgr2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II
An immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor II/III/IV that is a translation product of the human FCGR2B gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-b
An immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor II/III/IV that is a translation product of the mouse Fcgr3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III
A prostanoid receptor that is a translation product of the human PTGDR2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2. This receptor is not closely related to the prostaglandin D2 receptor encoded by PGD2.
chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells
A rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptor that is a translation product of the human PTGDR, PTGDR2, PTGER1 to PTGER4, PTGFR, PTGIR, or TBXA2R genes, 1:1 orthologs thereof, or a semi-ortholog thereof. The active form binds prostanoids (prostaglandins and thromboxanes).
A rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptor that is a translation product of the human RXFP1 to RXFP4 genes, 1:1 orthologs thereof, or a semi-ortholog thereof. The active form binds relaxins.
A rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptor that is a translation product of the human AVPR1A, AVPR1B, AVPR2, or OXTR genes, 1:1 orthologs thereof, or a semi-ortholog thereof. These receptors bind vasopressin or oxytocin or related nonapeptides.
An N-formyl peptide receptor that is a translation product of the human FPR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is the peptide fMet-Leu-Phe, a bacterial peptide that acts as a chemoattractant in various pathophysiological conditions.
N-formylpeptide chemoattractant receptor
A vasopressin/oxytocin receptor that is a translation product of the human OXTR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is oxytocin.
A relaxin family peptide receptor protein that is a translation product of the human RXFP1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. This receptor is expressed in the brain, kidney, testis, placenta, uterus, ovary, adrenal, prostate, skin and heart.
leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 7
A protein that has a core domain composition consisting of a Rel homology domain (RHD) (Pfam:PF00554), an IPT/TIG domain (Pfam:PF01833), six copies of the Ankyrin repeat (Pfam:PF00023), a Death domain (Pfam:PF00531) and a C-terminal PEST region.
A protein with core architecture consisting of one Prominin (Pfam:PF05478) domain. The prominins are an emerging family of proteins that, among the multispan membrane proteins, display a novel topology. Mouse and human prominin and prominin-like 1 are predicted to contain five membrane spanning domains, with an N-terminal domain exposed to the extracellular space followed by four, alternating small cytoplasmic and large extracellular, loops and a cytoplasmic C-terminal domain.
A prominin that is a translation product of the human PROM1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CLEC6A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin 2
A protein that is a translation product of the human CLEC7A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin 1
A protein with core architecture consisting of a Small cytokines (intecrine/chemokine), interleukin-8 like (Pfam:PF00048) domain.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD59 gene, a 1:1 ortholog thereof, or pro-orthologs thereof.
Category=gene. Requested by=CL. Pro-orthology refers to, in this case, after-speciation gene duplication in the non-human species (aka 1:many orthology). This gene is present as a single copy in human and has undergone a lineage-specific duplication in mouse. CD59 antigen has a core architecture consisting of one UPAR/Ly-6 domain (Pfam:PF00021), a small domain of about 70 amino acids and containing 5 conserved disulfide bonds. It is both N- and O-glycosylated and is a GPI-anchored protein that releases soluble forms in some tissues.
A protein with core architecture consisting of asignal sequence, 5 Ig-like domains, followed by a transmembrane sequence, followed by a Protein tyrosine kinase domain (Pfam:PF07714). However, only 1-3 of the Ig domains are detected by the Pfam HMMs in most of the sequences. Pfam:PF00047 is most common, but other members of the Ig domain clan, Pfam:PF07679 and Pfam:PF07686 can be identified instead. The fourth Ig domain lacks the disulfide-bonded cysteines.
CSF-1/PDGF receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase
An adhesion G-protein coupled receptor that is a translation product of the human ADGRE1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1
A protein with core architecture consisting of a signal sequence, a Class II histocompatibility antigen, alpha domain (Pfam:PF00993) and an Immunoglobulin C1-set domain (Pfam:PF07654); these form the extracellular domain and are followed by a single-pass transmembrane region and a small cytoplasmic region.
Category=family. Note: There are three major and two minor class II MHC (major histocompatability complex) alpha chain genes in human. Designations for the MHC complex loci are species specific: HLA (human leukocyte antigen) in human, H-2 in mouse. MHC class II loci are characterized by large numbers of allelic variants. In contrast to MHC Class I alpha chain genes, orthologies can be seen between some human and mouse genes. MHC class II alpha chains form heterodimers with MHLC class II beta chains.
MHC class II histocompatibility antigen alpha chain
A protein with core architecture consisting of a signal sequence, one Immunoglobulin V-set domain (Pfam:PF07686), two Immunoglobulin C1-set domains (Pfam:PF07654), a single-pass transmembrane region and a very small cytoplasmic region.
A protein that is a translation product of the human SLAMF1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human TBX21 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
T-cell-specific T-box transcription factor T-bet
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD7 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein with core architecture consisting of a signal sequence, an extracellular region with Class I Histocompatibility antigen, domains alpha 1 and alpha two (Pfam:PF00129) and an Immunoglobulin C1-set domain (Pfam:PF07654), a single-pass transmembrane region, and a very short cytoplasmic region. Forms a heterodimer with beta-2 microglobulin.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD28 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28
A protein that is a translation product of the human THY1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human ARG1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A cathepsin-like protease that is a translation product of the human CTSK gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CTLA4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4
A protein that is a translation product of the human ENTPD1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1
ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1
A protein that is a translation product of the human VPREB1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The gene is recently and independently duplicated in mouse and rabbit, giving rise to very closely related VPREB2 genes in those species. The protein associates with the Ig-mu chain to form a molecular complex that is expressed only on the surface of pre-B-cells.
A protein that is a translation product of the human IGLL1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 1
A protein that is a translation product of the human ICOS gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
activation-inducible lymphocyte immunomediatory molecule
A protein with core architecture consisting of a large extracellular region containing one Integrin, beta chain domain (Pfam:PF00362), up to four EGF-like domains (Pfam:PF07974), and an Integrin beta tail domain (Pfam:PF07965), followed by a single-pass transmembrane region and a small cytoplasmic region often containing an Integrin beta cytoplasmic domain (Pfam:PF08725).
A protein that is a translation product of the human IL3RA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
interleukin-3 receptor class II alpha chain
interleukin-3 receptor class 2 alpha chain
A protein that is a translation product of the human IL5RA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human IL7R gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the KLRB1 gene or its closely related paralogs (KLRB1A-F). There are lineage-specific expansions in mouse and rat.
A protein that is a translation product of the human SPN gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human FCER2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
low affinity immunoglobulin epsilon Fc receptor
A protein with core architecture consisting of a Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein (Pfam:PF01299) domain. It is a single-pass type I membrane protein that shuttles between lysosomes, endosomes, and the plasma membrane.
A protein that is a translation product of the human MARCO gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
macrophage receptor with collagenous structure
A protein that is a translation product of the human MSR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
macrophage acetylated LDL receptor I and II
macrophage scavenger receptor types I and II
A protein with core architecture consisting of a Peptidase family M1 domain (Pfam:PF01433).
membrane alanyl aminopeptidase-like metallopeptidase
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD14 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
myeloid cell-specific leucine-rich glycoprotein
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD33 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human NCR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1
A protein that is a translation product of the human NCR2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 2
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD244 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 4
A protein with core architecture consisting of an as yet unnamed domain in the amino-terminal half and a carboxyl-terminal Lectin C-type domain (Pfam:PF00059).
A protein that is a translation product of the human MME gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen
A protein that is a translation product of the human RORC gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group F member 3
A protein that is a translation product of the human PAX5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD36 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human GP1BA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human PDCD1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD163 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type 1 protein M130
A protein that is a translation product of the human SIGLEC5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human SIGLEC6 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
Category=gene. There is no mouse ortholog.
A protein that is a translation product of the human SIGLEC1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD24 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
small cell lung carcinoma cluster 4 antigen
Category=gene. The mouse ortholog is Cd24a. Mouse protein Cd24b likely also orthologous. Currently it is not in UniProt. Requested by=CL.
A protein that is a translation product of the human SDC1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human ACP5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5
A protein with core architecture consisting of a signal sequence, a Lectin C-type domain (Pfam:PF00059), 5 or 6 EGF-like domains (Pfam:PF00008, Pfam:PF09064, or Pfam:PF07645), a transmembrane region, and a small cytoplasmic region (36-51 amino acids).
A protein that is a translation product of the human GATA3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
trans-acting T-cell-specific transcription factor GATA-3
A protein that is a translation product of the human SPI1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human TFRC gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD40LG gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 5
A protein that is a translation product of the human TNFRSF11A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
osteoclast differentiation factor receptor
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11A
A protein that is a translation product of the human CD27 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 7
A SIRP/SHPS-1 family protein that is a translation product of the human SIRPA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
brain Ig-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs
tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1
A protein that is a translation product of the human PLAUR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor
A protein with core architecture consisting of a signal sequence, followed by 7 Ig-like domains (Pfam:PF00047, Pfam:PF07679, or Pfam:PF07686), a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic Protein tyrosine kinase domain.
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
A C/C-C motif small inducible chemokine that is a translation product of the CCL3, CCL3L1/CCL3L3, or CCL4 gene.
A CSF-1/PDGF receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase that is a translation product of the human FLT3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase FLT3
An MHC class II histocompatibility antigen alpha chain that is a translation product of the human HLA-DRA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
Category=gene. The mouse ortholog is called H2-Ea.
MHC class II histocompatibility antigen alpha chain DRA
A natural killer cell receptor NKG2 that is a translation product of the human KLRC1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
NKG2-A/NKG2-B type II integral membrane protein
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1 that is a translation product of the human CD1A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1 that is a translation product of the human CD1C gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1 that is a translation product of the human CD1D gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A CSF-1/PDGF receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase that is a translation product of the human PDGFRA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
alpha platelet-derived growth factor receptor
platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor
alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor
A membrane alanyl aminopeptidase-like metallopeptidase that is a translation product of the human ANPEP gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
myeloid plasma membrane glycoprotein CD13
A thrombomodulin-like receptor that is a translation product of the human CD93 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
complement component 1 q subcomponent receptor 1
A membrane alanyl aminopeptidase-like metallopeptidase that is a translation product of the human ENPEP gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A CSF-1/PDGF receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase that is a translation product of the human CSF1R gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor
A lysosome-associated membrane protein that is a translation product of the human CD68 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A CSF-1/PDGF receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase that is a translation product of the human KIT gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A thrombomodulin-like receptor that is a translation product of the human THBD gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor that is a translation product of the human KDR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2
A C-C motif chemokine 3/4 that is a translation product of the human CCL3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A C-type lectin with multiple lectin domains that is a translation product of the human MRC1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
C-type lectin domain family 13 member D-like
macrophage mannose receptor 1-like protein 1
A protein that is the translation product of any of the LY6 genes (LY6A-LY6I).
A KLRB1-like protein that is a translation product of the mouse Klrb1c gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
natural killer cell surface protein P1-40
killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily B member 1C
An Ly-6-like protein that is a translation product of the mouse Ly6g gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
An Ly-6-like protein that is a translation product of the mouse Ly6a gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
An Ly-6-like protein that is a translation product of the mouse Ly6c2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the Ly76 gene in mouse.
Category=organism-gene. Requested by=CL.
A protein that is a component of collagen. Collagens are trimeric molecules in which each chain comprises a repeating Gly-X-Y triplet, in which X and Y can be any residue but are usually proline and hydroxyproline, respectively. This results in a left-handed helix that combines with other two to form a triple-helical structure.
A collagen alpha chain that is a translation product of the human COL1A1 or COL1A2 genes, 1:1 orthologs thereof, or a semi-ortholog thereof.
A collagen type I alpha chain that is a translation product of the human COL1A1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human BCL6 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 27
A nuclear receptor ROR-gamma that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P51450-2 or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human RAG1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
V(D)J recombination-activating protein 1
A protein that is a translation product of the human RAG2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
V(D)J recombination-activating protein 2
A T-brain transcription factor that is a translation product of the human EOMES gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human PRF1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human EGR2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A leukocyte granule-associated proteinase that is a translation product of the human GZMK gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A leukocyte granule-associated proteinase that is a translation product of the human GZMH gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A leukocyte granule-associated proteinase that is a translation product of the human GZMB gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A trypsin that is a serine protease of the granules from mast cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and/or natural killer cells. Leukocyte granule-associated proteinase is a component of the immune system that protect higher organisms against viral infection and cellular transformation. Members of this class have features that are strongly conserved including: consensus sequences at their N-termini and around the three catalytic residues, activation from zymogenic forms, and conserved disulphide bridges.
A protein that contains one copy of the T-box domain (Pfam:PF00907) and it is involved in the anterior neural specification.
A protein that is a translation product of the human A4GALT gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
UDP-galactose:beta-D-galactosyl-beta1-R 4-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase
lactosylceramide 4-alpha-galactosyltransferase
A protein that is a translation product of the human AXL gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human BCL11B gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
radiation-induced tumor suppressor gene 1 protein
A protein that is a translation product of the human BEST4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
vitelliform macular dystrophy 2-like protein 2
A single domain alpha-type carbonic anhydrase that is a translation product of the human CA3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CCK gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A tetraspanin that is a translation product of the human CD9 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CEBPA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CEBPE gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human CHODL gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein that is a translation product of the human CHRNA7 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7
A protein that is a translation product of the mouse Cd200r3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
CD200 cell surface glycoprotein receptor-like 3
CD200 cell surface glycoprotein receptor-like b
cell surface glycoprotein OX2 receptor 3
cell surface glycoprotein CD200 receptor 3
A protein that is a translation product of the mouse Cd209b gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human DNTT gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human EPX gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human ESR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group A member 1
An immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor II/III/IV that is a translation product of the human FCER1A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor subunit alpha
A protein that is a translation product of the human FGF1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human FGF2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human FGF8 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human FOS gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human FOXN1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 forkhead homolog 11
A protein that is a translation product of the human FOXP1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human GAD1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human GATA1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human GATA2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human GFAP gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A hemoglobin subunit that is a translation product of the human HBB gene, a 1:1 ortholog thereof, or pro-orthologs thereof.
A hemoglobin subunit that is a translation product of the human HBZ gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A beta-globin that is a translation product of the mouse Hbb-b1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human IL17RB gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human IL1RL1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
An insulin family protein that is a translation product of the human INS gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
An integrin alpha lacking A domain that is a translation product of the human ITGA2B gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
An integrin alpha lacking A domain that is a translation product of the human ITGA4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
lymphocyte Peyer patch adhesion molecules subunit alpha
An integrin beta that is a translation product of the human ITGB7 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human KISS1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human KLRG1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
mast cell function-associated antigen 2F1
killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G member 1
A protein that is a translation product of the mouse Klra1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the mouse Klra3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the mouse Klra4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the mouse Klra8 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human LCN2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
25 kDa alpha-2-microglobulin-related subunit of MMP-9
neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
A protein that is a translation product of the human LGALS1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human LHX3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human LTF gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human LUM gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human MEIS2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human MERTK gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase MER
A protein that is a translation product of the human MOXD1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human MPO gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human MYB gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human NETO1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
brain-specific transmembrane protein containing 2 CUB and 1 LDL-receptor class A domains protein 1
A transcription factor NF-kappa-B subunit that is a translation product of the human NFKB2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
lymphocyte translocation chromosome 10 protein
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 2
A protein that is a translation product of the human NTNG1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A paired box protein PAX group IV that is a translation product of the human PAX6 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human PDYN gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human POMC gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human POU6F2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
POU domain, class 6, transcription factor 2
A protein that is a translation product of the human PRG2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A somatotropin hormone family member that is a translation product of the human PRL gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human PTHLH gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human PVALB gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human RELN gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
An angiotensinogenase that is a translation product of the human REN gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human RNASE2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human RNASE3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human RUNX1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
SL3/AKV core-binding factor alpha B subunit
polyomavirus enhancer-binding protein 2 alpha B subunit
A protein that is a translation product of the human S100B gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human SCGB1A1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human SHH gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
Shh unprocessed N-terminal signaling and C-terminal autoprocessing domains
A protein that is a translation product of the human SIX3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human SNCG gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human SOX2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human SPON1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
vascular smooth muscle cell growth-promoting factor
A protein that is a translation product of the human SSPO gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human SST gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
growth hormone release-inhibiting factor
A protein that is a translation product of the human TAC3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human TAL1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
class A basic helix-loop-helix protein 17
T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1
A protein that is a translation product of the human TH gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human TMED1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
putative T1/ST2 receptor-binding protein
transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein 1
A protein that is a translation product of the human TREM2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
triggering receptor expressed on monocytes 2
triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2
A protein that is a translation product of the human VIM gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A protein that is a translation product of the human VIP gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
vasoactive intestinal polypeptides precursor
An organic amino compound that consists of amino acid residues (unmodified amino-acid residues and/or modified amino-acid residues) linked by peptide bonds or derivatives of such bonds.
A protein that is produced as the result of proteolytic processing of a longer protein.
An integrin alpha-E that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
integrin alpha-E proteolytic cleavage product
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain that has had the signal peptide removed.
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain, signal peptide removed form
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain that has had the signal peptide removed.
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain, signal peptide removed form
A CD48 molecule that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
CD48 molecule proteolytic cleavage product
An L-selectin that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 8 that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 8 proteolytic cleavage product
A cadherin-1 that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
A Thy-1 membrane glycoprotein that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
Thy-1 membrane glycoprotein proteolytic cleavage product
A cathepsin K that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
cathepsin K proteolytic cleavage product
A low affinity immunoglobulin epsilon Fc receptor that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
low affinity immunoglobulin epsilon Fc receptor proteolytic cleavage product
A platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha chain that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha chain proteolytic cleavage product
A scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type 1 protein M130 that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type 1 protein M130 proteolytic cleavage product
A transferrin receptor protein 1 that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
transferrin receptor protein 1 proteolytic cleavage product
A tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 5 that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 5 proteolytic cleavage product
A C-C motif chemokine 3 that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
C-C motif chemokine 3 proteolytic cleavage product
A collagen alpha-1(I) chain that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
collagen alpha-1(I) chain proteolytic cleavage product
A granzyme K that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
A granzyme H that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
A cholecystokinin that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
cholecystokinin proteolytic cleavage product
An eosinophil peroxidase that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
eosinophil peroxidase proteolytic cleavage product
A fibroblast growth factor 1 that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
fibroblast growth factor 1 proteolytic cleavage product
A fibroblast growth factor 2 that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
fibroblast growth factor 2 proteolytic cleavage product
An integrin alpha-IIb that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
integrin alpha-IIb proteolytic cleavage product
A metastasis-suppressor KiSS-1 that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
metastasis-suppressor KiSS-1 proteolytic cleavage product
A lactotransferrin that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
lactotransferrin proteolytic cleavage product
A myeloperoxidase that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
myeloperoxidase proteolytic cleavage product
A nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit proteolytic cleavage product
A proenkephalin-B that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
proenkephalin-B proteolytic cleavage product
A pro-opiomelanocortin that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
pro-opiomelanocortin proteolytic cleavage product
A bone marrow proteoglycan that has had the signal peptide removed.
bone marrow proteoglycan, signal peptide removed form
A bone marrow proteoglycan that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
bone marrow proteoglycan proteolytic cleavage product
A parathyroid hormone-related protein that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
parathyroid hormone-related protein proteolytic cleavage product
A sonic hedgehog protein that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
sonic hedgehog protein proteolytic cleavage product
A somatostatin that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
somatostatin proteolytic cleavage product
A tachykinin-3 that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
tachykinin-3 proteolytic cleavage product
A VIP peptides that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
VIP peptides proteolytic cleavage product
vasoactive intestinal polypeptides proteolytic cleavage product
A bone marrow proteoglycan that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P13727-1 or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A bone marrow proteoglycan isoform 1, signal peptide removed form that has had the acidic propeptide removed.
A protein-containing complex that is a membrane-bound heterodimeric co-receptor for MHC class-I antigen/T-cell receptor interaction.
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P01732-1 or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Having a single-pass transmembrane domain, this form is membrane bound.
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain isoform 1
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P10966-1 or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain isoform 1
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain isoform 1 that has had the signal peptide removed to yield the mature form.
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain isoform 1, signal peptide removed form
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain isoform 1 that has had the signal peptide removed to yield the mature form.
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain isoform 1, signal peptide removed form
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain isoform 1, signal peptide removed form that includes at least one glycosylated residue.
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain isoform 1, signal peptide removed glycosylated form
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain isoform 1, signal peptide removed form that includes at least one glycosylated residue.
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain isoform 1, signal peptide removed glycosylated form
A CD2 molecule that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.
CD2 molecule proteolytic cleavage product
A bone marrow proteoglycan isoform 1 that has had the signal peptide removed.
bone marrow proteoglycan isoform 1, signal peptide removed form
A KLRB1-like protein that is a translation product of the human KLRB1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily B member 1
A protein that is composed of a long N-terminal extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic C-terminal domain. The N-terminal domain contains beta-propeller repeats (interrupted by an A domain in a subset of integrins alpha), while the C-terminal domain contains a GFFxR motif.
Category=family. Integrins are heterodimeric complexes of an alpha and a beta subunit. They are a structurally elaborate family of adhesion molecules that transmit signals bidirectionally across the plasma membrane by undergoing large-scale structural rearrangements. By regulating cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts, integrins participate in a wide-range of biological interactions including development, tissue repair, angiogenesis, inflammation and hemostasis. [PMID:10402956, PMID:11988479, PMID:9676575].
An integrin alpha that lacks an A domain. This type of integrin is often cleaved into heavy and light chains.
A protein that contains a single copy of the Eukaryotic-type carbonic anhydrase domain (Pfam:PF00194) with no other conserved domains.
single domain alpha-type carbonic anhydrase
A protein that in active form is a serine protease that cleaves peptide bonds on the carboxyl side of lysine or arginine amino acids within amino acid chains.
A proteolytic cleavage product that is derived from any of the casein milk proteins.
A protein that is encoded in the genome of Mus musculus.
A protein that is encoded in the genome of Homo sapiens.
A protein that is a translation product of the human IRX6 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-6
A protein that is a standalone version of the Hormone_1 domain (Pfam:PF00103). In the immature form, the domain is preceded by a signal peptide.
A protein that has G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activity. Each GPCR consists of a single polypeptide with an extracellular N-terminus, an intracellular C-terminus and seven hydrophobic transmembrane domains (TM1-TM7) linked by three extracellular loops (ECL1-ECL3) and three intracellular loops (ICL1-ICL3). GPCRs function as part of a heterotrimeric complex to transmit an extracellular signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein via the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit.
A protein that is a translation product of the human LAMP5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
brain and dendritic cell-associated LAMP
lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 5
A protein that is a translation product of the human LHX6 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A lymphocyte antigen 75 that is encoded in the genome of human.
C-type lectin domain family 13 member B (human)
A protein that is encoded in the genome of some Eukaryota.
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
Category=organism-family. Requested by=IEDB. Requested by=ImmPort.
A protein that includes at least one glycosylated residue.
A protein that contains a copy of the 'Paired box' domain (Pfam:PF00292), a conserved amino acid motif with DNA-binding activity. Members of this class are transcription factors involved in pattern formation during embryogenesis, possibly by determining the time and place of organ initiation or morphogenesis.
A paired box protein PAX that contains, in addition to the 'Paired box' domain (Pfam:PF00292), a C-terminal Homeobox domain (Pfam:PF00046).
A protein that is a translation product of some metazoan gene that encodes a signal peptide followed by a single Cathepsin propeptide inhibitor domain (Pfam:PF08246) followed by a single Papain family cysteine protease (Pfam:PF00112) domain at the C terminus.
A rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptor that is a translation product of the human DRD1 to DRD5 genes, 1:1 orthologs thereof, or pro-orthologs thereof.
Category=family. Pro-orthology refers to, in this case, after-speciation gene duplication in the non-human species (aka 1:many orthology).
A ligand-gated ion channel protein that is a translation product of the human CHRNA1-7, CHRNA9-10, CHRNB1-4, CHRNG, CHRND, or CHRNE genes, 1:1 orthologs thereof, or a semi-ortholog thereof.
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein
An ion channel protein that has ligand-gated ion channel activity. The ligand-gated ion channel opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
A channel protein that has water channel activity. A water channel enables facilitated diffusion of water (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Category=family. Note: Aquaporin channels operate as tetramers. [PRO:DAN, IUPHARfam:119]
A protein that has channel activity. Channel proteins enable energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.
leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily member
A protein that is a translation product of a gene that encodes a standalone Insulin (Pfam:PF00049) domain preceded by a signal peptide.
An amino-acid residue that is either a modified or unmodified L-tyrosine residue.
amino-acid residue related to L-tyrosine
A channel protein that has ion channel activity. An ion channel enables the facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
A protein that is a translation product of the mouse Ren1 or Ren2 genes, 1:1 orthologs thereof, or a semi-ortholog thereof.
A receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C that is a translation product of a transcript that minimally includes the region encoded by the variable exon 4(A).
receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C isoform CD45R
An MHC class II histocompatibility antigen alpha chain DRA that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
H-2 class II histocompatibility antigen, E alpha chain (mouse)
A protein that is a translation product of the human HBA1, HBA2, HBB, HBD, HBE1, HBG1, HBG2, HBM, HBQ1, or HBZ genes, 1:1 orthologs thereof, or semi-orthologs thereof.
A medium-wave-sensitive opsin that is encoded in the genome of human.
Category=organism-family. Note: The OPN1MW, OPN1MW2, and OPN1MW3 genes encode identical proteins.
A molecular entity that minimally consists of a protein.
Note: This includes single proteins and derivatives thereof (PR:000000001), protein-containing complexes (GO:0032991), and protein aggregates (PR:000050565).
A SCO-spondin that is encoded in the genome of human.
An endothelial transcription factor GATA-2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
endothelial transcription factor GATA-2 (mouse)
An ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.
phosphodiesterase I/nucleotide pyrophosphatase 3 (human)
ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 3 (human)
A homeobox protein Meis2 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A forkhead box protein N1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
winged-helix transcription factor nude (human)
A sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.
sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 5 (human)
A granzyme K that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11A that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
osteoclast differentiation factor receptor (mouse)
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11A (mouse)
A proenkephalin-B that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha chain (mouse)
A prominin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.
sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 6 (human)
A C-C chemokine receptor type 6 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily D member 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily D member 1 (mouse)
natural killer cells antigen CD94 (mouse)
An eomesodermin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A prominin-1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
natural killer cell p46-related protein (human)
natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1 (human)
A gamma-synuclein that is encoded in the genome of human.
breast cancer-specific gene 1 protein (human)
A CD83 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
interferon-inducible protein 10 receptor (mouse)
A killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G member 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
mast cell function-associated antigen 2F1 (mouse)
killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G member 1 (mouse)
A CD160 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
natural killer cell receptor BY55 (mouse)
A complement component C1q receptor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
complement component 1 q subcomponent receptor 1 (mouse)
complement component C1q receptor (mouse)
A homeobox protein SIX3 that is encoded in the genome of human.
An eomesodermin that is encoded in the genome of human.
A natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.
natural killer cell p44-related protein (human)
natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 2 (human)
A CD160 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
natural killer cell receptor BY55 (human)
A renin that is encoded in the genome of human.
A protein c-Fos that is encoded in the genome of human.
Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit (human)
G0/G1 switch regulatory protein 7 (human)
transcription factor AP-1 subunit c-Fos (human)
A protein c-Fos that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
transcription factor AP-1 subunit c-Fos (mouse)
A pro-opiomelanocortin that is encoded in the genome of human.
A pro-opiomelanocortin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A proenkephalin-B that is encoded in the genome of human.
A prolactin that is encoded in the genome of human.
A VIP peptides that is encoded in the genome of human.
vasoactive intestinal polypeptides (human)
An insulin gene translation product that is encoded in the genome of human.
insulin gene translation product (human)
An interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.
interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha (human)
An interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha (mouse)
A CD4 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
T-cell surface glycoprotein Lyt-2 (mouse)
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain (mouse)
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.
T-lymphocyte differentiation antigen T8/Leu-2 (human)
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain (human)
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain isoform mCD8alpha (human)
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain isoform membrane (human)
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain isoform 1 (human)
A Thy-1 membrane glycoprotein that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
An MHC class II histocompatibility antigen alpha chain DRA that is encoded in the genome of human.
Category=organism-gene. Requested by=IEDB.
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain (human)
A hemoglobin subunit zeta that is encoded in the genome of human.
A hemoglobin subunit beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A collagen alpha-1(I) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.
A glycophorin-A that is encoded in the genome of human.
A transferrin receptor protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A lactotransferrin that is encoded in the genome of human.
An estrogen receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.
nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group A member 1 (human)
A glial fibrillary acidic protein that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A long-wave-sensitive opsin 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A medium-wave-sensitive opsin (human) that is a translation product of the OPN1MW gene in human.
green cone photoreceptor pigment (human)
Category=organism-gene. Note: The proteins encoded by OPN1MW (this class), OPN1MW2 (PR:P0DN77), and OPN1MW3 (PR:P0DN78) are identical.
A DNA nucleotidylexotransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.
terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (human)
A Thy-1 membrane glycoprotein that is encoded in the genome of human.
A protein S100-B that is encoded in the genome of human.
An arginase-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A myeloperoxidase that is encoded in the genome of human.
A fibroblast growth factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A mast/stem cell growth factor receptor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
mast/stem cell growth factor receptor Kit (mouse)
A lymphocyte antigen 6A-2/6E-1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
An integrin alpha-M that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
CD11 antigen-like family member B (mouse)
cell surface glycoprotein MAC-1 subunit alpha (mouse)
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1a that is encoded in the genome of human.
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1a (human)
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A cholecystokinin that is encoded in the genome of human.
A CD4 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
T-cell differentiation antigen L3T4 (mouse)
A hemoglobin subunit zeta that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
alpha-like embryonic globin chain x (mouse)
A CD2 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
T-cell surface antigen T11/Leu-5 (human)
A low affinity immunoglobulin epsilon Fc receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.
C-type lectin domain family 4 member J (human)
low affinity immunoglobulin epsilon Fc receptor (human)
A receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C (mouse)
A myb proto-oncogene protein that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A prolactin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A tyrosine 3-monooxygenase that is encoded in the genome of human.
A thrombomodulin that is encoded in the genome of human.
A macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.
macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (human)
A platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.
platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha chain (human)
A carbonic anhydrase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A CD3 epsilon that is encoded in the genome of human.
T-cell surface antigen T3/Leu-4 epsilon chain (human)
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain (human)
A lactotransferrin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II (mouse)
An early growth response protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
E3 SUMO-protein transferase ERG2 (mouse)
A neprilysin that is encoded in the genome of human.
common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen (human)
A low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III (mouse)
An integrin alpha-IIb that is encoded in the genome of human.
platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb (human)
A CD14 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
myeloid cell-specific leucine-rich glycoprotein (human)
monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 (human)
A receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C that is encoded in the genome of human.
receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C (human)
A receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C isoform CD45RABC that is encoded in the genome of human.
receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C isoform CD45RABC (human)
A receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C isoform CD45RO that is encoded in the genome of human.
receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C isoform CD45RO (human)
A receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C isoform CD45RA that is encoded in the genome of human.
Category=organism-sequence. Requested by=CL.
receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C isoform CD45RA (human)
A vimentin that is encoded in the genome of human.
A CD2 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
T-cell surface antigen T11/Leu-5 (mouse)
A fibroblast growth factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A cholecystokinin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A CD48 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
B-lymphocyte activation marker BLAST-1 (human)
signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 2 (human)
A galectin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
beta-galactoside-binding lectin L-14-I (human)
lectin galactoside-binding soluble 1 (human)
putative MAPK-activating protein PM12 (human)
A CD7 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
A macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (mouse)
A cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (mouse)
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 (mouse)
A cadherin-1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A DNA nucleotidylexotransferase that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (mouse)
A lymphocyte antigen 6C2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A medium-wave-sensitive opsin (human) that is a translation product of the OPN1MW2 gene in human.
opsin 1 cone pigments medium-wave-sensitive 2 (human)
Category=organism-gene. Note: The proteins encoded by OPN1MW (PR:P04001), OPN1MW2 (this class), and OPN1MW3 (PR:P0DN78) are identical.
A medium-wave-sensitive opsin (human) that is a translation product of the OPN1MW3 gene in human.
opsin 1 cone pigments medium-wave-sensitive 3 (human)
Category=organism-gene. Note: The proteins encoded by OPN1MW (PR:P04001), OPN1MW2 (PR:P0DN77), and OPN1MW3 (this class) are identical.
A granzyme B that is encoded in the genome of human.
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte proteinase 2 (human)
A C-C motif chemokine 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.
G0/G1 switch regulatory protein 19-1 (human)
macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha (human)
tonsillar lymphocyte LD78 alpha protein (human)
A non-secretory ribonuclease that is encoded in the genome of human.
A myb proto-oncogene protein that is encoded in the genome of human.
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
T-cell membrane glycoprotein Ly-3 (mouse)
T-cell surface glycoprotein Lyt-3 (mouse)
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain (mouse)
A mast/stem cell growth factor receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.
v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (human)
mast/stem cell growth factor receptor Kit (human)
A T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 that is encoded in the genome of human.
T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 (human)
A CD14 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
myeloid cell-specific leucine-rich glycoprotein (mouse)
monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 (mouse)
A perforin-1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A C-C motif chemokine 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
heparin-binding chemotaxis protein (mouse)
macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha (mouse)
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain that is encoded in the genome of human.
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain (human)
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain isoform M-1 (human)
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain isoform Mbeta1 (human)
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain isoform 1 (human)
A collagen alpha-1(I) chain that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
An early growth response protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.
E3 SUMO-protein transferase ERG2 (human)
An integrin alpha-M that is encoded in the genome of human.
CD11 antigen-like family member B (human)
cell surface glycoprotein MAC-1 subunit alpha (human)
A myeloperoxidase that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
An antigen-presenting glycoprotein CD1d that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
antigen-presenting glycoprotein CD1d1 (mouse)
A neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (mouse)
An eosinophil peroxidase that is encoded in the genome of human.
A uteroglobin that is encoded in the genome of human.
Club cell phospholipid-binding protein (human)
Club cells 10 kDa secretory protein (human)
secretoglobin family 1A member 1 (human)
A membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
leukocyte surface antigen Leu-16 (human)
membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 (human)
An immunoglobulin iota chain that is encoded in the genome of human.
CD179 antigen-like family member A (human)
A parathyroid hormone-related protein that is encoded in the genome of human.
parathyroid hormone-like protein (human)
parathyroid hormone-related protein (human)
A high affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I that is encoded in the genome of human.
high affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I (human)
A high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.
high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor subunit alpha (human)
An eosinophil cationic protein that is encoded in the genome of human.
A cadherin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A neural cell adhesion molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A neural cell adhesion molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
An integrin alpha-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.
CD49 antigen-like family member D (human)
A tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.
tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5 (human)
A bone marrow proteoglycan that is encoded in the genome of human.
A bone marrow proteoglycan isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
bone marrow proteoglycan isoform 1 (human)
A glial fibrillary acidic protein that is encoded in the genome of human.
An L-selectin that is encoded in the genome of human.
CD62 antigen-like family member L (human)
leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (human)
A perforin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A D(2) dopamine receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.
An interleukin-1 receptor-like 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
interleukin-33 receptor alpha chain (mouse)
An interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.
high affinity IL-2 receptor subunit beta (human)
interleukin-15 receptor subunit beta (human)
interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta (human)
An aminopeptidase N that is encoded in the genome of human.
myeloid plasma membrane glycoprotein CD13 (human)
A thrombomodulin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A CD44 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
GP90 lymphocyte homing/adhesion receptor (mouse)
extracellular matrix receptor III (mouse)
A CD19 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
A fibroblast growth factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A leukosialin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
B-cell differentiation antigen LP-3 (mouse)
An antigen-presenting glycoprotein CD1d that is encoded in the genome of human.
antigen-presenting glycoprotein CD1d (human)
An immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
CD179 antigen-like family member B (human)
immunoglobulin omega polypeptide (human)
immunoglobulin-related protein 14.1 (human)
immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 1 (human)
A V(D)J recombination-activating protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
V(D)J recombination-activating protein 1 (human)
A V(D)J recombination-activating protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
V(D)J recombination-activating protein 1 (mouse)
An erythroid transcription factor that is encoded in the genome of human.
A carbonic anhydrase 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A galectin-1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
beta-galactoside-binding lectin L-14-I (mouse)
lectin galactoside-binding soluble 1 (mouse)
A CD44 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
GP90 lymphocyte homing/adhesion receptor (human)
extracellular matrix receptor III (human)
A leukosialin that is encoded in the genome of human.
An alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.
CD140 antigen-like family member A (human)
alpha platelet-derived growth factor receptor (human)
alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (human)
platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor (human)
platelet-derived growth factor receptor 2 (human)
platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (human)
An interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
high affinity IL-2 receptor subunit beta (mouse)
interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta (mouse)
A glutamyl aminopeptidase that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (human)
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 (human)
A platelet glycoprotein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.
leukocyte differentiation antigen CD36 (human)
An interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.
interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha (human)
An interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha (mouse)
An integrin alpha-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.
CD49 antigen-like family member B (human)
platelet membrane glycoprotein Ia (human)
A transcription factor PU.1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
SFFV proviral integration 1 protein (mouse)
A T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
T-cell leukemia/lymphoma protein 5 (human)
class A basic helix-loop-helix protein 17 (human)
T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 (human)
An erythroid transcription factor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
An endoglin that is encoded in the genome of human.
A complement receptor type 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A transcription factor PU.1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A CD48 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 2 (mouse)
An L-selectin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
CD62 antigen-like family member L (mouse)
leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (mouse)
lymphocyte surface MEL-14 antigen (mouse)
A syndecan-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A syndecan-1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A complement receptor type 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
B-cell differentiation antigen Ly-44 (mouse)
membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 (mouse)
An estrogen receptor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group A member 1 (mouse)
A complement receptor type 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A CD33 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 3 (human)
myeloid cell surface antigen CD33 (human)
A vimentin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A B-cell receptor CD22 that is encoded in the genome of human.
B-lymphocyte cell adhesion molecule (human)
sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 2 (human)
A parvalbumin alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.
A high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor subunit alpha (mouse)
A low affinity immunoglobulin epsilon Fc receptor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
low affinity immunoglobulin epsilon Fc receptor (mouse)
An integrin alpha-X that is encoded in the genome of human.
CD11 antigen-like family member C (human)
leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein p150,95 alpha chain (human)
leukocyte adhesion receptor p150,95 (human)
A granzyme H that is encoded in the genome of human.
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte proteinase (human)
A T-cell surface glycoprotein YE1/48 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
T-cell surface glycoprotein YE1/48 (mouse)
An interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha (mouse)
An fMet-Leu-Phe receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.
N-formylpeptide chemoattractant receptor (human)
A D(1A) dopamine receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.
A macrophage scavenger receptor types I and II that is encoded in the genome of human.
macrophage acetylated LDL receptor I and II (human)
scavenger receptor class A member 1 (human)
macrophage scavenger receptor types I and II (human)
A V(D)J recombination-activating protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
V(D)J recombination-activating protein 2 (mouse)
A CD9 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
cell growth-inhibiting gene 2 protein (human)
An alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.
galactoside 3-L-fucosyltransferase (human)
ELAM-1 ligand fucosyltransferase (human)
4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase (human)
alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase 4 (human)
A T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 homolog (mouse)
A CD3 epsilon that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
T-cell surface antigen T3/Leu-4 epsilon chain (mouse)
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain (mouse)
A parathyroid hormone-related protein that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
parathyroid hormone-like protein (mouse)
parathyroid hormone-related protein (mouse)
A macrophage mannose receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
C-type lectin domain family 13 member D (human)
C-type lectin domain family 13 member D-like (human)
macrophage mannose receptor 1-like protein 1 (human)
An endothelial transcription factor GATA-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.
endothelial transcription factor GATA-2 (human)
A trans-acting T-cell-specific transcription factor GATA-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.
trans-acting T-cell-specific transcription factor GATA-3 (human)
A trans-acting T-cell-specific transcription factor GATA-3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
trans-acting T-cell-specific transcription factor GATA-3 (mouse)
A tyrosine 3-monooxygenase that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A signal transducer CD24 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A C-X-C chemokine receptor type 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
high affinity interleukin-8 receptor A (human)
A C-X-C chemokine receptor type 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.
high affinity interleukin-8 receptor B (human)
Category=organism-gene. Requested by=PubChem.
A signal transducer CD24 that is encoded in the genome of human.
small cell lung carcinoma cluster 4 antigen (human)
A CD19 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
An integrin beta-7 that is encoded in the genome of human.
Gut homing receptor beta subunit (human)
An integrin beta-7 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A high affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
high affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I (mouse)
A paired box protein Pax-6 that is encoded in the genome of human.
An alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
CD140 antigen-like family member A (mouse)
alpha platelet-derived growth factor receptor (mouse)
alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (mouse)
platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor (mouse)
platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (mouse)
An NKG2-A/NKG2-B type II integral membrane protein that is encoded in the genome of human.
CD159 antigen-like family member A (human)
NKG2-A/NKG2-B type II integral membrane protein (human)
A CD27 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 7 (human)
An interleukin-3 receptor class 2 alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.
interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha (human)
An interleukin-3 receptor class 2 alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
interleukin-3 receptor class II alpha chain (mouse)
interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha (mouse)
A tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 5 (mouse)
A killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily B member 1C that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
CD161 antigen-like family member C (mouse)
natural killer cell surface protein P1-40 (mouse)
killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily B member 1C (mouse)
A CD34 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 (human)
An ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
2'-phospho-ADP-ribosyl cyclase/2'-phospho-cyclic-ADP-ribose transferase (human)
2'-phospho-cyclic-ADP-ribose transferase (human)
ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1 (human)
A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1c that is encoded in the genome of human.
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1c (human)
A tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.
tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 5 (human)
A macrophage scavenger receptor types I and II that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
macrophage acetylated LDL receptor I and II (mouse)
macrophage scavenger receptor types I and II (mouse)
A tyrosine-protein kinase receptor UFO that is encoded in the genome of human.
tyrosine-protein kinase receptor UFO (human)
An oxytocin receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.
A T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 (mouse)
A low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-b that is encoded in the genome of human.
low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-b (human)
A macrosialin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.
non-specific cross-reacting antigen NCA-95 (human)
carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 8 (human)
A C-C chemokine receptor type 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha receptor (human)
A C-C chemokine receptor type 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.
EBV-induced G-protein coupled receptor 1 (human)
epstein-Barr virus-induced G-protein coupled receptor 1 (human)
A C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A VIP peptides that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A parvalbumin alpha that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A cadherin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A CD80 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD80 (human)
An fMet-Leu-Phe receptor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
N-formylpeptide chemoattractant receptor (mouse)
A macrosialin that is encoded in the genome of human.
A B-cell receptor CD22 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
B-lymphocyte cell adhesion molecule (mouse)
sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 2 (mouse)
A C-X-C chemokine receptor type 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
high affinity interleukin-8 receptor B (mouse)
A urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor (mouse)
A lymphocyte antigen 6G that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
protein-tyrosine kinase receptor flk-1 (mouse)
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (mouse)
A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.
protein-tyrosine kinase receptor flk-1 (human)
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (human)
A neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 that is encoded in the genome of human.
neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 (human)
A receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase FLT3 that is encoded in the genome of human.
receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase FLT3 (human)
A CD69 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A fibroblast growth factor 8 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
An integrin alpha-E that is encoded in the genome of human.
A CD9 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A B-cell lymphoma 6 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.
zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 27 (human)
A B-cell lymphoma 6 protein that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
B-cell lymphoma 6 protein homolog (mouse)
A CD27 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 7 (mouse)
A C-C chemokine receptor type 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.
monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 receptor (human)
A CD86 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD86 (human)
A CD86 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
early T-cell costimulatory molecule 1 (mouse)
T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD86 (mouse)
A cathepsin K that is encoded in the genome of human.
A C-C chemokine receptor type 7 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
EBV-induced G-protein coupled receptor 1 (mouse)
epstein-Barr virus-induced G-protein coupled receptor 1 (mouse)
A glutamate decarboxylase 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
67 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase (mouse)
glutamate decarboxylase 67 kDa isoform (mouse)
A transcription factor SOX-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A transcription factor SOX-2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A CX3C chemokine receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
An eosinophil peroxidase that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 (mouse)
A C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.
interferon-inducible protein 10 receptor (human)
A CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (human)
A granzyme K that is encoded in the genome of human.
An ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
lymphoid cell activation antigen (human)
nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (human)
ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (human)
A protein S100-B that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A CD7 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A LIM/homeobox protein Lhx3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A nuclear receptor ROR-gamma that is encoded in the genome of human.
nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group F member 3 (human)
retinoid-related orphan receptor-gamma (human)
A nuclear receptor ROR-gamma that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group F member 3 (mouse)
retinoid-related orphan receptor-gamma (mouse)
A nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform RORgT (mouse)
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 2 (mouse)
A C-C chemokine receptor type 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha receptor (mouse)
A C-C chemokine receptor type 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A C-C chemokine receptor type 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha receptor-like 2 (mouse)
probable C-C chemokine receptor type 3 (mouse)
A C-C chemokine receptor type 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A C-C chemokine receptor type 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A C-C chemokine receptor type 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A C-C chemokine receptor type 5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A C-C chemokine receptor type 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A C-C chemokine receptor type 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A lumican that is encoded in the genome of human.
keratan sulfate proteoglycan lumican (human)
A lumican that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
keratan sulfate proteoglycan lumican (mouse)
A CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (mouse)
A fibroblast growth factor 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A cathepsin K that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A tachykinin-3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
neurokinin B-like protein Zneurok1 (mouse)
A cadherin-5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
An ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
lymphoid cell activation antigen (mouse)
nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (mouse)
ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (mouse)
A V(D)J recombination-activating protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.
V(D)J recombination-activating protein 2 (human)
An integrin alpha-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
CD49 antigen-like family member A (human)
An ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
2'-phospho-ADP-ribosyl cyclase/2'-phospho-cyclic-ADP-ribose transferase (mouse)
2'-phospho-cyclic-ADP-ribose transferase (mouse)
ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1 (mouse)
A forkhead box protein P1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
forkhead-related transcription factor 1 (mouse)
A leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily A member 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.
CD85 antigen-like family member G (human)
immunoglobulin-like transcript 7 (human)
leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily A member 4 (human)
A somatostatin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.
leukocyte-derived seven transmembrane domain receptor (human)
lipopolysaccharide-associated protein 3 (human)
stromal cell-derived factor 1 receptor (human)
A fibroblast growth factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A D(2) dopamine receptor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A somatostatin that is encoded in the genome of human.
growth hormone release-inhibiting factor (human)
A paired box protein Pax-6 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
leukocyte-derived seven transmembrane domain receptor (mouse)
pre-B-cell-derived chemokine receptor (mouse)
stromal cell-derived factor 1 receptor (mouse)
A tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
CD172 antigen-like family member A (human)
brain Ig-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs (human)
signal-regulatory protein alpha-1 (human)
signal-regulatory protein alpha-2 (human)
signal-regulatory protein alpha-3 (human)
tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1 (human)
An iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-6 that is encoded in the genome of human.
iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-6 (human)
A POU domain, class 6, transcription factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.
retina-derived POU domain factor 1 (human)
POU domain, class 6, transcription factor 2 (human)
A reelin that is encoded in the genome of human.
A neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin that is encoded in the genome of human.
25 kDa alpha-2-microglobulin-related subunit of MMP-9 (human)
neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (human)
A homeobox protein Meis2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
An aminopeptidase N that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
CD172 antigen-like family member A (mouse)
brain Ig-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs (mouse)
signal-regulatory protein alpha-1 (mouse)
tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1 (mouse)
An oxytocin receptor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase FLT3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
tyrosine-protein kinase receptor flk-2 (mouse)
receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase FLT3 (mouse)
A CD80 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD80 (mouse)
An integrin alpha-4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
CD49 antigen-like family member D (mouse)
lymphocyte Peyer patch adhesion molecules subunit alpha (mouse)
A nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.
lymphocyte translocation chromosome 10 protein (human)
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 2 (human)
nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit (human)
A tyrosine-protein kinase receptor UFO that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
tyrosine-protein kinase receptor UFO (mouse)
A CD83 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
A runt-related transcription factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
SL3-3 enhancer factor 1 alpha B subunit (human)
SL3/AKV core-binding factor alpha B subunit (human)
acute myeloid leukemia 1 protein (human)
core-binding factor subunit alpha-2 (human)
polyomavirus enhancer-binding protein 2 alpha B subunit (human)
runt-related transcription factor 1 (human)
An interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.
interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha (human)
An interleukin-1 receptor-like 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A programmed cell death protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A paired box protein PAX-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.
B-cell-specific transcription factor (human)
A paired box protein PAX-5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
B-cell-specific transcription factor (mouse)
A runt-related transcription factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
SL3-3 enhancer factor 1 alpha B subunit (mouse)
SL3/AKV core-binding factor alpha B subunit (mouse)
acute myeloid leukemia 1 protein (mouse)
core-binding factor subunit alpha-2 (mouse)
polyomavirus enhancer-binding protein 2 alpha B subunit (mouse)
runt-related transcription factor 1 (mouse)
A urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor (human)
A C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
burkitt lymphoma receptor 1 homolog (mouse)
A tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5 (mouse)
A uteroglobin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
Club cell phospholipid-binding protein (mouse)
Club cells 10 kDa secretory protein (mouse)
secretoglobin family 1A member 1 (mouse)
A glutamyl aminopeptidase that is encoded in the genome of human.
A CD69 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
C-type lectin domain family 2 member C (human)
early T-cell activation antigen p60 (human)
leukocyte surface antigen Leu-23 (human)
A natural killer cell receptor 2B4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
NK cell type I receptor protein 2B4 (mouse)
non-MHC restricted killing associated (mouse)
signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 4 (mouse)
natural killer cell receptor 2B4 (mouse)
A platelet glycoprotein 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A bone marrow stromal antigen 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.
An alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase (mouse)
galactoside 3-L-fucosyltransferase (mouse)
alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase 4 (mouse)
A tyrosine-protein kinase Mer that is encoded in the genome of human.
A killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily B member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
C-type lectin domain family 5 member B (human)
natural killer cell surface protein P1A (human)
killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily B member 1 (human)
A killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily D member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily D member 1 (human)
natural killer cells antigen CD94 (human)
A SLAM family member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (human)
A transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
interleukin-1 receptor-like 1 ligand (human)
putative T1/ST2 receptor-binding protein (human)
transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein 1 (human)
An adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1 (human)
adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E1 (human)
A programmed cell death protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A sonic hedgehog protein that is encoded in the genome of human.
Shh unprocessed N-terminal signaling and C-terminal autoprocessing domains (human)
A metastasis-suppressor KiSS-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein epsilon that is encoded in the genome of human.
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein epsilon (human)
A SLAM family member 5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
leukocyte differentiation antigen CD84 (mouse)
signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 5 (mouse)
A scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type 1 protein M130 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type 1 protein M130 (mouse)
A transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
interleukin-1 receptor-like 1 ligand (mouse)
putative T1/ST2 receptor-binding protein (mouse)
transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein 1 (mouse)
An integrin alpha-1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
CD49 antigen-like family member A (mouse)
A cell surface glycoprotein CD200 receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
CD200 cell surface glycoprotein receptor-like 3 (mouse)
CD200 cell surface glycoprotein receptor-like b (mouse)
cell surface glycoprotein OX2 receptor 3 (mouse)
cell surface glycoprotein CD200 receptor 3 (mouse)
A killer cell lectin-like receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
T-cell surface glycoprotein Ly-49D (mouse)
killer cell lectin-like receptor 4 (mouse)
An integrin alpha-E that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A killer cell lectin-like receptor 8 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
T-cell surface glycoprotein Ly-49H (mouse)
killer cell lectin-like receptor 8 (mouse)
A macrophage receptor MARCO that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (mouse)
A lymphocyte antigen 75 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A tyrosine-protein kinase Mer that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A reelin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
An arginase-1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A neprilysin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
An adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1 (mouse)
adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E1 (mouse)
A forkhead box protein N1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 forkhead homolog 11 (mouse)
winged-helix transcription factor nude (mouse)
A D(1A) dopamine receptor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A macrophage mannose receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A bone marrow proteoglycan that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A bone marrow proteoglycan isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
bone marrow proteoglycan isoform 1 (mouse)
A sonic hedgehog protein that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
Shh unprocessed N-terminal signaling and C-terminal autoprocessing domains (mouse)
A sialoadhesin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 1 (mouse)
A homeobox protein SIX3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A transferrin receptor protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
An integrin alpha-2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
CD49 antigen-like family member B (mouse)
platelet membrane glycoprotein Ia (mouse)
An endoglin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A CD33 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 3 (mouse)
myeloid cell surface antigen CD33 (mouse)
A CD34 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 (mouse)
A killer cell lectin-like receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
T-cell surface glycoprotein Ly-49C (mouse)
killer cell lectin-like receptor 3 (mouse)
A lactosylceramide 4-alpha-galactosyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
UDP-galactose:beta-D-galactosyl-beta1-R 4-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase (mouse)
alpha-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (mouse)
lactosylceramide 4-alpha-galactosyltransferase (mouse)
An ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
phosphodiesterase I/nucleotide pyrophosphatase 3 (mouse)
ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 3 (mouse)
A C-type lectin domain family 6 member A that is encoded in the genome of human.
C-type lectin superfamily member 10 (human)
dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin 2 (human)
C-type lectin domain family 6 member A (human)
A CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein epsilon that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein epsilon (mouse)
A C-type lectin domain family 7 member A that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
C-type lectin superfamily member 12 (mouse)
dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin 1 (mouse)
C-type lectin domain family 7 member A (mouse)
A relaxin receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 7 (mouse)
relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (mouse)
A DBH-like monooxygenase protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
DBH-like monooxygenase protein 1 (human)
A metastasis-suppressor KiSS-1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type 1 protein M130 that is encoded in the genome of human.
scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type 1 protein M130 (human)
A POU domain, class 6, transcription factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
POU domain, class 6, transcription factor 2 (mouse)
A natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
natural killer cell p46-related protein (mouse)
natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1 (mouse)
A SCO-spondin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A CD209 molecule-like protein B that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A bestrophin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.
vitelliform macular dystrophy 2-like protein 2 (human)
A bone marrow stromal antigen 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A netrin-G1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A neuropilin and tolloid-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
brain-specific transmembrane protein containing 2 CUB and 1 LDL-receptor class A domains protein 1 (mouse)
neuropilin and tolloid-like protein 1 (mouse)
A neuropilin and tolloid-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
brain-specific transmembrane protein containing 2 CUB and 1 LDL-receptor class A domains protein 1 (human)
neuropilin and tolloid-like protein 1 (human)
A C-type lectin domain family 4 member K that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
C-type lectin domain family 4 member K (mouse)
A spondin-1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A C-type lectin domain family 4 member C that is encoded in the genome of human.
C-type lectin superfamily member 7 (human)
C-type lectin domain family 4 member C (human)
A sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 6 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin F (mouse)
sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 5 (mouse)
A killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
C-type lectin domain family 15 member A (human)
mast cell function-associated antigen (human)
killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G member 1 (human)
A glutamate decarboxylase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
67 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase (human)
glutamate decarboxylase 67 kDa isoform (human)
A forkhead box protein P3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
triggering receptor expressed on monocytes 2 (mouse)
triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (mouse)
A B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11B that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
radiation-induced tumor suppressor gene 1 protein (mouse)
A C-type lectin domain family 7 member A that is encoded in the genome of human.
C-type lectin superfamily member 12 (human)
dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin 1 (human)
C-type lectin domain family 7 member A (human)
A forkhead box protein P3 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A natural killer cell receptor 2B4 that is encoded in the genome of human.
NK cell activation-inducing ligand (human)
NK cell type I receptor protein 2B4 (human)
signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 4 (human)
natural killer cell receptor 2B4 (human)
A sialoadhesin that is encoded in the genome of human.
sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 1 (human)
A B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11B that is encoded in the genome of human.
radiation-induced tumor suppressor gene 1 protein (human)
A galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
UDP-GlcUA:glycoprotein beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase (mouse)
beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 1 (mouse)
galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase 1 (mouse)
A DBH-like monooxygenase protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
DBH-like monooxygenase protein 1 (mouse)
A chondrolectin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
brain and dendritic cell-associated LAMP (mouse)
brain-associated LAMP-like protein (mouse)
lysosome-associated membrane protein 5 (mouse)
lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 5 (mouse)
An iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-6 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-6 (mouse)
A forkhead box protein P1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A chondrolectin that is encoded in the genome of human.
A relaxin receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 7 (human)
relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (human)
A spondin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
vascular smooth muscle cell growth-promoting factor (human)
An interleukin-17 receptor B that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A T-box transcription factor TBX21 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
T-cell-specific T-box transcription factor T-bet (mouse)
T-box transcription factor TBX21 (mouse)
A C-type lectin domain family 6 member A that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
C-type lectin superfamily member 10 (mouse)
dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin 2 (mouse)
C-type lectin domain family 6 member A (mouse)
A CD209 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.
C-type lectin domain family 4 member L (human)
dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin 1 (human)
A lactosylceramide 4-alpha-galactosyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.
UDP-galactose:beta-D-galactosyl-beta1-R 4-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase (human)
alpha-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (human)
lactosylceramide 4-alpha-galactosyltransferase (human)
A complement component C1q receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.
complement component 1 q subcomponent receptor 1 (human)
matrix-remodeling-associated protein 4 (human)
complement component C1q receptor (human)
An interleukin-17 receptor B that is encoded in the genome of human.
A triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.
triggering receptor expressed on monocytes 2 (human)
Category=organism-gene. Requested by=Alzforum.
triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (human)
A galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
UDP-GlcUA:glycoprotein beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase (human)
beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 1 (human)
galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase 1 (human)
An integrin alpha-IIb that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb (mouse)
A SLAM family member 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (mouse)
An integrin alpha-X that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
CD11 antigen-like family member C (mouse)
leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein p150,95 alpha chain (mouse)
leukocyte adhesion receptor p150,95 (mouse)
A melanopsin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A LIM/homeobox protein Lhx6 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A LIM/homeobox protein Lhx3 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A macrophage receptor MARCO that is encoded in the genome of human.
macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (human)
scavenger receptor class A member 2 (human)
A tachykinin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A melanopsin that is encoded in the genome of human.
A SLAM family member 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.
leukocyte differentiation antigen CD84 (human)
signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 5 (human)
A C-type lectin domain family 4 member K that is encoded in the genome of human.
C-type lectin domain family 4 member K (human)
A lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.
brain and dendritic cell-associated LAMP (human)
brain-associated LAMP-like protein (human)
lysosome-associated membrane protein 5 (human)
lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 5 (human)
A T-box transcription factor TBX21 that is encoded in the genome of human.
T-cell-specific T-box transcription factor T-bet (human)
T-box transcription factor TBX21 (human)
A LIM/homeobox protein Lhx6 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 2 (mouse)
nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit (mouse)
An inducible T-cell costimulator that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
activation-inducible lymphocyte immunomediatory molecule (mouse)
A netrin-G1 that is encoded in the genome of human.
A prostaglandin D2 receptor DP2 that is encoded in the genome of human.
chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (human)
A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11A that is encoded in the genome of human.
osteoclast differentiation factor receptor (human)
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11A (human)
An inducible T-cell costimulator that is encoded in the genome of human.
activation-inducible lymphocyte immunomediatory molecule (human)
A CX3C chemokine receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A gamma-synuclein that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
A prostaglandin D2 receptor DP2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.
chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (mouse)
A material entity consisting of multiple components that are causally integrated.
May be replaced by a BFO class, as discussed in http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/4/1/43
An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity.
Lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina.
Orifice of the olfactory system. The naris is the route by which odorants enter the olfactory system[MAH].
The olfactory organ of vertebrates, consisting of nares, olfactory epithelia and the structures and skeletal framework of the nasal cavity.
The clusters of hormone-producing cells that are scattered throughout the pancreas.
The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands [GO]. An endocrine gland located ventral to the diencephalon and derived from mixed neuroectodermal and non neuroectodermal origin [ZFIN].
Terminology note: hypophysis and pituitary gland are often used informally as synonyms, but the hypophysis also includes the small infundibular or pituitary stalk[Neumann 2020]
A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that lines organs and supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of underlying smooth muscle. [WP,unvetted].
A major division of the nervous system that contains nerves which connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.
The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia[GO].
parasympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system
pars parasympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi
Part of peripheral nervous system that includes the somatic parts of the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors.
somatic nervous system, somatic division
somatic part of peripheral nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter [GO].
pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi
sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system
Any portion of the organ that covers that body and consists of a layer of epidermis and a layer of dermis.
A non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions. Anatomical boundaries are contiguous structures.
Except in the case of abstracted fiat boundaries such as the midline plane of an organism, all 2D anatomical entities have a 3 dimensional projection. For example, the surface of the shell of a muscle has a distinct shape that projects into the third dimension. Note that boundaries are 2D structures. They have no thickness - and so can not be sites of gene expression or gene product localisation. For this, use boundary region terms.
The part of the pancreas that is part of the endocrine system and is made up of islet cells, which produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.
create a separate class for distributed pancreas, eg cyclostomes?
The part of the pancreas that is part of the exocrine system and which produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells [GO].
A light sensing organ composed of ommatidia.
An organ of sight that includes the camera-type eyeball and supporting structures such as the lacrimal apparatus, the conjunctiva, the eyelid.
camera-type eye plus associated structures
An organ that is capable of transducing sensory stimulus to the nervous system.
Anatomical projection that protrudes from the skin. Examples: hair, nail, feather, claw, hoof, horn, wattle, spur, beak, antler, bristle and some scales.
Mammary glands develop by similar mechanisms, and there is an argument for including them here (e.g. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20484386), but these structures do not fit the current definition (lactiferous glands are part of the integumentary system in FMA). Note the FMA class is a subdivision of epidermis, which may be too restrictive for our purposes here.
Any hollow cylindrical anatomical structure containing a lumen through which substances are transported.
Major subdivision of an organism that protrudes from the body[DOS, CARO].
Any of the rounded masses of lymphoid tissue that are surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue, are distributed along the lymphatic vessels, and contain numerous lymphocytes which filter the flow of lymph.
A thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa[WP]. The lamina propria contains capillaries and a central lacteal (lymph vessel) in the small intestine, as well as lymphoid tissue. Lamina propria also contains glands with the ducts opening on to the mucosal epithelium, that secrete mucus and serous secretions.
A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory airway.
The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO].
An ovarian follicle that has one layer of granulosa cells.
A maturing ovarian follicle that has two more more layers of granulosa cells, up to the onset of antrum formation.
A follicle that has reached the most mature stage of folliculogenesis, characterized by the presence of the antrum.
folliculus ovaricus tertiarius (vesiculosus)
folliculus ovaricus tertiarius (vesiculous)
The fluid surrounding the ovum and granulosa cells in the ovarian follicle.
Region of ovarian follicle filled with follicular fluid.
Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer (mesothelium) and a connective tissue layer.
Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone[VSAO].
Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain. (MSH) * ganglion found on the posterior root of each spinal nerve, composed of the unipolar nerve cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the nerve. (CSP).
spinal ganglion part of peripheral nervous system
A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies.
TODO - check vert vs invert. Other species: Any of a number of aggregations of neurons, glial cells and their processes, surrounded by a glial cell and connective tissue sheath (plural: ganglia). // Subdivision of neural tree (organ) which primarily consists of cell bodies of neurons located outside the neuraxis (brain and spinal cord); together with a nucleus and its associated nerve, it constitutes a neural tree (organ). Examples: spinal ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, superior cervical ganglion, celiac ganglion, inferior hypogastric (pelvic) ganglion. // a cluster of nerve cells and associated glial cells (nuclear location) // Portion of tissue that contains cell bodies of neurons and is located outside the central nervous system.
An eye with one concave chamber. Note that 'simple' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity.
A C-shaped bundle of fibres (axons) in the brain, and carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei. It is typically divided into the columns (crus), body, commissure and the pre-commissural and post-commissural fornix (MM).
An oval area in the retina, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototopic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed).
Thickened areas of the saccule or utricle where the termination of the vestibular nerve occurs[MESH,modified].
A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph.
Muscular duct that propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, or related organs.
The fibromuscular tubular canal through which urine is discharged from the bladder to the exterior via the external urinary meatus; in males, the urethra is joined by the ejaculatory ducts and serves as a passageway for semen during ejaculation, as well as a canal for urine during voiding; in females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening.
A tubular structure that transports secreted or excreted substances.
A subdivision of the digestive tract that connects the small intestine to the cloaca or anus. Lacks or has few villi[Kardong].
Organ component adjacent to an organ cavity and which consists of a maximal aggregate of organ component layers.
Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome.
Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP].
A part of an organ that constitutes a distinct modular sub-unit. In some cases, the organ may also contain other sub-units of identical or similar types, in other cases this may be a distinct entity.
FMA distinguishes segment from zone by whether the fiat boundaries are fixed/anchored (segments) or floating (zone). It's not completely clear how to apply this distinction
A multicellular structure that is a part of an organ.
Anatomical structure that is part of the respiratory system. In mammals consists of upper and lower tracts.
The stage of development at which the animal is fully formed, including immaturity and maturity. Includes both sexually immature stage, and adult stage.
A life cycle stage that starts with fertilization and ends with the fully formed embryo.
A distinct juvenile stage many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle.
proximo-distal subdivision of respiratory tract
Any part or collection of parts of the central or peripheral nervous system. Parts may span both CNS and PNS.
A capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney[GO].
Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements and articular elements that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism.
The surface (external) layer of ectoderm which begins to proliferate shortly after separation from the neuroectoderm.
merge with non-neural. In vertebrates, the ectoderm has three parts: external ectoderm (also known as surface ectoderm), the neurectoderm (neural crest, and neural tube)
An anatomical structure that develops from the endoderm and the mesoderm.
mixed endoderm/mesoderm-derived structure
An anatomical structure that develops from the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
mixed ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm-derived structure
The organs associated with producing offspring in the gender that produces spermatozoa.
The second stage of the kidney. It serves as the main excretory organ of aquatic vertebrates and as a temporary embryonic kidney in higher vertebrates. It is composed of the mesonephric duct (also called the Wolffian duct), mesonephric tubules, and associated capillary tufts. A single tubule and its associated capillary tuft is called a mesonephric excretory unit; these units are similar in structure and function to nephrons of the adult kidney. The mesonephros is derived from intermediate mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo.
In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine[GO].
A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros[GO]. Genital ridge that is next to the mesonephros[WP].
An epithelial swelling on the Wolffian duct that elongates to invade the adjacent metanephric mesenchyme[MP].
A spherical embryonic mass of blastomeres formed before the blastula and resulting from cleavage of the fertilized ovum.
A glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte. It is a vital constitutive part of the latter, external but not extraneous to it. The zona pellucida first appears in multilaminar primary oocytes.
A mass of cells that develop into the body of the embryo and some extraembryonic tissues.
embryoblastus; massa cellularis interna; pluriblastus senior
The mesectodermal cell layer arising from the trophectoderm that erodes the uterine mucosa and contributes to the formation of the placenta.
Aggregate of cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They are formed during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg. [Wikipedia:Trophoblast]
A flattened, almost circular bilaminar plate of cells formed when the inner cell mass (aka embryoblast) forms two epithelial layers, each of a distinct lineage, separated by an extracellular basement membrane: the external (dorsal) layer is called the epiblast and the internal (ventral) layer is called the hypoblast (aka primitive endoderm); together, they compose the bilaminar embryonic disc.
Stage succeeding embryo, including mature structure.
A depression or fissure in the surface of an organ.
Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue organized into a sheet which interconnects two or more organs, separates two or more body spaces from one another, or surrounds an organ or body part. Examples: interosseous membrane of forearm, obturator membrane, tympanic membrane, fibrous pericardium, fascia lata, dura mater. [FMA].
Portion of neural crest that develops from the dorsal neural tube. It overlaps the vagal neural crest and migrates to populate the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 (producing structures in the head) and to the heart, forming connective tissue that separates the great vessels of the heart. [Wikipedia].
A lung lobe is one of the rounded projections that compose the lung[GO].
The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs[GO].
An entire span of an organism's life. In metazoans, commences with the zygote stage and ends with the death of the organism.
A spatiotemporal region encompassing some part of the life cycle of an organism.
this class represents a proper part of the life cycle of an organism. The class 'life cycle' should not be placed here
A stage at which the organism is a single cell produced by means of sexual reproduction.
The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg; Stage consisting of division of cells in the early embryo. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula.
An early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence.
consider adding a preceding stage 'morula stage' as part of cleavage
A stage defined by complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
A chordate developmental stage defined by the formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system.
A stage at which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism.
The stage of being a sexually mature adult animal.
The connective tissue located between the respiratory (airway and alveolar) epithelium, the capillary endothelium and pleural mesothelium; it contains basement membrane composed of collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and fibronectin.
A tube in the respiratory system. Examples: bronchus, bronchiole, trachea.
Structure derived from foregut that becomes a lung[GO].
Portion of tissue, that consists of single layer of cells connected to each other by cell junctions. Examples: layer of glial cells; epithelium.
Cell layer consisting of lining cells that separates the central nervous system and the bloodstream. The BBB may consist of endothelial cells or glial cells. An endothelial barrier may have arisen independently several times during evolution. In bichir and lungfish the barrier is formed by brain endothelial cells, while in sturgeon it is formed by a complex perivascular glial sheath, but with no detectable tight junctions.
A layer of thin, concentrically arranged cells with interspersed collagen that lies within the epineurium. The perineurium is a component of the blood–nerve barrier and is essential for protecting axons and their associated Schwann cells from ionic flux, toxins and infection.
A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses.
A loose connective tissue sheath surrounding each peripheral nerve. Composed mainly of colagen and fibroblasts, it forms a substantial covering over nerve trunks, then thins to an incomplete layer around smaller branches near their terminations. The epineurium is continuous centrally with the dura. Peripherally, it usually ends near the termination of a nerve fiber, but it may continue as the capsule of Meissner corpuscles and a few other encapsulated endings. Nolte, J. The Human Brain 3rd edition.
A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections, and including nearby cells that share the same cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO).
Nucleus that receives projections from or contains neurons that send projections through one of the cranial nerves.
The group of motor neurons residing in the pons that innervate the muscles of facial expression.
A layer of the ovarian follicle that consists of theca cells.
The theca externa is the outer layers of the theca folliculi. It contains abundant collagen and is mainly supportive.
theca externa (folliculus ovaricus tertiarius)
Theca interna cells express receptors for luteinizing hormone, which when activated will stimulate the production of androstenedione from cholesterol by the enzyme desmolase. Androstenedione ultimately gives the granulosa cells the precursor substrate for estrogen manufacturing.
theca interna (folliculus ovaricus tertiarius)
internal coat of capsule of Graafian follicle
The terminal part of the large intestine, continuous proximally with the rectum and distally terminates with the anus.
requires alignment with EHDAA2 and complete developmental relationships
Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine.
Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces (or a body space with the space surrounding the organism)[FMA,modified].
Common chamber into which the intestines and excretory system opens. Arises during development in all vertebrates, but in many it becomes subdivided, lost or incorporated into other structures.
adding df link to embryonic cloaca leads to a cycle in uberon-simple, as cloaca is a suberclass of embryonic cloaca
Endoderm-lined chamber that develops as pouch-like dilation of the caudal end of the hindgut and receives the allantois ventrally and two mesonephric ducts laterally; caudally it ends blindly at the cloacal membrane formed by the union of proctodeal (anal pit) ectoderm and cloacal endoderm, with no intervening mesoderm[MP].
The ventral part of the cloaca remaining after septation of the rectum, which further develops into part of the bladder, part of the prostatic part of the male urethra and the urethra and vestibule in females.
The proximal portion of the digestive tract, containing the oral cavity and bounded by the oral opening. In vertebrates, this extends to the pharynx and includes gums, lips, tongue and parts of the palate. Typically also includes the teeth, except where these occur elsewhere (e.g. pharyngeal jaws) or protrude from the mouth (tusks).
The orifice that connects the mouth to the exterior of the body.
Anatomical cavity at the start of the digestive tract that that is enclosed by the mouth. The boundaries and contents vary depending on the species. In vertebrates, the boundaries are the oral opening, the cheeks, the palate and (if present) the palatoglossal arch - if this is not present then the mouth and pharynx form the oropharyngeal cavity. The buccal cavity contains the teeth, tongue and palate (when present).
A section dividing a colon along a proximal-distal axis.
The pair of anatomical structures comprised of a left lung and right lung.
Organ that functions in gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms.
Amniotic fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within the amnion. It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the uterus being too tight against its body. Buoyancy is also provided. The composition of the fluid changes over the course of gestation. Initially, amniotic fluid is similar to maternal plasma, mainly water with electrolytes. As the fetus develops, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipids originating from the lungs, fetal cells, and urea are deposited in the fluid.
A portion of organism substance that is the product of an excretion process that will be eliminated from the body. An excretion process is elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity.
A fluid that is composed of blood plasma and erythrocytes.
Circulating fluid that is part of the hemolymphoid system. Blood, lymph, interstitial fluid or its analogs.
A ridge on the cerebral cortex. It is generally surrounded by one or more sulci .
A blood brain barrier that is composed of endothelial cells.
A blood brain barrier composed of glial cells.
Dorsal part (roof region) of the telencephalon[GO].
Ventral part (base region) of the telencephalon.
The bone forming the forehead and roof of the eye orbit.
Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements or supporting an organ.
A neural arch that is part of a vertebral bone 2.
vertebral foramen of cervical vertebra 2
vertebral foramen of cervical vertebra 1
The Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints. The atlanto-occipital joint is a synovial joint. The ligaments connecting the bones are: Two Articular capsules; Posterior atlantoöccipital membrane; Anterior atlantoöccipital membrane; Lateral atlantoöccipital.
A layer of membrane around a tendon. It has 2 layers: synovial sheath + fibrous tendon sheath.
TODO - add layer relations. 'tendon sheath' GAT in FMA.
The thin innermost layer of the extraembryonic membranes that contains the amniotic fluid; the membrane forms a closed sac in which the embryo and later, the fetus, is suspended and protected.
Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence.
TODO - check relationship with epiblast. Note in FMA this is not a subclass of embryo, but in uberon embryo is the whole organism from zygote onwards and thus includes the blastula
The external portion of an animal body derived from ectoderm and mesoderm layers that encloses the body cavity.
The upper ventral region of the torso of an organism.
A mucosa that is part of a cecum [Automatically generated definition].
intestinum crassum caecum mucosa of organ
intestinum crassum caecum mucous membrane
mucosa of organ of intestinum crassum caecum
mucous membrane of intestinum crassum caecum
organ mucosa of intestinum crassum caecum
The space between the arachnoid and pia mater.
subarachnoid space of central nervous system
A substance produced by the cervix and endocervical glands[BTO]. Thick acidic mucus that blocks the cervical os after mestruation[WP]. This 'infertile' mucus blocks spermatozoa from entering the uterus.
Mucosa that is part of a colon. The mucosa of the colon is lined by a simple columnar epithelium with a thin brush border and numerous goblet cells.
A mucosa that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition].
An embryo that is at the late embryonic stage; this stage covers late steps of the embryogenesis with a fully formed embryo still developing before birth or egg hatching.
TODO - check fetus/embryo. WP: An embryo is a multicellular diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development, from the time of first cell division until birth, hatching, or germination. In humans, it is called an embryo until about eight weeks after fertilization (i.e. ten weeks LMP), and from then it is instead called a fetus.
The branched tubular glands found in the mucosa of the fundus and body of the stomach which contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and zymogenic cells that produce pepsin.
Pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline and contains numerous enzymes and inactive enzyme precursors including alpha-amylase, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, prophospholipase A2, ribonuclease, and trypsinogen. Its high concentration of bicarbonate ions helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach.
The wall of the digestive tract. This encompasses all parts of the digestive tract with the exception of the lumen (cavity).
A mucosa that is part of a ileum [Automatically generated definition].
Bone marrow in which the fat cells predominate in the meshes of the reticular network.
A gland that is part of the intestinal mucosa. Examples include the intestinal crypts, duodenal gland[cjm].
A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP].
The sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the orbit and its contents, the nasal cavity and the skin of the nose and forehead.
ophthalmic division of fifth cranial nerve
ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (V1)
ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (Va)
Terminology notes. This nerve is known by a ridiculous number of names[http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryPo.html]
A set of midline structures surrounding the brainstem of the mammalian brain, originally described anatomically, e.g., hippocampal formation, amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex. Although the original designation was anatomical, the limbic system has come to be associated with the system in the brain subserving emotional functions. As such, it is very poorly defined and doesn't correspond closely to the anatomical meaning any longer. [BirnLex].
obsoletion proposes. The current part_of children were chosen as the intersection of what is stated in wikipedia and in the FMA. NIF: We are including Limbic System because it is still used by neuroscientists and others, but as a data annotation term, it is very poor because it is not a clearly defined entity.
includes the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, and limbic cortex, which support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction [Wikipedia]
A fibrous membrane, which, in the neck, represents the supraspinal ligaments of the upper vertebrae.
Functional part of an organ in the body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, being exactly, connective tissues.
A mucosa that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition].
The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm[GO].
Gilbert fig11.32 has blastocyst has giving rise to ICM and trophoblast (which in this source is a synonym for trophectoderm)
The red vascular substance consisting of connective tissue and blood vessels, containing primitive blood cells, macrophages, megakaryocytes, and fat cells. Red marrow is found in the cavities of many bones. It manufactures and releases leukocytes and erythrocytes into the bloodstream.
The inner portion of the kidney consisting of the renal pyramids.
Note that 'renal medulla' is not synonymous with 'medullary region of kidney'. The former is composed of kidney pyramids only, while the latter covers kidney pyramids and renal columns, which are histologically different.
An epithelial tissue layer that lines much of the urinary tract, including the renal pelvis, the ureters, the bladder, and parts of the urethra.
The corpus striatum (striated body) is a compound structure consisting of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus, which consists of the putamen and the globus pallidus[WP].
* According to the 1917 version of Gray's Anatomy, it is the combination of the lentiform nucleus (also known as the lenticular nucleus) and the caudate nucleus * According to BrainInfo it is a part of the basal ganglia comprising the globus pallidus and striatum
Extraembryonic cells of trophoblastic shell surrounding embryo, outside the cytotrophoblast layer, involved with implantation of the blastocyst by eroding extracellular matrix surrounding maternal endometrial cells at site of implantation, also contribute to villi. (dark staining, multinucleated).
The motor and sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the auricle, the external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, temporal region, the cheek, the skin overlying the mandible, the anterior portion of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, lower teeth and gingiva and transmits motor information from the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and digastric muscle and the muscles tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini.
mandibular division of fifth cranial nerve
mandibular division of trigeminal nerve [Vc; V3]
The part of the hindlimb between pelvis and the knee, corresponding to the femur.
The sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the palate, upper teeth and gingiva, the skin between the palpebral fissure and the mouth, and from the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses.
maxillary division of fifth cranial nerve
maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (Vb; V2)
A mucosa that is part of a respiratory airway.
Apocrine sweat glands are sweat glands composed of a coiled secretory portion located at the junction of the dermis and subcutaneous fat, from which a straight portion inserts and secretes into the infundibular portion of the hair follicle. The ducts of apocrine glands open into the canals of hair follicles. The stimulus for the secretion of apocrine sweat glands is adrenaline, which is a hormone carried in the blood[WP].
The subdivision of the musculoskeletal system that consists of all the muscles of the body[VSAO, modified].
consider whether this should be restricted to skeletal musculature. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/77
The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex.
The group of nerve cell bodies that conveys auditory sensation from the organ of Corti to the hindbrain and resides on the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve)[MP]. distributed to the hair cells of the spiral organ. The cochlear fibers arise in bipolar cells in the spiral ganglion in the modiolus.
in BTO this is part of the cochlear modiolus, but this leads to the CG being in both the nervous and skeletal systems
cochlear part of vestibulocochlear ganglion
vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion cochlear component
vestibulocochlear ganglion cochlear component
An epithelium that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition].
Any portion of cartilage tissue that is part of the sternum.
Examples: cartilage of manubrium, cartilage of xiphoid process
A mucosa that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a jejunum.
The nasal vestibule is the most anterior part of the nasal cavity. It's enclosed by the cartilages of nose and lined by the same epithelium of the skin. The other part of the nasal cavity, which is lined by the respiratory epithelium, is called nasal cavity proper. [WP,unvetted].
The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendonous galea aponeurotica; Loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).
One of a a paired bundle of nerve fibers plus ganglia that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx.
A gland in which the principal secretory cells are serous secreting cells.
A mucosa that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition].
A mesodermal signaling center of the hair follicle consisting of closely packed specialized mesenchymal fibroblasts. Framed by the enlarged bulb matrix in anagen.
consider adding grouping class for TAO:0001995 ! papilla
A gland in which the principal secretory cells are mucus secreting cells.
An anatomical wall that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium consisting of myopethelial cells, which are contractile cells resembling smooth muscle cells that are present in glands, notably the mammary gland, and aid in secretion. This cell has long weaving dendritic processes containing myofilament[CL].
A merocrine, unbranched, unbranched, coiled, tubular gland sweat gland. In humans, distributed over almost all of the body surface, and promote cooling by evaporation of their secretion.
Gastric pits are indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to the gastric glands. They are deeper in the pylorus than they are in the other parts of the stomach. The human stomach has several million of these pits.
A plexus of autonomic nerve fibers within the wall of the digestive tube, and made up of the submucosal, myenteric, and subserosal plexuses; it contains visceral afferent fibers, sympathetic postganglionic fibers, parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers, and parasympathetic postganglionic cell bodies.
The arachnoid barrier layer is a part of the arachnoid meningeal layer. It is formed by tight junctions between the endothelial cells of cerebral capillaries in the arachnoid mater.
The arachnoid trabeculae are delicate strands of connective tissue that loosely connect the two innermost layers of the meninges -- the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. They are found within the subarachnoid space where cerebrospinal fluid is also found. Embryologically, the trabeculae are the remnants of the common precursor that forms both the arachnoid and pial layers of the meninges.
A small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue. On histological section, a trabecula can look like a septum, but in three dimensions they are topologically distinct, with trabeculae being roughly rod or pillar-shaped and septa being sheet-like. Trabeculae are usually composed of dense fibrous tissue, i.e. mainly of collagen, and in most cases provide mechanical strengthening or stiffening to a soft solid organ, such as the spleen. They can be composed of other materials, such as bone or muscle[WP].
A vein that drains the left pampiniform plexus and empties into the left renal vein.
A vein that drains the right pampiniform plexus and empties into the inferior vena cava.
introducing part_of to 'cortex of lymph node' as in issue 7 introduces equivalencies; the part_of has instead been added to 'lymph node follicle'
Gray matter structure located on the midline of the forebrain consisting of the septum pellucidum (in some species) and the septal nuclei (Heimer, 1996).
The layer located below the cerebral cortex that includes the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
A portion of organism substance that is produced by exocrine glands.
Any of several small branches of the internal carotid artery that supply the trigeminal ganglion and the walls of the cavernous and petrosal sinuses.
cavernous branch of cavernous part of internal carotid artery
ramus sinus cavernosi (pars cavernosa) (arteria carotis interna)
The region of the opening of the uterine cervix into the uterine cavity.
An anatomical wall that is part of a uterus [Automatically generated definition].
Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body.
Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures.
Multicellular, connected anatomical structure that has multiple organs as parts and whose parts work together to achieve some shared function.
Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell.
TODO - split body and mc organism? body continues after death stage
Multi-tissue structure that is part of a compound organ.
A gonad of a male animal. A gonad produces and releases sperm.
The organs and associated structures associated with bearing offspring in a female animal.
Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems, largely surrounded by a contiguous region of integument.
Reflects CARO2. todo - check the inclusion of FMA 'cardinal body part here', and check child terms for consistency
Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue.
Anatomical group whose component anatomical structures lie in close proximity to each other.
A multicellular anatomical structure that is associated with an embryo and derived from the zygote from which it develops, but which does not contribute to the embryo proper or to structures that are part of the same organism after embryogenesis.
see also conceptus extraembryonic component in EHDAA2.
Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation.
changed label and definition to reflect CARO2
Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types.
Acellular anatomical structure that consists of a thin sheet of fibrous proteins that underlie and support the cells of an epithelium. It separates the cells of an epithelium from any underlying tissue.
Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO].
Editor note: surface epithelium may contain non-epithelial cells, such as melanocytes, lymphocytes and dendritic cells, within the sheet of epithelial cells. Do we consider these part of the epithelium, or located-in it?
Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells.
needs to be synchronized with CL - there is no distinct cuboidal cell in CL
Unilaminar epithelium, which consists of a single layer of columnar cells. Examples: ciliated columnar epithelium, gastric epithelium, microvillus columnar epithelium.[FMA].
Epithelium which consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells that may or may not be in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.[FMA].
Unilaminar epithelium which consists of a single layer of squamous cells. Examples: pulmonary alveolar epithelium, endothelium.[FMA].
Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one ore more layers.
Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces.
Epithelium which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. Examples: endothelium, mesothelium, glandular squamous epithelium.[FMA].
consider adding disjointness axiom between unilaminar and multilaminar - but note that this will render EHDAA2:0003244 (chorionic trophoblast) unsatisfiable
Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water.
Interstitial fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid.
Subdivision of trunk that lies between the head and the abdomen.
The subdivision of the vertebrate body between the thorax and pelvis. The ventral part of the abdomen contains the abdominal cavity and visceral organs. The dorsal part includes the abdominal section of the vertebral column.
Vertebrate specific. In arthropods 'abdomen' is the most distal section of the body which lies behind the thorax or cephalothorax. If need be we can introduce some grouping class
Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.
A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the animal embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The three types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm.
Classically the germ layers are ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Alternatively: primary = ectoderm, endoderm; secondary=mesoderm; tertiary=dorsal mesoderm, NC[https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest]
Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's three germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue.
Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut.
The middle germ layer of the embryo, between the endoderm and ectoderm.
Anterior part of the embryonic digestive tract that develops into a mouth. The stomodeum includes as parts an invagination of the ectoderm and the stomodeal cavity.
consider indicating location. e.g. anterior. Note some AOs place this as part of oral opening, but it's not clear when this structure comes into existence
Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into an ectodermal terminal part of the digestive tract.
removed WBbt:0006795 'proctodeum' - junction between the alimentary and genital tracts in the male.
A muscle that acts on the pharynx[WP, vetted].
Innervation notes: They are innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the Vagus nerve (CN X) with the exception of the stylopharyngeus muscle which is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).[WP]
One of the parts of a holometabolous insect larva that will become a portion of the outside of the adult insect during the pupal transformation.
Though inaginal discs are sometimes described as “epithelial sacs”, we do not classify them as such, because an “epithelial sac” is defined in Uberon as being a single epithelium, whereas imaginal discs are made of several epithelia with distinct properties.
Cranial nerve fiber tract which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons running posterior medially towards the optic chiasm, at which some of the axons cross the midline and after which the structure is termed the optic tract. Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain[ZFA].
Do not classify under 'cranial nerve', as this is not a true nerve - should be classified as evaginated sensory afferent[ISBN:0471888893]
An expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. A stomach is lined, in whole or in part by a glandular epithelium.
A membranous fold of the heart that prevents reflux of fluid.
The main trunk of the systemic arterial system that carries blood from the heart to all the organs and other structures of the body, bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation.
This class is currently a mixed bag, encompassing (1) the entirety of the mammalian aorta together with (2) the developmental and phylogenetic homologs of its segments: the ventral aorta and dorsal aortae.
A myogenic muscular circulatory organ found in the vertebrate cardiovascular system composed of chambers of cardiac muscle. It is the primary circulatory organ.
Taxon notes:" the ascidian tube-like heart lacks chambers....The ascidian heart is formed after metamorphosis as a simple tube-like structure with a single-layered myoepithelium that is continuous with a single-layered pericar- dial wall. It lacks chambers and endocardium.... The innovation of the chambered heart was a key event in vertebrate evolution, because the chambered heart generates one-way blood flow with high pressure, a critical requirement for the efficient blood supply of large-body vertebrates... all extant vertebrates have hearts with two or more chambers (Moorman and Christoffels 2003)" DOI:10.1101/gad.1485706
Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity.
Any of a number of short transversospinal muscles chiefly developed in cervical, lumbar, and thoracic regions, arising from the transverse process of one vertebra and inserted into the root of the spinous process of the next two or three vertebrae above, with nerve supply from the dorsal branches of the spinal nerve, and whose actions rotate the vertebral column.
The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP].
requires review for applicability to invertebrate structures, e.g. synganglion
The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon. It consists of the neocortex (6 layered cortex or isocortex), the hippocampal formation and the olfactory cortex.
Middle part of an organ, surrounded by the cortex.
A decussation of the diencephalon where the fibers of the optic nerve cross.
The thoracic ganglia are paravertebral ganglia. The thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk typically has 12 thoracic ganglia. Emerging from the ganglia are thoracic splancic nerves (the cardiopulmonary, the greater, lesser, and least splanchic nerves) that help provide sympathetic innervation to abdominal structures. Also, the ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic trunk have both white and gray rami communicantes. The white rami carry sympathetic fibers arising in the spinal cord into the sympathetic trunk. [WP,unvetted].
The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae. Although there are seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), there are eight cervical nerves (C1-C8). All nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra. (In the other portions of the spine, the nerve emerges below the vertebra with the same name. Dorsal (posterior) distribution includes the greater occipital (C2) and third occipital (C3). Ventral (anterior) distribution includes the cervical plexus (C1-C4) and brachial plexus (C5-C8) [WP,unvetted].
Innervates: sternohyoid muscle, sternothyroid muscle, omohyoid muscle[WP]
this term should be ceded to the arthropod anatomy ontology
The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye that serves as the chief refractory structure.
A transparent and refractive lens located posterior to the iris. The lens of camera-type eye refracts light to be focused on the retina.
The lens is avascular and nourished by diffusion from the aqueous and vitreous humors.
The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.
Currently this class encompasses only verteberate AOs but could in theory also include cephalopod - we may want to make a more specific class for vertebrate retina. note that this class excludes ommatidial retinas, as the retina must be part of an eyeball. Use the parent class photoreceptor array / light-sensitive tissue for arthropods
The smallest morphological and functional unit of the compound eye that consists of a usually limited and often constant number of rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells, cornea-secreting epithelial cells, and interommatidial pigment cells, and may additionally contain crystalline cone cells.
An organism subdivision that extends from the head to the pectoral girdle, encompassing the cervical vertebral column.
A midventral endochondral skeletal element which represents the origin site of the pectoral muscles[PHENOSCAPE:ad].
in EMAPA and EHDAA2 this is part of the skeleton of pectoral girdle; the classic def of pectoral girdle (see WP) excludes the rib cage and sternum
Paired endochondral long bone that extends between the pectoral girdle and the skeletal parts of the forelimb. [PHENOSCAPE:mah].
proximal metapterygial mesomere of pectoral appendage
proximal metapterygial mesomere of pectoral fin
The invaginated serous membrane that surrounds the lungs (the visceral portion) and lines the walls of the pleural cavity (parietal portion).
The portion of the hindlimb that contains both the stylopod and zeugopod.
we use the less open to misinterpretation 'hindlimb zeugopod'. Editor note: currently declared as overlapping foot, as AOs disagree over whether some ankle parts are in the leg or foot
The major preaxial endochondral bone in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape].
Endochondral longbone connecting the pelvic girdle with posterior zeugopodium skeleton.[VSAO, modified].
proximal metapterygial mesomere of pelvic appendage
proximal metapterygial mesomere of pelvic fin
Anatomical structure that consists of two or more adjacent skeletal structures, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue[VSAO].
A metapodium region that is part of a pes.
The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, ventral to the cerebellum.
The pons is not present in zebrafish. In this ontology we currently have some structures which are applicable to zebrafish appearing as parts of the pons. Currently we only include the weaker dubious_for_taxon relationship ubtil this is resolved
An intromittent organ in certain biologically male organisms. In placental mammals, this also serves as the organ of urination.
Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction.
consider splitting genitalia from reproductive system
Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis).
The gonad of a female organism which contains germ cells.
female organism reproductive system gonad
female organism reproductive system gonada
gonad of female organism reproductive system
gonad of reproductive system of female organism
gonada of female organism reproductive system
gonada of reproductive system of female organism
reproductive system of female organism gonad
reproductive system of female organism gonada
A tube or collection of tubes in an animal from the ovaries to the outside of the body.
tubular parts of female reproductive system
The female muscular organ of gestation in which the developing embryo or fetus is nourished until birth.
A fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles[WP].
External genital organs of the female mammal[WP].
Either of a pair of glandular pouches that lie one on either side of the male reproductive tract posterolateral to the urinary bladder and in the human male secrete a sugar- and protein-containing fluid into the ejaculatory duct.
The Ejaculatory ducts (ductus ejaculatorii) are paired structures in male anatomy, about 2 cm in length. Each ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle. They pass through the prostate, and empty into the urethra at the Colliculus seminalis. During ejaculation, semen passes through the ducts and exits the body via the penis[WP,unvetted].
A secretory duct that transports sperm from the testis. In mammals this is a continuation of the epididymis and ends in the prostatic urethra where it terminates to form ejaculatory duct.
The outer epithelial layer of the skin that is superficial to the dermis.
Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration.
An airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms.
Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes.
The renal system in an anatomical system that maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products.
EDITOR_NOTE In various sources such as Encyclopedia Britannica, the excretory and urinary systems are indeed the same system (see wikipedia talk page); we merge two BTO classes here
Organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP].
Portion of connective tissue composed of adipocytes enmeshed in areolar tissue.
A subdivision of the muscular system corresponding to a subdisivision of an organism.
The nervous system is an organ system containing predominantly neuron and glial cells. In bilaterally symmetrical organism, it is arranged in a network of tree-like structures connected to a central body. The main functions of the nervous system are to regulate and control body functions, and to receive sensory input, process this information, and generate behavior [CUMBO].
The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the neural tube derivatives: the brain and spinal cord. In invertebrates it includes central ganglia plus nerve cord.
A group of axons linking two or more neuropils and having a common origin, termination[FBbt].
WP says this is the analog of peripheral nerves in CNS.
A slender neuron projection bundle[FBbt]; A bundle of anatomical fibers, as of muscle or nerve (American Heritage Dictionary 4th ed).
EDITOR_NOTE note FBbt class not disjoint from tract. Consider merging with 'neuron projection bundle'
An enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system originating in a nerve root in the central nervous system (or a condensed nervous structure) connecting with peripheral structures.
A nerve that transmits from sensory receptors on the surface of the body to the central nervous system.
Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information.
The sensory system for the sense of taste.
A filament, mostly protein, that grows from follicles found in the dermis[WP].
TODO for now we treat vibrissa/whisker as a syonym, but these have different follicles. We could introduce subclasses (see also: Pangolin scales)
Chordotonal organs are arthropod sensory structures consisting of special sensilla called the scolopidia, which are mechano-transducers and respond mainly to stretch or flexion. In insects, they consist of bundles of internal sensilla, each of which has a cap cell, an enveloping cell and one or more sense cells. The distal end of the organ is usually attached to the cuticle of the body wall, marked by a pit, a thickened disc or a nodule of chitin, and the base of the organ is connected with the hypodermis, often by a special ligament.
To be ceded to Arthropod anatomy ontology
A sac-like expansion of the ventral wall of the intestine, narrowed into a yolk stalk near the body[Hyman's]. Membranous sac attached to an embryo, providing early nourishment in the form of yolk in bony fishes, sharks, reptiles, birds, and primitive mammals. It functions as the developmental circulatory system of the human embryo, before internal circulation begins. In the mouse, the yolk sac is the first site of blood formation, generating primitive macrophages and erythrocytes[WP].
Anterior subdivision of a digestive tract.
Note we define this generically to include invertebrates (partly for consistency with GO), but the class may be split in future. In vertebrates the term may refer to a developmental structure
A portion of the respiratory and digestive tracts; its distal limit is the superior part of the esophagus and it connects the nasal and oral cavities with the esophagus and larynx; it contains the valleculae and the pyriform recesses; its upper limits are the nasal cavity and cranial base.[FEED].
Consider generalizing to deuterostome pharynx
Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993).
Saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity[GO].
Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO].
Note we define this generically to include invertebrates (partly for consistency with GO), but the class may be split in future. We may explicitly make this a developmental class
The caudalmost subdivision of a digestive tract.
Note we define this generically to include invertebrates (partly for consistency with GO), but the class may be split in future (vertebrates have some contribution from NC - https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest). We may explicitly make this a developmental class
Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue[FBbt, Hartenstein, V. (2004)].
In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. [WP,unvetted].
The terminal portion of the intestinal tube, terminating with the anus.
A tubule that extends from the posterior part of the digestive tract which absorbs solutes, water, and wastes from the surrounding hemolymph. Each tubule consists of a single layer of cells that is closed off at the distal end with the proximal end joining the alimentary canal at the junction between the midgut and hindgut[WP,modified].
EDITOR_NOTE this will be ceded to the Arthropod Anatomy Ontology
Prominent lobed neuropils found in annelids and all arthropods except crustaceans. They are thought to be involved in olfactory associative learning and memory[MESH] Mushroom body neuropils are divided into calyces, pedunculus, and its subsequent lobes. In Drosophila these are the alpha, beta, and gamma lobes.
Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species.
A duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the exocrine pancreas. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.
EDITOR_NOTE in EHDAA2 this is an epithelium, in FMA the wall consists of epithelium and connective tissue
A pad of fibrocartilage between the articular surfaces of two successive vertebral centra which has nucleus pulposus at its core.
whose gel-like core is nucleus puloposus, by this definition only in mammals
A zone of skin that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition].
EDITOR_NOTE TODO - distinguish between entire skin of region and arbitrary zone of skin on region
A terminal branch of the left or right common carotid artery which supplies oxygenated blood to to the throat, neck glands, tongue, face, mouth, ear, scalp and dura mater of the meninges[MP].
It ascends beneath the anterior margin of the trapezius, distributing branches to it, and to the neighboring muscles and lymph glands in the neck, and anastomosing with the superficial branch of the descending branch of the occipital artery.
superficial branch of transverse cervical artery
The transverse cervical artery splits into two branches, a superficial one and a deep one[WP]
A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium of the heart.
A point along the course of the gastrointestinal tract where the small intestine (ileum) ends as it opens into the cecal portion of the large intestine; occurs usually within the iliac fossa, demarcated internally as the ileocecal orifice.
A potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium.
Ossified form of a vertebral centrum, a skeletal element that functionally replaces the notochord[VSAP,modified].
An extension of a neural arches dorsal to the neural canal[TAO,modified].
The transverse or costal processes of a vertebra, two in number, project one at either side from the point where the lamina joins the pedicle, between the superior and inferior articular processes. They serve for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. [WP,unvetted].
Endocardium that is part of the cardiac ventricle.
An epicardial layer that lines a cardiac ventricle.
Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer.
A zone of skin that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
Transudate contained in the pleural cavity.
Excretion that is the output of a kidney.
Joint fluid is a transudate of plasma that is actively secreted by synovial cells.
Skeletal element within the mouth (or in some species, upper part of the digestive tract) that is composed of dentine and is used in procuring or masticating food.
EDITOR_NOTE we place ZFA ctb 5 tooth here for now. Consider changing name from calcaeeous tooth. Note that sea cucumbers develop calcareous tooth-like structures
The first vertebral bone in the vertebral column.
The second vertebral bone in the vertebral column.
Any vertebral bone that is part of the caudal region of the vertebral column (tail or coccyx).
Taxon notes In zebrafish, Vertebra bearing a hemal arch and spine. The most posterior caudal vertebrae support the caudal fin and are referred to as preural vertebrae
An anatomical wall that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
The Pectoralis minor is a thin, triangular muscle, situated at the upper part of the chest, beneath the Pectoralis major. [WP,unvetted].
A thin musculomebranous barrier that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. Often used for breathing control.
A paired dermal or endochondral bone that is part of the pectoral girdle. The clavicle may be in contact with the interclavicle or coracoid and forms an attachment site for pectoral musculature. [PHENOSCAPE:ad].
The latissimus dorsi is the larger, flat, dorso-lateral muscle on the trunk, posterior to the arm, and partly covered by the trapezius on its median dorsal region. [WP,unvetted].
Traditional gross anatomy divided the liver into four lobes based on surface features. The falciform ligament is visible on the front (anterior side) of the liver. This divides the liver into a left anatomical lobe, and a right anatomical lobe.
some work needs to be done to ensure the child terms of this class have correct isa/partof placement. in MA they are subclasses, in FMA they are parts
The right lobe is much larger than the left; the proportion between them being as six to one. It occupies the right hypochondrium, and is separated from the left lobe on its upper surface by the falciform ligament; on its under and posterior surfaces by the left sagittal fossa; and in front by the umbilical notch. It is of a somewhat quadrilateral form, its under and posterior surfaces being marked by three fossæ: the porta and the fossæ for the gall-bladder and inferior vena cava, which separate its left part into two smaller lobes; the quadrate and caudate lobes. [WP,unvetted].
The left lobe is smaller and more flattened than the right. It is situated in the epigastric and left hypochondriac regions. Its upper surface is slightly convex and is moulded on to the diaphragm; its under surface presents the gastric impression and omental tuberosity. [WP,unvetted].
A lobe of tissue that is part of a thyroid gland.
The lobes of the thyroid gland are conical in shape, the apex of each being directed upward and lateralward as far as the junction of the middle with the lower third of the thyroid cartilage; the base looks downward, and is on a level with the fifth or sixth tracheal ring. Each lobe is about 5 cm. long; its greatest width is about 3 cm. , and its thickness about 2 cm. The lateral or superficial surface is convex, and covered by the skin, the superficial and deep fasciæ, the Sternocleidomastoideus, the superior belly of the Omohyoideus, the Sternohyoideus and Sternothyreoideus, and beneath the last muscle by the pretracheal layer of the deep fascia, which forms a capsule for the gland. The deep or medial surface is moulded over the underlying structures, viz. , the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, the trachea, the Constrictor pharyngis inferior and posterior part of the Cricothyreoideus, the esophagus (particularly on the left side of the neck), the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, and the recurrent nerves. The anterior border is thin, and inclines obliquely from above downward toward the middle line of the neck, while the posterior border is thick and overlaps the common carotid artery, and, as a rule, the parathyroids
A lobe of thyroid gland that is in the right side of a thyroid gland.
A lobe of thyroid gland that is in the left side of a thyroid gland.
The serratus ventralis is a muscle that originates on the surface of the upper eight or nine ribs at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula. [WP,unvetted].
Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all the vertebra and associated skeletal elements and joints in the body[modified from VSAO].
Note that in contrast to VSAO, this is a subset of the skeletal system, and thus includes intervertebral joints, cartilage and ligaments etc. Some ontologies such as AAO seem to purely refer to the skeleton
A foramen within a vertebral element through which the spinal cord runs. It is formed by the anterior segment, and the posterior part, the vertebral arch.
The parathyroid gland is an endocrine gland for secretion of parathyroid hormone, usually found as a pair, embedded in the connective tissue capsule on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Parathyroid regulates calcium and phosphorous metabolism.
Muscle tissue composed of cardiac muscle cells, forming the muscles of the heart[ZFA,modified].
check relationship with myocardium. part_of in MA - but we also have a more specific class 'cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium'. Check ncit
Muscle tissue that consists primarily of skeletal muscle fibers.
TODO - add skeletal muscle organ? See GO:0060538 skeletal muscle organ development. Todo - group FBbt:00005073 - somatic muscle.
Muscle tissue which is unstriated, composed primarily of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO].
textus muscularis levis; textus muscularis nonstriatus
Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum[FMA]. Wikipedia: The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri).
A major subdivision of an organism that is the entire part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. In vertebrares this includes the vertebral column..
In anatomy, the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the small intestine. At its termination behind the neck of the pancreas, the SMV combines with the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein. The SMV lies to the right of the similarly named artery, the superior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted].
A vein that drains the pelvis and lower limbs into the inferior vena cava.
Either of the pair of major vessels which arise from the renal hilus and return blood from the kidneys, suprarenal gland and the ureter to the inferior vena cava.
A renal vein that drains the right kidney.
A renal vein that drains the left kidney.
Vein that carries blood away from the liver[ZFA].
todo - add developmental relationships for other taxa
A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from a single male gonad. It is the male equivalent of the ovarian vein, and is the venous counterpart of the testicular artery. It is a paired vein, with one supplying each testis.
TODO - check testicular vs spermatic vein (MA:0002218)
A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding ovary to inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries.
gonad of female reproductive system vein
gonada of female reproductive system vein
vein of female reproductive system gonad
vein of female reproductive system gonada
vein of gonad of female reproductive system
vein of gonada of female reproductive system
The tubular structure that conducts gall bladder contents from the gall bladder to the common bile duct.
A pouch in the digestive tract that connects the ileum with the ascending colon of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve, and is the beginning of the large intestine. It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic junction.
Taxon notes: in some herbivorous lizards, a cecum is present between small and large intestines[Kardong]
A blind-ended tube connected to the cecum, from which it develops embryologically[WP].
A portion of the large intestine before it becomes the rectum. In mammals, the colon is the most part of the large intestine, excluding the vermiform appendix, the rectum and the anal canal.
Some references do not consider the caecum to be part of the colon.
TODO - abstract this such that it legitimately covers all vertebrates
Section of colon which is distal to the cecum and proximal to the transversecolon.[FMA,modified].
The proximal-distal subdivision of colon that runs transversely across the upper part of the abdomen, from the right to the left colic flexure. Continuous with the descending colon[BTO,modified].
The portion of the colon between the left colic flexure and the sigmoid colon at the pelvic brim; the portion of the descending colon lying in the left iliac fossa is sometimes called the iliac colon.
The part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus. It forms a loop that averages about 40 cm. in length, and normally lies within the pelvis, but on account of its freedom of movement it is liable to be displaced into the abdominal cavity.
The fundus is the portion of the stomach that lies above the cardiac notch, and contains the fundic glands[GO, Kardong].
The body of stomach is the part of the stomach that lies between the fundus above and the pyloric antrum below; its boundaries are poorly defined[GO].
we include this as zone of stomach even though it is not distinguished by gland type
The part of the stomach attached to the esophagus. The cardia begins immediately distal to the z-line of the gastroeosphageal junction, where the squamous epithelium of the esophagus gives way to the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract[WP].
There were previously conflicting statements in the academic anatomy community[10][11][12] over whether the cardia is part of the stomach, part of the esophagus or a distinct entity. Modern surgical and medical textbooks have agreed that 'The gastric cardia is now clearly considered to be part of the stomach'[13][14]. Classical anatomy textbooks, and some other resources[15], describe the cardia as the first of 4 regions of the stomach. This makes sense histologically because the mucosa of the cardia is the same as that of the stomach[WP]
We follow Kardong in defining stomach regions by glands.
The area at the bottom of the stomach on the caudal side of the pyloric canal that contains gastrin-producing G cells, which stimulate acid production, and the luminal pH-sensitive population of somatostatin-producing D cells.
The stomach tissue region surrounding and controlling the distal outlet of the stomach, which opens into the duodenum.
The layered structure that makes up the stomach, typiclly consists of a serous coat, a muscular coat, a mucous membrane, and other tissue layers in between.
An anatomical wall that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition].
An anatomical wall that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition].
The peritoneum responsible for connecting the jejunum and ileum (parts of the small intestine) to the back wall of the abdomen. Between the two sheets of peritoneum are blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. This allows these parts of the small intestine to move relatively freely within the abdominopelvic cavity. The brain, however, cannot map sensation accurately, so sensation is usually referred to the midline, an example of referred pain[WP].
The triangular region on the periphery of the liver lobules that contain a bile duct and a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel.
The functional unit of the liver, consisting of a mass of hepatocytes from adjacent liver lobules aligned around the hepatic arterioles and portal venules just as they anastomose into sinusoids.
A complex network of conduits that begins with the canals of Hering (intralobar bile duct) and progressively merges into a system of interlobular, septal, and major ducts which then coalesce to form the extrahepatic bile ducts, which finally deliver bile to the intestine, and in some species to the gallbladder.
The path in many species is as follows: Bile canaliculi -> Canals of Hering (intralobar bile duct) -> interlobular bile ducts -> intrahepatic bile ducts -> left and right hepatic ducts merge to form -> common hepatic duct *exits liver* and joins -> cystic duct (from gall bladder) forming -> common bile duct -> joins with pancreatic duct -> forming ampulla of Vater -> enters duodenum [WP]
The part of the biliary tree formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct.
Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct[GAID]. The common hepatic duct is the duct formed by the convergence of the right hepatic duct (which drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver). The common hepatic duct then joins the cystic duct coming from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct[WP].
TODO - MA distinguishes between bile duct, hepatic duct, common bile duct and common hepatic duct. in FMA hepatic duct and common hepatic duct are the same. Common is part of extra-hepatic part
The duct that drains bile from the right half of the liver and joins the left hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct.
The duct that drains bile from the left half of the liver and joins the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct.
The inner layer of peritoneum that is wrapped around organs located inside the intraperitoneal space.
Anatomical cavity bounded by visceral and parietal peritoneum.
Mesenteric artery that supplies the whole length of the small intestine except the superior part of the duodenum. It also supplies the cecum and the ascending part of the colon and about half the transverse part of the colon. It arises from the anterior surface of the aorta below the celiac artery at the level of the first lumbar vertebra.
Mesenteric artery that supplies the large intestine from the left colic (or splenic) flexure to the upper part of the rectum, which includes the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and part of the rectum. Proximally, its territory of distribution overlaps (forms a watershed) with the middle colic artery, and therefore the superior mesenteric artery. The SMA and IMA anastomose via the marginal artery (artery of Drummond). The territory of distribution of the IMA is more or less equivalent to the embryonic hindgut. [WP,unvetted].
One of two laterally paired arteries that supplies the kidneys. These are large arteries that branch from the dorsal aorta in primitive vertebrates.
renal arteries vary widely even in humans. Sub-structures should be checked for taxon variability.
Renal artery that supplies the right kidney.
The right [renal artery] passes behind the inferior vena cava, the right renal vein, the head of the pancreas, and the descending part of the duodenum[WP]
Renal artery that supplies the left kidney.
The left [renal artery] is somewhat higher than the right; it lies behind the left renal vein, the body of the pancreas and the splenic vein, and is crossed by the inferior mesenteric vein[WP]
One of a pair of arteries that is a branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to a male gonad.
A testicular artery that supplies a right testicle.
A testicular artery that supplies a left testicle.
The common iliac arteries are two large arteries, about 4cm long in adults but more than a centimetre in diameter, that originate from the aortic bifurcation. The arteries run inferolaterally, along the medial border of the psoas muscles to the pelvic brim, where they bifurcate into the external iliac artery and internal iliac artery. The common iliac artery, and all of its branches, exist as paired structures (that is to say, there is one on the left side and one on the right). The distribution of the common iliac artery is basically the pelvis and lower limb on the corresponding side. Both common iliac arteries are accompanied along their course by common iliac veins. [WP,unvetted].
The middle colic artery is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that mostly supplies the transverse colon. It arises just below the pancreas, and, passing downward and forward between the layers of the transverse mesocolon, divides into two branches: right and left. The right branch anastomoses with the right colic artery The left branch anastomoses with the left colic artery, a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery. The arches thus formed are placed about two fingers' breadth from the transverse colon, to which they distribute branches. [WP,unvetted].
The Ileocolic Artery is the lowest branch arising from the concavity of the superior mesenteric artery. It passes downward and to the right behind the peritoneum toward the right iliac fossa, where it divides into a superior and an inferior branch; the inferior anastomoses with the end of the superior mesenteric artery, the superior with the right colic artery. Supplies the cecum, ileum, and appendix. [WP,unvetted].
The mucosal layer that lines the stomach.
The fibrous connective tissue layer beneath the stomach mucosa.
The outermost layer of the stomach wall, consisting of layers of connective tissue continuous with the peritoneum.
anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane
anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane
serosa of anatomical wall of ventriculus
serous membrane of anatomical wall of stomach
serous membrane of anatomical wall of ventriculus
serous membrane of stomach anatomical wall
serous membrane of ventriculus anatomical wall
ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane
A strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion[WP].
The thin layer of smooth muscle in the mucosal layer of the stomach that functions to agitate the surface area stomach mucosa by moving the villi back and forth.
lamina muscularis mucosae (tunica mucosa)(gaster)
A mucosa that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition].
Submucosal tissue in the small intestines.
A serous membrane that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A muscularis mucosa that is part of a small intestine.
lamina muscularis mucosae (tunica mucosa)(intestinum tenue)
lamina muscularis mucosae intestini tenuis
lamina muscularis of small intestine mucous membrane
The protruding lymphoid tissue located on the mucosa of the intestine that is composed of densely packed B cell follicles.
aggregated lymphoid follicle of intestine
A compound tubular submucosal gland found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter (Sphincter of Oddi). The main function of these glands is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate)[WP].
currently defined as equivalent to any submucosal gland in the duodenum.
The tiny hair-like projections that protrude from the inside of the small intestine that contain blood vessels that capture digested nutrients that are absorbed through the intestinal wall; the villi increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine by approximately 30-fold.
in mammals, villi are (largely?) absent from the large intestine, so we treat this as equivalent to small intestinal villus. small/large subdivision may not make sense for all species for which this is present (see ZFA). Note that VHOG quotes ISBN:978-0030223693 as suggesting there are some villi in the large intestine
A blood vessel that drains blood from the large intestine that usually terminates when reaching the splenic vein, which goes on to form the portal vein with the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). Anatomical variations include the IMV draining into the confluence of the SMV and splenic vein and the IMV draining in the SMV. The IMV lies to the right of the similarly name artery, the inferior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted].
A tributary of the superior mesenteric vein that drains the jejunum.
The veins that drain blood from the ileum into the superior mesenteric vein.
The middle colic vein drains the transverse colon. It is a tributary of the superior mesenteric vein, and follows the path of its corresponding artery, the middle colic artery. [WP,unvetted].
The ileocolic vein is a vein which drains the ileum, colon, and cecum. [WP,unvetted].
An ureter that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition].
An ureter that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition].
A funnel shaped proximal portion of the ureter that is formed by convergence of the major calices [MP].
In this ontology, the renal pelvis is represented as the area of part-overlap between the kidney and the ureter
Outer cortical portion of the kidney, between the renal capsule and the renal medulla.
Tip of renal pyramid projecting into a minor calyx.
The structure containing the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus that serves as the initial blood-filtering component of a nephron.
Together, the Bowmans capsule and the glomerulus comprise the definitive renal corpuscle. http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron
A cup-like sac at the expanded beginning of a tubular component of a nephron that contains the glomerulus.
An epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.
The collecting duct is a portion of the nephron through which water flows, moving passively down its concentration gradient.
An adrenal gland that is in the right side of the abdomen.
An adrenal gland that is in the left side of the abdomen.
The thick outer layer of the adrenal gland that produces and secretes steroid hormones such as corticosterone, estrone and aldosterone.
The inner portion of the adrenal gland that consists mainly of chromaffin cells which produce, store and secrete neurotransmitters such as epinephrine and norepinephrine.
A chromaffin paraganglion located at the bifurcation of the aorta or at the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery.
The largest chromaffin paraganglia, and the largest source of circulating catecholamines in the fetus and young infants, and gradually atrophies to microscopic loci[WP]
Lamina propria that is part_of the small intestine.
lamina propria mucosa of small intestine
lamina propria mucosae of small intestine
lamina propria of mucosa of small intestine
A muscularis mucosa that is part of a large intestine.
lamina muscularis mucosae intestini crassi
lamina muscularis of large intestine mucosa
lamina muscularis of large intestine mucous membrane
A muscularis mucosa that is part of a intestine.
The tubular intestinal glands found in the mucosal membranes of the small intestine.
A serous membrane that is part of a wall of intestine [Automatically generated definition].
anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane
anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane
intestine anatomical wall serous membrane
serous membrane of anatomical wall of bowel
serous membrane of anatomical wall of intestine
serous membrane of bowel anatomical wall
serous membrane of intestine anatomical wall
Orifice at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to expel feces, unwanted semi-solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may be one or more of: matter which the animal cannot digest, such as bones; food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin; ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract; and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbionts.
opening of terminal part of digestive tract
The canals that carry bile in the liver between the intralobular ducts and the biliary ductules; interlobular bile ducts are part of the interlobular portal triad.
A ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior body wall. It is a broad and thin antero-posterior peritoneal fold, falciform in shape, its base being directed downward and backward and its apex upward and backward. It is a remnant of the ventral mesentery of the fetus. It is situated in an antero-posterior plane but lies obliquely, so that one surface faces forward and is in contact with the peritoneum behind the right rectus and the diaphragm, while the other is directed backward and is in contact with the left lobe of the liver. It is attached by its left margin to the under surface of the diaphragm and the posterior surface of the sheath of the right Rectus as low down as the umbilicus; by its right margin it extends from the notch on the anterior margin of the liver, as far back as the posterior surface. It is composed of two layers of peritoneum closely united together. Its base or free edge contains between its layers the round ligament and the paraumbilical veins[WP].
The area of the white pulp where the affinity maturation of B cells and the generation of memory B cells and plasma cells occur.
The parenchymatous tissue network of the spleen that consists of loose plates or cords (sinuses) infiltrated with red blood cells where most of the blood filtration occurs and degenerate erythrocytes are removed from the circulation.
The zone between the red and white pulp of the spleen containing numerous macrophages and lymphocytes, and a rich plexus of sinusoids supplied by white pulp arterioles carrying blood-borne antigens.
A lamina propria that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition].
The luminal epithelium of the tube that conducts the urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder[MP].
Distensible musculomembranous organ situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion[MP].
An anatomical wall that lines the insider of a urinary bladder.
The smooth triangular region of the wall of the urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice; it is an area in which the muscle fibers are closely adherent to the mucosa.
The constricted portion of the urinary bladder, formed by the meeting of its inferolateral surfaces proximal to the opening of the urethra[MP].
The mucous membrane lining the urinary bladder.
A serous membrane that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition].
A lamina propria that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition].
lamina propria mucosa of urinary bladder
lamina propria mucosae of urinary bladder
An anatomical wall that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition].
we place two MA classes here due to the official ncit2ma mapping to intestinal wall tissue; not clear how bowel and intestine are different
The secretory units of the exocrine pancreas, where fluid containing digestive enzymes is produced; consists of a group of secretory cells surrounding a luminal space that connects to the pancreatic duct.
An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating hormones[GO].
A structure found in the red pulp of the spleen between the sinusoids, consisting of fibrils and connective tissue cells with a large population of monocytes and macrophages. These cords contain half of the human body's monocytes as a reserve so that after tissue injury these monocytes can move in and aid locally sourced monocytes in wound healing. Erythrocytes pass through the cords of Billroth before entering the sinusoids. The passage into the sinusoids may be seen as a bottleneck, where erythrocytes need to be flexible in order to pass through. In disorders of erythrocyte shape and/or flexibility, such as hereditary spherocytosis, erythrocytes fail to pass through and get phagocytosed, causing extravascular hemolysis.
Transudate contained in the peritoneal cavity.
The organism subdivision that includes the pelvic girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pelvic girdle regions.
A fused bone consisting of the ilium, ischium and pubis. Together with the sacrum and coccyx, it comprises the pelvis. [WP,modified].
currently this class is restricted to exclude the teleost bone as the definition mentions ilium, ischium and pubis. In future we may add a grouping class for girdle bones that supports the appendage
Paired endochondral bone that is the dorsal-most of the pelvic bones, offering attachment areas for gluteal muscles on its main surface [PHENOSCAPE:ad].
Endochondral bone that is paired, forming the posterior part of the pelvis, articulating with the pubis and ilium.
Epithelial layer that lines the intestine.
An epithelium that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A multi-organ-part structure that consists of three vessels of the portal lobule including the bile duct, a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel.
The functional units of the liver including the lobules.
Wide thin-walled blood vessels in the liver. In mammals they have neither veinous or arterial markers.
The tubules located between the bile canaliculi and interlobular bile ducts near the outer edge of a classic liver lobule.
Note that this is part of the intrahepatic bile duct in MA, as this class is more alike the tree in FMA. Note also that SCT has canal of Hering and Entire IBduct as the only sibling terms under 'Structure of intralobular bile duct' (i.e. the CoH is the only part of the entire IBduct)
The basic functional unit of the kidney. its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. A nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to life and are regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone.[WP].
kidney terms require review for cross-vertebrate compatibility and developmental relationships.
A narrow chalice-shaped cavity between the glomerular and capsular epithelium of the glomerular capsule of the kidney[TFD]. Between the visceral and parietal layers, into which the filtrate enters after passing through the podocytes' filtration slits[WP]. luminal region between the glomerular capsule visceral and parietal layers, into which filtrate enters after passing through the filtration barrier from the glomerular capillaries[MP].
The proximal convoluted tubule is the most proximal portion of the proximal tubule and extends from the glomerular capsule to the proximal straight tubule.
The section of the renal tubule in the kidney medulla with a hairpin bend; consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb, and is situated between the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule; it functions to reabsorb water and ions from the urine.
the definitions of some kidney parts (e.g. proximal straight tubule) refer to Henle's loop, even in species where this may not be present. Requires review.
The portion of the renal tubule that constitutes the proximal part of the loop of Henle, has low permeability to ions and urea, and is highly permeable to water; it consists of an initial short thick segment lined by low simple cuboidal epithelium and a long thin segment lined by simple squamous epithelium; however, this distinction is not as important physiologically as in the ascending limb, so often the two are treated as one structure.
The proximal straight tubule is the part of the descending limb that extends from the proximal convoluted tubule to the descending thin tubule.
TODO - is S3 exactly coincident with PST? todo - ensure relationships work across species (loop of Henle)
thick descending limb of proximal tubule
The distal sub-portion of the ascending loop of Henle which is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium and enters the renal cortex to empty a hypotonic filtrate into the distal convoluted tubule.
TODO - thick/thin check. Also - does the loop of Henle overlap the distal convoluted tubule? FMA divides DCT into straight and convoluted portions
loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment
straight portion of distal convoluted renal tubule
straight portion of distal convoluted tubule
The first segment of the nephron lying just downstream from the loop of Henle, immediately after the macula densa.
The renal outer medulla is the region of the kidney that lies between the renal cortex and the renal inner medulla[GO].
Innermost region of the mammalian kidney.
The glandular mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the estrous/menstrual cycle and during pregnancy.
The smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ and surrounds and supports the endometrium.
TODO - check for parallel structure with peritoneum
The conic expansion of the corpus spongiosum that forms the head of the penis.
The elongated structure connected to the posterior surface of the testis that transports, stores, and matures spermatozoa between testis and vas deferens.
A fallopian tube that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition].
A fallopian tube that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition].
Layer of simple cuboidal cells covering surface of ovary[WP].
Controversial - see article. Requires expert input. Also check BTO placement
A spherical aggregation of cells in the ovary that contains a single oocyte[WP,modified].
TODO - align subtypes based on staging, which is taxon-specific
follicle of ovary viewed macroscopically
A capsule that surrounds a female gonad.
The external iliac artery is a large artery in the pelvic region that carries blood to the lower limb. The external iliac artery is a paired artery, meaning there is one on each side of the body: a right external iliac artery and left external iliac artery. The external iliac artery is accompanied by the external iliac vein, which is located posterior to the artery. [WP,unvetted].
The internal iliac artery (formerly known as the hypogastric artery) is the main artery of the pelvis. [WP,unvetted].
The umbilical artery is a paired artery (with one for each half of the body) that is found in the abdominal and pelvic regions. In the fetus, it extends into the umbilical cord. [WP,unvetted].
todo - compare with EHDAA2. Check embryonic vs extraembryonic, developmental relationships
An artery that supplies blood to the lower urinary bladder.
An artery that supplies blood to the upper urinary bladder.
A large vein that connects the femoral vein to the common iliac vein. Their origin is at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligaments and they terminate when they join the internal iliac veins (to form the common iliac veins). Both external iliac veins are accompanied along their course by external iliac arteries. [WP,modified].
A vein that begins near the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen, passes upward behind and slightly medial to the hypogastric artery and, at the brim of the pelvis, joins with the external iliac to form the common iliac vein. [WP,unvetted].
One the veins that drains the vaginal venous plexus, into the hypogastric veins. [WP,modified].
A large nerve that supplies nearly the whole of the skin of the leg, the muscles of the back of the thigh, and those of the leg and foot. It begins in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb.
The tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus. In the popliteal fossa the nerve gives off branches to gastrocnemius, popliteus, soleus and plantaris muscles, an articular branch to the knee joint, and a cutaneous branch that will become the sural nerve. The sural nerve is joined by fibres from the common peroneal nerve and runs down the calf to supply the lateral side of the foot. Below the soleus muscle the nerve lies close to the tibia and supplies the tibialis posterior, the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucis longus. The nerve passes into the foot running posterior to the medial malleolus. Here it is bound down by the flexor retinaculum in company with the posterior tibial artery. [WP,unvetted].
Muscle (organ) which is a part of the pelvis. Examples: levator ani,.
A portion of a prostate that forms a lobe.
The pampiniform plexus is a network of many small veins found in the male spermatic cord. It is formed by the union of multiple spermatic veins from the back of the testis and tributaries from the epididymis. The veins of the plexus ascend along the cord in front of the ductus deferens. Below the subcutaneous inguinal ring they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the abdominal inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins. These again unite to form a single vein, the testicular vein, which opens on the right side into the inferior vena cava, at an acute angle, and on the left side into the left renal vein, at a right angle. The pampinoform plexus forms the chief mass of the cord. In addition to its function in venous return from the testes, the pampiniform plexus also plays a role in the temperature regulation of the testes. It acts as a heat exchanger, cooling blood in adjacent arteries. An abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform plexus is a medical condition called varicocele. [WP,unvetted].
venous plexus of fascia of prostate gland
A zone of skin that is part of a penis [Automatically generated definition].
A retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers the glans penis and protects the urinary meatus when the penis is not erect.
A urethra that is part of a male reproductive system.
A urethra that is part of a female reproductive system.
The widest and most dilatable part of the male urethra canal which runs almost vertically through the prostate from its base to its apex, lying nearer its anterior than its posterior surface; this portion of the urethral canal is spindle-shaped, being wider in the middle than at either extremity, and narrowest below, where it joins the membranous portion; it is lined by transitional epithelium and contains in its posterior wall, or floor, the orifices of the prostatic utricle, ejaculatory ducts, and prostatic ducts, collectively known as the seminal colliculus (aka verumontanum).
Any of the numerous small mucous-secreting glands located in the wall of the male or female urethra that help protect the epithelium from the corrosive urine.
The tubules in the testes where spermatogenesis occurs.
Connective tissue consisting of fat-storing cells and arranged in lobular groups or along minor blood vessels[MP,modified].
A thermogenic form of adipose tissue that is composed of brown adipocytes[MP,modified].
The upper dilated end of the nasolacrimal duct that is lodged in a deep groove formed by the lacrimal bone and frontal process of the maxilla; it connects the lacrimal canaliculi, which drain tears from the eye's surface, and the nasolacrimal duct, which conveys this fluid into the nasal cavity; like the nasolacrimal duct, the sac is lined by stratified columnar epithelium with mucus-secreting goblet cells, and is surrounded by connective tissue.
A tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about 26 mm in length and 7 mm in diameter.
consider revisiting superclass after refinement of CARO/EAO, conduit may not be quite correct.
The anus and surrounding regions. Encompasses both internal and external regions, where present.
The profunda femoris artery (also known as the deep femoral artery, or the deep artery of the thigh) is a branch of the femoral artery that, as its name suggests, travels more deeply (posteriorly) than the rest of the femoral artery. [WP,unvetted].
The medial circumflex femoral artery (internal circumflex artery, medial femoral circumflex artery) is an artery in the upper thigh that helps supply blood to the neck of the femur. [WP,unvetted].
A clear, colorless, bodily fluid, that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord.
many sources state the CP as sole producer of CSF, but this is disputed [DOI:10.1007/s11064-015-1581-6]
In the human body, the femoral vein is a blood vessel that accompanies the femoral artery in the femoral sheath. It begins at the adductor canal (also known as Hunter's canal) and is a continuation of the popliteal vein. It ends at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligament, where it becomes the external iliac vein. [WP,unvetted].
The great saphenous vein (GSV), also greater saphenous vein, is the large (subcutaneous) superficial vein of the leg and thigh. The terms 'safaina' (Greek) and 'el safin' (Arabic) have both been claimed as the origin for the word 'saphenous'. [WP,unvetted].
The outer layer of peritoneum that is attached to the abdominal and pelvic walls.
A muscle that is part of the region of the hindlimb between the pelvis and ankle.
muscle of upper or lower hindlimb segment
The part of the cerebral cortex that receives projections from the motor thalamus and which projects to motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord. The motor cortex corresponds to Brodmann's area 4 (MM). The primary motor cortex, or M1, is located on the precentral gyrus and on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain. Of the three motor cortex areas, stimulation of the primary motor cortex requires the least amount of electrical current to elicit a movement. http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter03.html.
TODO - in MA this is asserted to be part_of BOTH frontal and parietal cortex. in ABA these are disjoint. FMA makes no commitment beyond cerebral cortex. Wikipedia says frontal lobe. Check if species difference or difference in definition. Removed relationship: part_of UBERON:0001872 parietal lobe
axillary part of trunk of subclavian artery
The subscapular artery, the largest branch of the axillary artery, arises at the lower border of the Subscapularis, which it follows to the inferior angle of the scapula, where it anastomoses with the lateral thoracic and intercostal arteries and with the descending branch of the transverse cervical, and ends in the neighboring muscles. About 4 cm. from its origin it gives off two branches, first the scapular circumflex artery and then the thoracodorsal artery. [WP,unvetted].
A zone of skin that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition].
An organism subdivision that includes the pectoral girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pectoral girdle regions.
A lymphatic vessel that is part of a face [Automatically generated definition].
Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system.
A bone that is part of the carpal skeleton. Examples: scaphoid, lunate, capitate[cjm].
A phalanx that is part of a forelimb autopod[Automatically generated definition].
The head of a long bone that articulates with a neighboring skeletal element and is separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate until bone growth stops. At that time, the plate disappears and the head and shaft are united[MESH,modified].
Zone of long bone that is between the epiphysis and diaphysis. Subdivision of diaphysis which forms the proximal or distal end of diaphysis next to the epiphysis; together with diaphysis proper, it constitutes the diaphysis. Examples: proximal metaphysis of humerus, distal metaphysis of femur.[FMA].
todo - decide - adjacent to or containing epiphyseal plate? AO Notes: FMA the metaphysis is part of the diaphysis, but not in MA.
The outer layers of solid, hard bone that covers spongy bone; consists of parallel osteons containing mineral deposits and interstitial lamellae.
MP distinguishes compact/cortical bone. in other AOs they are syns
The collection of all skeletal elements in a free forelimb region. Excludes the pectoral girdle.
TODO - find a home for: FMA:24139 ! skeleton of upper limb
Subdivision of skeleton consisting of all skeletal elements in an hindlimb region.
Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a manus, which is the distal section of the anterior forelimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the wrist, palm, and fingers)[Phenoscape].
here 'manus' includes both the wrist region, metatarsal region and acropodial region
Subdivision of trunk proper, which is demarcated from the neck by the plane of the superior thoracic aperture and from the abdomen internally by the inferior surface of the diaphragm and externally by the costal margin and associated with the thoracic vertebral column and ribcage and from the back of the thorax by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage, the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column and the posterior axillary lines; together with the abdomen and the perineum, it constitutes the trunk proper[FMA].
FMA:24216 present in FMA1, but gone in subsequent versions
Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a pes, which is the distal section of the posterior hindlimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the ankle, sole, and toes)[Phenoscape].
here 'pes' includes both the ankle region, metatarsals and acropodial region
The major postaxial endochondral bone in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape].
A bone that is part of the tarsal skeleton. Examples: calcaneus, talus, centralia.
The metatarsus or metatarsal bones are a group of five long bones in the pes located between the tarsal bones of the hind- and mid-pes and the phalanges of the toes. Lacking individual names, the metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side (side of big toe): the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal. The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the manus. [WP,unvetted].
A phalanx that is part of a hindlimb autopod[Automatically generated definition].
A subdivision of the head that has as parts the layers deep to the surface of the anterior surface, including the mouth, eyes, and nose (when present). In vertebrates, this includes the facial skeleton and structures superficial to the facial skeleton (cheeks, mouth, eyeballs, skin of face, etc).
A zone of skin that is part of a eyelid [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a lip [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a external ear [Automatically generated definition].
zone of skin of auricular region of head
The part of the forelimb extending from the shoulder to the autopod[cjm].
currently declared as overlapping hand, as AOs disagree over whether some wrist parts are in the arm or hand
The elbow is the region surrounding the elbow-joint-the ginglymus or hinge joint in the middle of the arm. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm. The bony prominence at the very tip of the elbow is the olecranon process of the ulna, and the inner aspect of the elbow is called the antecubital fossa. [WP,unvetted,human-specific].
The hip region is located lateral to the gluteal region (i.e. the buttock), inferior to the iliac crest, and overlying the greater trochanter of the thigh bone. In adults, three of the bones of the pelvis have fused into the hip bone which forms part of the hip region. The hip joint, scientifically referred to as the acetabulofemoral joint (art. coxae), is the joint between the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis and its primary function is to support the weight of the body in both static (e.g. standing) and dynamic (e.g. walking or running) postures. [WP,modified].
A segment of the hindlimb that corresponds to the joint connecting a hindlimb stylopod and zeugopod.
pedal digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue
A subdivision of the pectoral complex consisting of the structures in the region of the shoulder joint (which connects the humerus, scapula and clavicle).
The joint between adjacent vertebral bodies. May be composed of the nucleus pulposus, annular ligament, and the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments.
The sternoclavicular articulation is a double arthrodial joint composed of two portions separated by an articular disc. The parts entering into its formation are the sternal end of the clavicle, the upper and lateral part of the manubrium sterni, and the cartilage of the first rib, visible from the outside as the suprasternal notch. The articular surface of the clavicle is much larger than that of the sternum, and is invested with a layer of cartilage, which is considerably thicker than that on the latter bone. The ligaments of this joint are: Articular capsule Anterior sternoclavicular ligament Posterior sternoclavicular ligament Interclavicular ligament Costoclavicular ligament Articular disk [WP,unvetted].
The glenohumeral joint, commonly known as the shoulder joint, is a multiaxial synovial ball and socket joint and involves articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the head of the humerus (upper arm bone). [WP,unvetted].
note that in this ontology 'glenoid fossa' is a cavity (consistent with FMA) - consider adding a class for the surface of the scapula that is adjacent to this cavity, and making a more explicit connects relationship
The loose fold of skin that covers the penis.
The vaginal plexuses are placed at the sides of the vagina; they communicate with the uterine, vesical, and hemorrhoidal plexuses, and are drained by the vaginal veins, one on either side, into the hypogastric veins. [WP,unvetted].
A vessel that contains or conveys lymph, that originates as an interfibrillar or intercellular cleft or space in a tissue or organ, and that if small has no distinct walls or walls composed only of endothelial cells and if large resembles a vein in structure[BTO].
Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue.
A muscle of shoulder which attaches to the scapula, clavicle and humerus.[FMA,generalized].
We use a generic definition that includes the deltoideus as represented in AAO: 'Muscle which originates as three heads, the pars externalis, pars clavicularis, and pars scapularis. The pars externalis originates from the lateral border of the omosternum and inserts on the distal portion of the humerus. The pars clavicularis originates from the ventro-lateral surface of the clavicle and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus. The pars scapularis originates from the lateral surface of the clavicle and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus'. Kardong: Dorsal group
A sesamoid element that is composed of bone tissue.
Sesamoids are often endochondral replacement elements and in addition to bone tissue, may also be composed of articular cartilage, fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage, and calcified cartilage.[VSAO]
A carpal bone that proximally_connected_to a forelimb zeugopod skeleton.
Any muscle organ that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a shoulder region.
An articular capsule (or joint capsule) is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. [WP,unvetted].
The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia, and one between the femur and patella. It is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. The knee is a mobile trocho-ginglymus (i.e. a pivotal hinge joint), which permits flexion and extension as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation[WP,unvetted].
A skeletal joint that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition].
TODO check FMA - use the set class for now
joint of terminal segment of free lower limb
A joint that connects the hindlimb autopod and zeugopod skeletons.
A skeletal joint that is part of a manus (hand) [Automatically generated definition].
joint of terminal segment of free upper limb
A joint that connects the forelimb zeugopod and stylopod skeletons[Obol].
A joint connecting the forelimb zeugopod skeleton with the carpal skeleton.
The axillary nerve is a nerve of the human body, that comes off the posterior cord of the brachial plexus at the level of the axilla (armpit) and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6. The axillary nerve travels through the quadrangular space with the posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein. [WP,unvetted].
Muscles of the upper chest. The term may refer to one of two muscles, the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor. The former is a thick muscle in the anterior portion of the chest. Its action involves flexion, medial rotation, and adduction of the humerus. The latter is a thin muscle located beneath the pectoralis major. Its action involves lowering the scapula and raising the ribs.
This currently groups the major and minor muscles (which have different attachment sites) as well as the AAO structure: Muscle which is comprised of three heads. The anterior head is the portio epicoracoidea that originates on the epicoracoid cartilage and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus. The next more posterior head, portio sternalis, originates on the sternum and inserts in the groove next to the deltoid crest of the humerus. The most posterior head, portio abdominalis, arises from the M. rectus abdominis and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus
The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta[GO]. A portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum; it passes obliquely upward, forward, and to the right, in the direction of the heart's axis, as high as the upper border of the second right costal cartilage, describing a slight curve in its course, and being situated, about 6 cm behind the posterior surface of the sternum. The total length is about 5 cm in length [Wikipedia].
Any muscle organ that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition].
Any muscle organ that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition].
A muscle organ that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition].
Any muscle organ that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition].
The convex portion of the aorta between the ascending and descending parts of the aorta; branches from it include the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery; the brachiocephalic trunk further splits to form the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery.
A zone of skin that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of an ankle [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition].
The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries[GO]. The descending aorta is part of the aorta, the largest artery in the body. The descending aorta is the part of the aorta beginning at the aortic arch that runs down through the chest and abdomen. The descending aorta is divided into two portions, the thoracic and abdominal, in correspondence with the two great cavities of the trunk in which it is situated. Within the abdomen, the descending aorta branches into the two common iliac arteries which serve the legs. [WP,unvetted].
The part of the aorta that extends from the origin at the heart to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest.
Abdominal part of aorta: the distal part of the descending aorta, which is the continuation of the thoracic part and gives rise to the inferior phrenic, lumbar, median sacral, superior and inferior mesenteric, middle suprarenal, renal, and testicular or ovarian arteries, and celiac trunk[BTO]. The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of descending aorta(of the thorax). [WP,unvetted].
Many of the branches of the abdominal aorta in mammals may be branches of the dorsal aorta in other vertebrates
A zone of skin that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition].
The short first aortic arch branch and divides into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery.
A bilaterally paired branched artery that originates from the aortic arches and divides into and includes as parts the internal and external carotid arteries[cjm].
we follow the FMA and treat the artery as a tree-structure - here we include the internal and external as parts. For the part that excludes the branches, see 'trunk of common carotid artery'
The rightmost of the two common carotid arteries, originating from in the neck from the brachiocephalic trunk.
right common carotid artery plus branches
A terminal branch of the left or right common carotid artery which supplies oxygenated blood to the brain and eyes[MP].
One of two laterally paired arteries that supplies the pectoral appendages, usually branching from the dorsal aorta.
Developmental relationships should be added (intersegmental artery and right dorsal aorta in EHDAA2, occipitovertebral artery in XAO)
The subclavian artery that supplies the right pectoral appendage.
The leftmost of the two common carotid arteries, originating from the aortic arch in the thorax.
left common carotid artery plus branches
The popliteal vein course runs alongside the popliteal artery but carries the blood from the knee joint and muscles in the thigh and calf back to the heart. Its origin is defined by the junction of the posterior tibial vein and anterior tibial vein. It drains the peroneal vein before reaching the knee joint and turns into the femoral vein when leaving the adductor canal (also known as Hunter's canal). The popliteal artery extends from the femoral artery behind the popliteal fossa which is the space behind the knee. [WP,unvetted].
A vein of the lower limb that carries blood from the anterior compartment of the leg to the popliteal vein which is forms when it joins with the posterior tibial vein. Like most deep veins, the anterior tibial vein is accompanied by an artery of the same name, the anterior tibial artery, along its course. [WP,unvetted].
The small saphenous vein (also lesser saphenous vein), is a relatively large vein of the superficial posterior leg. [WP,unvetted].
The dorsal metatarsal veins are veins which drain the metatarsus of the foot. [WP,unvetted].
A continuation of the Dorsal venous arch of the foot and is the origin of the long saphenous vein.
One of the curved arteries at the corticomedullary border of the kidney that arise from the interlobar arteries and give rise to the interlobular arteries.
A zone of skin that is part of a hip region.
A tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the urinary bladder and the urethra.
The segment of the respiratory tract that starts proximally with the nose and ends distally with the cricoid cartilage, before continuing to the trachea.
The segment of the respiratory tract that starts proximally with the trachea and includes all distal structures including the lungs[WP,modified].
Either of a pair of lingual muscles with origin in the mandible, with insertion to the lingual fascia below the mucous membrane and epiglottis, with nerve supply from the hypoglossal nerve, and whose action depresses and protrudes the tongue.
A muscle that attaches to the hyopid bone and to the tongue and is innervated by cranial nerve XII.
A muscle organ that attaches the tongue to some other structure.
The intrinsic tongue muscles are an integral part of the tongue and completely contained within the tongue that are innervated by Cranial Nerve XII.
Nerve that carries information from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb[Butler and Hodos].
The subclavian artery that supplies the left pectoral appendage.
A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body into the right atrium of the heart.
One of two jugular veins that collect the blood from the brain, the superficial parts of the face, and the neck. [WP,unvetted].
The subclavian vein is a paired large vein, one on either side of the body. Their diameter is approximately that of the smallest finger.
A vein that drains blood from the thymus.
thymic tributary of brachiocephalic vein
The bronchial veins are small vessels that return blood from the larger bronchi and structures at the roots of the lungs. The right side drains into the azygos vein, while the left side drains into the left superior intercostal vein or the accessory hemiazygos vein. The bronchial veins are counterparts to the bronchial arteries. The veins, however, do not return all of the blood supplied by the arteries; much of the blood that is carried in the bronchial arteries is returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins. [WP,unvetted].
The ciliary muscle is a ring of smooth muscle in the middle layer of the eye that controls the eye's accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humour through Schlemm's canal. [WP,unvetted].
A sphincter muscle that is part of the iris.
A smooth muscle of the eye, running radially in the iris that functions as a dilator. [WP,unvetted].
The lingual artery arises from the external carotid between the superior thyroid and facial artery[WP].
lingual branch of external carotid artery
A branch of the lingual artery that supplies the sublingual gland.
Check grouping with amphibian structure of the same name
A branch of the external carotid artery that supplies structures of the face. [WP,unvetted].
The occipital artery arises opposite the facial artery, its path is below the posterior belly of digastric to the occipital region. This artery supplies blood to the back of the scalp and sterno-mastoid muscles. Other muscles it supplies are deep muscles in the back and neck. [WP,unvetted].
An artery that supplies deep structures of the face. It comes just out behind the neck of the mandible. [WP,unvetted].
The ophthalmic artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery which supplies branches to supply the eye and other structures in the orbit. It enters the orbit together with the Optic nerve through the Optic foramen/canal. [WP,modified].
The lacrimal artery arises close to the optic foramen, and is one of the largest branches derived from the ophthalmic artery: not infrequently it is given off before the artery enters the orbit. It accompanies the lacrimal nerve along the upper border of the Lateral Rectus, supplies the lacrimal gland. [WP,unvetted].
One of a pair of right-sided and left-sided blood vessels in the circle of Willis. It connects the three cerebral arteries of the same side. Anteriorly, it is one portion of the terminal trifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery are the other two branches of the trifurcation. Posteriorly, it communicates with the posterior cerebral artery.
posterior communicating segment of the basilar artery
Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO].
An epithelial tube or tree of tibes that transports blood away from the heart[modified from AEO definition].
Note that in FMA an artery is a tree, whereas AEO/JB defines it as a tube; FMA includes a separate class for what it calls the trunk. Classification in this ontology may currently (Jan 2012) represent a mix of both schemes, although we are gradually revising in the direction of the AEO scheme.
Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart.
TODO - check with MA - vein vs venous blood vessel
A portal vein that transports nutrients from the digestive tract to the liver[Kardong].
The first major branch of the abdominal aorta.
Cranial nerve that has three branches - the ophthalmic (supplying the skin of the nose and upper jaw), the maxillary and the mandibular (supplying the lower jaw).
Cranial nerve that branches into the supraorbital (supplying the skin of the eye region and the lateral line organs here), the palatine (to the roof of the buccal cavity), and the hyomandibular (dividing into the jugular and mental branches).
Cranial nerve that transmits sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain.
Cranial nerve that branches into the ramus communicans (to the skin), the pretrematic (to the walls of the pharynx and mouth, viscero-sensory fibers), and the larval post-trematic branch (lost in the adult).
Cranial nerve that innervates the muscles of the tongue.
The pulmonary artery that supplies the right lung.
TODO - add class 'pulmonary artery tree organ'
The pulmonary artery that supplies the left lung.
The anterior facial vein (facial vein) commences at the side of the root of the nose, and is a direct continuation of the angular vein where it also receives a small nasal branch. It lies behind the facial artery and follows a less tortuous course. It receives blood from the external palatine vein before it either joins the anterior branch of the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein, or drains directly into the internal jugular vein. [WP,unvetted].
The cerebral veins are divisible into external and internal groups according to the outer surfaces or the inner parts of the hemispheres they drain into. The external veins are the superior cerebral veins, inferior cerebral veins, and middle cerebral vein. [WP,unvetted].
The cranial ganglion that is associated with and extends fibers into the trigeminal nerve.
consider renaming this 'trigeminal ganglion complex'. The complex may be fused (amniotes) partially fused (xenopus) or separate (sharks)
The bone at the lower, posterior part of the skull.
An unpaired bone situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporal bone and basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a butterfly or bat with its wings extended.
The large, irregular bone located at the base and side of the skull; consists of three parts at birth: squamous, tympanic, and petrous.
A bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. As such, it is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that makes up the orbit of the eye[WP].
A horseshoe shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. The hyoid bone provides attachment to the muscles of the floor of the mouth and the tongue above, the larynx below, and the epiglottis and pharynx behind. [WP,modified].
One of 3 small bones contained within the middle ear space and serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth. The absence of the auditory ossicles would constitute a moderate-to-severe hearing loss. The term 'ossicles' literally means 'tiny bones' and commonly refers to the auditory ossicles, though the term may refer to any small bone throughout the body. [WP,unvetted].
This should probably be restricted to mammals - the AAO/XAO structures may group non-homologous structures [Wikipedia:Evolution_of_mammalian_auditory_ossicles] see https://github.com/seger/aao/issues/5.
Sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.
Part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It typically consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull[GO].
The petrous portion of the temporal bone or pyramid is pyramidal and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents for examination a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and contains, in its interior, the essential parts of the organ of hearing. The petrous portion is among the most basal elements of the skull and forms part of the endocranium.[WP,unvetted].
Subdivision of skeleton that is an anterolateral part of the cranium and structurally supports the eye. Includes bones formed and located in sclerotic layer of eyeball.
The group of sensory neuron cell bodies associated with the facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve).
resolve facial VII vs geniculate (see EHDAA2)
The group of neuron cell bodies associated with the ninth cranial nerve.
Subdivision of skeletal system that surrounds and protects the brain. Includes the skull base, sensory capsules and the central part of the skull roof.
A horn-like keratin structure covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes[WP].
The nails of humans and the claws are moth are highly similar. Both species have a proximal nail fold, cuticle, nail matrix, nail bed, nail plate, and hyponychium. Distinguishing features are the shape of the nail and the presence of an extended hyponychium in the mouse [PMC3579226]
An anatomical cavity that is part of the olfactory apparatus. This includes the space bounded anteriorly by the nares and posteriorly by the choanae, when these structures are present.
define the boundaries of this cavity for a variety of species and check that parthood relations are not too strong.
Subdivision of skeleton which includes upper and lower jaw skeletons.
TODO - move ZFA:0001227 (it is the entire jaw skeleton).
Subdivision of head that consists of the upper jaw skeletal elements plus associated soft tissue (skin, lips, muscle)[cjm].
See notes for jaw w.r.t skeletal element vs subdivision of head.
Subdivision of head that consists of the lower jaw skeletal elements plus associated soft tissue (skin, lips, muscle)[cjm].
A fold of skin that covers and protects part of the eyeball. Examples: upper eyelid, lower eyelid, nictitating membrane.
The groups of nerve cell bodies associated with the twelve cranial nerves.
cranial ganglion part of peripheral nervous system
Any of the nuclei of the cochlear nuclear complex.
cochlear nucleus of eighth cranial nerve
A muscular organ in the floor of the mouth.
in MA the tongue is part of the oral region, which in uberon is treated as the oral opening. consider revising oral opening - oral region equivalence.
The cartilaginous joints of the skull; these include sphenoethmoidal synchondrosis, sphenooccipital synchondrosis, sphenopetrosal synchondrosis, petrooccipital synchondrosis, anterior intraoccipital synchondrosis and posterior intraoccipital synchondrosis.
A specialized receptor organ that is a collection of cells spanning the gustatory epithelium.
The section of the pharynx that lies above the soft palate.
An anatomical space that is enclosed by a pharynx.
The circular lymphoid tissue formed by the lingual, pharyngeal, and faucial tonsils.
Either of the paired compound tubuloalveolar (aka tubuloacinar) major salivary glands composed of both serous and mucous secretory cells and situated beneath the mandible.
A continuation of the pharynx that is involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.
The cartilaginous structures that support the larynx.
A ligament that is part of a larynx and connexts the cartilages of the larynx.
Portion of connective tissue with various types of white blood cells enmeshed in it, most numerous being the lymphocytes[WP].
A lymphoid follicle that contains a germinal center.
A parenchyma that is part of a thyroid follicle [Automatically generated definition].
The dense and irregular connective tissue capsule surrounding a parathyroid gland.
A parenchyma that is part of a parathyroid gland [Automatically generated definition].
A network of orbital structures of the eye that secrete and drain tears from the surface of the eyeball into the nasal cavity; these parts include the lacrimal glands, lacrimal lake, lacrimal ducts, lacrimal canals, lacrimal sacs, nasolacrimal ducts, and lacrimal puncta.
TODO - resolve canaliculus vs tear duct vs lacrimal vs nasolacrimal
Collagen-rich odontogenic tissue characteristic of teeth and tooth-like skeletal elements (e.g., odontodes); mature dentine is mineralized and develops from predentine tissue; often (but not always) tubular and acellular.
A dentine-like hypermineralized substance that covers the tooth tip. Enamel's primary mineral is hydroxylapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate. Unlike dentin and bone, enamel does not contain collagen. Instead, it has two unique classes of proteins called amelogenins and enamelins[WP].
current classification under substance of tooth may be turned into taxon GCI (e.g. sharks have enamel in dermal denticles)
Odontoid tissue that is deposited by cementoblasts onto dentine tissue and functions to attach teeth, odontodes and other odontogenic derivatives to bone tissue and the integument.
The part in the center of a tooth made up of living soft tissue and cells called odontoblasts[WP].
The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window)[GO].
The part of the ear that projects from the head, connecting to the external acoustic meatus.
The tissues that invest or help to invest and support the teeth, including the periodontal ligament, gingivae, cementum, and alveolar and supporting bone[BTO].
Cranial nerve that branches into the lateral (to body sense organs) and the intestino-accessorial (to the skin, muscles of shoulder, hyoid, larynx, gut, lungs, and heart).
A condensation of odontoblasts that forms the part of a tooth germ that gives rise to dentin and pulp in the mature tooth. It lies below a cellular aggregation known as the enamel organ.
Epithelial tube that transports milk[GO].
The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, and bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and part of the crystalline lens.
The pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye, consisting of the iris, ciliary body and choroid[WP,edited].
TODO - check child terms, isa vs partof. See also MA:0001284 ! tunica vasculosa plexus
The adjustable membrane, composed of the stroma and pigmented epithelium, located just in front of the crystalline lens within the eye.
The part of the lacrimal duct that connects the lacrimal punctum to the lacrimal sac.
The smooth stratified squamous epithelium that covers the outer surface of the cornea.
Opaque fibrous outer layer of the eyeball[ZFA,Kardong,WP].
Disease notes: implicated in rheumatoid arthritis.
A skeletal muscle organ that is part of the trunk region.
Note that this class excludes smooth muscle elements in the trunk region, such as the internal anal sphincter. This appears to be consistent with other ontologies such as FMA and ZFA which appear to only include skeletal muscles here. In fact the MA class 'trunk muscle' is classified as a 'set of skeletal muscles'.
The thickened portion of the vascular tunic, which lies between the choroid and the iris, composed of ciliary muscle and ciliary processes.
Vascular layer containing connective tissue, of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract[WP].
check choroid vs choroid layer; check ZFA/TAO placement - no homology assertion in VHOG. Note this is entirely in the posterior region of eyeball in ZFA
The lamellated connective tissue of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes.
A double layer covering the ciliary body that produces aqueous humor.
The delicate vascular connective tissue that lies between the anterior surface of the iris and the pars iridica retinae.
The any of the paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment[MP,modified].
Any of the layers that make up the retina[MP].
A monolayer of pigmented epithelium covering the neural retina; develops from the outer of the two layers of the optic cup[ZFA]. the pigmented cell layer just outside the neurosensory retina that nourishes retinal visual cells, and is firmly attached to the underlying choroid and overlying retinal visual cells[WP].
Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord.
classified as neural tree organ, not nerve in FMA. CN II poses a challenge here as it is not strictly a nerve, yet is expected to be classified under CN.
A depression in the inner retinal surface within the macula lutea, the photoreceptor layer of which is entirely cones and which is specialized for maximum visual acuity.
The layer within the retina where the photoreceptor cell receptor segments reside.
stratum segmentorum externorum et internorum (retina)
stratum segmentorum externorum et internorum retinae
The row of jucntional complexes between the plasma membranes of rod segments and the Muller glia cells; this barrier separates the layer of inner and outer segments of the rods and cones from the outer nuclear layer and forms a blood-retina barrier[MP].
The layer within the retina where the photoreceptor cell bodies reside.
The layer within the retina where the bipolar cells synapse with the photoreceptor cells[ZFA]. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells[GO].
Cytoarchitectural layer of retina containing closely packed cell bodies, the majority of which are bipolar cells (adapted from Wikipedia).
AO notes NLXANAT:1005031 appears to be retired
Cytoarchitectural layer of retina that contains somata of retinal ganglion cells, bounded by the stratum opticum and the inner plexiform layer.
Layer of the retina formed by expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve.
The row of fused Muller cell processes and astrocytes that separates the retinal nerve fiber layer from the vitreous[MP].
Cytoarchitectural layer of the retina that is made up of a dense reticulum of fibrils formed by interlaced dendrites of retinal ganglion cells and cells of the inner nuclear layer (adapted from Wikipedia).
A thick watery refractive medium that fills the space between the lens and the cornea[WP].
A transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina.
Gelatinous mucoid tissue that is composed of vitreous humor and fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina[MP,modified].
distinciton between body and humor requires more work. These may be merged in future. Note that FMA includes the hyaloid canal as part of the vitreous body
The chamber in the eyeball enclosing the vitreous humor, bounded anteriorly by the lens and ciliary body and posteriorly by the posterior wall of the eyeball[BTO,modified].
The clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons, interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells.
Any of the parts of the eye that lie in front of, or ventral to, the lens (inclusive).
Any of the parts of the eye that lie in back of, or dorsal to, the lens (but not inclusive).
A layer of epithelial cells that is part of the eye.
The elastic, clear, membrane-like structure, that is outer most layer of the lens.
Ganglion that has dendrites that form a junction between autonomic nerves originating from the central nervous system and autonomic nerves innervating their target organs in the periphery. There are two subtypes, sympathetic ganglion and parasympathetic ganglion.
A ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system. Examples: paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia, which include the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.
ganglion of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system
sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system ganglion
Trunk ganglion which is part of a bilaterally paired set of sympathetic ganglia located anterior and lateral to the spinal cord.
Ganglion containing neurons that receive innervation from parasympathetic neurons in the central nervous system and subserves parasympathetic functions through innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands.
Anatomical junction where subdivisions of two or more neural trees interconnect with one another to form a network through which nerve fibers of the constituent nerve trees become regrouped; together with other nerve plexuses, nerves and ganglia, it constitutes the peripheral nervous system. Examples: cervical nerve plexus, brachial nerve plexus, sacral nerve plexus[FMA].
The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the front of the eyeball.
An intermingling of fiber fascicles from adjacent spinal nerves to form a network.
An arrangement of nerve fibers, running from the spine where it proceeds through the neck then the axilla and into the arm where it innervates skin and muscle. [WP,modified].
check superclass - nerve vs collection of fibers vs junction; note that FMA also has 'brachial autonomic nerve plexus'
An arrangement of nerve fibers, running from the spine that travels to the pelvic appendage where it innervates skin and muscle.
A nerve plexus that is part of an autonomic nervous system [Automatically generated definition].
The lacrimal glands are paired almond-shaped glands, located in or near the orbital region, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film.[WP].
Any of the coil glands of the skin that secrete sweat.
TODO - check if all sweat glands are epidermal - see EMAPA:29743
A holocrine gland that secretes sebum into the hair follicles, or in hairless areas into ducts.[MP].
One of the cartilage structures in the nose that provide form and support[WP].
The mucous lining of the larynx, which is composed of squamous epithelium in the upper larynx and ciliated columnar epithelium in the lower larynx.
The mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity[MP].
TODO - check lining vs part of. split olfactory and nasal mucosa?
Aqueous substance secreted by the lacrimal gland.
The fibrous investing tissue, covered by keratinized epithelium, that immediately surrounds a tooth and is contiguous with its periodontal ligament and with the mucosal tissues of the mouth[Glossary of Periodontal Terms 2001].
FMA has a 3-level breakdown of jaws into: region, jaw (skeleton+gums), skeleton.
One of the three largest glands of the oral cavity that secrete most of the saliva, including the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.
The small mucin-producing salivary glands in the floor of the mouth beneath the tongue, anterior to the submandibular gland.
One of the two fleshy folds which surround the opening of the mouth.
Lip that covers the upper portion of the mouth.[TAO].
Lip that covers the lower portion of the mouth.[TAO].
A fluid produced in the oral cavity by salivary glands, typically used in predigestion, but also in other functions.
A system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system, which provides the sense of balance. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The bony labyrinth is lined with the membranous labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea (the hearing organ). The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving. Joint and muscle receptors also are important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from these systems that control our balance. [WP,unvetted].
Ideally we would place a spatially disjoint from relationship to membranous labyrinth, but there are many parts in common. this should be resolved.
One of three half-circular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear[WP].
The spiral-shaped bony canal in the inner ear containing the hair cells that transduce sound. Its core component is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea. [WP,modified].
Transudate contained in the osseous labyrinth outside the membranous labyrinth.[FMA].
Complex labyrinthine structure that comprises sensory endorgans specialized for vestibular, auditory, and acoustico-vestibular sensation.
Cartilage of the pinna and much of the external ear canal.
Organ with organ cavity which consists of the vestibular labyrinth and the cochlear labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth is lodged within the bony labyrinth and has the same general form; it is, however, considerably smaller and is partly separated from the bony walls by a quantity of fluid, the perilymph.[FMA, WP].
A collection of channels that connects the conjunctival sac with the nasal cavity, encompassing the lacrimal ducts, the lacrimal sac and the naso-lacrimal duct.
The larger of the two otolith organs in the vestibule.
XAO/AAO to be checked - see https://github.com/seger/aao/issues/5; AAO has both utricle and utriculus; these are generally considered synonyms - e.g. http://www.fishbase.org/glossary/Glossary.php?q=utriculus
The smaller of the two otolith organs in the vestibule.
XAO/AAO to be checked - see https://github.com/seger/aao/issues/5
An endolymph filled cavity inside the cochlea, located in between the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli, separated by the basilar membrane and Reissner's membrane (the vestibular membrane) respectively. Houses the organ of Corti[WP].
TODO - check cochlear duct vs cochlear aqueduct vs scala media
Any of the three loop-shaped membranous inner tubular parts of the semicircular canals that are about one-fourth the diameter of the corresponding outer bony canals, that communicate at each end with the utricle, and that have near one end an expanded ampulla containing an area of sensory epithelium.
TODO - check canal vs duct. see Wikipedia:File:Gray927.png
The part of the membranous labyrinth that includes the utricle and saccule lodged within the vestibule and the semicircular ducts lodged eccentrically in the corresponding canals.
Fatty lubricant matter secreted by sebaceous glands, and made of made of triglyceride oils, wax, squalene, and metabolytes of fat-producing cells[BTO,WP].
A cartilage that is part of a external ear [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition].
anterolateral part of thorax zone of skin
zone of skin of anterior thoracic region
zone of skin of anterolateral part of thorax
One of two bilateral, largely symmetrical organ subdivisions within the telencephalon which contain the cerebral cortex and cerebral white matter.[FMA].
Anterior portion of the neocortex, lying anterior to the central sulcus in humans. It is bounded by the parietal cortex posteriorly and the temporal cortex laterally[NIFSTD,modified].
Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. (MSH).
Boundary notes: It is bounded dorsally by the lateral fissure and posteriorly by an arbitrary border shared with the occipital lobe. [Wikipedia:Temporal_lobe]
Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. (MSH).
Subcortical nucleus of telecephalic origin consisting of an elongated gray mass lying lateral to and bordering the lateral ventricle. It is divided into a head, body and tail in some species.
Subcortical nucleus of telencephalic , which together with the caudate nucleus, forms the striatum. The putamen lies lateral to the internal capsule and medial to the external medullary lamina, and is separated from the caudate nucleus by the fibers of the internal capsule for most of its length, except at its anterior portion.
check - rodents. The caudate nucleus and putamen are separated by a clear white matter bundle in most species but not in rodents (MM)
Subcortical brain region lying anterior to the hippocampal formation in the temporal lobe and anterior to the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle in some species. It is usually subdivided into several groups. Functionally, it is not considered a unitary structure (MM).
One of the seven small groups of granule cells in the polymorph layer of the olfactory tubercle and one large group, the insula magna, which lies along the border between septum, nucleus accumbens and nucleus of the diagonal band.
A region of the brain consisting of a collection of neurons located in the forebrain ventral to the caudate and putamen. (caudoputamen in rodent) and continuous with these structures. There is no distinct boundary between the nucleus accumbens and the caudate/putamen, but in rodents, it can be identified by its lack of traversing fiber bundles in comparison to the dorsal striatum. Its principle neuron is the medium spiny neuron. Together with the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), the nucleus accumbens forms the striatum.
Region in the ventral telencephalon, prominent in rodents, but present in all mammals, consisting of a laminated cortical part and the cap/hilus region. It is traditionally viewed as part of the olfactory cortex but recognized by some as having a striatal character. According to many authors, the structure of the OT transitions from cortical like to striatal like along the lateral medial axis. (Maryann Martone).
A nerve that arises from the caudal cervical nerves and is primarily the motor nerve of the diaphragm but also sends sensory fibers to the pericardium.
Part of the hippocampal formation forming a 'V' or 'U' shaped structure with the opening bounded by hippocampal area CA3. It consists of 3 layers from superficial to deep: molecular, granule cell and polymorphic or hilar layer.
BTO says dentate gyrus = fascia dentata + hilus. Note that GO classifies dentate gyrus development under hippocampus development
A network formed by blood vessels and the tela choroidea which secretes CSF into the ventricular spaces.
TODO - check relationship to ventricle. Check subclass - ZFA says vasculature. Note that FMA:61934 (choroid plexus of cerebral hemisphere) has exact synonym 'choroid plexus' but it is not clear that this belongs here, as the fourth ventricle is not in the cerebral hemisphere
White matter tract that contains projections from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex (Maryann Martone).
The most anterior region of the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon.
The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO].
developmental relationships need revised
A segment of the developing hindbrain[ZFA]. In the vertebrate embryo, a rhombomere is a transiently divided segment of the developing neural tube, within the hindbrain region (a neuromere) in the area that will eventually become the rhombencephalon. The rhombomeres appear as a series of slightly constricted swellings in the neural tube, caudal to the cephalic flexure.[WP].
Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres.
The division of the forebrain that develops from the foremost primary cerebral vesicle.
Rostral segment of the hindbrain that has as its parts the pons (where present) and the cerebellum[WP,modified].
the terms metencephalon and myelencephalon are only meaningful in mammals and birds[Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain]. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata and thus these are not distinguished in ZFA[ZFA].
Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the medullary reticular formation, inferior olivary complex and cochlear nuclear complex, among other structures[FMA]. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate[GO].
Subcortical brain region consisting of paired gray matter bodies in the dorsal diencephalon and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups.(MeSH). The dorsal topographic division of the interbrain. The macrodissected adult human thalamus was clearly illustrated by Vesalius in 1543 and the term as defined here was introduced by His in 1893. It includes the traditional epithalamus, dorsal thalamus, and ventral thalamus of Herrick (1910, pp. 494, 498). Also see Kuhlenbeck (1927, Ch. 9) and Jones (1985, p. 87).
A specialized brain region of the ventral diencephalon arising near the end of the segmentation period; the embryonic hypothalamic region will give rise to the posterior pituitary gland as well as a number of brain nuclei. [ZFA]. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).[Wikipedia].
Most dorsal part of the thalamus, comprising the pineal gland and habenular nuclei in most vertebrates. In a few vertebrates, it also includes the parietal eye. (Butler and Hodos, Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy, 2nd ed, 2005, pg. 345-346.
The epithelial lining of the trachea which contains numerous ciliated cells.
An epithelium that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A midline, cone like structure located in the dorso-caudal roof of the 3rd ventricle, attached by peduncles to the habenular and posterior commissures. The stalk contains nerve fibers, blood vessels, connective tissue and parenchymal cells (Paxinos, The Rat Central Nervous System, 2nd ed, pg 399).
Diencephalic white matter (tract) which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons after which they have passed through the optic chiasm[ZFA]. Predominantly white matter structure found in diencephalon consisting of fibers originating in the retina. The optic tract is considered to extend from the point of the optic chiasm and terminates largely, although not exclusively, in the lateral geniculate complex. Other fibers end in the superior colliculus and other structures in the diencephalon, midbrain and brainstem (MM)[NIF].
relationships need checking by expert. NIF and ZFA both state part of diencepahalon; MA says part of optic nerve II. in uberon, CNS and PNS are spatially disjoint, and axon tracts are part of the CNS so we make the relationship to CNII 'continuous_with'
A specialized accessory gland of the skin of mammals that secretes milk. The gland is typically only developed in females, and regresses in males.
Originally this was classified as a female reproductive structure, as it was in the MP in 2011
Organ component of the mammary gland which consists of an aggregate of mammary alveoli that communicate with a lobular lactiferous duct.[FMA].
TODO - ensure correct terminology for lobes/lobules. In mouse there are no distinct lobes (ISBN:0123813611), here lobule appears to be synonymous with acinus
An emulsion of fat globules within a fluid that is secreted by the mammary gland during lactation.
to axiomatize the different forms of mammary gland secretion an ontology of the phases of pregnancy/lactation is required. Using the existing GO def of lactation is circular.
An endothelium that is part of a capillary [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium that is part of a venule [Automatically generated definition].
An endothelium that is part of a vein [Automatically generated definition].
The group of neurons that serve as the primary processor of visual information received from the retina via the optic tract and send processed information to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe.
Area of the forebrain between the anterior commissure and optic chiasm.
Nucleus in the anterior part of the hypothalamus. (MSH) * one of the magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei, an elongated plate of large, deeply staining cells located close to the third ventricle in the anterior hypothalamic area; major source of oxytocin and to a lesser extent, of antidiuretic hormone, neurohormones, which are carried to the neurohypophysis along the paraventriculohypophysial tract. (CSP).
paraventricular nucleus hypothalamus (Malone)
paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
The arcuate nucleus (or infundibular nucleus) is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle and the median eminence. The arcuate nucleus includes several important populations of neurons, including: Neuroendocrine neurons, Centrally-projecting neurons and Others. [WP,unvetted].
Ventral part of the midbrain, separated from the hindbrain by the isthmus[ISBN:0471888893]. Subdivision of the midbrain lying anterior to the tectum and posterior to the substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle[FMA] The part of the midbrain extending from the substantia nigra to the cerebral aqueduct in a horizontal section of the midbrain. It forms the floor of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct[WP].
'tegmentum' is used generically for the ventral part of the brainstem (ISBN:0471888893). We use the label 'midbrain tegmentum' to denote the midbrain structure. In NIFSTD tegmentum is a composite structure and there is a separate class for midbrain tegmentum and pontine tegmentum
A multi-tissue structure that is part of a spinal cord.
A stratified squamous epithelium consisting of a basal layer; it is keratinized or parakeratinized[BTO].
An area of cerebral cortex defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture that have six layers. Starting from the cortical surface the layers are: molecular layer (I), external granular layer (II), external pyramidal layer (III), internal granular layer (IV), internal pyramidal layer (V), and multiform layer (VI). Neocortex is most prominent in the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe and the occipital lobe, less so in the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus and the insula. It is composed of two subdivisions: true isocortex and proisocortex (Carpenter-83)(NN).
An epithelium that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of nasal part of pharynx
A part of the brain consisting of a three layered cortex located in the forebrain bordering the medial surface of the lateral ventricle. The term hippocampus is often used synonymously with hippocampal formation which consists of the hippocampus proper or Cornu Ammonis, the dentate gyrus and the subiculum.
An epithelium that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Automatically generated definition].
bronchiolus respiratorius epithelial tissue
epithelial tissue of bronchiolus respiratorius
epithelial tissue of respiratory bronchiole
respiratory bronchiole epithelial tissue
The hyaline cartilaginous structures that support the bronchi, present as irregular rings in the larger bronchi (and not as regular as in the trachea), and as small plates and islands in the smaller bronchi; as the branching continues through the bronchial tree, the amount of hyaline cartilage in the walls decreases until it is absent in the smallest bronchioles[MP].
A submucosa that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that lines a terminal bronchiole.
bronchiolus terminalis epithelial tissue
epithelial tissue of bronchiolus terminalis
epithelial tissue of terminal bronchiole
The parenchymatous tissue of the spleen that surrounds splenic blood vessels, consists of compact masses of lymphatic cells and is where foreign material removed from the blood is used to initiate an immune reaction that results in the production of antibodies.
The area of the spleen in which T cells surround the central arteriole.
Diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sites of the body such as the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin[WP]. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes[GO].
todo - add part relationships to specific layers
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in digestive tract. includes Peyer's patches, appendix, and solitary lymph nodules[GO].
A diffuse collection of lymphpoid cells that participate in airway immune responses.
Lymphoid tissue associated with airways in mice has functional similarities to human BALT[ISBN:0123813611] Notes: FMA classifies this as organized, not diffuse
Organism substance that is composed of sperm cells suspended in seminal fluid.
The liquid component of blood, in which erythrocytes are suspended.
Vital aqueous secretion of the liver that is formed by hepatocytes and modified down stream by absorptive and secretory properties of the bile duct epithelium.
A submucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A lamina propria that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
The epithelial layer that lines the luminal space of the esophagus.
TODO check epithelium types: in FMA: Nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium; mouse has basal and squamous subtypes; in ZFA it is columnar
One of the minute vessels that collect deoxygenated blood from the capillary plexuses returns it to the veins.
The smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries[GO].
A vessel through which blood circulates in the body.
consider adopting the EMAPA superclass 'vascular element', which includes microvasculature (e.g. capillaries), vascular plexus
Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules.
not all sources agree capillary is a blood vessel - consider adopting EMAPA superclass of vascular element
The tubular intestinal glands found in the mucosal membranes.
A crypt of Lieberkühn that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition].
A monolayer of specialized, flattened, mitochondria-rich cells that lines the posterior surface of the cornea and faces the anterior chamber of the eye[WP].
A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body[MESH]. Simple squamous epithelium which lines blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart[FMA].
The term 'endothelium' has been either restricted to the continuous cell layer of the vertebrates, as we are assuming here, or applied to all the cells able to adhere to the luminal surface of the vascular basement membrane (Casley-Smith 1980)
Organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin[GO]. The fetal portion of the placenta is known as the villous chorion. The maternal portion is known as the decidua basalis. The two portions are held together by anchoring villi that are anchored to the decidua basalis by the cytotrophoblastic shell.
Marsupials possess only a rudimentary yolk-type placenta, with reduced nutrient and oxygen exchanging capabilities.
Portion of semisolid bodily waste discharged through the anus[MW,modified].
The upper layer of the dermis beneath the epidermis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue[ncit,modified].
The thicker, deeper layer of the dermis, comprised of criss-crossing collagen fibers that form a strong elastic network and also containing blood and lymph vessels, nerves and nerve endings, and hair follicles.
Cartilage tissue primarily composed of type II collagen (thin fibrils) and a glassy appearance.
Cartilage tissue intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue; contains of abundant collagen fibers; chondrocytes often arranged in columns.
The white fibrocartilages admit of arrangement into four groups-interarticular, connecting, circumferential, and stratiform -- WP. EDITOR NOTE: TODO add mineralized
Cartilage tissue that is flexible and contains abundant elastic fibers.
A sensory epithelium inside the nasal cavity that is responsible for detecting odors[WP].
pseudostratified main olfactory epithelium
Any joint that connects a rib to another structure (or another rib). Examples: costochondral, costovertebral, interchondral, sternocostal joints.
The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gall bladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation[GO].
Peripheral portion of the lymph node, underneath the capsule[WP].
The medullary portion of the lymph node, which contains large blood vessels, sinuses and medullary cords that contain antibody-secreting plasma cells.
A plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart that innervate the heart.
The thoracodorsal artery is a branch of the subscapular artery. It travels inferiorly with the thoracodorsal nerve and supplies the latissimus dorsi. [WP,unvetted].
An artery that carries deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood..
The tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney which is covered in a thick layer of perirenal adipose tissue that functions to provide some protection from trauma and damage.
Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart[GO].
A vein that conducts blood from the digestive organs, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver[BTO].
Soft tissue that lines the non-cartilaginous surfaces within joints with cavities (synovial joints).
membrana synovialis (capsula articularis)
membrana synovialis capsulae articularis
synovial layer of articular capsule of synovial joint
synovial membrane of articular capsule of synovial joint
synovium of articular capsule of synovial joint
A cranial nerve that originates from neurons in the medulla and in the cervical spinal cord.
A nervous system structure composed primarily of nerve cell bodies (somas). May also include dendrites and the initial unmyelinated portion of axons.
The deepest layer of the epidermis, which is composed of dividing stem cells and anchoring cells.
The layer of polyhedral cells in the epidermis found between the stratum granulosum and stratum basale; shrinkage and adhesion of these cells gives a spiny or prickly appearance.
The outer layer of the epidermis, consisting of several layers of flat keratinized non-nucleated cells.
The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain. In mammals and birds the hindbrain is divided into a rostral metencephalon and a caudal myelencephalon. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata (From: Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain)[ZFA]. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata[FMA].
The simple columnar epithelial lining of the gall bladder.
Projection of skin containing the outlets for 15-20 lactiferous ducts arranged cylindrically around the tip.
Nipple being part_of mammary gland is due to a practical modelling in uberon that treats mammary gland as including adnexa. A GCI asserts that nipple is part of the breast in humans. For discussion of this, please refer to https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1873.
An epithelium that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition].
A tiny smooth muscle that connects the hair follicle with the dermis.
Muscle tissue that contains fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations.
Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement[MESH]. A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum , and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe[BTO]. Brain structure derived from the anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain. The cerebellum plays a role in somatic motor function, the control of muscle tone, and balance[ZFA].
Predominantly gray matter midbrain structure lying dorsal to the crus cerebri and ventral to the midbrain tegmentum. It is divided into a dorsal, cellularly compact region known as the pars compacta and a more ventrally located, containing more loosely packed cells, the pars reticulata. The most lateral region of the reticulata is identified as the pars lateralis (MM).
TODO - In BTO and NIF, part of basal ganglion which is part of telencephalon - but this is inconsistent with being part of midbrain, if these are spatially disjoint, as in ABA
nucleus pigmentosus subthalamo-peduncularis
A systemic artery that supplies the lung with with oxygenated blood.
rami bronchiales partis thoracicae aortae
Although there is much variation, there are usually two bronchial arteries that run to the left lung, and one to the right lung.
An endothelium that is part of a lymphatic vessel [Automatically generated definition].
A two-lobed endocrine gland found in all vertebrates, located in front of and on either side of the trachea in humans, and producing various hormones, such as triiodothyronine and calcitonin[BTO].
The pontine raphe nucleus is one of the raphe nuclei. It is located in the pontine tegmentum. [WP,unvetted].
Respiration organ that develops as an outpocketing of the esophagus.
Snakes and limbless lizards typically possess only the right lung as a major respiratory organ; the left lung is greatly reduced, or even absent. Amphisbaenians, however, have the opposite arrangement, with a major left lung, and a reduced or absent right lung [WP]
An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism[ZFA]. Examples: vasculature of lung, vasculature of face.
see also: vascular system. Consider merging?
Anatomical structure that is part of an embryo.
An epithelium that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition].
The thick capsule of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds each adrenal gland and contains scattered elastic fibers; the capsule contains a rich plexus of blood vessels (mainly small arteries) and numerous nerve fibers; some blood vessels and nerves enter the substance of the gland in the trabeculae that extend inward from the capsule and then leave the trabeculae to enter the cortex.
The narrow subcapsular outer zone of the adrenal cortex where aldosterone is produced.
Each renal artery gives off some small inferior suprarenal branches to the suprarenal gland, the ureter, and the surrounding cellular tissue and muscles. [WP,unvetted].
The ganglion associated with the lingual nerve that provides postsynaptic fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands.
The femoral artery is a large artery in the muscles of the thigh. It is a continuation of external iliac artery where it enters the femoral triangle at the mid inguinal point behind the inguinal ligament. It leaves femoral triangle through apex beneath the sartorius muscle. It enters the popliteal fossa by passing through the 5th osseo-aponeurotic(adductor hiatus) opening of adductor magnus where it becomes the Popliteal Artery. [WP,unvetted].
The truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis are divided by the aorticopulmonary septum. The truncus arteriosus gives rise to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The bulbus cordis gives rise to the smooth parts (outflow tract) of the left and right ventricles.
The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves[GO]. Swellings of tissue present between the endocardial and myocardial cell layers that will give rise to the interstitial cells of the cardiac valves[ZFA].
GO graph seems to suggest this is an endothelium. WP: The endocardial cushions are thought to arise from a subset of endothelial cells that undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transformation, a process whereby these cells break cell-to-cell contacts and migrate into the cardiac jelly (towards to interior of the heart tube). Latest (2010-06-01) new def suggested for GO, added above. Note that EHDAA2 has a more detailed model which we may later adopt. JB: Patterning makes the cushions lay down connective tissue in three domains that force out the local endothelial lining and so the leaflets form
The sinus venosus is a large cardiac chamber at the inflow tract that receives venous blood from systemic circulation. precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart.
The umbilical vein is a blood vessel present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus. [WP,unvetted].
The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis[WP].
Consider adding a layer-of-skin grouping class for all skin layers
The layer of flattened cells containing basophilic granules of keratohyalin and lying just above the stratum spinosum (spiny layer) of the epidermis.
Lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. It is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. The hypodermis is used mainly for fat storage[WP].
A tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open[GO].
Development notes:Formation largely takes place during fetal and perinatal skin development. However, after skin wounding de novo hair follicle formation may also occur in adult mouse and rabbit skin[DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2008.12.005].
The main part of the hair which is composed of trichocytes and is divided into the cortex and medulla.
TODO - add distinct subclasses for coat hair vs vibrissa hair
TODO - check definition of trichocyte in CL
An organ that is located within the body cavity (or in its extension, in the scrotum); it consists of organ parts that are embryologically derived from endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm or intermediate mesoderm; together with other organs, the viscus constitutes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and immune systems, or is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. Examples: heart, lung, esophagus, kidney, ovary, spleen.
Smooth and glossy outer protective cell layer of hair shaft.
A cortex that is part of a hair [Automatically generated definition].
A cardiac atrium that is in the right side of the heart. It receives deoxygenated blood. In mammals, this comes from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus, and pumps it into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
A cardiac atrium that is in the left side of the heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins, In mammals this is pumped into the left ventricle, via the Mitral valve.
A cardiac ventricle that is in the right side of the heart.
Cardiac chamber in which blood enters the heart.
Cardiac chamber through which blood leaves the heart.
A cardiac ventricle that is in the left side of the heart.
A cardiac septum that divides the left and right atria of the heart.
Companion vein of the thoracodorsal artery, draining the apical part of the latissimus dorsi and merging with the circumflex scapular vein to form a subscapular vein.
The postcranial subdivision of skeleton structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; in Danio, consisting of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins; in human consists of the bones of the vertebral column, the thoracic cage and the pelvis[ZFA+FMA].
previous some AOs had used the term 'axial skeleton' to include the skull. This is being resolved (see tracker items above). Status: MA - fixed.
Subdivision of skeleton which which consists of all the skeletal elements in in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes[cjm].
The fibrous membrane forming the outer of the three coverings that surrounds the brain within the cranial cavity; consists of two layers including the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer.
A dura mater that is part of a spinal cord [Automatically generated definition].
Cardiac septum which separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle.[FMA].
Anatomical organ component composed of a double layer of serous membrane that suspends a viscus from the body wall or connects adjacent viscera and in doing so conveys blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to and from the viscera. Examples: greater omentum, broad ligament of uterus, sigmoid mesocolon.
The organ covering the body that consists of the dermis and epidermis.
The thin membranous structure between the two heart atria or the thick muscular structure between the two heart ventricles.
Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the cervical region (or head, when cervical region not present) and anterior to the caudal region. Includes the sacrum when present.
A paired appendage that is evolved from a paired fin. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the girdle and its parts.
A (free) limb that is connected to a pectoral girdle. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the pectoral girdle and its parts.
A (free) limb that is connected to a pelvic girdle region. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the pelvic girdle and its parts.
The sensory system subserving the sense of vision.
Sensory system responsible for the perception of spatial orientation and auditory stimuli.
The organ that functions to filter blood and to store red corpuscles and platelets.
multiple sources - true spleen appear in jawed vertebrates
An exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO].
Subdivision of digestive tract that connects the stomach to the large intestine and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place (with the exception of ruminants). The mammalian small intestine is long and coiled and can be differentiated histologically into: duodenum, jejunem, ileum[WP,cjm,Kardong].
An organ that aids digestion and stores bile produced by the liver[WP].
Rats do not have a gallbladder, but produce bile. The bile flows directly from the liver through the (hepatic) bile duct into the small intestine (Hebel and Stromberg, 1988)
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A paired organ of the urinary tract that produces urine and maintains bodily fluid homeostasis, blood pressure, pH levels, red blood cell production and skeleton mineralization.
The first part of the small intestine. At the junction of the stomach and the duodenum the alimentary canal is inflected. The duodenum first goes anteriorly for a short distance, turns dorsally, and eventually caudally, thus it is a U-shaped structure with two horizontal sections (a ventral and a dorsal one).
The portion of the small intestine that extends from the duodenum to the ileum.
TODO consider ZFA:0001323 mid intestine, see also small intestine
The portion of the small intestine that extends from the jejunum to the colon.
TODO consider ZFA:0000706 posterior intestine, see also colon
An ovary that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition].
An ovary that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition].
In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensible for larval life[GO].
Once the more complex mesonephros forms the pronephros undergoes apoptosis in amphibians. In fishes the nephron degenerates but the organ remains and becomes a component of the immune system[Wikipedia:Pronephros]. // TODO - check developmental relationships. Note that we previously include the ZFA/XAO terms under the more specific 'pronephric kidney', but these are now merged. TODO GCI: relationship: capable_of GO:0030104
The fibrous connective tissue surrounding the thymus.
The outer part of a thymus lobule that surrounds the medulla and is composed of closely packed lymphocytes.
Medullary portion of thymus. The reticulum is coarser than in the cortex, the lymphoid cells are relatively fewer in number, and there are found peculiar nest-like bodies, the concentric corpuscles of Hassall. These concentric corpuscles are composed of a central mass, consisting of one or more granular cells, and of a capsule formed of epithelioid cells. They are the remains of the epithelial tubes, which grow out from the third branchial pouches of the embryo to form the thymus. Each follicle is surrounded by a vascular plexus, from which vessels pass into the interior, and radiate from the periphery toward the center, forming a second zone just within the margin of the medullary portion. In the center of the medullary portion there are very few vessels, and they are of minute size.
A lobule that is part of a thymus. Divided into an outer cortex and inner medulla and separated from each other by connective tissue septa, but with the medullary tissue continuous from lobule to lobule.[ncit,modified].
A collection of brainstem nuclei that functions in multiple aspects of hearing and is an important component of the ascending and descending auditory pathways of the auditory system.
superior olivary nucleus (Barr & Kiernan)
The superficial gray matter of the cerebellum. It consists of three main layers, the molecular layer, the Purkinje cell layer and the granule cell layer.
The circuits in the cerebellar cortex look similar across all classes of vertebrates, including fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals (e.g., Fig. 2). This has been taken as evidence that the cerebellum performs functions important to all vertebrate species. (Wikipedia)
The subcommissural organ is a circumventricular organ consisting of ependymal and hypendymal cells which secrete SCO-spondin[WP,partially vetted].
Occurs throughout the vertebartes [PMID:9579598, DOI:10.1002/ar.1091260210]. First appears in hagfish(Olsson). In many species, including the human, it reaches its full development during embryonic life[PMID:9579598]. During the course of phyletic evolution, one notes various changes. Indeed, in lower vertebrates, the SCO presents a greater degree of enzyme activity than the ependyma while in birds the ependyma demonstrates a more intense activity than the SCO[PMID:479574] Sometimes preceded by flexural organ[DOI:10.1007/BF00303086]. Hypendymal cells are rare in non-mammals [PMID:9579598].
The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic[GO]. Bluish region in the superior angle of the fourth ventricle floor, corresponding to melanin-like pigmented nerve cells which lie lateral to the ponto-mesencephalic central gray (griseum centrale). It is also known as nucleus pigmentosus pontis[GAID].
TODO - check ZFA/pons. also GO says part of dorsorostral pons
Nucleus containing parasympathetic neurons giving rise to the parasympathetic division of the facial nerve, innervating the salivary glands (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 703).
A small, rounded eminence on each side of the fourth ventricle, which receives nerve fibers from the solitary nucleus , spinal cord, and adjacent areas of the medulla. The area postrema lies outside the blood-brain barrier and its functions include acting as an emetic chemoreceptor.
The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers[GO].
fixed in GO to reflect FMA. See email to David/Varsha June 18 2010
Lung which consists of the right upper lobe, middle lobe and right lower lobe.[FMA].
Lung which consists of the left upper lobe and left lower lobe.[FMA].
The small terminal dilation of the alveolar ducts around which the alveoli form pocket-like clusters.
The respiratory conducting tubes distal to the respiratory bronchiole that lead to the alveolar sacs and the alveoli.
The white substance of the spinal cord lying on either side between the ventral median fissure and the ventral roots of the spinal nerves.
The lobar bronchus is the major airway within the respiratory tree that starts by division of the principal bronchi on both sides and ends at the point of its own subdivision into tertiary or segmental bronchi[GO].
The tertiary bronchi (also known as the segmental bronchi) arise from the secondary bronchi. The respiratory epithelium lining their lumen is surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle. This layer is composed of two ribbons of smooth muscle that spiral in opposite directions. The smooth muscle layer is surrounded by irregular plates of hyaline cartilage which help maintain the patency of the airway. Each of the tertiary bronchi serves a specific bronchopulmonary segment. There are 10 tertiary bronchi in the right lung, and eight in the left. The tertiary bronchi get smaller and divide into primary bronchioles. [WP,unvetted].
The upper conducting airways of the lung; these airways arise from the terminus of the trachea.
The conducting airway of the lungs found terminal to the bronchi; these structures contain neither cartilage nor mucous-secreting glands; the epithelium of the bronchioles becomes thinner with each branching.
In some texts/references/ontologies, bronchiole has been used as an exact synonym of 'lobular bronchiole'. However, a 'lobular bronchiole' is a segment of a bronchiole.
A bronchiole that is part of a secondary pulmonary lobule and the last conducting structure of a non-respiratory bronchiole; after this point, the airways have alveoli in their walls.
A bronchiole that is the first segment of the respiratory zone.
A portion of adipose tissue that is part of the hypodermis, beneath the dermis.
Part of the hippocampal formation that is bounded by the entorhinal cortex and area CA1. It is characterized on the CA1 border by an abrupt widening of the pyramidal cell layer. A molecular layer is present that is continuous with that of CA1, although the stratum radiatum is no longer present. The stratum oriens is also not present. adapted from Paxinos, G. The rat central nervous system, 2nd ed, Academic Press, San Diego, 1995, pg. 468).
Anatomical cluster consisting of the hematopoietic system and the lymphoid system, or its analogs.
Capsule surrounding lymph node composed of connective tissue with some plain muscle fibers.
Membranous process coming from capsule of lymph node[WP].
The glandular, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction[WP]. The anterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland). This lobe contains cells that produce prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and proopiomelanocortin[ZFA].
Elevation on the ventral surface of the brain located at the zone of attachment between the hypothalamic floor and the hypophysis (Butler and Hodos, Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy, 2nd ed., 2005, pg. 446).
median eminence of posterior lobe of pituitary gland
The posterior part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones involved in blood pressure regulation such as oxytocin and antidiuretic hormon.
request magnocellular cell from CL. Request oxytocin secretion from GO. Notes: 'The hypophysis or pituitary gland is derived, in part from an ectodermal outpocketing of the stomodeum (Rathke's Pouch) and in part from the floor of the diencephalon'
Vasculature that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
A vasculature that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
Vasculature that is part of the eye region.
Anatomical system that consists of the muscular and skeletal systems.
One of two hemispherical bulges on the base of the posterior hypothalamus (Butler and Hodos, Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy, 2nd ed., 2005, pg 455).
Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, gomphosis.[FMA].
Fibrous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages of the vertebral column and the limbs as well as articulating ossicles, are connected by skeletal ligaments or membranes. Examples: Intervertebral syndesmosis, inferior tibiofibular joint.[FMA].
A continuation of the neuron projection bundle component of a nerve inside, crossing or immediately outside the central nervous system.
We consider cranial nerve roots to be primarily CNS structures, but model spinal nerve roots as PNS structures, due to the existence of ganglia on the roots.
The oval neuroepithelial sensory receptor in the anterior wall of the saccule; hair cells of the neuroepithelium support the statoconial membrane and have terminal arborizations of vestibular nerve fibers around their bodies.
macula of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis)
sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula
macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth
Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by cartilage. Examples: Spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint, pubic symphysis.[FMA].
The neuroepithelial sensory receptor in the inferolateral wall of the utricle; hair cells of the neuroepithelium support the statoconial membrane and have terminal arborizations of vestibular nerve fibers around their bodies; normally sensitive to linear acceleration in the longitudinal axis of the body and to gravitational influences.
macula of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis)
utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula
macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth
Cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by hyaline cartilage. Examples: spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint.[FMA].
WP considers epiphyseal plates as subtypes of this
consider adding link to hyaline cartilage
Cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by fibrocartilage. Examples: pubic symphysis, intervertebral symphysis, manubriosternal joint.[FMA].
Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by an articular capsule which encloses a synovial membrane and a synovial cavity. Examples: Temporomandibular joint, knee joint.[FMA].
Group of neurons situated on the ventral surface of the fornix at the level of the foramen of Monro in the third ventricle (adapted from Wikipedia via NIF).
Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds cartilage.
perichondral region of cartilage element
The part of the coelemic cavity lumen that is enclosed by the walls of the thorax.
The organ of Corti (or spiral organ) is the organ in the inner ear of mammals that contains auditory sensory cells, or 'hair cells.' [WP,unvetted].
An intersegmental rod-shaped bone that forms in the peritoneal membrane and attach to the vertebral parapophyses.
A proximal phalanx that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition].
A rib that is ventrally connected to the sternum.
Part of the central nervous system located in the vertebral canal continuous with and caudal to the brain; demarcated from brain by plane of foramen magnum. It is composed of an inner core of gray matter in which nerve cells predominate, and an outer layer of white matter in which myelinated nerve fibers predominate, and surrounds the central canal. (CUMBO).
TODO - add superclass to unify with VNC?
Endoskeletal elements that encase the brain, nose, inner ear[cjm]. that part of the neurocranium formed by endochondral ossification and comprising the bones of the base of the skull[TFD].
we follow the standard evolutionary classification and treat this as endoskeletal. This means what MA calls 'chondrocranium' must in fact be neurocranium, as it includes parts of the dermatocranium (e.g. frontal, parietal)
The jelly-like substance in the middle of the spinal disc which is a remnant of the notochord.
nucleus pulposus (diskus intervertebralis)
nucleus propulsus of intervertebral disk
Function noyes: It functions to distribute hydraulic pressure in all directions within each disc under compressive loads.
An organ thought to supplement the olfactory system in receiving pheromonic communication. The sensory part of the organ is in two long, thin sacs, situated on either side of the nasal septum at its base.
The pronounced, dorsolaterally oriented ridge of grey matter in each lateral half of the spinal cord[MP]. the dorsal (more towards the back) grey matter of the spinal cord. It receives several types of sensory information from the body, including light touch, proprioception, and vibration. This information is sent from receptors of the skin, bones, and joints through sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion[WP]. The dorsal region of the mature spinal cord contains neurons that process and relay sensory input[GO].
columna grisea posterior medullae spinalis
The ventral grey column of the spinal cord[MP]. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output[GO].
columna grisea anterior medullae spinalis
The dorsal roots contain afferent sensory axons. The dorsal roots of each side continue outwards, along the way forming a dorsal root ganglion (also called a spinal ganglion).
A bulbous anterior projection of the olfactory lobe that is the place of termination of the olfactory nerves and is especially well developed in lower vertebrates (as fishes)[BTO].
White matter tract that contains projections from the olfactory bulb to other parts of the brain.
An organ that houses olfactory neurons and is responsible for the sense of smell. Examples include the vertebrate nose and the Drosophila dorsal organ.
An olfactory organ overlaps with the olfactory system, because some parts of the nose (e.g. nasal skeleton) are parts of the skeletal system, which is spatially disjoint
periventricular zone of the hypothalamus
hypothalamic medial zone behavioral control column
A composite substructure of the brainstem that consists of the midbrain reticular formation, the pontine reticular formation and the medullary reticular formation ( Carpenter-1983 ).
The osseous spiral lamina consists of two plates of bone, and between these are the canals for the transmission of the filaments of the acoustic nerve. On the upper plate of that part of the lamina which is outside the vestibular membrane, the periosteum is thickened to form the limbus spiralis (or limbus laminæ spiralis), this ends externally in a concavity, the sulcus spiralis internus, which represents, on section, the form of the letter C. [WP,unvetted].
The fluid-filled space separating the membranous from the osseous labyrinth.
The upper portion of the spiral ligament contains numerous capillary loops and small blood vessels, and is termed the stria vascularis. It produces endolymph for the scala media, one of the three fluid-filled compartments of the cochlea. [WP,unvetted].
A brain ventricle that is part of a telencephalon. In mammals and species with an evaginated telencephalon, this is one of a pair of lateral structures, one in each hemisphere.
Part of the ventricular system of the brain, forming a single large cavity in the midline of the diencephalon; it is continuous with the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramen and the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct. (Maryann Martone).
consider adding class for secondary vesicle precursor
Part of choroid plexus contained in the third ventricle.
chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of third ventricle
third ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere
chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle
fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere
Spinal cord structure that is part of the ventricular system and is filled with cerebral-spinal fluid and runs the length of the spinal cord.
previously mapped to FMA:75364. Note some ontologies (NIF, SNOMED) subdivide this into lumbar, thoracic, etc. Note we follow FMA in distinguishing between the canal and the lumen
Organ system subdivision that consists of the organs and ducts that are involved in the production and transportation of bile. In most species this is the gallbladder and the bile ducts (biliary tree).
The division of the spiral canal of the cochlea that contains the organ of Corti (the neuroepithelial receptor organ for hearing).
located in between the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli, separated by the basilar membrane and Reissner's membrane (the vestibular membrane) respectively. Scala media houses the organ of Corti. [Wikipedia:Scala_media]
Stalk-like part of the brain that includes amongst its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,MP,generalized].
'brainstem' is a loose term that sometimes refers to the ventral parts o the brain except for any part of the telencephalon - sometimes it includes the diencephalon or subpallial telencephalon structures (ISBN:0471888893). Here we use it in a more restriced sense, to include only the medulla oblongata, pons (when present) and the midbrain tegmentum (following the ZFA definitions).
Spherical outcropping of the respiratory bronchioles and primary site of gas exchange with the blood. Alveoli are particular to mammalian lungs. Different structures are involved in gas exchange in other vertebrates[WP].
One of the layers of the neocortex. These layers are defined by distinctive populations of cells based on somata size, shape, or density, that are aligned into sheets.
The atrial part of middle layer of the heart, comprised of involuntary muscle.
An anatomical structure which consists of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells and the macula densa. The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate[GO]. a microscopic structure in the kidney, which regulates the function of each nephron. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is named for its proximity to the glomerulus: it is found between the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and the returning distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron. This location is critical to its function in regulating renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. The three cellular components of the apparatus are the macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells (also known as granular cells)[WP].
One of the three layers of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation.
The layers of the laminar structure of the hippocampus.
cytoarchitectural fields of hippocampal formation
Mucus produced in the nasal cavity, by the respiratory segment of the nasal mucosa.
EDITOR_NOTE TODO - split nasal vs respiratory tract?
Part of choroid plexus contained in the lateral ventricle.
chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle
lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere
A neural nucleus that is part of the brain.
Regional part of fornix consisting of a prominent white matter structure adjacent to the hippocampus on the ventricular side continuous with the alveus. Near the splenium the fimbria separates from the hippocampus as the crus of the fornix. [adapted from Wikipedia] (MM: 2006-10-26).
A cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the hippocampus in which pyramidal cells are predominant. Its location is superficial to the Stratum oriens; it is deep to the Stratum radiatum in area CA1 and area CA2 and deep to the Stratum lucidum in area CA3 (Stephan-75) (NeuroNames).
EDITOR_NOTE this layer changes in its depthwise spatial relation across its extent
Dorsal part of the midbrain, consisting of the superior and inferior colliculi and the pretectal nuclei (MM).
The ridge-shaped grey matter of the spinal cord that extends longitudunally through the center of each half of the spinal cord, and are largely or entirely composed of nerve cell bodies and their dendrites and some supportive tissue.
Neural tissue consisting of myelinated axons connecting grey matter areas of the central nervous system.
The regions of the spinal cord that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites.
The inner layer of the glomerulus, within the basement membrane surrounding the glomerular capillaries.
A thin membrane which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus. It is connective tissue composed of mesangial cells - myofibroblasts phenotypically related to vascular smooth muscle cells (muscle, smooth, vascular), phagocytes and the mesangial extracellular matrix.
The tissue comprised of mesangial cells that fill the triangular space between the macula densa and the afferent and efferent arterioles of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
EDITOR_NOTE check MA part_ofs - should be spatially disjoint from renal glomerulus?
A thin sheet of small neurons located in the wall of the third ventricle, a composite structure of the hypothalamus.
ventral zone of periventricular hypothalamus
The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.
EDITOR_NOTE check the FMA placement here; ncit placement of body cavity here probably not correct
Any muscle organ that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition].
The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. The epithelium is the tubular, planar layer of cells through which the urine passes..
A lamina propria that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition].
A flexible rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It is composed of cells derived from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of the embryo. In some chordates, it persists throughout life as the main axial support of the body, while in most vertebrates it becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. The notochord is found ventral to the neural tube.
The notochord appears early in embryogeny and plays an important role in promoting or organizing the embryonic development of nearby structures. In most adult chordates the notochord disappears or becomes highly modified. In some non-vertebrate chordates and fishes the notochord persists as a laterally flexible but incompressible skeletal rod that prevents telescopic collapse of the body during swimming[TOLWEB]
Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm.
When the somite becomes segmented from the segmental plate, it is composed of an epithelial sac enclosing mesenchymal somitocoel cells. Thereafter the somite differentiates into two parts, the ventro-medial mesenchymal sclerotome and the dorso-lateral epithelial dermomyotome. This change in the epithelial somite depends on surrounding tissue [PMID:15906248]
Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce exocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (hormones) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. [Wikipedia].
The connecting cord from the developing embryo to the placenta.
An arterial trunk which is continuous with the heart and branches into the pulmonary arteries.
The duct of the submadibular gland that opens at the sublingual papilla near the frenulum of the tongue.
The macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO].
The layer of connective tissue comprised of the endometrial lining of the uterus which fluctuates in thickness throughout the menstrual cycle.
A lamina propria that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition].
lamina propria mucosa of bronchial trunk
lamina propria mucosae of bronchial trunk
The tissue made up of epithelial cells that lines the inside of the lobar bronchus.
An epithelium that is part of a segmental bronchus [Automatically generated definition].
A specialized region of ectoderm found between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm and composed of highly migratory pluripotent cells that delaminate in early embryonic development from the dorsal neural tube and give rise to an astounding variety of differentiated cell types[MP].
Gene notes: Many factors and genes, such as Pax3 (Tremblay et al., 1995), slug (Nieto et al., 1994), AP-2 (Zhang et al., 1996; Schorle et al., 1996), and Wnt-1/3a (Ikeya et al., 1997) are expressed in the dorsal most region of the neural tube, and have been shown to be involved in the generation of neural crest cells.
The part of the aorta that extends from the arch of the aorta to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest.
Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue.
epithelium tubi neuralis; neuroectoderma
A thoracic vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of a bone tissue.
A region of the serous membrane that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium and the outer surface of the heart.
EDITOR_NOTE TODO - check links with UBERON:0002425 visceral serous pericardium. develops from proepicardium. WP:Epicardium -- When considered as a part of the pericardium, it is the inner layer, or visceral pericardium, continuous with the serous layer.
The middle layer of the heart, comprised mainly of striated cardiac muscle fibers.
EDITOR_NOTE TODO - check 'Myocardum proper' in FMA. We superclass the more generic class for now. FMA has is_a muscle layer - should we add this? ZFA and BTO both have is_a 'cardiac muscle' (tissue?). But in U we also follow FMA and have cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium (there is also Fibrocollagenous connective tissue of myocardium), which would be identical (see issue-10). Note that GO also treats left/right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue synonymous with ventricular myocardium
The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat[GO].
EHDAA2 divides the system from the tissue
The part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node[GO]. Subdivision of conducting system of heart at the junction of the right atrium and the superior vena cava, around the sinoatrial nodal branch of right coronary artery and is continuous with the internodal tract[FMA].
WP:Heart states: "The SA node is found in all amniotes but not in more primitive vertebrates. In these animals, the muscles of the heart are relatively continuous and the sinus venosus coordinates the beat which passes in a wave through the remaining chambers. Indeed, since the sinus venosus is incorporated into the right atrium in amniotes, it is likely homologous with the SA node. In teleosts, with their vestigial sinus venosus, the main centre of coordination is, instead, in the atrium.". Note however that ZFA has SA node.
An area of conducting tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the heart that conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles.
A part of the His-Purkinje system that transmits signals from the AV node to the cardiac Purkinje fibers[GO].
The cardiac Purkinje fiber is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle.
The lower segment of the trunk, inferioposterior to the abdomen proper, in the transition area between the trunk and the lower limbs.
Serous membrane which is divided into parietal and visceral serous pericardium.
A serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity[VHOG,modified].
Membrane organ which is attached to the pericardial sac proper and the central tendon of diaphragm and is continuous with the pretracheal fascia.[FMA].
Membrane organ that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord.
The innermost layer of the leptomeninges, consisting of a delicate membrane closely covering the surface of the brain and spinal cord,and lying under the arachnoid membrane. The pia, unlike the arachnoid, extends into the sulci in gyrencephalic animals.
consider adding adjacency relationship to neuraxis (brain+spinal cord); however note that at this time the meninges may be considered part of the nervous system
A think avascular meningeal layer, between the pia mater and the dural mater. It is separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid space.
Thick, fibrous meningeal covering surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is the outermost of the three meningeal coverings. It consists of two layers: the periosteal dura linking the inner surface of the skull and the meningeal dura that lies above the arachnoid dural membrane. The meningeal layer draws away from the periosteal layer and certain locations to form the dural reflections.
A thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear, consisting of two epithelia (one part of the the external accoustic meatus epithelium, the other part of the tympanic cavity epithelium) with a fibrous layer between them. Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles. Rupture or perforation of the eardrum can lead to conductive hearing loss. [WP,unvetted].
A gland that secretes products (excluding hormones and other chemical messengers) into ducts (duct glands) which lead directly into the external environment[WP]. Typical exocrine glands include sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas.
Currently this is logically defined by the system it belongs to, but a better system may be base this on presence/absence of ducts. However, the dual nature of the liver should be taken into consideration here. Consider adding subclasses
The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid.
TODO - FMA treats the gland as part of the prostate - see also FMA:74119.
Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products directly into the circulatory system rather than through a duct.[WP, modified].
Either of a pair of complex endocrine organs near the anterior medial border of the kidney consisting of a mesodermal cortex that produces glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgenic hormones and an ectodermal medulla that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine[BTO].
Anatomical structure of largely lymphoid tissue that functions in cell-mediated immunity by being the site where T cells develop.
check - a subtype of gland? not in GO. NCIT has thymus and thymus gland. EHDAA2 has ductless gland.
multiple sources - true thymus appears in jawed vertebrates
The soft tissue that fills the cavities of bones.
TODO - create superclass for bone marrow / head kidney. both are portions of tissue in the hematopoetic system. also consider adding as subclass of zone of bone organ for consistency with FMA. See also: Leydig and epigonal organs
consider placement of NCIT:C53466 medullary bone
Either of the two small almond-shaped masses of lymph tissue found on either side of the oropharynx.
A bone that is part of the metacarpal skeleton.
Any skeletal muscle that is part of the head region.
defined generically so could in theory encompass FBbt:00003260 'skeletal muscle of head', or the muscle of a starfish Aristotle's lantern, but we restrict this to craniates. Skeletal muscles of the head originate from the non-segmented head mesoderm (Noden, 1983; Wachtler et al., 1984)
Any muscle that is part of the cervical (neck) region.
Muscle (organ) which is a part of the abdomen. Examples: external oblique, rectus abdominis.
A large superficial muscle that extends longitudinally from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the spine of the scapula (shoulder blade). Its functions are to move the scapulae and support the arm. The trapezius has three functional regions: the superior region (descending part), which supports the weight of the arm; the intermediate region (transverse part), which retracts the scapulae; and the inferior region (ascending part), which medially rotates and depresses the scapulae. [WP,unvetted].
The pectoralis major is a thick, fan-shaped muscle, situated at the upper front of the chest wall. It makes up the bulk of the chest muscles in the male and lies under the breast in the female. Underneath the pectoralis major is the pectoralis minor, a thin, triangular muscle. [WP,unvetted].
Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance.
Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers[GO].
Vertebrate muscle is categorized into three major muscle types defined by their structural and functional properties: skeletal, cardiac and smooth. In Dmel the counterparts are somatic, heart/cardiac and visceral. Here we take a cell type based approach.
The middle limb segment of the pectoral free limb, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the forelimb zeugopodial skeleton, which includes as parts the radius and ulna, or their cartilage precursors, or evolutionary variants.
middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb
zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb
Distal portion of the hind limb, including tarsal region, metatarsal region and digits.
manual digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue
Anatomical system that is involved in the production of hematopoietic cells.
Lymph is the fluid that is formed when interstitial fluid enters the conduits of the lymphatic system through lymph capillaries[WP].
The paired channels leading from the lacrimal sacs to the inferior meatus of the nose, through which tears are conducted through the nasal cavity.
Organ with organ cavity which connects the cavity of the middle ear to the cavity of the pharynx. Examples: There are only two pharyngotympanic tubes, the right and the left pharyngotympanic tubes.[FMA].
tuba auditiva; tuba auditoria; tuba auditivea
EDITOR_NOTE we follow FMA in making this an organ, but include a separate class for the part that is epithelium, which is equivalent to the EHDAA2 structure. From this we infer the developmental relationship
Any of the ducts that form the biliary tree, carrying bile from the liver to the small intestine.
The triangular flat bone of the nasal septum.
Distal segment of the fore limb, including carpal region, metacarpal region and digits.
The outer serous membrane of the pulmonary pleural.
the part of the pleura external to the visceral pleura. It lines the inner surface of the chest wall, covers the diaphragm, and is reflected over the structures occupying the middle of the thorax
The inner serous membrane of the pulmonary pleural. The visceral pleura lines the lungs.
The fluid-filled cavity that lies between the visceral and parietal pleurae.
Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies.
A double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels.
The combination of pericardial sac (a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels) plus fibrous pericardium.
Parietal serous membrane which is part of the pericardium and forms the outer layer of the pericardial sac.
Transudate contained in the pericardial cavity.[FMA].
The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands[GO].
autonomic division of peripheral nervous system
autonomic part of peripheral nervous system
divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici
pars autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici
The small, erectile body located at the anterior end of the vulva.
The ossified form of a vertebral element, a skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column.
Consider changing name to make distinction from inferred superclass 'vertebral element' clear
we follow FMA in making this an irregular bone - however vertebra have 'epiphyses' which are currently classified as belonging to long bones
A vertebra that is located in the cervical region of the vertebral column.
An external caudal extension of the body. In chordates, the tail is post-anal, in other animals the anus ends in the tail.
Note we also have a subclass post-anal tail, for the chordate specific structure. currently defined very generally, inclusive of caudal fin
Connected anatomical system that forms a barrier between an animal and its environment. In vertebrates, the integumental system consists of the epidermis, dermis plus associated glands and adnexa such as hair and scales. In invertebrates, the integumental system may include cuticle.
Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts.
Previous: "A portion of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate[GO]. Regular connective tissue, which consists of chondrocytes and related cells, the intercellular matrix of which is chondrified. Examples: hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage[FMA]. an avascular supporting and articular skeletal tissue. It also functions as the primary endoskeletal support in vertebrate embryos. Cartilage is deposited by and is composed of chondroblasts and chondrocytes separated by an extracellular matrix, which may or may not mineralize depending on cartilage type, age, or taxon[Hall and Witten]." See also FMA:71500 Set of cartilages, FMA:55107 Cartilage organ, FMA:12264 Articular cartilage. // elements made from cartilage, cartilage-like, or chondroid tissues evolved in invertebrates[H&W]
A gland that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition].
check FMA, use plural for now as general class not there
An individual member of a collection of basal ganglia. Basal ganglia are subcortical masses of gray matter in the forebrain and midbrain that are richly interconnected and so viewed as a functional system. The nuclei usually included are the caudate nucleus (caudoputamen in rodents), putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) and the subthalamic nucleus. Some also include the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum[NIF,modified].
it is necessary to introduce two classes, one representing an individual basal ganglion, another representing the aggregate structure, in order to have consistent classification amongst AOs (e.g. in MA the aygdala is part of the BG, in FMA and BTO it is a subclass). Apart from achieving this consistency, the value of having two distinct classes is questionable, since the BG-plural is trivially the set of all BGs-singular. it would be better for all AOs to decide on one single way of doing this. Do not merge until this is done.
Hippocampus (proper) plus dentate gyrus and subiculum[definition derived from NIF comments and ontology alignment].
Part of the ventricular system of the brain, forming a single large irregularly shaped cavity located on the midline of the rhombencephalon, between the medulla, pons and the isthmus ventrally and the cerebellum dorsally. It is continuous with the cerebral aqueduct anteriorally and the central canal of the spinal cord posteriorly. It communicates with the subarachnoid space through its lateral and median apertures.
The part of the digestive system that contains the liver and the biliary system.
An epithelium that is part of the mouth and lines the oral cavity, typically stratified squamous, and may be para-, ortho- or non- keratinized. Primary barrier between oral environment and deeper tissues.
consider including separate class for developmental structure (adult human is stratified; in EHDAA2 is unilaminar)
Visceral serous membrane which is continuous with the parietal serous pericardium and is attached to the myocardium[FMA].
Any muscle organ that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition].
anterolateral part of thorax muscle organ
muscle organ of anterior thoracic region
muscle organ of anterolateral part of thorax
A zone of skin that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition].
Cervical lymph nodes are lymph nodes found in the neck. [WP,unvetted].
A region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati.[GO].
White matter that is part of a cerebral hemisphere.
white matter structure of cerebral hemisphere
One of two ganglionated neural networks which together form the enteric nervous system. The myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gut. Its neurons project to the circular muscle, to other myenteric ganglia, to submucosal ganglia, or directly to the epithelium, and play an important role in regulating and patterning gut motility.
A blood vessel that is part of a choroid [Automatically generated definition].
cannot find singular in FMA, using Set class
A region of the lens consisting of packed elongated enucleate cells packed with crystallin.
A large sesamoid bone found in the distal femur/proximal tibial region of the hindlimb of tetrapods. The patella is the attachment site for proximal hindlimb tendons.[PHENOSCAPE:ad].
The patella, also known as the knee cap or kneepan, is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body. The primary functional role of the patella is knee extension. The patella has convergently evolved in placental mammals and birds; marsupials have only rudimentary, non-ossified patellae. In more primitive tetrapods, including living amphibians and reptiles, the muscle tendons from the upper leg are attached directly to the tibia, and the patella is not present. See also: fabella.
The maternal uterine-derived portion of the placenta.
The mucous secreting gland associated with the mucuous membrane lining the uterus.
An artery that supplies the anterior chest wall and the breasts. It is a paired artery, with one running along each side of the sternum, to continue after its bifurcation as the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries. [WP,unvetted].
The small branching sprouts of the dorsal aorta that grow across the medial surface of the somite, turn right angles to grow over that surface and then fuse with other sprouts and form the vertebral arteries adjacent to the neural tube; the intersomitic arteries supply the body wall and persist in the adult as the posterior intercostal, subcostal and the lumbar arteries.
A tributary of the iliac vein that drains the urinary bladder.
The lymphatic system in vertebrates is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called lymph. It also includes the lymphoid tissue through which the lymph travels. Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs, particularly the lymph nodes, and in the lymphoid follicles associated with the digestive system such as the tonsils. The system also includes all the structures dedicated to the circulation and production of lymphocytes, which includes the spleen, thymus, bone marrow and the lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive system[WP].
Clear to pale yellow watery secretions from the glands lining the small intestine walls. Secretion is stimulated by the mechanical pressure of partly digested food in the intestine.
A mucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
Terminal segment of free limb, immediately distal to the zeugopod region. The fully developed autopod consists of the autopod skeleton plus associated structures such as integument, muscle tissue, vasculature etc. The autopod is divided into mesopodial, metapodiual, and acropodial segments. Examples: human hand, mouse paw, human foot.
The middle free limb segment, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the zeugopodial skeleton. Examples: There are two types of zeugopod: forelimb zeugopod (aka forearm), hindlimb zeugopod (aka crus).
There exists some controversy about which podial segments are present in some fishes, e.g. if the autopod is not newly evolved in tetrapods, there is a question as to which segments are actually present in basal vertebrate taxa.[PHENOSCAPE:curators]
The proximal free limb segment. Includes as parts the stylopod skeleton.
The bone that is situated in the orbit on either side of the presphenoid; it generally forms a part of the sphenoid in the adult, and may be independent in the young.
The main division of the lateral geniculate body; consists of two magnocellular layers [TA] (strata magnocellularia [TA]) and four parvocellular layers [TA] (strata parvocellularia [TA]) and serves as a processing station in the major pathway from the retina to the cerebral cortex, receiving fibers from the optic tract and giving rise to the geniculocalcarine radiation to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe.
nucleus dorsalis corporis geniculati lateralis
nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars dorsalis
dorsal nucleus of lateral geniculate body
dorsal part of the lateral geniculate complex
nucleus corporis geniculati lateralis, pars dorsalis
Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts.
see https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/27
Bone tissue that has a regular parallel alignment of collagen into sheets (lamellae) and is mechanically strong.
histological classification, lamellar vs woven. Note that only FMA has woven
The medullary cavities of the bones where bone marrow is stored.
The minute canals that pass the prostatic secretions to the urethra.
A suture that connects the two frontal bones of the skull.
A long bone is a bone that has a shaft and 2 ends and is longer than it is wide. Long bones have a thick outside layer of compact bone and an inner medullary cavity containing bone marrow. The ends of a long bone contain spongy bone and an epiphyseal plate or line depending on the stage of development. The epiphyseal plate is a hyaline cartilage, where new bone growth takes place, lengthening the bone prior to adulthood. Bone lengthening ceases when this cartilage is lost, leaving a remnant referred to as an epiphyseal line.
Endochondral_ossification is an essential process during the rudimentary formation of long bones, with the exception of the clavicle[Wikipedia:Endochondral_ossification]. The medial and and lateral ends undergo EO, the mid-portion is formed by a process with features of EO & IO (the process is shared by the mandible)[ISBN:9780397517251]
Region of the scapula where the latter meets with the clavicle: attachment point of the clavicle to the scapula in some taxa.
A rough elevation at the middle of the lateral side of the shaft of the humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches.
The labyrinth is a system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system, which provides the sense of balance. It is named by analogy with the mythical maze that imprisoned the Minotaur, because of its appearance. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The bony labyrinth is lined with the membranous labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea (the hearing organ). The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving. Joint and muscle receptors also are important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from these systems that control our balance. [WP,unvetted].
we follow the FMA in placing this in the membranous labyrinth. Notes: The labyrinth can be divided by layer or by region. Bony vs. membranous / Vestibular vs. cochlear
An epithelium that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition].
A lymph node that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition].
The lymph nodes located in the mesentery, of which there are 3 classes: ileocolic, juxtaintestinal mesenteric, and central superior group.
The supporting bundles of muscular fibers lining the walls of the ventricles of the heart.
A transient endocrine gland that develops from the postovulatory or atretic follicles and secretes progesterone; it is thought to be related to egg retention[PMID].
Replacement bone that forms within cartilage.
Bone tissue forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP].
The thick fibrous membrane that closely invests the entire surface of a bone except the articular cartilage at synovial joints.
The base of skull is the most inferior area of the skull, composed of the endocranium and lower parts of the skull roof.
The skull base is formed from a series of cartilages either side of, and rostral to, the notochord, whose tip lies just caudal to the pituitary gland. It is closely associated with the sensory capsules, which partially or completely sur- round the olfactory epithelium, the eye, and the inner ear[PMID:11523816]
The crystalline particles composed of calcium carbonate and a protein which adhere to the gelatinous membrane of the maculae of the utricle and saccule (otolithic membrane).
Representation of utricle, sacule and otoliths in correspondence to other ontologies may require review. In EHDAA2, saccule and utricle are epithelia
Connective tissue composed of elastic fibers.
The middle layer of an artery or vein. [WP,unvetted].
May be composed of smooth muscle and elastic tissue
The innermost layer of a blood vessel which is a lining of endothelial cells facing the lumen[Kardong].
the FMA class represents a more generic layer which is the superclass of the layer found in both blood vessels and lymph vessels (and also endocardium) - we should probably follow this structure
the FMA class represents a structure which may have both epithelium and fibroelastic connective tissue as parts
A lymph node that is part of a pancreas [Automatically generated definition].
A major subdivision of a mature or developing limb, including both skeletal elements (or the mesenchyme that gives rise to the skeletal elements) and associated tissues, such as muscle, connective tissue, integument. Examples: autopod region, zeugopod region, stylopod region, metapodial region, arm region. Excludes the limb girdles.
TODO - align this with the CARO2 class 'appendage segment'; note the FMA class does not appear to require repetition
An organ that functions as a secretory or excretory organ.
In amniote animal embryology, the epiblast is a tissue type derived either from the inner cell mass in mammals or the blastodisc in birds and reptiles. It lies above the hypoblast. In mammalian embryogenesis, the columnar cells of the epiblast are adjacent to the trophoblast, while the cuboidal cells of the hypoblast are closer to the blastocoele. The epiblast, whilst referred to as the primary ectoderm, differentiates to form all three layers of the trilaminar germ disc in a process called gastrulation[WP]. The outer of the two layers of the blastoderm that form during gastrulation, corresponding to primitive ectoderm during gastrulation and to the definitive ectoderm after gastrulation[ZFA].
MP says - tissue that gives rise to the ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm of the embryo proper. In HOG, epiblast is part of primitive streak/blastpore, which is inconsistent with the MP definition of primitive streak as a ridge of the epiblast. Note that these terms, epiblast and hypoblast, are also used to describe layers of the avian embryonic blastoderm, but the layers so-named seem to be altogether different in these two kinds of vertebrate embryos(CVS). Consider obsoleting this as a grouping class
The rapidly proliferating mass of cells at the caudal extremity of the embryo; remnant of the primitive node.
See notes from https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest
Sense organ embedded in the integument and consisting of one or a cluster of sensory neurons and associated sensory structures, support cells and glial cells forming a single organised unit with a largely bona-fide boundary.[FBbt].
A gonad with both testicular and ovarian aspects[WP].
One of a series of paired bulges that develop along the lateral walls of the foregut. The pharyngeal arches have developmental contributions from endoderm, mesoderm, and neural crest cells and are separated by anterior lateral endoderm out-pockets known as pharyngeal pouches.
A line of sensory organs and associated structures along the sides of fish and amphibia that detect vibrations and pressure changes.
we model this as being potentially inclusive of lateral line scales, and thus overlapping with the skeletal system. This is to accomodate TAO
A subdivision of the autopod that has as part a series of phalanges together with associated vasculature, musculature, integument and nerves. It is continuous with the metapodial subdivision of the autopod, but does not include the metapodials. In species such as humans, fully formed digits are distinct, whereas in other species the digits may be connected by interdigital webbing, or may be completely unseparated (for example, in cetaceans).
digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue
Ectodermal placode that develops in the head into a part of the sensory nervous system. With a few exceptions (lens, adenohypophyseal), cranial placodes are neurogenic.
A distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle.
TODO discriminate between stages and organisms
Anatomical space which contains portions of one or more body substances and is bounded by the internal surface of one maximally connected anatomical structure. Examples: cranial cavity, pharyngeal recess space, nasal cavity, tooth socket, cavity of serous sac, lumen of stomach, lumen of artery, fornix of vagina.
The portion of the hypothalamus located generally internal to the region of the infundibulum.
The cavity that is enclosed by the central nervous system. In vertebrates this is the cavity that includes as parts ventricular cavities and the central canal of the spinal cord that develops from the lumen of the neura tube.
cavity of ventricular system of neuraxis
Part of cerebral hemisphere located on the medial surface, forming a ring around the brain stem.
The cochlear nuclei consist of: (a) the dorsal cochlear nucleus, corresponding to the tuberculum acusticum on the dorso-lateral surface of the inferior peduncle; and (b) the ventral or accessory cochlear nucleus, placed between the two divisions of the nerve, on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. [WP,unvetted].
Anatomical divisons of the brain according to one or more criteria, e.g. cytoarchitectural, gross anatomy. Parts may be contiguous in 3D or not, e.g., basal ganglia.
The preoptic periventricular nucleus is located along the midline and is medial to the medial preoptic nucleus.[WP,unvetted].
preoptic periventricular hypothalamic nucleus
dorsal periventricular hypothalamic nucleus
nucleus periventricularis hypothalami, pars dorsalis
periventricular hypothalamic nucleus, preoptic part
periventricular nucleus, anterior portion
The median preoptic nucleus is located along the midline in a position significantly dorsal to the other 3 preoptic nuclei, at least in the macaca fascicularis brain. It wraps around the top (dorsal), front, and bottom (ventral) surfaces of the anterior commissure. The median preoptic nucleus generates thirst. Drinking decreases noradrenaline release in the median preoptic nucleus.
periventricular nucleus, preventricular portion
Collection of nerve cells in the medial forebrain lying generally in front of the anterior commissure (Maryann Martone).
anterior ventral periventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
anteroventral periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
nucleus periventricularis anteroventralis
ventral periventricular hypothalamic nucleus
The metathalamus is a composite structure of the thalamus, consisting of the medial geniculate nucleus and the lateral geniculate nucleus. [WP,unvetted].
geniculate thalamic nuclear group (metathalamus)
The corticospinal fibers that arise from the pyramidal cells within the cerebral cortex layer V of the precentral motor area, the premotor area and the postcentral gyrus, then descend into and through the medulla to form the lateral corticospinal tract and the anterior corticospinal tract.
A spinal cord segment that adjacent_to a cervical region.
segmenta cervicalia medullae spinalis [1-8
Either of the two roots that come of the vestibulocochlear nerve.
A region of the brain consisting of ventral and rostral subcortical regions of the telencephalon, including among others, the basal ganglia, septal nuclei, amygdala, ventral pallidum, substantia innominata, and basal nucleus of Meynert.
A regional part of brain that is part of a cerebellar cortex [Automatically generated definition].
The part of the hypothalamus posterior to the middle region consisting of several nuclei including the medial mamillary nucleus, lateral mamillary nucleus, and posterior hypothalamic nucleus (posterior hypothalamic area). The posterior hypothalamic area is concerned with control of sympathetic responses and is sensitive to conditions of decreasing temperature and controls the mechanisms for the conservation and increased production of heat.
Parietal lobe of the left hemisphere of the brain.
Parietal lobe of the right hemisphere of the brain.
A limbic lobe that is part of a left cerebral hemisphere.
A limbic lobe that is part of a right cerebral hemisphere.
A temporal lobe that is part of a left cerebral hemisphere.
A temporal lobe that is part of a right cerebral hemisphere.
A frontal cortex that is part of a right cerebral hemisphere.
A frontal cortex that is part of a left cerebral hemisphere.
A cerebral hemisphere that is in the left side of a brain.
A cerebral hemisphere that is in the right side of a brain.
The group of neuron cell bodies associated with the eighth cranial nerve during embryogenesis; splits in later development to form the cochlear and vestibular ganglia.
nucleus nervi oculomotorii ventrolateralis
nucleus nervi oculomotorii, pars ventralis
The ventral cochlear nucleus (or anterior, or accessory), placed between the two divisions of the cochlear nerve, is on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. Composed of several regions of distinct cell types, this nucleus serves primarily as a relay station for ascending auditory information. Bushy cells in the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), which receive end bulbs of held from auditory nerve fibers, project to the superior olivary complex through the trapezoid body and intermediate acoustic stria. Other cell types project to the lateral lemniscus and the inferior colliculus directly. [WP,unvetted].
The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN, also known as the 'tuberculum acousticum'), is a cortex-like structure on the dorso-lateral surface of the brainstem. Along with the ventral cochlear nucleus, it forms the cochlear nucleus, where all auditory nerve fibers from the cochlea form their first synapses. [WP,unvetted].
anterior part of anterior cochlear nucleus
anterior part of the ventral cochlear nucleus
posterior part of anterior cochlear nucleus
posterior part of the ventral cochlear nucleus
ventral cochlear nucleus, posterior part
A dorsal root ganglion that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].
Nucleus forming a longitudinal cell column in the medulla, close beneath the floor of the 4th ventricle, containing motor neurons that innervate the muscles of the tongue (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 453).
nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (ganser)
nucleus of tractus olfactorius lateralis
part of amygdala in FMA but this leads to inconsistency when combined with ABA partitions
Aggregate brain region defined as those areas of cerebral cortex receiving direct synaptic input from the olfactory bulb (Price, 1973). It usually includes the piriform cortex and sometimes other areas.
consider relationship: receives_input_from UBERON:0002264 olfactory bulb
The central sulcus is a fold in the cerebral cortex of brains in vertebrates. Also called the central fissure, it was originally called the fissure of Rolando or the Rolandic fissure, after Luigi Rolando. The central sulcus is a prominent landmark of the brain, separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex. [WP,unvetted].
The deep groove which separates the two hemispheres of the vertebrate brain. The falx cerebri, a dural brain covering, lies within the medial longitudinal fissure. [WP,unvetted].
A nucleus of brain that is part of a trigeminal nuclear complex.
nucleus tractus mesencephali nervi trigeminalis
A sensory epithelium that is part of a gustatory system.
A cellular layer of the dentate gyrus enclosed by the granule cell layer. A number of cell types are located in the polymorphic layer but the most prominent is the mossy cell.
The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.
The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells.
revisit logical definition after using brain layer patterns
The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.
Purkinje cell layer of cerebellar cortex
Dorsal portion of the pons, containing cranial nervee nuclei, ascending and descending tracts and reticular nuclei. It is continuous with the reticular formation of the medulla (Carpenter, A Core Text of Neuroanatomy, 3rd ed, 1985, pg 133).
A wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones[WP].
The thoracic nerves are the spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae. [WP,unvetted].
segmenta thoracica medullae spinalis [1-12]
A nerve fiber that is part of a trigeminal nerve.
A thick plate of cells derived from the neural ectoderm in the head region of the embryo that develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.
Olfactory placodes are the only ectodermal placodes to produce glia, a cell type typically derived from neural crest // Note that NBK53171 classifies this as non-neurogenic
An epithelial sac of invaginated ectoderm formed from the otic placode that gives rise to the structures of the inner ear[MP].
The part of the brain that is the morphological boundary between the midbrain and hindbrain and that is the location of an organizing center which patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
consider adding class for organizer. Consider adding separate class for isthmus as a structure
The outermost layer (or layers, depending on the species) of embryonic skin, essential for the development of the epidermis and establishment of the barrier functions. The periderm derives from the outer layer of the ectoderm.
The portion of neural plate anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction.
The portion of neural plate posterior to the mid-hindbrain junction.
Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form.
In mammals, the pronephric duct is the predecessor of the Wolffian duct[WP].
The pronephric duct collects the filtrate from the pronephric tubules and opens to the exterior of the pronephric kidney[GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, PMID:15647339, XAO:0000063, ZFA:0000150]
Blood islands are structures in the developing embryo which lead to many different parts of the circulatory system. They primarily derive from plexuses formed from angioblasts. Within them, vacuoles appear through liquefaction of the central part of the syncytium into plasma. The lumen of the blood vessels thus formed is probably intracellular. The flattened cells at the periphery form the endothelium. The nucleated red blood corpuscles develop either from small masses of the original angioblast left attached to the inner wall of the lumen or directly from the flat endothelial cells. In either case the syncytial mass thus formed projects from and is attached to the wall of the vessel. Such a mass is known as a blood island and hemoglobin gradually accumulates within it. Later the cells on the surface round up, giving the mass a mulberry-like appearance. Then the red blood cells break loose and are carried away in the plasma. Such free blood cells continue to divide. Blood islands have been seen in the area vasculosa in the omphalomesenteric vein and arteries, and in the dorsal aorta[WP, unvetted].
A horseshoe-shaped thickening of the endoderm at the cranial (rostral) end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells which, together with the notochord, induces the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells and contributes mesodermal type cells to the surrounding tissue.
TODO - check; developmental relationship to anterior hypoblast in ZFA?
The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads.
The second pharyngeal arch will form the hyoid apparatus. The cranial neural crest cells that populate the second pharyngeal arch emerge primarily from rhombomere 4 and will form skeletal elements.
Lateral neurogenic placodes positioned dorsal of the epibranchial placodes.
The only remaining dorsolateral placode in land vertebrates is the otic/octaval placode
The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord.
A cranial placode which, once specified, invaginates to form an otic cup, which eventually separates from the surface ectoderm to form the otic vesicle or otocyst, a rounded structure without appar- ent polarity. As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII[NBK].
A neurogenic placode that arises at the level of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and develops into a trigeminal ganglion.
Portion of tissue that is part of the anterior neural keel and will form the optic vesicle[ZFA]. A paired ectodermal placode that becomes invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles.
Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of neural and non-neural epithelial layers which will form the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium of the mature eye[ZFA]. double walled structured formed by expansion and invagination of the distal end of the optic vesicle that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina while the mouth of the optic cup eventually forms the pupil of the eye[MP].
A thickened portion of ectoderm which serves as the precursor to the lens. SOX2 and Pou2f1 are involved in its development[WP].
Paired organ that connects the primitive kidney Wolffian body (or mesonephros) to the cloaca and serves as the anlage for certain male reproductive organs. the Wolffian duct is what remains of the pronephric duct after the atrophy of the pronephros[WP]. In Zebrafish: Duct of the adult kidney (mesonephros), present bilaterally ventral to the somites and leading to the cloacal chamber[ZFA].
Consider adding subclasses for male and female specific variants
TODO - mesonephric portion of the nephric duct
A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube[XAO]. The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium[ZFA].
The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube[GO].
Focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches and that produce the neuroblasts that migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia.
The specialized glial structure (non-neuronal cells) situated at the ventral midline of the embryonic neural tube; this structure spans the anteroposterior axis from the midbrain to the tail regions, separating the left and right basal plates of the developing neural tube, and serves as an organizer to ventralize tissues in the embryo as well as to guide neuronal positioning and differentiation along the dorsoventral axis of the neural tube.
"A structure integral to the developing nervous system of vertebrate organisms. Located on the ventral midline of the embryonic neural tube, the floor plate is a specialized glial structure that spans the anteroposterior axis from the midbrain to the tail regions. It has been shown that the floor plate is conserved among vertebrates with homologous structures in invertebrates such as the fruit fly Drosophila and the nematode C. elegans. Functionally, the structure serves as an organizer to ventralize tissues in the embryo as well as to guide neuronal positioning and differentiation along the dorsoventral axis of the neural tube."
TODO - add grouping class for the anterior end of the neural tube at all stages
Portion of the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo that resides on the periphery of the embryo, is continuous with the extra-embryonic mesoderm, splits into two layers enclosing the intra-embryonic coelom, and gives rise to body wall structures[MP].
A transitional population of migrating mesenchymal cells that derive from somites and that will become muscle cells.
The term 'myotome' is also used to describe the muscles served by a single nerve root / spinal segment - consider adding new class, myomere.
Trunk portion of the neural crest. The trunk neural crest lies between the vagal and sacral neural crest and gives rise to two groups of cells. One group migrates dorsolateral and populates the skin, forming pigment cells and the other migrates ventrolateral through the anterior sclerotome to become the epinephrine-producing cells of the adrenal gland and the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. Some cells remain in the sclerotome to form the dorsal root ganglia [Wikipedia].
Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline to form the heart rudiment or cone.
should probably be merged with heart rudiment.
Extension of the dorsal aorta in the tail.
Ventral somitic compartment that is a precursor of the axial skeleton[XAO]. Sclerotomes eventually differentiate into the vertebrae and most of the skull. The caudal (posterior) half of one sclerotome fuses with the rostral (anterior) half of the adjacent one to form each vertebra. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side to form the vertebral body. From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord, forming the vertebral arch[WP].
The initial thyroid precursor, the thyroid primordium, starts as a simple midline thickening and develops to form the thyroid diverticulum. This structure is initially hollow, although it later solidifies and becomes bilobed. The 2 lobes are located on either side of the midline and are connected via an isthmus.
The narrow, proximal portion of the optic vesicle which connects the embryonic eye and forebrain.
Neural crest cells (NCCs) originating in the anterior part of the developing embryo and residing between the mid-diencephalon and the forming hindbrain; cranial NCCs migrate dorsolaterally to form the craniofacial mesenchyme that differentiates into various craniofacial cartilages and bones, cranial neurons, glia, and connective tissues of the face; these cells enter the pharyngeal pouches and arches where they give rise to thymic cells, bones of the middle ear and jaw (mandible), and the odontoblasts of the tooth primordia; like their counterparts in the trunk, cranial NCCs also contribute to the developing peripheral nervous system, along with the pigmented cell (i.e. melanocyte) lineage.
Gonochoristic organism that can produce female gametes.
Gonochoristic organism that can produce male gametes.
Anatomical structure that overlaps the outer epithelial layer and is adjacent to the space surrounding the organism.
Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more multi-tissue structures of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona fide boundaries from other distinct anatomical structures of different types.
Portion of tissue composed of mesenchymal cells (motile cells that develop from epthelia via an epithelial to mesenchymal transition) and surrounding extracellular material. Mesenchyme has different embryological origins in different metazoan taxa - in many invertebrates it derives in whole or part from ectoderm. In vertebrates it derives largely from mesoderm, and sometimes the terms are used interchangeably, e.g. lateral plate mesoderm/mesenchyme.
the relationship to mesoderm is weaker than develops_from in order to have classes such as 'head mesenchyme from mesoderm' make sense
Anatomical cluster that forms the floor and sidewalls of the middle part of the cranium.
Anatomical cluster that is located in the anterior region of the cranium and provides structural support for the olfactory organ.
Subdivision of skeleton that includes all dermal bones in the cranial skeleton[ZFA,modified].
wikipedia treats skull roof and dermatocranium as synonymous, but some sources treat the roof as being part of the dermatocranium - see UBERONREF:0000007
The third branchial arch contributes to the development of the hyoid bone, stylopharyngeus muscle, inferior parathyroid gland, and thymus.
Contributes to development of the cartilage of the larynx, laryngeal, pharyngeal, and soft palate muscles, superior parathyroid gland, and C-cells of the thymus.
The 6th pharyngeal arch. contributes to the development of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
The vessels formed within the first pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis.
The vessels formed within the second pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis.
The vessels formed within the third pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis.
The vessels formed within the fourth pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis.
The vessels formed within the fifth pair of pharyngeal arches in embryogenesis.
The vessels formed within the sixth pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis.
The outermost extraembryonic membrane of amniotes.
This term refers to the amniote structure. It is distinct from the concept of chorion in insects
The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches [GO:dph].
A respiratory airway that is part of an open tracheal system.
Upper portion of the skull that excludes the mandible (when present in the organism).
Anatomical structure that is part of the head consisting entirely of cranium and mandible[WP].
A female organ involved in reproduction.
female organism reproductive system organ
reproductive structure of female organism
reproductive system organ of female organism
reproductive system organ of male organism
Barrier between the perineurium of peripheral nerves and the vascular endothelium of endoneurial capillaries. The perineurium acts as a diffusion barrier, but ion permeability at the blood-nerve barrier is still higher than at the blood-brain barrier[GO].
Barrier in the choroid plexus located in the lateral, third, and fourth brain ventricles that controls the entrance of substances into the cerebrospinal fluid from the blood[MP].
Any sense organ that functions in (some) detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste (GO:0050912).
A sac-like structure that is found in the mature gland[GO].
Organ part that has the form of a hollow cavity[WP].
Septum that divides the ovary, the basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels, that encloses the ovule(s)[GO].
One of the two embryological structures that give rise to the kidney (the other is the ureteric bud). The metanephric blastema mostly develops into nephrons, but can also form parts of the collecting duct system.[WP]. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros[GO].
Genes: The positional specification of the metanephrogenic mesenchyme is negatively regulated by Foxc1 and Foxc2. Next the permanent kidney forming metanephrogenic mesenchyme is specified by Hox11 genes. The competence to respond to ureteric bud inducers is regulated by WT1. GDNF secretion restricted to posterior region by Robo2 and Sprouty1. The receptors for GDNF are synthesized in the nephric ducts and later in ureteric buds [ISBN:9780878932504 "Developmental Biology"]
Endochondral bones that are often elongate and arranged in rows of articulating elements, and form the visible part of the digits.
An extraembryonic structure that develops_from a syncytiotrophoblast and is part of a chorion.
An epithelium that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a hip [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a upper jaw [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of palatoquadrate arch
An epithelium that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of ventral mandibular arch
ventral mandibular arch epithelial tissue
An epithelium that is part of a utricle of membranous labyrinth [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of membranous labyrinth utricle
epithelial tissue of utricle of membranous labyrinth
epithelial tissue of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis)
epithelium of membranous labyrinth utricle
epithelium of utricle of membranous labyrinth
epithelium of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis)
membranous labyrinth utricle epithelial tissue
utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue
utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelium
utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelial tissue
utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium
epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth
An epithelium that is part of a saccule of membranous labyrinth [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of membranous labyrinth saccule
epithelial tissue of saccule of membranous labyrinth
epithelial tissue of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis)
epithelium of membranous labyrinth saccule
epithelium of saccule of membranous labyrinth
epithelium of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis)
membranous labyrinth saccule epithelial tissue
saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue
saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelium
sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelial tissue
sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium
epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth
An epithelium that is part of a cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth [Automatically generated definition].
cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue
cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelium
epithelial tissue of cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth
epithelium of cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth
The epithelial layer of the luminal surfaces of the mammary gland.
An epithelium that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a footplate.
An epithelium that is part of a otic placode [Automatically generated definition].
check ZFA, placemeant, appears to refer to both adult structures and primordium
Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all ribs in an organism connected to the sternum and the vertebrae. Some vertebrates have abdominal ribs (gastrialia), not connected to the vertebrate - these are not considered part of the rib case.
The neck of the rib is the flattened portion which extends lateralward from the head; it is about 2.5 cm. long, and is placed in front of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrC& with which the head articulates. Its anterior surface is flat and smooth, its posterior rough for the attachment of the ligament of the neck, and perforated by numerous foramina. Of its two borders the superior presents a rough crest (crista colli costE) for the attachment of the anterior costotransverse ligament; its inferior border is rounded. On the posterior surface at the junction of the neck and body, and nearer the lower than the upper border, is an eminencebthe tubercle; it consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. The articular portion, the lower and more medial of the two, presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrC& to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation, and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper than in the lower ribs.
we make the germ layer relationship develops_from, as currently the germ layers are declared to be purely embryonic. TODO - check. WP:Amnion - In the human embryo the earliest stages of the formation of the amnion have not been observed; in the youngest embryo which has been studied the amnion was already present as a closed sac, and appears in the inner cell-mass as a cavity. This cavity is roofed in by a single stratum of flattened, ectodermal cells, the amniotic ectoderm, and its floor consists of the prismatic ectoderm of the embryonic disk-the continuity between the roof and floor being established at the margin of the embryonic disk. Outside the amniotic ectoderm is a thin layer of mesoderm, which is continuous with that of the somatopleure and is connected by the body-stalk with the mesodermal lining of the chorion.
The portion of the yolk sac that is derived from endoderm and lines the yolk sac.
An endoderm that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition].
An endoderm that is part of a midgut [Automatically generated definition].
An endoderm that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition].
An endoderm that is part of a thyroid primordium.
A calcareous tooth that is part of the upper jaw region. In mammals, the upper jaw teeth are attached to the maxilla.
Note that we follow EHDAA2 and consider teeth part of the jaw skeleton
A calcareous tooth that is part of the lower jaw region. In mammals, the lower jaw teeth are attached to the mandible (dentary).
A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a eye [Automatically generated definition].
A subdivision of the skeleton that corresponds to the upper part of the mouth. The lower jaw skeleton includes the following elements, when present: upper jaw teeth, the maxilla and other lower jaw bones.
A subdivision of the skeleton that corresponds to the lower part of the mouth. The lower jaw skeleton includes the following elements, when present: lower jaw teeth, the mandible and other lower jaw bones, and Meckel's cartilage.
An endothelium that is part of a trachea.
The portion of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach; from its dorsal sheet, the greater omentum develops, and from its ventral sheet, the lesser omentum.
A mesentery that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A mesentery that is part of a midgut [Automatically generated definition].
A meninx that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition].
consider changing genus to subdivision of meninx
A meninx that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition].
A meninx that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition].
A meninx that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition].
A meninx that is part of a spinal cord [Automatically generated definition].
A gland that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition].
Racemose mucous glands beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx.
Any gland that is part of the diencephalon. Examples: pineal gland, neurohypophysis.
A gland that is part of a integumental system [Automatically generated definition].
A blood island that is part of a mesoderm.
A floor plate that is part of a neural tube [Automatically generated definition].
A floor plate that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition].
A floor plate that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition].
A floor plate that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition].
A floor plate that is part of a metencephalon [Automatically generated definition].
A floor plate that is part of a medulla oblongata [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing testis [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing camera-type eye.
TODO - change mesenchyme relationships to precursor_of
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing ovary [Automatically generated definition].
female reproductive system gonad mesenchyme
female reproductive system gonada mesenchyme
gonad of female reproductive system mesenchyme
gonada of female reproductive system mesenchyme
mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonad
mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonada
mesenchyme of gonad of female reproductive system
mesenchyme of gonada of female reproductive system
The portion of the yolk sac that is derived from mesoderm and consists of mesenchyme.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing elbow [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme of the carpal region that contributes to the carpal skeleton.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hip [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing knee [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing shoulder [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing upper jaw [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower jaw [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing pinna [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing mammary gland.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower arm [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition].
anal canal viewed anatomically submucosa
submucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically
The submucous layer of the wall of the rectum.
A submucosa that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition].
A submucosa that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition].
A serous membrane that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition].
A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO).
A ganglion that is part of a central nervous system [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition].
anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of organ
anal canal viewed anatomically mucous membrane
anal canal viewed anatomically organ mucosa
mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically
mucosa of organ of anal canal viewed anatomically
mucosa of organ of anatomical anal canal
mucous membrane of anal canal viewed anatomically
mucous membrane of anatomical anal canal
organ mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically
A mucosa that is part of a oral opening [Automatically generated definition].
A mucosa that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition].
A layer of epithelial cells on the surface of the mucosa.
An epithelium that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition].
examples: tongue squamous epithelium, keratined, non-keratinized and parakeratinized epithelium, as well as gustatory epithelium. Note that not all these subtypes are named in individual anatomy ontologies.
An epithelium that is part of a submandibular gland [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of submandibular gland
An epithelium that is part of a sublingual gland [Automatically generated definition].
epithelial tissue of ductus sublingualis
An epithelium that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition].
An epithelium that is part of a vomeronasal organ [Automatically generated definition].
An unilaminar epithelium that surrounds a pelvic appendage bud.
An unilaminar epithelium that surrounds a pectoral appendage bud.
An ectoderm that is part of a footplate.
An extraembryonic structure that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a chorion.
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right atrium [Automatically generated definition].
cardiac muscle tissue of heart right atrium
cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium of heart
textus muscularis of myocardium of right atrium
textus muscularis of myocardium of right atrium of heart
textus muscularis of myocardium of right cardiac atrium
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left atrium [Automatically generated definition].
cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle tissue
textus muscularis of myocardium of cardiac left atrium
textus muscularis of myocardium of heart left atrium
textus muscularis of myocardium of left atrium
textus muscularis of myocardium of left atrium of heart
textus muscularis of myocardium of left cardiac atrium
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right ventricle [Automatically generated definition].
cardiac muscle tissue of right ventricle
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left ventricle [Automatically generated definition].
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition].
cardiac muscle of interventricular septum
cardiac muscle tissue of interventricular septum
A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition].
Any of the striated muscles that move the eye and include: superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique, retractor bulbi.
Not clear if we need this and intra-ocular muscle. See issue #331. MA includes ciliary and iris smooth muscle
A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a trachea [Automatically generated definition].
A mesothelium that is part of a pericardium [Automatically generated definition].
cavity of pericardial sac meso-epithelium
meso-epithelium of cavity of pericardial sac
mesothelium of cavity of pericardial sac
A mesothelium that is part of a diaphragm [Automatically generated definition].
A mesothelium that is part of a pleural cavity [Automatically generated definition].
A mesentery that is part of a urinary system [Automatically generated definition].
A mesentery that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition].
A mesentery that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition].
A mesentery that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition].
A mesentery that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition].
A mesentery that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition].
A zone of skin that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition].
A lobar bronchus that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition].
A lobar bronchus that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition].
A cartilage element that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
A gland that is part of a digestive tract [Automatically generated definition].
Any of the mucous, serous, or mixed glands that empty their secretions onto the surface of the tongue.
Mesenchyme that is part of a pelvic appendage bud.
Mesenchyme that is part of a pectoral appendage bud.
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing tongue [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing submandibular gland [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing sublingual gland [Automatically generated definition].
Mesenchyme that is part of a developing vomeronasal organ [Automatically generated definition].
A gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord, largely made up of mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate). It also contains some fibroblasts and macrophages. It is derived from Extra Embryonic Mesoderm[WP].
A lymph node that is located in a kidney [Automatically generated definition].
An adipose tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition].
digit of terminal segment of free lower limb nerve
nerve of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb
nerve of terminal segment of free lower limb digit
terminal segment of free lower limb digit nerve
A nerve that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition].
added for consistency with mouse ontologies. The term 'ciliary nerve' is usually used to denote either of the two nerves (with different origins) that innervate the iris, as well as ciliary muscles and cornea
A nerve that is part of the trunk region of the body (not to be confused with a nerve trunk).
A nerve that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is located in a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition].
consider merging with thoracic nerve. In MA the only subclass is the phrenic nerve, which arises from a cervical nerve
A nerve that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of an ankle [Automatically generated definition].
A nerve that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition].
digit of terminal segment of free upper limb nerve
nerve of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb
nerve of terminal segment of free upper limb digit
terminal segment of free upper limb digit nerve
A nerve that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition].
An intervertebral disk that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition].
intervertebral disc of post-ventral region
intervertebral disk of post-ventral region
A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a trabecula carnea [Automatically generated definition].
cardiac muscle muscle tissue of trabecula carnea
cardiac muscle textus muscularis of trabecula carnea
cardiac muscle tissue of trabecula carnea
heart muscle muscle tissue of trabecula carnea
heart muscle textus muscularis of trabecula carnea
heart myocardium muscle tissue of trabecula carnea
heart myocardium textus muscularis of trabecula carnea
muscle of heart muscle tissue of trabecula carnea
muscle of heart textus muscularis of trabecula carnea
muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea
muscle tissue of heart muscle of trabecula carnea
muscle tissue of heart myocardium of trabecula carnea
muscle tissue of muscle of heart of trabecula carnea
muscle tissue of myocardium of trabecula carnea
myocardium muscle tissue of trabecula carnea
myocardium textus muscularis of trabecula carnea
textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea
textus muscularis of heart muscle of trabecula carnea
textus muscularis of heart myocardium of trabecula carnea
textus muscularis of muscle of heart of trabecula carnea
textus muscularis of myocardium of trabecula carnea
trabecula carnea cardiac muscle muscle tissue
trabecula carnea cardiac muscle textus muscularis
trabecula carnea heart muscle muscle tissue
trabecula carnea heart muscle textus muscularis
trabecula carnea heart myocardium muscle tissue
trabecula carnea heart myocardium textus muscularis
trabecula carnea muscle of heart muscle tissue
trabecula carnea muscle of heart textus muscularis
trabecula carnea muscle tissue of cardiac muscle
trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart muscle
trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart myocardium
trabecula carnea muscle tissue of muscle of heart
trabecula carnea muscle tissue of myocardium
trabecula carnea myocardium muscle tissue
trabecula carnea myocardium textus muscularis
trabecula carnea textus muscularis of cardiac muscle
trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart muscle
trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart myocardium
trabecula carnea textus muscularis of muscle of heart
trabecula carnea textus muscularis of myocardium
A Peyer's patch that is part of a large intestine.
solitary lymphatic follicle of large intestine
solitary lymphoid follicle of subdivision of large intestine
Nodular lymphoid structures on the serosal surface of the small intestine.
aggregated lymphoid follicle of small intestine
noduli lymphoidei aggregati intestini tenuis
A loop of Henle that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition].
A lymphatic vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel
lymphatic vessel of apparatus respiratorius
A bone that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].
Different sources vary regarding which bones are craniofacial; e.g. hyoid bone
A bone that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition].
bone organ of anterolateral part of thorax
A bone that is part of the region of the forelimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia.
A bone that is connected via a shoulder joint (i.e. glenohumeral or acromioclavicular joints). The shoulder bones are the clavicle, scapula and humerus - but note that these are only considered to be shoulder bones when a true shoulder is present, as in most tetrapods.
A bone that is part of a facial skeleton [Automatically generated definition].
test whether 'facial bone' is an exact synonym
A bone that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition].
A bone that is part of a hindlimb region. Examples: any pes phalanx, femur. Counter-examples: ischium, pubis (they are part of the pelvic girdle).
A bone that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition].
The ureteral branches of renal artery are small branches which supply the ureter.
An artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].
The superior labial artery (superior labial branch of facial artery) is larger and more tortuous than the inferior labial artery. It follows a similar course along the edge of the upper lip, lying between the mucous membrane and the Orbicularis oris, and anastomoses with the artery of the opposite side. It supplies the upper lip, and gives off in its course two or three vessels which ascend to the nose; a septal branch ramifies on the nasal septum as far as the point of the nose, and an alar branch supplies the ala of the nose.
ramus labialis superior arteriae facialis
The inferior labial artery (inferior labial branch of facial artery) arises near the angle of the mouth; it passes upward and forward beneath the Triangularis and, penetrating the Orbicularis oris, runs in a tortuous course along the edge of the lower lip between this muscle and the mucous membrane. It supplies the labial glands, the mucous membrane, and the muscles of the lower lip; and anastomoses with the artery of the opposite side, and with the mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery.
ramus labialis inferior (arteria facialis)
ramus labialis inferior arteriae facialis
An artery that supplies blood to the cerebellum.